,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lk;

 ,e;;jpahtpy; Njrpak; tsh;e;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

. murpay; xw;Wik . jfty;njhlh;G tsh;r;rp
. Mq;fpy nkhopAk; Nkiy ehl;L fy;tpAk; . gphpl;b\hhpd; nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;
. gj;jphpf;iffspd; gq;F . ypl;ldJ eph;thfk; . ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rr;ruT
 Muk;g fhy murpay; fofq;fs;:
. tq;fhs epyr;Rte;jhh;fs; rq;fk; - 1837 – fy;fj;jh – Jthufehj; jh$h;
. British India Society – London – 1839 – William Adam
. British India Associatiomn – fy;fj;jh- 1851 – NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;
. nrd;id RNjrp rq;fk; - 1852 – C.Y.Kjypahh;. . G+dh rh;t[dpf; rgh – 1870 – g+dh - 1870
. Indian Association – 1876 - S.N. Banerji & Anand Mohan Bose
. Indian national Conference – 1883 – Calcutta - S.N. Banerji
. nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk; - 1884 - G. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;> Mde;j rhUY

IKjy; fl;lk; - kpjthj ,af;fk; - (1885 -1905)

,e;;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1885 brk;gh; 25)
 Njhw;Wtpj;jth; : Myd; Mf;Nltpad; !`;a+k; (Xa;T ngw;w ICS mjpfhhp)
 Kjy; $l;lk; - gk;gha; -NfhFy;jh]; Nj[;ghy; rk];fpUj fy;;Yhhp kz;lgk;.
. jiyth; - cNk\; re;jpu ghzh;[p (W.C. ghzh;[p) .72 gpujpepjpfs;.
 ,uz;lhtJ khehL – 1886 – fy;fj;jh - lg;hpd; tpUe;jspj;;jhh;.
 %d;whtJ khehL – 1887 – nrd;id –
 ehd;fhtJ khehL – 1888 –
 5tJ khehL – 1889 –
 Kf;fpa jiyth;fs; - Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy (jiyth;) - fhe;;jpapd; murpay; FU
,e;jpa gzpahsh; rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;;jhh; (1908)
. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p . gj;Ujpd; jahg;[p . M.G.uhzNl . RNue;jpuehj; ghzh;[p
. ngNuh\; \h Nkj;jh . kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah . Nj[;gfJhh; rhg;U
 gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; kPJ ek;gpf;i
; f itj;;jpUe;jdh; . Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F tpRthrkhdth;fs;.
 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; jd;dhl;rp ngWtJ Nehf;fk;.
 Njdph; tpUe;J murpay; . murpay; ahrfh;fs;
 Kf;fpa Nfhhpf;iffs; : . rl;lrigfis tphpthf;Fjy;
. ICS Njh;tpid ,e;jpahtpYk; elj;Jjy; . eph;thf JiwapypUe;J ePjpJiwiw jdpNa gphpj;;jy;
 rhjiz : 1892 k; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l fTd;rpy; rl;lk;.
 ,e;;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vd ngahpl;lth; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
. ,e;jpahtpd; KJnghUk; fpotd;
. ,e;jpahtpw;fhd mjpfhug+h;tkw;w ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Jhjh;
. ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F (nghJ kf;fs; mit) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;;jpah;.
.’,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; gphpl;b\; jd;;ikaw;w Ml;rpAk;”; vDk; Ehiy vOjpdhh;
. mjpy; ‘nry;tr; Ruz;ly;”; Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fpapUe;jhh;- tprhhpf;f nty;gp FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; je;ij `;a+k;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; gh;f; - RNue;jpuehj; ghzh;[p (S.N. Banerji)
 II fl;lk; (1905 – 1917) jPtputhjpfs; fhyk;
 Kf;fpa jiyth;fs; - Lal, Pal, Bal – yhyh y[gjpuha;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;> mutpe;jh;.
 ,e;;jpahtpy; jPtputhjk; tsh;e;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
. fh;rd; gpuGtpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd Ml;rp- gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rl;lk;(1904)
. fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rp rl;lk; (1899) . tq;fg; gphptpid (1905)
 Fwpf;Nfhs; - Rauh[;ak; my;yJ KO tpLjiy ngWtJ.
 topKiwfs; - 1) Gwf;fzpg;G 2) RNjrp 3)Rauh[;ak; 4) Njrpaf; fy;tp
 ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;- Nyhfkhd;ah; Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;.
 yhyh y[gjpuha; - gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh; (1906)
 gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; - kpjthjpahf ,Ue;J jPtputhjpahdth;. kpfr; rpwe;j Ngr;rhsh;.
 mutpe;j Nfh\; - jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;J Md;kpfthjpahdth;.
tq;fg; gphptpid (1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16) – fh;rd;; gpuG
 Nehf;fk;- tsh;e;J tUk; Njrpa czh;it fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ> ,e;J K];ypk; gphpg;gJ
 tq;fhsk; ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ – gphpj;j ehs; [_iy 20
 Jf;f jpdkhf filgpbj;;jdh; . gphptpidia vjph;;jJ
; jh$h; mkh; Nrhdh; gq;fsh vDk; ghliy ghbdhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; cz;ikahd tpopg;Gzh;T tq;fg; gphptpidf;Fg; gpd; jhd; Njhd;wpaJ – fhe;jp.
 ,e;jpah;fs; cah; gjtpf;Nfh> Ra Ml;rpf;Nfh jFjpaw;wth;fs;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; kl;LNk gpwg;ghYk; gapw;rpahYk;
cah; gjtpf;F jFjpailath;fs; - fh;rd; gpuG
 fhq;fpu]pd;; tho;T jLkhwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mijf;; Fop Njhz;b Gijj;J tpl;Lj;jhd; ,e;;jpahit tpl;L
nry;Ntd; - fh;rd; gpuG
 ,e;;jpah;fs; xd;Wgl kiwKfkhf cjtpath; fh;rd; gpuG.
RNjrp ,af;fk; (1905) – INC (,e;;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];) gdhu]; khehl;by; jPhk
; hdk; - jiyth; NfhfNy
. RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; nrhe;j ehL . te;Nj khjuk; Kof;fk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
. ,J xU murpay; nghUshjhu ,af;fk;
 1906y;; Njrpaf; fy;tpf; FO Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Njrpa fy;Yhp epWtg;gl;lJ - Kjy;th; mutpe;j; Nfh\;
 tq;fg; gphptpid uj;J (1911) nra;;jth; - `hh;bQ;r; gpuG
 rhjidfs; : tq;fg; gphptpid uj;J
. Rauh[;aj;;ij gpwg;Ghpikahf Kjypy; Nfhhpath;fs;
(Rauh[;ak; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; jahde;;jh;)
. Kjd; Kjypy; midj;J ,e;jpa murpay; ,af;fj;;ij (RNjrp ,af;fk;) elj;jpath;fs;.
jPtputhjpfspd; nray;fs;:
. 1909- tpy;ypak; fh;rd; tpy;;yp nfhiy – kjd;;yhy; jpq;;uh & V.D.rth;f;fhh; nfhd;wdh;.
. GJr;Nrhpapy; jPtputhj nray;fis nra;jth;fs; - jpUkiy Mr;rhhp> t.Nt.R.ma;ah;.
. 1911 [_d; 17 –ney;iy Ml;rpah; M\; Jiu thQ;rpehjdhy;; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
. ,lk; - kzpahr;rp nuapy; epiyak;.
. thQ;rp ehjd; - gpwg;G nrq;Nfhl;;il .,aw;ngah; rq;fud;; ma;ah;
. Nfushtpy; tz mYtyuhfg; gzp . t.Nt.R.ma;auhy;; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;lhh;.
. ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp - M\; Jiu nfhiy tof;fpd; Kjy; Fw;wthsp .
ghuj khjh rq;fk; vDk; mikg;gpid epWtpdhh;.
. 1911 jiyefh; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J nly;ypf;F jiyefh;; khw;wg;gl;lJ
  jpyfh; - elj;;jpa gj;jphpf;;iffs; kuhj;jh (Mq;fpy nkhop)> Nfrhp (kuhl;ba nkhop)
. fzgjp tpoh(1894)> rpth[p tpoh (1896) f;fis elj;j Jhz;bdhh;.
. 1908 [_iy 13y; ifJ. gk;ghapYs;s khz;lNy rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;
. fhuzk; - uh[ JNuhfk; > ntbFz;L tPr;ir Mjhpj;jy;
. rpiwapy; vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; - fPjh ufrpak;> Ntjfhy Mh;l;bf;fpd; gpwg;G
. kw;nwhU Ehy;- VRtpd; Nghjidfs;.
 t. c.rpjk;gudhh; - RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fofj;ij epWtpdhh; (1907)
. ,af;fpa fg;gy;fs; - fhypah> yhNth – Jhj;Jf;Fb to ,yq;if
. ney;iy rjp tof;fpy; ifJ (1908) - t. c.rpjk;gudhh; & Rg;gpukzpa rpth(njhONehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhh;)
 rpth – rpwe;;j Ngr;rhsh;. rptk; Ngrpdhy; rtk; vOk; Vw;gLj;jpa ,af;fk; - Njr gf;j rkh[k;
 \pahk;[p fpU\;z th;;kh – ,e;jpahtpd; kh[pdp.
. njhlq;fpa mikg;Gfs;: . Indian Home Rule Society (yz;ld;)
. Indian House vDk; tpLjp (yz;ld;) - (1904) . Indian Socialist vDk; gj;jphpf;if
K];ypk; yPf; (1906 brk;gh; 30) – lhf;fh - ethg; rypKy;yh & Mfh fhd;
 rhjid – kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPhj
; pUj;jj;jpy; K];ypk;fSf;nfd jdpj; njhFjpfs; ngw;wJ.
 [d;kj; cy; cNyhkh `pe;j; - K];ypk; yPf;fpw;F vjpuhf Njrpa K];ypk;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa mikg;G.
INC fy;fj;jh khehL (1906) – Rauh[;ak; ngWtJ Fwpf;Nfhs; vd jPhk
; hdk; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
#uj; gpsT (1907) -
kpjthjpfs; rhh;ghf INC jiytuhf uh\; gpfhhp Nfhi\ S.N.ghzh;[p Kd;nkhope;jhh;
jpyfh; yhyh y[gjpuhia Kd;nkhope;jhh;. . kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfs; vd gpsT
kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (1909) (,e;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fspd; rl;lk;)
 kpz;Nlh- it];uha; (murg; gpujpepjp) . khh;yp- ,e;jpahtpw;fhd muRr; nrayh
 K];ypk;fSf;nfd jdpj; njhFjpfs; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
 khfhzq;fspy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ
fjhh; fl;rp (1913) – njhlq;fpath; yhyh `h;jahs;. . jiyikaplk; rhd; gpuhd;rp];Nfh
. nray;gl;l ,lk; n[h;kdp. . fjhh; vd;gjd; nghUs; Gul;rp
Kjy; cyfg; Nghh; (1914 – 1918)
. Ner ehLfs; - gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> [g;ghd;> ,j;;jhyp
. Mr;R ehLfs; - n[h;kdp> M];jphpah> `q;Nfhp> JUf;fp
yf;Ndh xg;ge;;jk; (1916)
. jiyik k[_k;jhh; . jPtputhjpfs; kpjthjpfs; ,ize;jdh;.
. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; cld;gbf;if - Signed by jpyfh; & KfkJ myp [pd;dh
. ,k;khehl;by;jhd; NeU fhe;jp[pia Kjd;Kjypy; re;jpj;jhh;.
jd;dhl;rpf; fofk; (Home Rule Movement) – 1916
 Indian Home Rule League njhlq;fpath; jpyfh; - 1916 Vg;uy; 28 – g+dh
 Home Rule League njhlq;fpath; md;dpngrd;l;- 1916 nrg;lk;gh; 03– nrd;id
 Nehf;fk; - Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; jd;dhl;rp ngWtJ
 md;dpngrd;l; - mah;yhe;Jg;; ngz;kzp .elj;jpa gj;;jphpf;iffs; -fhkd; tPy; > epa+ ,e;;jpah
. 1917y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; jiytp.
 ,e;jpa mikjpapd;;ikapd; je;ij .,e;jpa vOr;rpapd;; je;ij jpyfh; - $wpath; thyz;bd; rpNuhy;
 nuhl;bj; Jz;Lfisf; Nfl;fhjph;fs;> KO nuhl;b Ntz;Lnkd;W NfSq;fs; - jpyfh;
 jPz;lhikiaf; flTs; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;thnudpy; mtiu ehd; flTs; vd mq;fPfhpf;f khl;Nld; - jpyfh;.
Mf];L mwpf;if (my;yJ) khz;NlF mwpf;if (1917)
. ,e;jpah;fSf;F gbg;gbahf jd;dhl;rp mspf;fg;gLk;
khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (my;yJ) ,e;;jpa muRr;; rl;lk; 1919
. khz;NlF- it];uha; . nrk;];Nghh;L- ,e;jpahtpw;fhd muRr; nrayh;
. fpwp];jth;fs;> rPf;fpah;fs;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; MfpNahUf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs;; toq;fg;gl;ld.
. it];uhapd; eph;thff;FO tphpTgLj;;jg;gl;lJ. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw mwpKfk;
III fl;lk; (1917 – 1947) fhe;jpa rfhg;jk; my;yJ Rauh[;aj;;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lk;

fhe;jpabfs;: ,aw;ngah; - Nkhfd;jh]; fuk; re;;j; fhe;;jp .gpwg;G – Oct 2 .,lk; - Nghh;ge;jh;> F[uhj;

ngw;Nwhh; - fuk;re;j; > Gj;;ypgha;. . murpay; FU- NfhfNy . jdpr;nrayh; - kfhNjt Njrha;
kidtp – f];Jhhp gha;
.gpbj;jth;fs; - ypNah lhy;];lha; (u\;a vOj;;jhsh;) > [hd; u];fpd;> vkh;rd;> NjhNuh
,q;fpyhe;jpy;; rl;lf;; fy;tp (1888-91)
jhjh mg;Jy;yh fk;;ngdpapd; rl;l MNyhrfuhf njd; Mg;gphpf;fh gazk; (1893)
njd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; njhlq;fpait - . Nelhy; ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; (1894)
.Indian Opinion (gj;jphpf;if)- 1904 . gPdpf;]
; ; Mrpukk; (1904) .lhy;];lha; Mrpukk; (1010)
. 1899 njd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; eilngw;w Nghah; Nghhpy; Mk;Gyz;]; gphptpy; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
. ,jw;fhf nfa;rh; , `pe;j; gjf;fk; ngw;whh; (1914)
1915 [dthp 9 ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;. (gpuNtrp ghujpa jp;th];)
1915 – jPgd;yhy; Njrhhapd; Nfhr;rhug; gq;fshtpy; Mrpukj;;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.
1917y; mfkjhghj;;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ – rgh;kjp Mrpukk; (or) fhe;jp Mrpukk; (or)rj;jpahfpuf Mrpukk;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; -1) rk;g;uhd; rj;;jpahfpufk; (1917) – gP`hh; - ,e;jpahtpy; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Nghuhl;lk;.
.mThpj; Njhl;l tptrhapfSf;fhf
2) Nflh rj;jpahfpufk; - 1918 – F[uhj; - tptrhapfSf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;
3) mfkjhghj; kpy; njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lk; - 1918 – Kjd; Kjypy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;.
1920ypUe;J Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;; jPtpukhf gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
fhe;;jpf;F toq;fg;gl;l ngah;fs;
.kfhj;;kh- toq;fpath; jh$h; - 1917 .,e;jpag; Nghf;fphp – rh;r;rpy;
.miu eph;thzg; gf;fphp – rh;r;rpy; .Njrj; je;;ij – Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; (1944)
fhe;jp vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; - Hind Swaraj (1909) . rj;a Nrhjiz (1927)
Kjypy; rpiwf;F nrd;wJ - 1908 – N[hfd;];gh;f;
nusyl; rl;lk; - 1919 fUg;Gr; rl;lk; . it];uha; - nrk;];Nghh;L
 muR tpNuhj eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tprhuiz nra;a rpl;dp nusyl; jiyikapy; FO (1917 brk;gh; 10)
 mwpf;i
; f -1918 Vg;;uy; 15y; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ .1919 khhr; 21 y; muh[f Gul;rp Fw;w rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 tprhuizapd;wp ahiuak; ifJ nra;J rpiwapyilf;fyhk;.
 1919 khh;r; 30 gk;ghapy; fhe;;jpahy; rj;;jpahfpuf fkpl;b Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
 1919 khh;r; 30> Vg;;uy; 6 – mwg;Nghh;; ehshf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1919 Vg;uy; 09y; nly;;ypf;F mUfpy; gy;thy; uapy;Nt epiyaj;jpy; fhe;jp ifJ
 [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy (1919 Vg;uy; 13)

 fth;dh; n[duy; -nrk;];Nghh;L .gQ;rhg; fth;dh;- ikf;fy; Xl;tah; .mkph;jru]; uhZtj; jsgjp- n[duy; lah;
 1919 Vg;uy; 10 - lhf;lh; rj;aghy;> fpr;Y gQ;rhgpy; ifJ 1919 Vg;uy; 12- Culq;F cj;juT
 1919 Vg;uy; 13(igrhfp jpdk;) - fz;ldf; $l;lk; - Jg;ghf;fpr; #L – 379 Ngh; kuzk;. 1200 Ngh; fhak;
 n[duy; laUf;F The Women of England vDk; mikg;G tPuths; toq;fp fTutpj;jJ.
 gQ;rhg;> yh$hpy; uhZtr; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gLnfhiy fz;bj;J fhe;jp nfa;rh; , `pe;j; gjf;fj;ij Jwe;jhh; . jh$h; iel;Tl; gl;lj;;ij Jwe;jhh;.
 mJ xU gLnfhiy> nfhiyfsk;; - $wpath; C.F. Mz;l;U]; (jPdge;J)
 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;G Kid
`z;lh; fkpl;b (1920)
 gQ;rhg;; gLnfhiy gw;wp Muha mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 7 cWg;gpdh;fs;;. (4Mq;fpNyah;fs; + 3 ,e;jpah;fs;)
 fz; Jilg;G mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
. ikf;fy; Xl;tah; cj;;jk;rpq; vd;gtuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; (1940 khh;r; 13)
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)
o JUf;fp Ry;jhdpw;F (fhypg; ) Mjuthf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
o cyfk; KOtJKs;s K];yPkf
; s; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,e;jpahtpy; - KfkJ myp> rTfj; myp
o ,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wik Vw;gLj;jpaJ. . fhe;jp Mjhpj;jhh;
o Mf;Nlhgh; 19 fpyhgj; jpdkhf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
o K];jgh fkhy; ghl;\h JUf;fpia rkarhh;gw;w Fbaurhf khw;wpaJ fpyhgj; ,af;fk; kiwe;jjw;fhd fhuzk;.
Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1920 – 22) jh;k Aj;jk;
 fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk;.
 fhuzk; - 1) nusyl; rl;lk;. 2) [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
 jPhk
; hdk; - . fy;fj;;jh rpwg;G khehL . jiyth; - yhyh y[gjpuha;
. mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wJ ehfGhp khehl;by; . . jiyth; tp[auhfthr;rhhpah;
 fhe;;jp ,g; Nghuhl;lj;;jpw;fhd newpKiwfis tFj;jJ nrd;;idapy;.
 Kiwg;gb Jtq;fg;gl;lJ 1921y;
 3 epiyfspy; Nghuhl;lk; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
. Kjy; epiy – gl;lq;fis Jwj;jy;
. ,uz;lhk; epiy – fjtilg;G> Gwf;fzpj;;jy;
. %d;whk; epiy – thp nrYj;j kWj;jy; (1921y;; mfkjhghj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ)
 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ICS gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh; .jpyfh; Rauh[;a epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ
Nty;]; ,sturh; tUif (1921 etk;gh; 17)
. kf;fis rkhjhdg;gLj;j tUif – Kk;ig . nrd;idf;F tUif- 1922 [dthp 13
nrshp nrsuh epfo;r;rp (1922 gpg;uthp 05)
. nrshp nrsuh vd;gJ c.gp apYs;s fpuhkk;. .kf;fs; fhty; epiyaj;jpd; kPJ jP itj;;jdh; - 22 fhtyh;fs; gyp
. xj;Jioahik ,af;f Nghuhl;lk; KbTf;F te;jJ.
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp (1923 [dthp 1)
. mypg;g+h; rpiwapypUe;j C.R. jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU Jtf;fpdhh;fs;.
. jiyth; - C.R. jh]; . nrayhsh; - Nkhjpyhy; NeU
. Nehf;fk; - Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJ.
,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (CPI) 1920 jh\;fz;l;
 Jtf;fpath;- M.N. uha; .1925y;; ,e;jpahtpy; Kiwahf Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
irkd;; fkp\d; (uhay; fkp\d;) : 1927
 Nehf;fk;- .1919 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lj;jpd; epiw Fiwfis Muha
.,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwapd; epiw Fiwfis Muha
.,e;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp toq;Ftjh> Ntz;lhkh vd;gijAk;: toq;fpdhy; vg;gb mspg;gJ vd;gij Muha;tJ.
 [hh;[; irkd; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. .7 cWg;gpdh;fs;. . midtUk; Mq;fpNyah;fs;
 midtUk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; vd;gjhy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Gwf;fzpj;;jJ.
 irkNd jpUk;gpg; Ngh- vd Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpaJ.
 1928 gpg;uthp 3y; ,e;jpah tUif
 nrd;idapy; T. gpufhrk; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; - Me;;jpu Nfrhp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
 yh$hpy; yhyh y[gjpuha; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; (mf;Nlhgh; 30)
rhz;lh;]; vDk; fhty;; mjpfhhpahy; jhf;fg;gl;lhh;. etk;gh;; 17 y; kuzk;.
 ghpe;Jiu: - . ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwia xopg;gJ
.,e;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp toq;FtJ K];ypk;fSf;F jdp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
.cah; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; tUjy; gh;khitj; jdpNa gphpg;gJ
.Mdhy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;FtJ gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
.vdNt fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Gwf;fzpj;;jJ .mk;Ngj;fh;> ePjpf;fl;rpapdh; tuNtw;wdh;
.nlhkpdpad; - Mq;fpy muRf;F cl;gl;l jdp muR vdk; epiy
 1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;;jpa muRr; rl;lk; cUthtjw;F irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;ifNa mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ
NeU jpl;lk; (1928 gpg;uthp 28)
 ntspapl;lth; - Nkhjpyhy; NeU
 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ntspAwTj; jiwr; nrayh; gph;`d; n`l; vd;gth; ,e;jpah;fs;midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f
tifapy; ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;f KbAkh vd rthy; tpl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpw;F vd jdp murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; ,e;;jpaj; jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rpNa NeU mwpf;if.
 8 Ngh; nfhz;l midj;Jf; fl;rpf; FO NeU jpl;lj;ij jahhpj;jJ.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;: . ,e;;jpahtpw;F epiyahd nlhkpdpad; me;;j];J .kj;jpapy; KO nghWg;G tha;e;j muR
.khfhzq;fspy; Rahl;rp .mjpfhug; gfph;T .kj;jpapy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;
.K];ypk; yPf; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy - ,jw;F khw;whf 14 mk;r jpl;lj;ij [pd;dh ntspapl;lhh;
yh$h;; khehL (1929) – jiyik [t`h;yhy; NeU
jPhk
; hdq;fs;: . g+uz Rauh[;ak; ngWtJ fhq;fpu]pd;; Fwpf;Nfhs; . rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;FtJ
.1930> [dthp 26I ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ehshf filgpbg;gJ
,e;jpa Njrpa %th;zf;; nfhb jahhpf;fg;gl;L yh$hpd; uhtp ejpf; fiuapy; gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ (1930 [d26)

1929y; uhk;Nr nkf; nlhdhy;L (njhopyhsh; fl;rp) ,q;fpyhe;;jpd; gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; (1930-32)
 fhe;jp 11 mk;rf; Nfhhpf;iffis ,h;tpd; gpuGtplk; itj;jhh; - ,h;tpd; gpuG Vw;f kWj;;jjhy; CDM Jtq;fg;gl;;lJ
cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;: .1930 gpg;uthp 14y; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
 jz;b ahj;jpiu: (1930 khh;r; 12)
.jiyik -fhe;jp .Jtq;fpa ,lk;- rgh;kjp Mrpukk; .Kbe;;j ,lk;- jz;b . Vg;uy; 6y; cg;G fha;r;rg;gl;lJ
. nkhj;j Jhuk;- 240 iky;fs; .gazk; - 24 ehl;fs;
. gq;nfLj;Njhh; - 78 (jgd;; ehah; (nrd;;id khfhzk;) & rNuh[pdp ehAL)
.Nkhjpyhy; NeU Mde;j gtd; ,y;yj;ij fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;F ed;nfhilahf mspj;jhh;.
.NjePh; fpd;dj;jpy; vOe;;j Gay; - ,h;tpd; gpuG
.fpz;lh; fhh;ld; fpsh;r;rp
.,e;jpahNt mbj;jsj;jpypUe;J fpsh;e;njOe;jJ – K.M. Kd;\p
.fhe;jpapd; jz;;b ahj;;jpiu uhkdpd; ,yq;if gazj;jpw;F xg;ghdJ – Nkhjpyhy;
 jkpo;ehl;by;: jpUr;rp to Ntjhuz;ak; tiu (Vg;uy; 15-Vg;uy; 28) - jiyik uh[h[p
 Nfush: kyghh; flw;fiuapy; Nfsg;gd; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; - Nfhopf;NfhL to igaDhh;
. Nfsg;gd; - itf;fk; rj;jpahfpuf tPuh;
 Nk 5y; fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L GNdapYs;s vuthlh rpiwapy; milg;G – gpd;G mg;gh]; jahg;[p jiyik
 rNuh[pdp ehAL jiyikapy; #uj; khtl;lj;jpYs;s jh;rdh muR cg;G kz;bia jhf;fpdh;.
thp nfhlh ,af;fk;: F[uhj kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
. tl Nkw;;F gFjpapy;; elj;jpath; fhd; mg;Jy; fghh;fhd; (vy;;iyf; fhe;jp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;)
. nrQ;rl;ilapdh; vDk; mikg;ig elj;jpdhh;.
. F[uhj; gh;Njhypapy; gNly; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; - rh;jhh; vd;w gl;lj;ij fhe;jp mspj;jhh;
tl;l Nki[ khehLfs;
 Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; Kaw;rpahy; ,h;tpd; gpuG fhe;jpia tpLjiy nra;;jhh;
 irkd;; fkp\d; ghpe;Jiuapd;; mbg;gilapy; ,e;;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp toq;FtJ Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f $l;lg;gl;lJ
 Kjy; tl;l Nki[ khehL (1930 etk;gh; 12 -1931 [dthp 19)
. 89 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;. fhq;fpu]; Gwf;fzpj;jJ
fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; (m) nly;yp xg;ge;jk; (1931 khh;r; 31)
. rl;lkWg;G Nghuhl;lj;ij iftpl;L ii tl;l Nki[ khehl;by; gq;Nfw;gJ
. Mq;fpy muR ,e;jpa murpay; ifjpfis tpLjiy nra;tJ
fuhr;rp khehL (1931 khh;r; 29) jiyik gNly;
. mbg;gil chpikfs; gw;wpAk; Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;lk; gw;wpAk; jPh;khdk;
. fhe;jpf;F fWg;G nfhb fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lJ - Vnddpy; 1931 khh;r; 23 gfj;rpq;> uh[FU> RfNjt; yh$h;
rpiwapy; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
. gfj;rpq;-gQ;rhg; khepyk;. ,e;jpa rkjh;k FbauRg; gil epWtpdhh;.
. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Fz;L tPrpajw;fhf Mas; jz;lid
. rhz;lh;i] nfhz;wjw;fhf kuz jz;lid .ehd; Vd; ehj;jpfdhNdd;- ,thpd; Ehy;
 II tl;l Nki[ khehL (1931 nrg;lk;gh; 7 -1931 brk;gh; 1)
.107 gpujpepjpfs; - fhq;fpu]; rhh;ghf fhe;jp> ,e;;jpa ngz;fs; rhh;ghf rNuh[pdp ehAL fye;J nfhz;ldh;
. K];yPkf
; s;> jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;> ,e;jpa fpwp];jth;fs; jdpj; njhFjp Nfhhpf;if vOg;gpajhy; khehL Njhy;tp
,uz;lhk; fl;l rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; (1932-34)
. 1932y; fhq;fpu]; rl;l tpNuhjkhd fl;rp vd mwptpg;G . fhe;;jp ifJ
. nuhl;b Ntz;Lnkd;W kz;bapl;L Nfl;Nld;> Mdhy; fy;Ny fpilj;jJ – fhe;;jp.
r%f tpUJ (Communal Award) – uhk;Nr nkf; nlhdhy;L ntspapl;lhh; (Mf];L 16> 1932)
. K];yPkf
; s;> jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;> ,e;jpa fpwp];jth;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ
. ,jid vjph;jJ
; vuthlh rpiwapy; fhe;jp cz;zhtpujk;.
G+dh xg;ge;jk; (nrg;lk;gh; 25> 1932)
. ifiaOj;;jpl;lth;fs;- fhe;jp kw;Wk;; mk;Ngj;fh;.
. jho;jj
; g;gl;NlhUf;fhd jdpj; njhFjp Nfhhpf;ifia iftpLtJ
 mfpy ,e;jpa jPz;lhik vjph;g;Gf;; fofk;- 1932- fhe;jp cUthf;fpdhh;
 mhp[d; vdk; thug; gj;jphpf;if – 1933 – fhe;jp ntspapl;lhh;
 1933 [dthp 8- Nfhapy; EioT ehshf fhq;fpu]hy; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
 III tl;l Nki[ khehL (1932 etk;gh; 17 - brk;gh; 24)
. 46 gpujpepjpfs;. . fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; ,q;fpyhe;;jpd; njhopyhsh; fl;rpAk; miof;fg;gltpy;iy
 1933y; tl;l Nki[ khehLfspd; Kbtpd; mbg;gilapy; gphpl;b\; muR nts;is mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ
 3 khehLfSk; eilngw;w ,lk; - yz;ld; .elj;jpath;- ,h;tpd; gpuG .jiyik- nkf;;nlhdhy;L
 3 khehLfspYk; fye;J nfhz;lth; - mk;Ngj;fh;> ,ul;il kiy rPdpthrd;. fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhz;lJ – 2y;
fhq;fpu]; Nrhryprf; fl;rp (1933) – ghl;dhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
. Jtf;fpath;fs; - Nyhf;ehaf; J.P. ehuhazd;> mNrhf; Nkj;jh
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; >1935
 irkd; fkp\d; ghpe;Jiuapd;; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 khfhzq;fsSf;F jd;dhl;rp toq;FtJ . ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw ePf;fk; .
 $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; epWTtJ . $l;lhl;rp hprh;t; tq;fp Vw;gLj;JtJ
 mbik rhrdk; vd NeU th;zpj;jhh;

 1937y;; nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ – fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gq;nfLj;jJ- 8 khfhzq;fspy; Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ
 1937- [drf;;jp vDk; gj;jphpf;if fhq;fpu]; Nrhryprf; fl;rp rhh;ghf ntspaplg;gl;lJ - Mrphpah; [Pthde;jk;
. ,J 1942y; fk;a+dp];l; thu ,johf khw;wg;gl;lJ
 thh;jh khehL – 1937- mbg;gil fy;tp gw;wpa jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
 1939- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fis <LgLj;jpaijf;; fz;bj;J fhq;fpu]; ke;jphp rigfs; uh[pdhkh
. ,ij Dec 22 y;– K];yPk; yPf; tpLjiy ehshf nfhz;lhbaJ
 1938y;; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf Nejh[p Njh;T 1939y;; kPz;Lk;; Nghl;bapl;lhh;
. ,tiu vjph;jJ
; fhe;jpabfs; gl;lhgp rPjhuhka;ahit epWj;jpdhh ;- gl;lhgp Njhy;tp.
. ,J vdJ Njhy;tp vd fhe;jp $wpdhh;
. 1939 khh;rpy; Nejh[p uh[pdhkh – gpd; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;T
. 1939 Vg;uy; 3 – ghh;thh;L gpshf; fl;rpia Nejh[p Jtf;fpdhh;.
yh$h; K];ypk; yPf; khehL (1940)
. jiyik – [pd;dh . ghfp];jhd; vd;w jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifia [pd;dh ntspapl;lhh;.
. ghfp];jhd; vDk; ,];yhkpa ehL cUthf fhuzkhdth; rh;.KfkJ ,f;ghy;- 1930
. cUJf; ftpQh;. . rhNu [`hq;Nf mr;rh vd;w ghlypd; mrphpah;
. PAKISTAN vd;w thh;j;ijia cUthf;fpath; - Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fof khzth; u`;kj; myp – 1933
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; (1939-45)
o ,jpy; ,e;jpah;fis <LgLj;j fhuzkhf ,Ue;;jth; ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG
o 1940y; tpd;];ld;; rh;r;rpy; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhdhh;.
Mf];L ed;nfhil (1940 Mf];L 8) . mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lth; ypd;;ypj;Njh.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F Mjuthf ,e;jpah <Lgl;lhy; Nghh; Kbe;j gpd;G nlhkpdpad; me;;j];J
toq;fg;gLk;
 ,e;;jpahtpw;nfd jdp murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;f murpay; eph;zarig Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
 Nghh; eph;thf FOtpy; ,e;jpah; xUth; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
. fhq;fpu]; vjph;jj
; J - fhe;jp jiyikapy; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Muk;gpj;;jJ
. Kjy; rj;ahfpufp –tpNdhgh . ,uz;lhtJ – NeU
fphpg;]; JhJf; FO (1942 khh;r; 22)
 jiyik - ];l;uNghh;L fphpg;];
 jpthyhfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tq;fp gpd; Njjpapl;L toq;fpa fhNrhiy – fhe;jp $wpdhh;.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; (1942- 45) (Mf];L Gul;rp> jiyikapy;yh Nghuhl;lk;)
 Jtq;fg;gl;l ehs;- Mf];L 8 . jPhk
; hdk; - gk;gha;; khehl;by;.
 tpLjiyf;fhd filrp Nghuhl;lk;; vd fhe;jp mwptpg;G . nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb - vd fhe;jp Koq;fpdhh;.
 uh[h[p gq;nfLf;ftpy;iy -K];ypk; yPf;fpd; gphptpid nfhs;ifia Mjhpj;J fhq;fpu]pypUe;J tpyfpapUe;jhh;
 Njrpa murhq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;;lJ ( Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharastra)
,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; (Mrhj; `pe;;j; gTr;) – 1942 – rpq;fg;g+h;
 Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; . Kiwg;gb Jtq;fg;gl;lJ 1943 – Nejh[p.
 Nejh[p vd;gjd; nghUs; jiyth; . gpwe;j khepyk; - xhprh
 Nejh[p: 1927 – fhq;fpu]py; ,ize;jhh;. . 1938- jiytuhdhh; .1939-ghh;thh;L gpshf; Muk;gpj;jhh;
 1940- tPl;Lf;; fhty; 1941- n[h;kdpf;F jg;gp Xl;lk;
 INAd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphpT jiytp - Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp
 1945 Mf];L 18y; Nlhf;Nah nry;Yk; topapy; tpgj;jpy; kuzkile;;jpUf;fyhk;
 kuzk; Fwpj;;j tprhuizf; fkpl;bfs; - Kfh;[p fkpl;b> \h eth]; fkpl;b
 1944y; ,e;jpahtpd; ;kJ
P gilnaLj;J kzpg;g+hpYs;s Nkhlhf; vDk;; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdh;.
 1945 etk;gh; 12y; ruzile;jdh; - INA jpdk;.
 n[a; `pe;j>; nly;yp rNyh> uj;jj;ijj; jhUq;fs;> ehd; cq;fSf;F Rje;jpuj;ijj; jUfpNwd; - Nejh[p
 (n[a; `pe;j; vd Kjypy;; cUthf;fpath; nrz;gfuhkd; gps;is)
 fhe;jpia Njrg;gpjh vd mioj;jhh;. ,e;jpag; Nghuhl;lk; - Nejh[papd; Ehy;
uh[h[p jpl;lk; (1944)
 ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd ,U ehLfis cUthf;FtJ
 K];yPkf
; s; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjh my;yJ ghfp];jhd; nry;tjh vd kf;fspilNa thf;nfLg;G elj;JtJ
 fhe;jp> [pd;dh Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;;iy
Ntty; jpl;lk; my;y
; J rpk;yh khehL (1945)
 1945y; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhf ml;;yp (njhopyhsh; fl;rp) gjtpNaw;whh;.- fhq;fpu]; kPjhd jilia ePf;fpdhh;.
 nrg;lk;gh; 19 mwptpg;G - ntspapl;lth; Ntty; - kj;jpa khfhz rl;lrigfSf;F Gjpjhf Njh;;jy; elj;JtJ
 mikr;ruit JhJf; FO (Nfgpdl; kp\d;; jpl;lk;) (1946> khh;r; 15)
ngj;;jpf; yhud;];> ];l;uNghh;L fphpg;];> A.V. mnyf;]hz;lh; - ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif
ghpe;Jiu : . ,e;jpa xd;wpak; cUthf;FtJ
. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murpay; eph;za rig %ykhf murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;FtJ
. ,ilf;fhy Njrpa muir Vw;gLj;Jjy;
Neub eltbf;if jpdk; (1946 Mf];L 16)
 ghfp];jhd; yl;rpaj;;jpw;fhd Neub eltbf;;if jpdk; vd K];yPk; yPf; filg;gpbj;jJ
,ilf;fhy muR (1946 nrg;lk;gh; 2)
Ntty; gpuG jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. . Jizj; jiyth; - NeU
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp - 6 mikr;rh;fs;. K];yPk; yPf; - 5 mikr;rh;fs; gjtp tfpj;;jdh;.
,jpypUe;j jkpoh;- uh[h[p . cs;Jiw mikr;rh; - gNly; .epjpaikr;rh;- ypahfj; mypfhd;
1946 brk;gh; 6y;; murpay; eh;za rig mikf;fg;gl;lJ
fg;gy; gil vOr;rp (1946> gpg;uthp 8
jy;thh;> ,e;J];jhd;; fg;gy; gil rpg;gha;fs; Nghuhl;lk; .,lk;-gk;gha; .jiyik-M.S .fhd
,e;jpag;; gphptpid kw;Wk; tpLjiy:
 ,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf nksd;Ngl;ld; epakdk; (34tj fth;dh; n[duy;)
 1948> [{d; 30w;Fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; vd ml;yp 1947> gpg;uthp 20y; mwptpj;jhh;.
nksd;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; my;yJ [_d; 3 jpl;lk; (1947)
 ,e;jpag;; gphptpid jtph;f;f ,ayhjJ vd czh;e;J gphptpid jpl;lj;ij nksd;Ngl;ld; ntspapl;lhhh;.
 jahhpj;jth; - V.P. Nkdd;.
 MNyhrizf; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lth;fs;- NeU> gNly;> fpUgshdp> ypahfj; mypfhd;> mg;Jy; uht;> gy;Njt;rpq;
 ,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh [{iy 4y; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nghJ mitapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ
 [_iy 18y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk;;> 1947 epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;;j rl;lj;;jpd; gb ,e;jpah Mf];L 14 md;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ- ghfp];jhd;; jdp ehlhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy; fth;dy; n[duy; - [pd;dh gpujkh- ypahfj; mypfhd;
 Mf];L 15 es;sputpy; ,e;;jpahtpw;F tpLjiy .Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy;- nksd;Ngl;ld;. gpujkh;- NeU
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %th;zf; nfhbia Vw;wpath; - nksd;Ngl;ld;
 ngz;fs; rhh;ghf nfhb vLj;J nfhLj;jth;- `d;rh Nkj;jh .te;Nj khjuk; ghbath; rrPjh fpUgshdp
 ,e;j es;spuT Neuj;jpy; cyfNk cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ,e;;jpah Rje;;jpukhf tho tpopj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ-NeU
 ,e;jpag; gphptpidia fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Vw;Wf; nfhs;Skhdhy; mJ vdJ rtj;jpd; kPJ jhd; epfOk; - fhe;jp
 G+kp gpsTglyhk;> thdk; tPo;eJ
; tplyhk;> Mdhy; ,e;;jpah xUNghJk; gphptglhJ – gNly;
RNjr muRfs; xUq;fpizg;G
 ,e;jpa RNjr muRfis ,e;;jpahTld;; ,izf;f ,e;jpa muRfs; Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ – mikr;rh; gNly;
 ,e;jpahtp;y; nkhj;jk; 565 RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd. .gphpl;b\; khfhzq;fs; 9
 mjpy; 562 muRfs; Mf];L 15y; ,e;;jpahTld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
 fh\;khP -; kd;dh; ,e;J uh[h `hprpq;.- 1947 mf;Nlhgh; 26y; ,ize;;jJ
 Ijuhghj; - ,e;;jpa RNjr muRfspy; nghpaJ- 1948y; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
 [_dfhj; - gilnaLg;G elj;;jp gpd; kf;fspilNa thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ,e;;jpahTld;1949y; ,ize;jJ
 1954- gpnuQ;r; gFjpfs;; ,izf;fg;gl;ld . 1961- filrpahf Nghh;r;RfPrpag; gFjpfs;; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
 1947 etfhsp ahj;;jpiu – fy;fj;jh efhpy; fhe;jp elj;jpdhh;.- ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;;ijf; fz;bj;J