For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Topic 1: Introduction, sampling, and principles ENEN 641/ENCH 643

Outline
• General methods to control the generation
and emissions of air contaminants
Lecture 1 • Removal efficiency of an individual air quality
General Principles for Air Pollution control device
Control • Removal efficiency of two air quality control
devices, in series
• Particle removal mechanisms
• Overview of particle removal devices

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General Methods to Control the Removal Efficiency of a Contaminant for

Generation and Emissions of Air an Individual Air Quality Control Device
Contaminants Into the Atmosphere

• Modify process
• Modify feed stream
 air quality 
• Demand side management min(dp) control mout(dp)
• Modify social norms device

• Ancillary air pollution control devices


• Shutdown source mcol(dp)

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For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

 col (dp )
m  in (dp )  m
m  out (dp )
(dp )  
 in (dp )  mass per unit time of a contaminant
m m in (dp )  in (dp )
m
with a particular diameter entering
air quality control device
 out (dp )
m
 col (dp )  mass per unit time of a contaminant
 1-  1 - P(dp )
m m in (dp )
with a particular diameter that is
where,
removed from the gas stream
P(dp) = fractional penetration of a contaminant
 out (dp )  mass per unit time of a contaminant
m
with a particular diameter
with a particular diameter that
penetrates through the air quality (dp) = fractional removal efficiency of a
control device contaminant with a particular diameter
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Removal Efficiency of a Contaminant for

Two Air Quality Control Devices in Series
The overall removal efficiency (T) of a
contaminant for an air quality control device is:

  in ( dpi )
m
T   (dpi ) 
min,1(dp)
air quality air quality
control

mout,2(dp)
i1 m in,T control
device (1) device (2)
where,
 
mcol,1(dp) mcol,2(dp)
 in,T = total mass feed rate of contaminant
m
 
into air quality control device mout,1(dp) min,2(dp)

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For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

where,  col,1 (d p )  mass per unit time of a contaminant

m
with a particular diameter collected
 in,1( dp )  mass per unit time of a
m
by the first air quality control device
contaminant with a particular
diameter entering the first air (d p )1  fractional removal efficiency of a
quality control device contaminant with a particular diameter,
based on mass of the contaminant, for
 out,1( dp )  mass per unit time of a
m the first air quality control device
contaminant with a particular  in,2 (d p )  mass per unit time of a contaminant
m
diameter penetrating the first air with a particular diameter entering the
quality control device second air quality control device
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 out,2 (d p ) 
m mass per unit time of a contaminant The fractional removal efficiency, based on
with a particular diameter penetrating mass of the contaminant, for two air quality
the second air quality control device control devices ((dp)1,2)),

 col,2 (d p ) 
m mass per unit time of a contaminant (dp)1,2 = 1 - P(dp)1,2
with a particular diameter collected by
the second air quality control device where,

(d p ) 2  fractional removal efficiency of a P(dp)1,2 = fractional penetration of a contaminant

with a particular diameter, based on
contaminant with a particular diameter,
mass of the contaminant, for both air
based on mass of the contaminant, for
quality control devices
the second air quality control device
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For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

 out,2 (d p )
dp 
m
 1 - P(d p )1,2  1 -
1,2  in,1 (d p )
m  out,2 (dp )
m
(dp )1,2  1 -
m in,1(dp )
 out,2 ( dp )  m
m  in,2 (dp )(1  2 ( dp ))
 m
 out,1(dp )(1  2 ( dp ))
 in,1 ( dp )(P1(dp )(P2 (dp ))
m
 m
 out,1( dp )(P2 (dp )) (dp )1,2  1 -
m in,1(dp )

 out,1( dp )  m
m  in,1 ( dp )(1  1( dp ))
 m
 in,1( dp )(P1(dp ))  1 - P1(dp ) P2 (dp )

 out,2 ( dp )  m
m  in,1(dp )(P1(dp )) (P2 ( dp ))
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Mechanisms to Remove Particulate

Therefore, the overall removal efficiency for
Contaminants from Gas Streams
both devices (T,1,2) is described by:
The primary mechanisms for removal of
  in,1(dp )
m particulate material from gas streams are
T,1,2  i
 (dpi )1,2
i1 m in,T
Brownian motion, interception, and
impaction.

Enhancement of these mechanisms can

occur by using external forces such as
electrostatic and/or centrifugal forces.
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For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Removal of Particles from a Gas Stream with a Overview of Devices and Methods Used
Collector Body via Brownian Motion,
Interception, and Impaction
to Remove Particles from Gas Streams
Particulate contaminants are typically removed
Brownian impaction from industrial gas streams with the use of:
Motion
Device Driving force
interception Settling Gravitational force
chamber
collector Cyclone Centrifugal force
body Wet collector Brownian motion, interception, and impaction
Electrostatic electrostatic force
fluid precipitators
streamline Fabric Filters Brownian motion, interception, and impaction
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If a device with the following removal efficiencies

Example problem
was used to treat the gas stream previously
The following data were obtained from a characterized, what is the device overall removal
cascade impactor. efficiency?

Size range (m) Mass (mg) Size range Fractional Mass Collection
(m) Efficiency, (dpi), %
0-2 5
0-2 20
2-5 180 2-5 30
5-9 370 5-9 40
9-15 275 9-15 60
15-25 75 15-25 80
>25 20 >25 90
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For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Size range Mass (mg) Mass fraction in Cumulative % less

(m) size range than top size
0-2 5 0.005 0.54
2-5 180 0.195 20.0
5-9 370 0.400 60.0
9-15 275 0.297 89.7
15-25 75 0.081 97.8
>25 20 0.022 100.0
SUM 925

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Size Mass fraction in Graded Mass

range size range Collection Efficiency,
(dpi), (% )
m in (d pi )
(m)
m in (d pi ) (d pi )
m in ,T
m in ,T
0-2 0.005 20 0.10
2-5 0.195 30 5.85
5-9 0.400 40 16.00
9-15 0.297 60 17.82
15-25 0.081 80 6.48
>25 0.022 90 1.98
6 m in (d pi )
T   (d pi ) T (%)  48.23
i 1 m in ,T

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