Wast Managment of Construction Industries

Scrap Materials

Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and
consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials.
Unlike waste, scrap has monetary value, especially recovered metals, and non-
metallic materials are also recovered for recycling.

Disposing of scraps materials

Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard where it is processed for later melting
into new products. A wrecking yard, depending on its location, may allow
customers to browse their lot and purchase items before they are sent to the
smelters, although many scrap yards that deal in large quantities of scrap usually
do not, often selling entire units such as engines or machinery by weight with no
regard to their functional status. Customers are typically required to supply all of
their own tools and labor to extract parts, and some scrapyards may first require
waiving liability for personal injury before entering. Many scrapyards also sell
bulk metals (stainless steel, etc.) by weight, often at prices substantially below
the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces.For example

In contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything by weight,

instead of by item. To the scrapyard, the primary value of the scrap is what the
smelter will give them for it, rather than the value of whatever shape the metal
may be in. An auto wrecker, on the other hand, would price exactly the same
scrap based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs.

Benefits of recycling

1. 75% savings in energy.

2. 90% savings in raw materials used.

3. 86% reduction in air pollution.

4. 40% reduction in water use.

5. 76% reduction in water pollution.

6. 97% reduction in mining wastes.

Every ton of new steel made from scrap steel saves:

7. 1,115 kg of iron ore.

8. 625 kg of coal.

9. 53 kg of limestone.

Energy savings from other metals include:

10. Aluminium savings of 95% energy.

11. Copper savings of 85% energy.

12. Lead savings of 65% energy.

13. Zinc savings of 60% energy.

Waste materials
Waste materials are a major environmental problem, which is a threat to the
environment. ... Waste can be used in the construction industry in two ways: by
reusing (reuse components) and recycling (processing waste into raw materials
used in the production of building materials)

Pakistan generates about 48 million tons of solid waste a year, which has been
increasing more than 2 percent annually. Like other developing countries,
Pakistan lacks waste management infrastructure, creating serious environmental
problems. Most municipal waste is either burned, dumped or buried on vacant
lots, threatening the health and welfare of the general population. The
Government of Pakistan (GOP) estimates that 77,000 tons of solid waste is
generated per day, mostly from major metropolitan areas. Karachi, Pakistan’s
largest city, generates more than 13,000 tons of municipal waste daily. All major
cities face enormous challenges on how to manage urban waste. Bureaucratic
hurdles, lack of urban planning, inadequate waste management equipment, and
low public awareness contribute to the problem.

Solid Waste Generation in Major Cities:

City Population in million Solid waste generation/day in tons

Karachi 20,500,000 9,440

Lahore 10,000,000 6,510

Faisalabad 7,500,000 4,883

Rawalpindi 5,900,000 3,841

Hyderabad 5,500,000 3,581

Multan 5,200,000 3,385

Gujranwala 4,800,000 3,125

Sargodha 4,500,000 2,930

Peshawar 2,900,000 1,888

Quetta 600,000 326

Wast material handling:

it is defined by the fallowing flow chart

 Obsolete Inventory

Obsolete inventory is a term that refers to inventory that is at the end of its
product life cycle. This inventory has not been sold or used for a long period of
time and is not expected to be sold in the future. This type of inventory has to be
written down and can cause large losses for a company.

Obsolete inventory is also referred to as dead inventory or excess inventory.

Excess and obsolete inventory write-offs are chronic supply chain problems
costing businesses billions of dollars each year. Unfortunately, improvement
projects that are deployed to eliminate these problems often have a short-term
focus. In other words, the current levels of excess and obsolete inventory are
usually addressed, but not the root causes of the problem. Often such inventory
is reduced by selling it below standard cost or donating it to charitable
organizations. Competing business priorities sometimes keeps businesses from
developing effective long-term solutions to eliminate the root causes, sometimes
it is the difficulty in unraveling the complexity of the root causes.

Methods of controlling:

Waste management and disposal

best practice
1. Site logistics

· Throughout the project, consider what materials and wastes will be

generated and ensure that waste facilities are appropriate for each phase

of the development.

14. Avoid the creation of waste by carrying out works in the correct order to
minimise the need for remedial actions

2. On-site training

15. Ensure the site induction to staff and sub-contractors includes awareness

of good waste management and the specific measures used at the site.

16. Use regular tool box talks to make sure that everyone who comes to

site knows how to reduce, re-use and recycle at the site. Use Zero Waste

Scotland visualisation tools to support the illustration of common

opportunities.

3. Celebrate and promote success

17. Highlight success in the program to managers, sub-contractors, clients,

on-site staff and the public. This could include signs to show tonnes

recycled and tonnes diverted from landfill each week and could assist with

Considerate Constructor objectives.

4. Monitor

18. Review site practice and check the containers to ensure that the proper

materials are going into them. If problems exist, find the person or people

responsible and instruct them on how to properly participate

Reducing waste
The best environmental and cost-effective solution is to reduce the

amount of waste created. The following pages provide suggestions for

maximising waste prevention on-site.

19. Plan deliveries

20. Material storage

21. Avoid excess

22. Damaged materials

23. Minimise materials movement

 24. Eliminate excess packaging

25. Return materials to supplier

Re-using materials
Where material use and waste generation cannot be reduced, re-use

should be considered as the next step. This may be on-site or through

a third party. The following pages present examples for re-using waste

for both those responsible for the management and disposal of waste

and others on-site.

26. Deconstruction

27. Plan in re-use

28. Make best use of materials

Recycling waste
If waste cannot be reduced or re-used it should be segregated for

recycling wherever possible. The most important step for recycling of

construction waste is on-site separation. Initially, this will take some

extra effort and training of construction personnel but once separation

habits are established, on-site separation can be done at little or no

additional cost and will save you money.

29. Material segregation

30. Engage with waste contractor

31. Staff / sub-contractor training

32. Storage of materials

33. Additional considerations