L’Hopital’s

Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s Rule and Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral Eusebio R. Lina, Jr.
Exercise

Department of Mathematics and Physics

College of Arts and Sciences
Visayas State University
 Table of Contents
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate 1 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule

Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral
2 Improper Integral
Exercise

3 Exercise
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule
Recall that the forms 0/0 and ∞/∞ are called indeterminate
Improper
Integral forms because they do not guarantee that a limit exists, nor do
Exercise they indicate what the limit is, if one does exist.
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.
Consider the following limits:
Indeterminate
Forms and
2x2 − 1
L’Hopital’s
1 lim
Rule x→−1 x + 1
Improper 3x2 − 1
Integral 2 lim
x→∞ 2x2 + 1
Exercise
e2x − 1
3 lim x
x→0 e − 1
e2x − 1
4 lim
x→0 x
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
For a given value of the independent variable, the limit of the
Rule rational function f (x)/g(x) may assume any of the following
Improper
Integral
indeterminate forms, although the limit of the function may exist:
Exercise
0 ±∞
, , 0 · ∞, 00 , ∞0 , 1∞ .
0 ±∞
 L’Hopital’s Rule
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R. Theorem 1.1 (L’Hopital’s Rule)

Lina, Jr.
Let f and g be differentiable functions on an open interval (a, b)
Indeterminate
Forms and containing c, except possibly at c itself. Assume that g 0 (x) 6= 0 for
L’Hopital’s
Rule
all x in (a, b) except possibly at c itself. If the limit of f (x)/g(x)
Improper as x approaches c produces the indeterminate form 00 , then
Integral

Exercise f (x) f 0 (x)

lim = lim 0
x→c g(x) x→c g (x)

provided that the limit on the right exists (or is infinite). The result
also applies if the limit of f (x)/g(x) as x approaches c, produces
∞ −∞ ∞
any one of the indeterminate forms ∞ , ∞ , −∞ , or −∞ −∞ .
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule
Remark
Improper
Integral L’Hopital’s Rule can also be applied to one-sided limits.
Exercise
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R. Example 1
Lina, Jr.
Evluate the following limits using L’Hopital’s Rule.
Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s e2x − 1 6 lim (sin x)x
Rule 1 lim x→0+
x→0 x
1 1
 
Improper
Integral ln x 7 lim −
2 lim x→1 + ln x x − 1
Exercise x→∞ x
x2 x − sin x
lim −x
8 lim
3
x→0 1 − cos x
x→−∞ e
√ √
x
4 lim e−x x = 0 9 lim
x→∞ x→0 sin x
x
1

1
5 lim 1+ 10 lim x sin
x→∞ x x→∞ x
 Indeterminate Forms
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.
Answer
e2x − 1 7
Indeterminate 1 lim =2 
1 1

1
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
x→0 x lim − =
Rule ln x x→1+ ln x x − 1 2
2 lim =0
Improper x→∞ x
Integral
x2 x − sin x
lim −x = 0
8 lim =0
Exercise 3
x→0 1 − cos x
x→−∞ e
√ √
4 lim e−x x = 0 x
x→∞  9 lim =∞
1 x

x→0 sin x
5 lim 1+ =e
x→∞ x
1
6 lim (sin x)x = 1 10 lim x sin =1
x→0+ x→∞ x
 Outline
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate 1 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule

Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral
2 Improper Integral
Exercise

3 Exercise
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.
The definition of a definite integral
Z b
Indeterminate
Forms and f (x)dx
L’Hopital’s
Rule
a

Improper
Integral
requires that the inerval [a, b] be finite. Moreover, the
Exercise Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, by which you have been
evaluating definite integrals, requires that f be continuous on
[a, b]. In this section, we study a procedure for evaluating integrals
that do not satisfy these requirements - usually because either one
or both of the limits of integration are infinite, or f has a finite
number of discontinuities in the interval [a, b].
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral

Exercise
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Example 2
Lina, Jr.
Evaluate the improper integral.
Z ∞
Indeterminate dx
Forms and (a)
L’Hopital’s
Rule 1 x
Z ∞
Improper
Integral
(b) e−x dx
Z0∞
Exercise 1
(c) dx
1 + x2
Z0∞
(d) (1 − x)e−x dx
1
ex
Z ∞
(e) dx
−∞ 1 + e2x
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Answer
Lina, Jr.
Evaluate the improper integral.
Z ∞
Indeterminate dx
Forms and (a) =∞
L’Hopital’s
Rule
1 x
Z ∞
Improper
Integral
(b) e−x dx = 1
Z0∞
Exercise 1 π
(c) 2
dx =
1+x 2
Z0∞
1
(d) (1 − x)e−x dx = −
e
Z1∞
ex π
(e) 2x
dx =
−∞ 1+e 2
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate
Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral

Exercise
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr. Example 3
Indeterminate
Evaluate the following integrals.
Forms and Z 1
dx
L’Hopital’s
Rule
1 √3
0 x
Improper Z 2
Integral dx
2
3
Exercise
0 x
Z 2
dx
3
3
−1 x
Z ∞
dx
4 √
0 x(x + 1)
 Improper Integral
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.
Answer
Z 1
Indeterminate dx 3
Forms and 1 √3
=
L’Hopital’s
Rule 0 x 2
Z 2
Improper dx
Integral
2
3
= ∞ This improper integral diverges.
0 x
Exercise Z 2
dx
3
3
divergent
−1 x
Z ∞
dx
4 √ =π
0 x(x + 1)
 Outline
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R.
Lina, Jr.

Indeterminate 1 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s Rule

Forms and
L’Hopital’s
Rule

Improper
Integral
2 Improper Integral
Exercise

3 Exercise
 Exercise
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R. Exercise
Lina, Jr.
1 Evaluate the following limits.

Indeterminate ex − (1 + x)
Forms and (a) lim+ , [ n is a positive integer]
L’Hopital’s x→0 xn
Rule sin x
(b) lim
Improper x→∞ x − π
Integral
ln x
Exercise (c) lim
x→1 sin(πx)
(d) lim (ex + x)2/x
x→0+  √ 
1 x−1
(e) lim+ 2
− 2
x→2
hx − π
4 ixx − 4
(f) lim cos( − x)
x→0+ 2
 Exercise
L’Hopital’s
Rule and
Improper
Integral

Eusebio R. Exercise
Lina, Jr.
2 Determine whether the improper integral diverges or
Indeterminate
Forms and converges. Evaluate the integral if it converges.
L’Hopital’s
Rule Z ∞ 3
x
Z
1
Improper (a) dx (e) √ dx
Integral
Z0 (x + 2)2
2
0 x x
∞ Z 9
Exercise
(b) (2 − v 4 )dv 1
(f) √
3
dx
Z−∞ x−9
∞ Z1 1
(c) xe −x2
dx dx
(g) √
Z−∞ Z0 33 1 − x2
6
(d) rer/3 (h) (x − 1)−1/5 dx
−∞ 0