THERMODYNAMICS

Lectures Notes
(9)
Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
 GAS POWER CYCLES

The idealizations and simplifications commonly employed in

the analysis of power cycles can be summarized as follows:

•The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the

working fluid does not experience any pressure drop as it
flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.

•All expansion and compression processes take place in a

quasi-equilibrium manner.

•The pipes connecting the various components of a system

are well insulated, and heat transfer through them is
negligible.
THE CARNOT CYCLE
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Otto Cycle Analyzing

Vc = Clearance volume = V2

Vs= stroke volume = V1 – V2 =

r= compression ratio =

C= Clearance ratio
Qin = m cv (T3 – T2)
Qout = m cv (T4 – T1)
Wnet = Qin - Qout
 DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

In CI engines (also known as diesel engines),

the air is compressed to a temperature that is
above the auto ignition temperature of the
fuel, and combustion starts on contact as the
fuel is injected into this hot air. Therefore, the
spark plug and carburetor are replaced by a
fuel injector in diesel engines.
Diesel Cycle Analyzing

r= compression ratio =

β= Cut-off ratio =

Qin = m cp (T3 – T2)

Qout = m cv (T4 – T1)
Wnet = Qin - Qout
BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS-
TURBINE ENGINES
The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in
this closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made
up of four internally reversible processes:

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
Brayton Cycle Analyzing

rP= pressure ratio =

Qin = m cp (T3 – T2)

Qout = m cp (T4 – T1)
WTurbine = m cp (T3 – T4)
WCompressor = m cp (T2 – T1)
 DUAL CYCLE

Dual Cycle Analyzing

r= compression ratio =

β= Cut-off ratio =

rP= pressure ratio =

Qin = m cv (Tx – T2) + m cp (T3 – Tx)

Qout = m cv (T4 – T1)