DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the work done by me which has been presented in this
dissertation entitled “Socio-Economic status of Primitive Tribles in Jharkhand “
submitted by me to the Department of Economics Vinoba Bhave University,
Hazaribag for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Masters
Degree in economics, is my own original work and that has neither been
submitted obviously to any other institution, including this University nor has
been published any time anywhere before.

Divya Bharti

Reg No.A-H33006/2013

Roll no.-170111013070

M.A Economics 2018

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ““Socio-Economic status of

Primitive Tribles in Jharkhand “ is a record of work independently carried out by
DIVYA BHARTI Reg no.-A-H-33006/2013, Roll.no.-170111013070 , (2016-18)
Department of Economics, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag under my
supervision is submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award
of Masters Degree in Economics to the Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag.

Date: Supervisor

Place: Dr. Prakash Chandra Deogharia

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledged with immense sense of gratitude and indebtedness for
the guidance to my supervisor Dr. Prakash Chandra Deogharia for his precious
Supervision. Insightful analysis , inspiring guidance and encouragements during
this research work. I wish to thanks him for the critical suggestions during my
work. I could not imagine having a better advisor and mentor for my dissertation
study without his support this thesis would not have completed.

I express my deep gratitiude to Dr. Kameshwar Updhaya, Head of the Department

of Economics for his support and forewarding this thesis.

I am also thankful to all the teachers in the department, namely, Dr. Vinita Rani
Ekka, Dr. Umendra Singh and Dr. Ifsha Khursid for there co-operation, help and
support. They supported me for time to time by giving valuable suggestions. I
could not overlook the staff of my Department, specially, Mr. Mangal baxla who
was of great help to me in various ways.

I convey my deep sense of regard to my parents , Smt. Bimli Devi and Shri Laldhari
Mahto . It is my pleasure to express my thanks to all those who contributed in all
those who directly or indirectly to the success of this study.

Divya Bharti
CHAPTER-I
 INTRODUCTION
Tribals are “Adivasi” or original dwellers, living in the subcontinent from time
immemorial and forbidden to the forests by more aggressive settlers-Aryans
being the earliest on to socially subjugate them. In order to resist complete
denomination tribals evolved their distinct identity through endogamy, their
cropping pattern, hunting and food gathering. Above all , the their intensely
personal relationship with the forest around them , they formed perfectly
balanced rhythms which can best be described as symbiotic ( Mehta, 2000).

According to vidyarthi (1981), the tribe is a social group with definite territory,
common name, common culture, behavior of an endogenous group , common
taboos, existence of distinctive social and political system, full faith in leaders and
self-sufficiency in their distinct economy.

Krishnan (1985) defines “tribes is a social group of simple and kind, the members
of which speak a common dialect , have a single government act together for
common purpose and have a common name, a contiguous territory , a relative
uniform culture or way of life and a radiations of common descent.”

Bardhan (1973) defines the tribes as course of socio-cultural entity at a definite

historical stage of development. It is a single , endogamous community with a
cultural and psychological make up”

According to Majumdar (1961) , the tribes is “ a collection of families or common

name, the members of which occupy the same territory , speak the same
language and observe certain taboos, regarding marriage , professions, and have
developed a well assured system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations.”

Kamala Devi Chatopathayaya (1978) defines “ a tribe ordinarily has an ancestor or

a patron deity. The families or groups composing the larger units are linked
through religions and socio economic functions.”
The term “ tribe” has not been defined clearly anywhere in the Indian
Constitution. Only the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ explained as “the tribe or the tribal
communities.” These groups are presumed to from the oldest ethnological sector
of people (constititution of India , Article 342).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The population of India subsumes in itself a sizeable proportion of

tribal population. Contributing to the complex social fabric of the country this
segment displays a high degree of heterogeneity in its ethnalingual composition
and socio –economic, development. Their spatial distribution too indicates a
striking tendency of clustering and concentration in areas by and large negative
to sendentary agriculture constrained by a rigorous environmental setting ths
tribal segment has suffered physical and social isolation of varying degrees
historically and this has permited them to develop their own traditional mode of
living. The environmental basis of tribal development cannot be ignored for any
meaningful intervention into the tribal situation today.

The question of development

of tribal areas assumes enormous importance following several changes
overtaking the society and polity in the recent past. These processes, initiated
during the colonial period and strengthened subsequently , have brought about
for reaching changes in the society and economy in general and in the tribal areas
in particular . The tribal problem needs to be reviewed in the changed scenario.
 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

This paper is a modest Endeavour to examine the deprived and marginalized

communities in the state of Jharkhand with respect to development with the help
of census and other related data the paper seeks to examine the economic status
of in third of the total population of Jharkhand with regard to the basic attributes
of poverty , education , and work participation.

 The main objective of the study is to understand the problems of Tribal in

Jharkhand and to make suggestions for the improvement of the situation.
The specific objectives are:-
 To analyze the constitutional condition of Primitive tribes in Jharkhand
 To analyze the education among the tribes in Jharkhand through capability
framework.
 To evaluate the existing policies and programmes to identify their
drawbacks and to make suggestions which have policy implications.
 To identify social , economic , cultural and institutional factrs determining
education of the tribes.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Significant studies on tribal folk in Jharkhand started way back from the close of
19th century.

Thurston (1907) in his study gives a detailed not on hill tribes of Jharkhand d. the
study is anthropological in nature that pinpointed customs, beliefs and the life of
tribal groups. The work by Thurston which can be viewed as ground breaking in
the field of tribal research formed a platform for further research in this area.

Lyer (1909) makes a study on cochin tribes and later a similar work is dones on
Travancore tribes by the same author comparing with Thurston’s work, Anantha
Krishna Lyers is of Sociological dimension. The researcher discussed social and
cultural aspects of the tribes. The important drawback of these studies can be
exclusion of the tribes.

Luiz ( 1962 ) , his study is a comprehensive research in this field. The author was
described tribal communities in detail, their origin, traditional occupation, beliefs,
customs and other socio-cultural traits. Though the approach of the work is
sociological in nature, it is different from previous works done on tribal folk of
Jharkhand . The researcher does explanatory research but fails to come up with
issues faced by tribes/

Ayyapan ( 1948 ), is the first to make remarks on educational backwardness of

tribal folk. The study focuses on tribes located at Malabar regions especially
Kurichen and pania groups. The research work , analysis from anthropological
line, tries to bring out the problems existing in tribal communities.

Saxena ( 2002 ) investigates into reason for the absenteeism of students in

schools by collecting information from parents and teachers. Both these groups
are agreeing on certain factors such as children’s help in work, their free nature
and lack of interest in studying. Apart from these regular factors, the author
identified some interesting reasons for student absenteeism.
There are over 500 tribes (with many over lapping communities in more than one
state) as notified under Article 342 of the Constitution of India. Spread over
different states and Union Terroritores of the country , the largest number of
tribal communities being in the state of Orissa. The main concentration f tribal
population is in central India and in the North Eastern States however , they have
their presence in all states and Union Territories except Haryana, Punjab , Delhi,
Pondicherry and Chandigarh. The predominantly tribal populated states of the
country (tribal population more than 50% of the total population) are: Arunachal
Pradesh , Meghalaya , Mizoram, Nagaland, Union Territories of Gadara and Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep states with sizable tribal population and having areas of
large tribal concentration are Andra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat ,
Himacahl Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan.

Promotion of all round development of tribals inhabiting the length and breadth
of our country has received priority attention of the government . there are
numerous government policies for ensuring the welfare and well being of tribals .
the governments of states as well as central levels have made sustained efforts to
provide opportunity to these communities for their economic development by
eradicating poverty and health problems and developing communication for
removal of isolation of their habitats . The constitution of India seeks to secure for
all its citizens , among other things , social and economic justice equality of status
and opportunity and assures the dignity of the individual . The constitution
further provides social, economic and political guarantees to the disadvantaged
sections of people. Some provisions are specific to both scheduled tribes and
some are specific to only scheduled tribes.

According to Vidyarth ( 1981 ) , the tribe is a social group with definite territory ,
common name , common district, common culture, behavior of an endogamous
groups, common taboos, existence of distinctive social and political system full
faith in leaders and self-sufficiency in their distinct economy.

Krishnan ( 1985 ) defines “ tribes is a social group of simple and kind, the
members of which speak a common dialect, have a single government act
together for common purposes and have a common name, a contiguous territory,
a relatively uniform culture or way of life and a traditions of common descent”

Bardhan ( 1973 ) defines the tribe as course of social-cultural entry at a definite

historical stage of development . it is a single endogamous community with a
cultural and psychological makeup.

According to Majumdar 1961 the tribe is a collection of families or common group

bearing a common name, the members of which occupy the same territory speak
the same language and observe certain taboos , regarding marriage, professions,
and have developed a well assured system od reciprocity and mutuality of
obligations.”

Kamala Devi Chatopadhayaya ( 1978 ), defines “ a tribe ordinarily has an ancestor

or a patron deity. The families or groups composing the larger units are linked
through religions and socio economic functions.”

The term tribes has not been defined clearly anywhere in the Indian constitution
only the term Scheduled tribe explained as “ the tribe or the tribal communities
or parts of or group within tribes or tribal communities”. These groups are
presumed to from the oldest ethnology sector of the people ( Constitution of
India-Article-342).

Since independence , India has made immense advancements in the social sectors
of education and health. Educational institutions have increased by more than
five times from 1951 to 2011 to reach 13.9 lakh. The enrolment in institution has
also gone up enormously from 23.8 million to 248 i.e. a rise by more than ten
times ( G.O.I- MHRD, 2014). Even after more than five decades of development al
efforts , educational states among social groups is founded to be highly evoked. In
India. Despite several programmes implemented towards the provision of
compulsory education , especially for SCs/ STs, the illiteracy rate continues to be
quite high among them . Literacy is the basic necessity for each person in social
development. UNESCO (1997) defined literacy as an activity embedded in social
and cultural practice aimed at bringing social and cultural transformation. At the
same time , the educational status of women is significantly lower than that of
male counterpart in all social groups and such disparity is high among scheduled
tribes.

In India ,Scheduled Tribes constitute 8.6 % of the total population numbering

104.28 million ( census of India 2011 ). More than half of the scheduled tribe
population is concentrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra , Odisha , Jharkhand and Gujarat. The tribes generally resides in
isolated places situated in remote areas basic facilities such as schools, hospitals,
and other amenities door to their remoteness. All these factors have led to the
socio-economic backwardness of the community.

Educational advancement is regarded as the main catalyst for social development,

statistics show that tribes lag much behind a educational attainments compared
to other communities in India. The important reasons for the low level of
education among tribes is the peculiar nature of their habitations.

Lack of sufficient education institutions in tribal areas, and health care

programmes, poor enrolment and high dropout from schools are the major
problems faced by scheduled tribes in India. All these point to the need for
development of education among tribes. The fact is that it is only from the fifth
five year plans onwards special attention has been given to the education
development programmes of tribes. This indicates that the policies for the
empowerment of tribes commenced only after several decades of India
Independence.

Despite the Government initiatives including the tribal sub-continent (TSP) giving
great emphasis on the education of tribals , the problem of educational dropout
is high among the tribes compared to the mainstream population (Mitra and
Singh ,2008), dropout rate is high even when comparing with that of Scheduled
Castes. This is of particular significance to Kerala, the state excelling other states
in almost all development indices and the marginalized group like scheduled
tribes remains excluded from these development processes. Kerala is regarded as
an education ally forward state compared to other states in India. This is marked
by high levels of literacy rate , improved enrollment of studies etc. (Naidu and
Nair, 2007). Though the overall disparity in educational attainment between non
SC/ST populations and tribal communities still continues and remains a dilemma

HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCH QUESTION
The hypothesis formed for the present study are as follows:-

1. The Tribal groups have not optimally utilized the natural resources of their
habitat largely due to their generally primitive technologies which have permitted
continuation of subsistence agriculture with little or no surplus.

2. The natural resources of the tribal areas such as minerals and forest
produce, explanted as a result of interventions by exogenous group have left a
negative impact on the envelopment of tribal areas and have generally proved
determined to the economic and social development of the tribes.

(a) Progress of mining and allied activities and the location of mineral based
industries in the tribal areas have led to the destruction of tribal social and
economic order without creating alternative avenues for their economic
rehabilitation.

(b) Resettlement of non-tribal population in the forest rich areas of tribal.

Concentration as deliberate policy has resulted in the alienation of tribes from
their traditional resource base, i.e. forests: and has accelerated the process of
their pauperism.

3. The bulk of tribal population has not benefited from the processes of
development in tribal areas as these do not fit into their social and economic
milieu and the development gains have been impounded by-up- coming elites
among the tribes.
METHODOLOGY
The study was be conducted in and around hazaribag, district of Jharkhand,
secondary data will be collected for the study.

Sampling Design

The study is based on both primary and secondary data is collected through a well
structured questionnaire from Hazaribag, Giridih, and Ranchi districts using
stratified random sampling technique. These districts were selected to ensure
representation of population. Secondary data were collected from various
Government and other sources . A detailed note on primary and secondary
sources used for the study is started below.

Secondary Data

Important sources of secondary data are started below:-

Data and related information were collected from Journals, published articles,
magazines and newspapers besides unpublished data were gathered from
research organization/ Institutions, Internet source etc.

Records related to the study are also collected from various educational, tribal
offices and other departments of government including (DRDA) –District Rural
Development Agencies etc.

Educational indices relating to Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand were adopted from

census published by Govt. Of India, economic review published by planning Board
of Jharkhand , Directorate of Tribal welfare, Directorate of Public Instruction (DPI)
Office Hazaribag.
REFERENCES
Pavarala, Vinod Building Solidarity: A case study of community radio in Jharkhand.
E.P.W. May 31,2003,pp-2189

Pankaj, Ashok K(2012) Right to work and Rural India working of the Mahatma
Gandhi National Employment Guarantee SchemeNew delhi: Sage Publication.PP-I,
103,104

Ritzer , Geroge (2011), Sociological Theory 5th ed. PP91

Sahu Chaturbur (1998): tribal Culture and identify (ed) New delhi, Sarup and Sons.

Sahu chaturbhur (2001): Indian Tribal Life (ed) New Delhi, Sarup Sons.

Sahu Chaturbhur (2008): Cultural identify of Tribes of Jharkhand . Jharkhand

Journal of Social Development Volume (I)(1).

Sahu Chaturbhuj (2009): Appriaches of Tribal Development (ed) New delhi,

Adhyayan Pub.

Sight A (1972): conceptual and experimental basis of cropping patterns.

Proceedings the symposium on cropping pattern in India. I.C.A.R New delhi P.271

Rout S.D and T. Panda, (2010) Role of Tribasl in collection of commercial non-
timber forest products in Mayurbhanj District , Orissa, PP-22 retrieved.

Sharma Dr. B.D (2001), tribal Resistance in India PP-50, 274

Singh K.S. (2006) Tribal Movement in India Vol-2,PP-6,9,137

Singh K.S.(1985) , Tribal Society in India An anthropological perspective PP-87.

Shrivastava, Malni (2007): The sacred complex of Munda tribe, PP_32 retrieved at
http://www.krepublish.com/pdf
CHAPTER-IV
 INTRODUCTION FROM JHARKHAND AND ECONOMIC
STUDY OF PRIMITIVE TRIBES
4.1. Introduction from Jharkhand and Primitive Tribes
Jharkhand literacy means “Land of forest and kills” is a picturesque area with the
hills and forest and its geographical condition , economy, cultural tradition, social
structure is free from exploitation. The area of historical Jharkhand state is
1,87,646 square kilo meters but the present Jharkhand state is having only 79,741
square kilo meters. It ranges 380 km from north to south and 463 km from east to
west.

Jharkhand, the 28th State of India was carved out of the southern part of Bihar
state on 15th Nov 2000. The state is bordered by Bihar in the north Uttar Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh in the west Bengal in the East, Orissa in the south. Jharkhand
was brought in to existence by Bihar reorganization Act on Nov, 15, 2000. The
state is famous for its rich mineral resources and forests which occupy more than
29% of the state’s area. Infect , Jharkhand is a state always known in the country
for the resources , district culture as well as various forms of deprivation and
exploitation.

The state was formed with eighteen districts eleven years ago and even after
several promise and assurances for betterment the situation in the state
depressing because of multiplication of negative aspects of development,
according to the 2001 census total population of the state is 2.69 crore where the
share of tribal population is 26.30%.

Jharkhand contributes 8.4 % ST population to the total ST population in the

country. The major concentration of tribal population in the six districts of Ranchi,
Lohardaga, Gumla, East Ginghbhum, Dumka and Pakur where more than 40% of
tribal population of Jharkhand resides.
 4.2. Tribes of Jharkhand
The tribes of Jharkhand consist of 32 tribes (8 Primitive) inhabiting the Jharkhand
State of India. The tribes in Jharkhand were originally classified on the basis of
their culture types by the Indian Lalita Prasad Vidyarth. His classification was as
follows:-

Hunter- gatherer type-Birhor,korwa, Hill kharia

Shifting Agriculture-Sawia paharia

Simple artisans-Mahali, Lohra, Karmali, Chik Baraik.

Settled Agriculturists-santhal, Munda, Oraon, Ho, Kharia, Bhumir etc.

Oldest tribe of Jharkhand is Asur 31th tribe of Jharkhand is Kavar in 2003 32th
tribe of Jharkhand is Kal in 2003.

Among the 32 tribes in Jharkhand , eight are under PGT (Primitive Tribe Groups)
and they are –Asur,Birhor, Biraria, Korwa, Paharia (Baiga) , Sabar, Mal , Paharia.
The total population constitutes 27 percent of the Jharkhand population of 2.70
crore . The PTG population is just 2.23 lakh as per 2011 census.

As per survey conducted by NGO’s in the 5 Birhore Tandas in Giridih the literacy
rate among PGT is just 16.87 percent against the State average f 54 percent ,
gross cultivable land among PGT is 0.21 hectare per family against state average
of 0.82 hectare, average monthly income of PGT is just between Rs.500 and Rs.
1,000.

Economic PTGs stills indicate their specific trend of continuation of the archaic
pattern of existence. Living very close to nature and utter dependence on the
bountiful natural resources their way of life and basic philosophy have been
mounded accordingly and thus any sort of severance from this deep-rooted
metric results in an imbalancing situation.
The majority of the primitive tribal population groups in Jharkhand is in perpetual
poverty and stands much below the poverty line, suffering from an alarming
malnutrition and high illiteracy . The state government along with the district
administration is making best possible effort in creating sustainable development
programmes among them.

After having been specially identified as the primitive Tribal Groups by the
government of India on the basis of certain administrative criteria, these sorted
out tribal communities mitigating their hazards and annuities , consternations and
tribulations in their life situation. It has been observed from the working of the
various extensive efforts , taken up by the government for the development
activities of the ill-fated people that varied very Endeavour due to certain obvious
reasons very pretend of this unwanted administration of decision by Birhor along
with department understand ground required support could properly and on the
government initiated more than to education, health, of PTGs in the state
announced to directly government norms and cheaper foods grains through
constraints have thwarted the, In order to understand the situation district Giridih
took active visiting tends of families several times the concerned all officials to
and asses the realities so that assistance and be extended the spot basis .
Jharkhand has ten schemes related social and economic empowerment since its
inception. The government has also recruit a higher secondary pass PTG as per
the state conditions. There are Schemes for youths , housing schemes, Public
Distribution System (PDS) and other things.

There is an urgent necessity to maintain such supertanker on regular from the

district administration as experienced by the officials of Giridih.

The Scheduled Tribe (ST) population of Jharkhand State is as per 2001 census
7,08,7,068 constituting 26.3 percent of the total population (26,945,829) of the
state. The Scheduled Tribe are primarily rural as 91.7 percent of them reside in
villages. District wise distribution of ST population shows that Gumla district has
the highest proportion of STs (68.4 percent). The STs constitute more the half of
the total population in Lohardaga and Paschimi Singhbhum districts where as
Ranchi and Pakur districts have 41.8-44.6 percent tribal population, Koderma
district has (0.8 percent) preceded by chatra (3.8% percent) has the lowest
proportion of the STs population. Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups:-

1. Munda
2. Santhal
3. Oraon
4. Kharia
5. Gond
6. Kal
7. Kanwar
8. Sarar
9. Asur
10.Baiga
11.Banjara
12.Bathudi
13.Bedia
14.Binjhia
15.Birhor
16.Birjia
17.Chero
18.Chick- Baraik
19.Gorait
20.Ho
21.Karmali
22.Kharwar
23.Khond
24.Kisan
25.Kora
26.Korwa
27.Lohra
28.Mahli
29.Mal- Paharia
 30.Sauria-Paharia
31.Pararia

India is one of the largest tribal population in the world more than 8.5 core tribals
live between the long corridors of western , Eastern and Central India. Not only
this , India tribal population constitutes 8 percent of total world’s tribal
population of 100 crores and the highest number of them in the states like
Jharkhand , Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Assam.

Jharkhand is primarily known as tribal state with a total tribal population of

70,89,068 which is about 28 percent of state’s total population of 2.69 crores.

4.3. TYPES OF TRIBES

1. Asur Tribe:-

Asur is one of the most important tribe in the state of Jharkhand in the eastern
part of India. Asur is one of the 30 major tribes of people who have made the
state of Jharkhand to their home, these people who belong to this tribe from
quite big number of total populations of Jharkhand.

It ranks 21st among all 30 tribal group of the state. Asur is one of the most ancient
ethnic groups in the state of Jharkhand., source Wikipedia.com

2. Baiga Tribe

Baiga is one of the most important tribe in the state of Jharkhand. The people
who belong to the Baiga tribes of Jharkhand are reportedly least civilized of all the
different tribes of the state. The people of the Baiga in Jharkhand inhabit in a
particular district of the state. The name of this district of Jharkhand is Garwa
district.

People who belong to the tribe of Baiga constitute a kolerian ethnic community.
The name of this tribe of Jharkhand has quite a few meanings. One of the most
popular is Ojha’s that means the person who makes medicines. Many of the
people who belong to the tribe make medicines by profession, though their chief
occupation has been Shifting Cultivation.
Source: Wikipedia.com

3. Bhumij Tribe

Bhumir are a tribal or adivasi people who living primarily in West Bengal, Odisha
and Jharkhand mostly they live in the old Singhbhum District. They used the
Mundari language of the sometimes the local language such as Bengali.

Bhumir peoples mean one who is born from the soil. They from one of the Hindu
Adivasi groups in Jharkhand. Bhumir have adopted the Surname ‘Singh’.

source:Wikipedia.com

4. Birhor Tribe

Birhor is one f the oldest tribes in Jharkhand. In Jharkhand Birhor are found in the
Palamu, Garhwa, Dhanbad, Giridih, Gumla, Lohardaga, Ranchi, Hazaribag, etc.

Birhor belong to proto-Australoidstock from the Austro-Asiatic group. It’s

interesting to note that the Birhor consider themselves as one of the descendents
of the sun. it is believed that the Birhor are related to the Kharwar tribes, also said
to have descended from the sun.

5. Chero Tribe

Chero are one of the Scheduled tribes of Jharkhand . In Jharkhand Chero found in
the districts of Ranchi, Pargana, Latehar, and Palamu. Its seems to have a larger
concentration of these chero tribe in Jharkhand.

Chero are also founding Bhojpur district, Gaya, Champaran, Patna, Lesliganj,
Bhawanathpur, Munger, Rohtas, etc. It is not worthy in this context that the chero
are also known as Cherwas, was a marital group that annorcedmany new
terreitories through war.

source:Wikipedia.com
6. Gondi Tribe

The Gond are the tribal community mostly found in the Gondi forests at the
central India. They widely spread in the eastern district of Chhattisgarh,
chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh and also in the some parts of
Maharashtra, Orissa and Andra Pradesh. The name by which the Gondi call
themselves is Koi which means unclear. Gondi are on of the largest tribal group in
the whole world.

7. Ho Tribe

Ho is one of the Scheduled tribes of Jharkhand. In Jharkhand belongs to proto-

Australoid stock and they speak Ho and Hindi and a corrupt version of Bengali is
also spoken y theses Ho’s of Jharkhand.

In Jharkhand Ho’s trie besides nears the rivers, river terraces or by the side of the
springs. It is not worthy in this context that the Ho people of Jharkhand are largely
depends on agriculture. Agriculture is the occupations of the people of the Ho
tribe in Jharkhand.

8. Banjara Tribe

The colourful life of Banjara now has become the source of entertainment to
entire state. Their festivals like Tusu, Sarhul and Sohra are celebrated throughout
the state . banjara dances and music like Natua, Chawa , Ghatwari and Matha
now become source of recreation even to the tourist comes to Jharkhand. They
now seem to plan their comes to Jharkhand in the festive seasons of these tribes
in Jharkhand.

Banjara has become famous particularly for their embroidery works influenced by
their themes culture and exploiting the availability of raw materials, the Banjaras
works with ivory beads , shells and colourful threads. Also the neddle crafts of the
banjaras creates skirts, jackets, bags , blouses, belts and also different types of
room decors.
9. Korwa Tribe

Korwa are one of the Scheduled tribes of India. They live in hills and forest of
Chhotanagpur , the bordering area of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. They are
socially and economically poor ( it is estimated that 60 percentage of korwa are
below the poverty line) and outsides look down on them outsides look down on
them because of this. A small population of Korwa are also found in the Mirzapur.
Districts of Uttar Pradesh. The Indian Government has announced several
facilities for Korwa , such as roads to their settlements , boys and girls hostel for
education, providing agricultural land for agricultrure

Source: www.yourarticle library. Com

10. Munda Tribe

Munda tribe mainly inhabit in the region of Jharkhand. Although they are also
spread in the states of West Bengal, Orissa and Chhattisgarh and Bihar. These
tribes generally known as the headman of the village.

Munda speaks Mundari language which belongs to the family of Austro- Asiatic.
The complexion of these tribe is blackish. They have short curly hair , with the
time . some of the Monad resembles same features as that of the Bengalis
,common surnames used by these people includes topno, Aind, hembrem, barla,
Hereng, Surin, horo, Sanga and samad.

11. Oraon Tribe

In terms of population, Oraon tribes are second largest population tribes of

Jharkhand. They belongs to Dravid tribe and by language they are also Dravid.
Their origin was Kokan but the came to Jharkhand during the reign of Sher Shah.
They follow their family tradition and honor it. Some traditions are Ekka, kachhap,
Kindo, Kujur, Kerketta, Khakha, Khoya, Toppo, Minz, Lakda, Bakhla etc.

They called themselves “ Kudutic” in their own language that means Human.

They are mainly centred in Latehar, Ranchi, ,Simdega, Dumri etc.

12. Santhal Tribes

Santhal tribes are the most populous tribe in Jharkhand and they are generally
lived in santhal pargana area. The caste of santhal tribes is Proto- Australoid and
they are known as Austric language family which is a branch of Mundal language
community.

They are patriaxhal as well as paternal. There are 12 steps in this community and
some of them are Hansda, Soren, Murmu, Marandi, Besra etc. they are divided
into 04 hado, kisku had soren had murmur had and marudi had.

They worship mang gods and goddesses and their supreme god is singbonga. The
main village saint is God Jahair-era.

All festivals of santhal tribes are related to agriculture or nature and amongst
them are – Baha/Ba, Arok, hariyda, Sohrai, Karam, Sokraat, Sarhul, etc.

13. Kol Tribe

The term ‘kol people” is used in India to refer to some of the indigenous
AustroAsiatic tribal groups of India. In eastern and north eastern India, kol is
generic umbrella term which include certain closely related to indigenous tribal
groups such as the Munda and the Ho as well as the khasi, jaintia along with the
Kurkh people (oraon) in Bihar, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh ,Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, North Bengal, Bangle desh and Nepal .

14. Kanwar Tribe

The kawar are primarily located in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Orissa in
central India, particularly in the cities of Raipur and Maharashtra. Their language
Kawari, is an Indo-Aryan language that is believed to be a dialect at Halbi, today
some of the kawar speak Chattisgarhi and Hindi, the languages at their
neighbours and have began adopting their cultures as well.

Some of the kawar tribes have becomes absorbed by the cultures of the
surrounding peoples that they are no longer considered to be a true kawar. They
have completely lost their language and former culture and now speak a different
dialect.

The kawar are considered a Scheduled tribe. Although theyconsider military

service their traditional occupation, most have given up military life and have
become farmers or wage workers.

15. Bathudi Tribe

Bathudis are one of the different sub castes of Bhuniyas and they are scattered in
different parts of north Bihar < Singhbhum and manbhum. Bathudi tribes reside in
the heartland of the state of west Bengal. Maximum of these bathudi tribes dwell
and also thatched roofs. They used to beautifully their walls with colored flowery
designs . the dresses of these bathudi tribal communities are simple , yet scanty
males usually dress up in the coarse dhoti made up from cotton.

16. Birjia Tribe

The Birjia language also known as Binjhia or Bijori is a language of India. It is

commonly assumed to be a munda language closely related to be Asuri language.
However Anderson , based on Prasad (1961:314) suggests that Birjia may be an
Indo-Aryan language although the Birjia are a tribe of the Asuri nation the latter
include the Asur and the Agariya.

17. Kharia tribe

The kharia are an Austro-Asiantic ethnic group from central India. This tribal
ethnic group sis oen of the largest tea tribes in India. They originally spoke the
kharia language which belongs to the munda subgroup of the austro-asiatic
language. They are subdivided into three groups known as the hill Kharia, Delki
kharia and the Dudh kharia. Amongst them the Dudh kaharia is amongst the most
advanced and educated ethnic communities in India.

From origin point of view kharia tribes has been placed in proto Australaid group
they are divided into three branches and they are Pahri kharia Doodh kharia and
Dhelko kharia.
Rohtasgarh is considered to be the original residence of kharia and the highest
population is found is Gumla and Simdega district.

18. Khond Tribe

Khonds (also spelled Kondha, Kandha, Khondho, etc.) are a Dravidian speaking
tribal group people of India . they area designated scheduled tribe in the states of
Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh , West
Bengal. Traditionally hunter gathers they are divided into the hill-dwelling khans
and plain-dwelling khonds for census purposes; all the khonds identify by their
clan and usually hold large tracts of fertile land but still practice hunting,
gathering and slash and burn agriculture in the forests as a symbol of the forest.
The khonds speak the Kvi and Kuvi language

19. Kisan tribe

The kisan tribe are Dravidian ethnic group in Odisha Bihar, Jharkhand and West
Bengal. They are traditional farmers and food gathering people. They speak the
kurkh language along with sundergarhi odia, hindi and English.

20. Kora Tribe

The Kora tribe , khora or cora one of the ten indigenous tribes of the great
Andamanese people ,originally living in the Indian ocean. The tribe is now extinct,
although some of the remaining great Andamenese on strait island claim to have
kora ancestors.

The tribe speak a distinctive kora language, closely related to the other great
Andamanese languages.

21. Mal PahariaTribe

The Mal Paharia tribe peoples are a tribal p[people on Bihar, West Bengal and
Jharkhand in India. They are listed as Scheduled Tribe by the government of west
Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand.

22. Sauria Paharia Tribe

The Sauria paharia people are also known as Maler paharia ) are a tribal people of
west Bengal, bihar and Jharkhand. In India sauria paharia are listed as Scheduled
Tribe by the Government of west Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. They are found
mostly in santhal parganas.

23. Mahli Tribe

The Mahli are a Scheduled tribe in India in the states of west Bengal, Bihar and
Jharkhand. They are mostly reside in Dumka District and certain other regions of
Jharkhand. And in the adoring areas of west Bengal their population is dwindling.
Mahli people traditionally earned their livelihood by selling articles made by
them. Are:- mach (a small bench), umbrellas soop (used in kitchen to remove dust
from cereals). Sop and chetai (for lying down and sleeping) rain cap (special cap
covering head and upper back for protection from rains during work).

24. Kharwar tribe

The kharwar have various populative origins . some may be traced to Palamu
district, now in the state of Jharkhand while others may have lived in the some
valley. Those of Uttar Pradesh claim to have come from rohtas and to be
descended from the mythological Suryavansha dynasty calling themselves ‘
kharagvanshi’ some members of the community claim that their ancestors were
zamindars (land lords) and that the rajas at ramgarh belonged to the community.

25. Karmali tribe

Karmali tribe is one of the artisans of tanagpur. They melt iron and prepare iron
toals. Iron tools are supplied to the tribes who are engaged in agricultural tribes
and castes. They have been associated with the occupation of the craft making.

26. Gorhait Tribe

Gorhait tribe are a part of the proto-australoid group and are of Austic racial
group. These Gorait prefer to settle down in hilly areas densely covered with
forests and greenery. Due to their friendly and lovable nature these Gorhait tribes
shared very good relations with all the other tribal communities who also live in
close proximity . gorhait tribes reside in the hilly areas of Bihar region. This tribal
community is settled in some parts of Palamu, santhal Pargana, Singhbhum,
Dhandbad, Ranchi and Hazaribag.

27. Chick Baraik tribe

Chick Baraik tribe is one of the caste of Chattisgarh found in part of west Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa Assam and Jharkhand. They belong to proto-austloid and kingsmen
group and speak sadani, sadri, nagpuri as their mother tongure . however with
growing interaction between other tribes they generally communicate in the
language of that group or in Hindi.

Chaik Baraiks mainly resides in harmony with other tribes and Hindus in a village.

28. Bedia Tribe

The Bedia are a community in India. They believe that they originally lived on
Mohdi Pahar and have descended from the union of vedbanshi prince with a
munda girl. The other view is that a section of the kurmis were out castes and
came to be known as the bedia or wandering Kurmis.

29. Savara tribe

Savara , also called Soara , sora or saura tribe of eastern India. They are
distributed mainly in the states west Bengal, bihar and Jharkhand, Andra Pradesh
with total numbers of about 310,000 most of whom are in Orissa. Most savara
have become Hinduized and generally speak the oriya language.

30. Binjhia Tribe

The Binjhwari also known as the Binjhal live in several states: Madhya Pradesh ,
Maharastra, west Bengal, bihar and Jharkhand. It is uncertain , is of Fraridian or
Indo-Aryan origin. Many of the binjhwari are bilingual, speaking both Binjhwari
and Chattisgarhi.
 31.Pahariya Tribe

Paharia tribe are a scheduled tribe and one of the significant tribe if the state of
Bihar. Pahariya people live in the state of Biharin India. They live with other tribes
sharing villages and living peacefully with them.

32.Lohra Tribe

Lohra people are respected tribes similar in culture and tradition to the other
tribes who live near them. The name ‘Lohara’ is derived from the world ‘Loha’
meaning Iron. They were traditionally blacksmiths. The tribal population is made
of several different castes.

Lohara people are prominent in the central eastern states of West Bengal and
Jharkhand.
CHAPTER-V
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE SCHEDULED TRIBES IN JHARKHAND
There are 32 tribes (2011) in Jharkhand of which santhals are most numerous
accounting for one third of the total tribal population followed by Oraon, Munda
and Ho contributing more than 10 % to the total tribal population. Other tribes
such as Kharwar, Lohra, Bhumir and Kharia have a share of less than kharia 3 %
each while Mahli ,Mal Paharia, Bedia and Chero have share of 1-2 % each. The
tribes with less than 1 % contribution to the state’s tribal population include
Karmali, gond, Chick <sauria Paharia, Korwa, Kora, Paharia, Binjhia, Asur and
Birhor. The most marginalized tribes with less than 0.01% are Savar, Birjia,
Gorhait, Baiga, Bathudi, Banjara and Khond (fig 2)

Among the districts Gumla, Lohardaga and West singhbhum account for more
than 50% tribal population. Certain tribes have been under special scrutinyon the
basis of their levels of Primitiveness, backwardness and extincting status like the
ASur, Paharia, Sabar , Birhor, Birjia, karwa, Mal Paharia and Sauria Paharia. Eight
out of the thirty odd tribes of Jharkhand fall under primitive tribal group (PTG) .
they are Asur, Birhor, Birajia, Korwa, Savar Paharia (Baiga), Mal Paharia and
Souriya Pahariya. Together they constitute 2.73 lakhs (2001) ehich is a very
nominal part of the total tribal population. According to the reports by the health
department Birhor, Birajia , Bidiga and Souriya Paharia are declining.

Though the population size is statistically not significant for the analysis of the
individual tribe especially the communities with very small size population, it is
inevitable to examine their level of development action plan in terms of human
development indicators. The sex ratio of the STs in the state is 987 and Binjhia,
Kharia and Karmali have sex ratio more than 1000. Most of the other mentioned
tribes have very poor sex ration especially the Khonds and the Banjaras. However
this is not a good measure for any estimation due to very small population of
some tribes and also the high degree of male migration amongst certain tribes.

5.1 Levels of Poverty

Scheduled Tribes have been known for their high level of poverty and
deprivation. When compared to the rest of India poverty level seems to behigher
incase of Jharkhand as per the following data (table-1). Poverty is generally found
to be high in regions of ST concentration on (Table-2). This is further reiteradted
by the fact that Santhal Pargana and Palamu have shown exceptionally high levels
of poverty. Nor only are these regions drought prone but they also have a long
history of feudal system with exploitation and bonded labour. According to the
NSS 55th round Schedule 10 the poverty head count varies from 85 % in pakur to
80% in deogarh, 77 % in Dumka, 74% in Palamu, 54-55 % in Lohardaga. And East
Singhbhum , 20-21 % in Dhanbad and Hazaribag.

Figure 1.
 Column1
santhal Oraon Munda Ho Kharwar Lohra Bhumij Kharia Others

2%
11%
3% 2%
3% 34%

10%

15%
20%

Population Share of Tribes,2001

Table 5.1: Per Capita Income on 31.01.2008 (Constant Prices at 1999-00)

Year Highest Ranking state Jharkhand Lowest Ranking

Punjab Bihar
2001-02 25994 10360 5972
2002-03 26065 10571 6634
2003-04 26955 11144 6158
2004-05 28119 14343 6771
2005-06 29887 14990 6610

Source: Directorate for Economics and Statistics of respective state Govt. and
Central Statistical Organisation.

Table 5.2: Poverty Rates by Social Groups for Rural Jharkhand (2004-05)

STATE ST (%) SC (%) OBC (%) OTHER (%) ALL %

JHARKHAND 54 58 40 36.9 46.2
ALL INDIA 45 37 25.8 17.5 28.1
Source: Directorate for Economics and Statistics of respective state Govt. and
Central Statistical Organisation.
Over the years poverty has declined in the state at best at a slow rate. The
following graph reflects the qualification of poverty in Jharkhand

RURAL JHARKHAND

54

52

50

Column1
48
Column2
Column3
46

44

42
1987-1988 1999-2000 2004-2005
5.2 Rationale

The state is at a very slow pace of development in relation to its potential and
expectations. As per the 2001 census 46.2% of the population is below the
poverty line (Some estimate put it at 54.1%). The independence of poverty is
higher than Bihar whose per capita Income in around half of the Jharkhand. The
state has one of the verge richest mineral resources yet there is vast social and
regional disparity. It is a paradoxical situation of a Primitive and marginalized
society on the verge of extinction jurtaposed with the modern western worlds.
The per capita income of the state is approximately Rs.15000 which is almost
equal to that of other states where incidence of poverty is much lower. Since the
state has a large tribal population it is quite obvious that they are the most
deprived section of the society.

5.3 Status of Education

Literacy is one of the most bsic parameters for the success of democratic system
of government. “the millieinium development goals” cannot met without getting
tribal children especially girls educated. Amarya Sen’s argument for faster
development of India has been to repeatedly stress the critically at Primary
education years of planning, budgetary allocation of funds and numerous
Schemes have not been able to provide the basics to education to the trible
population of Jharkhand. Trible children are trapped in and intergenerational
vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy and deprivation due to their Primitive (Shy)
nature and thus salated from the mainstream at life and other stration of the
society.

The average literacy rate is 54.13% in Jharkhand thought amongst tribals it is ,ow
as 40.7% and 10% amongst woman (Table-3). Though the literacy rate increased
from 27.5% (1991) to 40.7% (2001) it is much lower than the national level at
47.1%. this is particularly evident amongst the Santhal, Bhumij, Ho, Lora and
Karwa which are numerically the larger tribes. In general tribes have low literacy
but Paharia is the most deprived community with only 12.59% literacy rate
followed by Korwa, Baiga, birhor, and Savar. Other tribes too have literacy rate
varing between 20-40%. Literacy rate is the highest amongst the Khond, Oraon,
Kharia, and Chick, Baraik i.e above 50%. These tribes show higher female literacy
almost all acommunities are deprived with only 27.21% literacy . the poorest
among the poor are the Paharia and Korwa with only 5.47% and 6.45% l;iteracy
rate followed closely baiga, Savar, birhor, Sauriya < paharia, Mal Paharia, banjara,
Kharwar and Asur having female literacy below 15%.

It is also noticeable that the higher percentage of literates having education level
below Primary goes to marginalized and underdeveloped tribes like the Korwa
etc. it is interesting to note that the Birhors have the lowest percentage 0.47%
pursuing intermediate or higher secondary education. This implies that there is a
shigh dropout rate amongst the Birhors. The percentage of Graduates amongst
the Birhors is also the lowest only 0.19%. hhence it can be concluded that
educational adeprivation is the highest amongst the Birhors.

Since deprivation is larger amongst minor communities, it is absolutely essential

to free them from poverty, illiteracy and darkness of ignorance. The following
section so the most deprived tribes that are to be focused are the Paharia, Korwa,
baiga, Birhor, not targeting the Santhals which account for one third of the total
tribal population of Jharkkhand,. Percentage of school going children in the age
group 5-14 years was the highest amongst oraon (55%) followed by Kharia (53%) ,
Munda (50.1%), Bhumij (46.6%) and Lohra (44.1%).

College going students account for only 5.23% of the total students/trainees of
Jharkhand. The census data 2001 also reveals of only 15.90% total tribal
population attend educational institutions out of which 94% go to school meaning
thereby an unexpected drop out after schooling. It is therefore necessary to
provide incentives amd protection to encourage more students to aattend
school as well as sskill oriented training vocational centres.
CHAPTER-VI
DIIMESNSIONN OF LIVELIHOOD OF THE STs (Adivasi)
Since deprivation is much larger among some of the minor communities who are
under severe threat of survival, it is inevitable to examine theextent of their
deprivation in livelihood also. Inn this case the examination has been done
through coork participation in various sectors. About little less than half of the
trible population constitutes to be the coorking population (fig.4).

The deprive communities also follow suit relatively lower work participation
hasnoticed among the communities of Karmali, Chero and Kora. The inferences
are that more than half population are either engaged with some other activities
like study, some are in non-working age groups or do not have work opportunity
despite seeking work which goes very high among females of urban areas though
it also considerable among urban males.

In rual areas, livelihood system is primarily dependent on combinations of

agriculture, forestry and laboring. Due to very small holding and very low
productivity of land , most households eke out a living by maintain a diversified
pattern of occupations. There is however a small artisan communities of tribals
who lend out their services or engage in small scale processing and marketing.

Women’s work is critical for tribal househoilds both in terms of provisioning food
and incomes as well as management of resources. Amongst the PTGs such as
Birhors, Pahari Korwaa and Sawa women play an important role in food gathering,
rope making, honey collecting, herbal medicinal plant collection, basket making
and even fiishing and hunting. Thus work participation of tribal women in rural
areas is more ass women’s works is regarded aas crucial for survival of tribal
house holds.

The communities with llower gaps and low level of work participation reflect less
opportunities in both urban and rural labour market or economic avenues. It is
revealed that only 59.43% workers get the work for at least six months in a year.
This share goes down to 41.03% in case of femaalees largely ddue to poor
opportunities/ participation in the rural areas by them. Thereforeis a very large
difference among various communities as far as the engagement in main work
(9work for more than 180 days in a year) is concerned. For e.g:--92.74% total
workersamong Banjara have been recorded as main workers followed by khond
with 80.82% main workers

Most of thee communities have reported to have more than 60% main workers.
The lower share of main workers is found among savar, Bhumir, and bathudi
(fig.5). the share of main workers is large in uurban areas than in rural areas
except among Banjara and Paaharia. The age is as large as 51.1 percentage points
ffor Bathudi followed by Baiga with 45.98 percentage points. It reflects that the
tribals who reside in urban areas permanently or for the want of employment
opportunities at least for six months a year. In the rural areas agriculture, allied
activities and their traditional occupation do not provide the employment even
for at least six months in a year. Exceptions are there for whatever reasons among
Banjara and Paharia communities who find main work in rural areas than their
urban counterparts.

Table6.1 literacy rate of STs in Jharkhand ,2001

Communities Rated(>40.67%) Communities Rate (<40.67%)

Khond 60.76 Kora 35.05

Oraon 52.46 Santhal 33.42
Kharia 51.01 Bathudi 33.26
Chick Baraik 48.93 Birja 31.22
Munda 47.91 Kharwar 29.60
Gorait 45.86 Asur 29.10
KARMALI 44.02 KISAN 29.08
Gond 43.68 Banjara 23.47
Generic tribe 42.48 SauriyA Paharia 21.70
Bhumij 211.51 Mal Paharia 20.90
Chero 40.17 Savar 18.06
Ho 39.16 Birhor 17.55
Lohra 38.94 BAIGA 17.34
Binjhia 37.78 KORWA 14.289
BEDIA 37.89 PAHARIA 12.59
MAHLI 36.423
 250

200

150

Series 1
100
Series 2
Series 3
50

Source: Directorate for Economixs and Statistics of respective state Giverment

abd central Statistical orgainsation.
 80

70

60

50

40
Male
30
Female
20 Column1

10

0
Munda
Gorait

Bhumij

Kharwar
Asur
KISAN
Chero
Ho

Santhal
Bathudi
Chick Baraik

Lohra
Khond
Oraon
Kharia

Kora
KARMALI

Binjhia

Birja
Gond

BEDIA
Generic tribe

MAHLI

Table 6.2. occupational pattern of tribes, Jharkhand 2001

Community Cultivators Agri Industry Others Primary

labourers Sector
Generic 42.81 17.29 5.39 34.72 60.10
Asur 76.21 5.22 1.28 17.29 81.43
Baiga 47.28 36.10 2.94 14.68 82.38
Banjara 40.96 42.17 3.61 13.25 83.13
Bathudi 9.83 78.98 0.68 10.51 88.81
Bedia 66.05 12.45 1.17 20.39 78.50
Binjhia 86.59 5.86 0.66 6.89 92.44
Birhor 10.34 19.42 39.55 30.69 29.76
Birjia 53.75 24.72 15.36 6.18 78.46
Bhumir 45.68 29.93 1.81 22.57 75.61
Chero 53.85 29.09 1.78 15.29 82.94
chickBaraik 67.43 13.44 1.95 17.17 80.88
Gond 62.43 15.53 3.37 19.68 76.96
Gorait 32.16 26.39 2.74 38.71 58.55
Ho 59.99 18.98 3.19 17.84 78.98
Karmali 23.13 19.48 11.23 46.16 42.16
Kharia 78.62 11.19 0.83 9.36 89.81
Kharwar 67.02 23.63 0.87 8.48 90.65
Khond 1.69 0 1.79 96.61 1.69
Kisan 76.37 13.26 0.94 9.45 89.62
Kora 29.38 33.62 4.11 32.89 63.00
Korwa 41.38 44.03 4.41 10.19 58.41
Lohra 32.37 20.03 18.82 28.77 52.40
Mahli 15.46 8.56 59.90 16.08 24.02
Mal Paharia 47.54 32.91 9.40 17.15 80.45
Munda 73.40 10.43 1.21 14.96 83.83
Oraon 69.61 10.30 0.84 19.26 79.90
Bhariya 33.80 36.68 17.00 12.52 70.48
Santhal 58.86 24.73 0.98 15.42 83.59
Sauria 63.63 18.29 0.38 18.69 80.92
Pahari
Savar 2.72 60.76 5.77 30.75 63.48

Source: Directorate of economics and Statistics of respective State

Government and Central Statistical organization

The industrial category of main workers of each community reflects that almost
all Khond workers of each community reflects that almost all khond workers are
engaged in non-primary sectors. Similarly Mahli and Birhor have also very high
level of work participation in non-primary sectors with more than 70% main
workers. Industrial break up reveals that Savans and bathudi are primarily
engaged as agricultural labour with 78.98% and 60.76 % main workers with is a
serous matter of concern.
The other communitieslike nBanjara, Parhaiya, baiga, Kora, mal paharia, bhumij,
chero and Gorait also heads attention for their high percentage of main workers
as agricultural labourers. It is evident that the communities like Khond and
Savaras have the lowest share of cultivators may be because of Birhor and
Bethudi may also be kept in the same group.
CHAPTER-VII
 FINDING AND CONCLUSION

The identification of individual trible community as well as district or pockets

need to be identified based on each indicator of deprivation are different among
different are developed due to mining and industry for example, some form or
other. These districts may be considered as priority district for each tribe as given
and within the district the primary survey will be helpful to identify the pockets in
the blocks and villages for the area and community. Specific action plan
generation and implementation at micro-level.
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