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Indian National Movement TAMIL PDF
Indian National Movement TAMIL PDF
fhe;jpabfs;: ,aw;ngah; - Nkhfd;jh]; fuk; re;;j; fhe;;jp .gpwg;G – Oct 2 .,lk; - Nghh;ge;jh;> F[uhj;
ngw;Nwhh; - fuk;re;j; > Gj;;ypgha;. . murpay; FU- NfhfNy . jdpr;nrayh; - kfhNjt Njrha;
kidtp – f];Jhhp gha;
.gpbj;jth;fs; - ypNah lhy;];lha; (u\;a vOj;;jhsh;) > [hd; u];fpd;> vkh;rd;> NjhNuh
,q;fpyhe;jpy;; rl;lf;; fy;tp (1888-91)
jhjh mg;Jy;yh fk;;ngdpapd; rl;l MNyhrfuhf njd; Mg;gphpf;fh gazk; (1893)
njd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; njhlq;fpait - . Nelhy; ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; (1894)
.Indian Opinion (gj;jphpf;if)- 1904 . gPdpf;]
; ; Mrpukk; (1904) .lhy;];lha; Mrpukk; (1010)
. 1899 njd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; eilngw;w Nghah; Nghhpy; Mk;Gyz;]; gphptpy; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
. ,jw;fhf nfa;rh; , `pe;j; gjf;fk; ngw;whh; (1914)
1915 [dthp 9 ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;. (gpuNtrp ghujpa jp;th];)
1915 – jPgd;yhy; Njrhhapd; Nfhr;rhug; gq;fshtpy; Mrpukj;;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.
1917y; mfkjhghj;;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ – rgh;kjp Mrpukk; (or) fhe;jp Mrpukk; (or)rj;jpahfpuf Mrpukk;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; -1) rk;g;uhd; rj;;jpahfpufk; (1917) – gP`hh; - ,e;jpahtpy; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Nghuhl;lk;.
.mThpj; Njhl;l tptrhapfSf;fhf
2) Nflh rj;jpahfpufk; - 1918 – F[uhj; - tptrhapfSf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;
3) mfkjhghj; kpy; njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lk; - 1918 – Kjd; Kjypy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;.
1920ypUe;J Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;; jPtpukhf gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
fhe;;jpf;F toq;fg;gl;l ngah;fs;
.kfhj;;kh- toq;fpath; jh$h; - 1917 .,e;jpag; Nghf;fphp – rh;r;rpy;
.miu eph;thzg; gf;fphp – rh;r;rpy; .Njrj; je;;ij – Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; (1944)
fhe;jp vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; - Hind Swaraj (1909) . rj;a Nrhjiz (1927)
Kjypy; rpiwf;F nrd;wJ - 1908 – N[hfd;];gh;f;
nusyl; rl;lk; - 1919 fUg;Gr; rl;lk; . it];uha; - nrk;];Nghh;L
muR tpNuhj eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tprhuiz nra;a rpl;dp nusyl; jiyikapy; FO (1917 brk;gh; 10)
mwpf;i
; f -1918 Vg;;uy; 15y; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ .1919 khhr; 21 y; muh[f Gul;rp Fw;w rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
tprhuizapd;wp ahiuak; ifJ nra;J rpiwapyilf;fyhk;.
1919 khh;r; 30 gk;ghapy; fhe;;jpahy; rj;;jpahfpuf fkpl;b Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
1919 khh;r; 30> Vg;;uy; 6 – mwg;Nghh;; ehshf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
1919 Vg;uy; 09y; nly;;ypf;F mUfpy; gy;thy; uapy;Nt epiyaj;jpy; fhe;jp ifJ
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy (1919 Vg;uy; 13)
fth;dh; n[duy; -nrk;];Nghh;L .gQ;rhg; fth;dh;- ikf;fy; Xl;tah; .mkph;jru]; uhZtj; jsgjp- n[duy; lah;
1919 Vg;uy; 10 - lhf;lh; rj;aghy;> fpr;Y gQ;rhgpy; ifJ 1919 Vg;uy; 12- Culq;F cj;juT
1919 Vg;uy; 13(igrhfp jpdk;) - fz;ldf; $l;lk; - Jg;ghf;fpr; #L – 379 Ngh; kuzk;. 1200 Ngh; fhak;
n[duy; laUf;F The Women of England vDk; mikg;G tPuths; toq;fp fTutpj;jJ.
gQ;rhg;> yh$hpy; uhZtr; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gLnfhiy fz;bj;J fhe;jp nfa;rh; , `pe;j; gjf;fj;ij Jwe;jhh; . jh$h; iel;Tl; gl;lj;;ij Jwe;jhh;.
mJ xU gLnfhiy> nfhiyfsk;; - $wpath; C.F. Mz;l;U]; (jPdge;J)
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;G Kid
`z;lh; fkpl;b (1920)
gQ;rhg;; gLnfhiy gw;wp Muha mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 7 cWg;gpdh;fs;;. (4Mq;fpNyah;fs; + 3 ,e;jpah;fs;)
fz; Jilg;G mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
. ikf;fy; Xl;tah; cj;;jk;rpq; vd;gtuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; (1940 khh;r; 13)
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)
o JUf;fp Ry;jhdpw;F (fhypg; ) Mjuthf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
o cyfk; KOtJKs;s K];yPkf
; s; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,e;jpahtpy; - KfkJ myp> rTfj; myp
o ,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wik Vw;gLj;jpaJ. . fhe;jp Mjhpj;jhh;
o Mf;Nlhgh; 19 fpyhgj; jpdkhf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
o K];jgh fkhy; ghl;\h JUf;fpia rkarhh;gw;w Fbaurhf khw;wpaJ fpyhgj; ,af;fk; kiwe;jjw;fhd fhuzk;.
Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1920 – 22) jh;k Aj;jk;
fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk;.
fhuzk; - 1) nusyl; rl;lk;. 2) [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
jPhk
; hdk; - . fy;fj;;jh rpwg;G khehL . jiyth; - yhyh y[gjpuha;
. mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wJ ehfGhp khehl;by; . . jiyth; tp[auhfthr;rhhpah;
fhe;;jp ,g; Nghuhl;lj;;jpw;fhd newpKiwfis tFj;jJ nrd;;idapy;.
Kiwg;gb Jtq;fg;gl;lJ 1921y;
3 epiyfspy; Nghuhl;lk; filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
. Kjy; epiy – gl;lq;fis Jwj;jy;
. ,uz;lhk; epiy – fjtilg;G> Gwf;fzpj;;jy;
. %d;whk; epiy – thp nrYj;j kWj;jy; (1921y;; mfkjhghj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ)
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ICS gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh; .jpyfh; Rauh[;a epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ
Nty;]; ,sturh; tUif (1921 etk;gh; 17)
. kf;fis rkhjhdg;gLj;j tUif – Kk;ig . nrd;idf;F tUif- 1922 [dthp 13
nrshp nrsuh epfo;r;rp (1922 gpg;uthp 05)
. nrshp nrsuh vd;gJ c.gp apYs;s fpuhkk;. .kf;fs; fhty; epiyaj;jpd; kPJ jP itj;;jdh; - 22 fhtyh;fs; gyp
. xj;Jioahik ,af;f Nghuhl;lk; KbTf;F te;jJ.
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp (1923 [dthp 1)
. mypg;g+h; rpiwapypUe;j C.R. jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU Jtf;fpdhh;fs;.
. jiyth; - C.R. jh]; . nrayhsh; - Nkhjpyhy; NeU
. Nehf;fk; - Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJ.
,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (CPI) 1920 jh\;fz;l;
Jtf;fpath;- M.N. uha; .1925y;; ,e;jpahtpy; Kiwahf Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
irkd;; fkp\d; (uhay; fkp\d;) : 1927
Nehf;fk;- .1919 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lj;jpd; epiw Fiwfis Muha
.,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwapd; epiw Fiwfis Muha
.,e;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp toq;Ftjh> Ntz;lhkh vd;gijAk;: toq;fpdhy; vg;gb mspg;gJ vd;gij Muha;tJ.
[hh;[; irkd; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. .7 cWg;gpdh;fs;. . midtUk; Mq;fpNyah;fs;
midtUk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; vd;gjhy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Gwf;fzpj;;jJ.
irkNd jpUk;gpg; Ngh- vd Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpaJ.
1928 gpg;uthp 3y; ,e;jpah tUif
nrd;idapy; T. gpufhrk; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; - Me;;jpu Nfrhp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
yh$hpy; yhyh y[gjpuha; jiyikapy; Nghuhl;lk; (mf;Nlhgh; 30)
rhz;lh;]; vDk; fhty;; mjpfhhpahy; jhf;fg;gl;lhh;. etk;gh;; 17 y; kuzk;.
ghpe;Jiu: - . ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwia xopg;gJ
.,e;jpahtpw;F Rahl;rp toq;FtJ K];ypk;fSf;F jdp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
.cah; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; tUjy; gh;khitj; jdpNa gphpg;gJ
.Mdhy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;FtJ gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
.vdNt fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Gwf;fzpj;;jJ .mk;Ngj;fh;> ePjpf;fl;rpapdh; tuNtw;wdh;
.nlhkpdpad; - Mq;fpy muRf;F cl;gl;l jdp muR vdk; epiy
1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;;jpa muRr; rl;lk; cUthtjw;F irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;ifNa mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ
NeU jpl;lk; (1928 gpg;uthp 28)
ntspapl;lth; - Nkhjpyhy; NeU
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ntspAwTj; jiwr; nrayh; gph;`d; n`l; vd;gth; ,e;jpah;fs;midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f
tifapy; ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;f KbAkh vd rthy; tpl;lhh;.
,e;jpahtpw;F vd jdp murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; ,e;;jpaj; jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rpNa NeU mwpf;if.
8 Ngh; nfhz;l midj;Jf; fl;rpf; FO NeU jpl;lj;ij jahhpj;jJ.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;: . ,e;;jpahtpw;F epiyahd nlhkpdpad; me;;j];J .kj;jpapy; KO nghWg;G tha;e;j muR
.khfhzq;fspy; Rahl;rp .mjpfhug; gfph;T .kj;jpapy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;
.K];ypk; yPf; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy - ,jw;F khw;whf 14 mk;r jpl;lj;ij [pd;dh ntspapl;lhh;
yh$h;; khehL (1929) – jiyik [t`h;yhy; NeU
jPhk
; hdq;fs;: . g+uz Rauh[;ak; ngWtJ fhq;fpu]pd;; Fwpf;Nfhs; . rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;FtJ
.1930> [dthp 26I ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ehshf filgpbg;gJ
,e;jpa Njrpa %th;zf;; nfhb jahhpf;fg;gl;L yh$hpd; uhtp ejpf; fiuapy; gwf;ftplg;gl;lJ (1930 [d26)
1937y;; nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;lJ – fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gq;nfLj;jJ- 8 khfhzq;fspy; Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ
1937- [drf;;jp vDk; gj;jphpf;if fhq;fpu]; Nrhryprf; fl;rp rhh;ghf ntspaplg;gl;lJ - Mrphpah; [Pthde;jk;
. ,J 1942y; fk;a+dp];l; thu ,johf khw;wg;gl;lJ
thh;jh khehL – 1937- mbg;gil fy;tp gw;wpa jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
1939- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fis <LgLj;jpaijf;; fz;bj;J fhq;fpu]; ke;jphp rigfs; uh[pdhkh
. ,ij Dec 22 y;– K];yPk; yPf; tpLjiy ehshf nfhz;lhbaJ
1938y;; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf Nejh[p Njh;T 1939y;; kPz;Lk;; Nghl;bapl;lhh;
. ,tiu vjph;jJ
; fhe;jpabfs; gl;lhgp rPjhuhka;ahit epWj;jpdhh ;- gl;lhgp Njhy;tp.
. ,J vdJ Njhy;tp vd fhe;jp $wpdhh;
. 1939 khh;rpy; Nejh[p uh[pdhkh – gpd; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;T
. 1939 Vg;uy; 3 – ghh;thh;L gpshf; fl;rpia Nejh[p Jtf;fpdhh;.
yh$h; K];ypk; yPf; khehL (1940)
. jiyik – [pd;dh . ghfp];jhd; vd;w jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifia [pd;dh ntspapl;lhh;.
. ghfp];jhd; vDk; ,];yhkpa ehL cUthf fhuzkhdth; rh;.KfkJ ,f;ghy;- 1930
. cUJf; ftpQh;. . rhNu [`hq;Nf mr;rh vd;w ghlypd; mrphpah;
. PAKISTAN vd;w thh;j;ijia cUthf;fpath; - Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fof khzth; u`;kj; myp – 1933
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; (1939-45)
o ,jpy; ,e;jpah;fis <LgLj;j fhuzkhf ,Ue;;jth; ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG
o 1940y; tpd;];ld;; rh;r;rpy; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhdhh;.
Mf];L ed;nfhil (1940 Mf];L 8) . mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lth; ypd;;ypj;Njh.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F Mjuthf ,e;jpah <Lgl;lhy; Nghh; Kbe;j gpd;G nlhkpdpad; me;;j];J
toq;fg;gLk;
,e;;jpahtpw;nfd jdp murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;f murpay; eph;zarig Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
Nghh; eph;thf FOtpy; ,e;jpah; xUth; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
. fhq;fpu]; vjph;jj
; J - fhe;jp jiyikapy; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Muk;gpj;;jJ
. Kjy; rj;ahfpufp –tpNdhgh . ,uz;lhtJ – NeU
fphpg;]; JhJf; FO (1942 khh;r; 22)
jiyik - ];l;uNghh;L fphpg;];
jpthyhfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tq;fp gpd; Njjpapl;L toq;fpa fhNrhiy – fhe;jp $wpdhh;.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; (1942- 45) (Mf];L Gul;rp> jiyikapy;yh Nghuhl;lk;)
Jtq;fg;gl;l ehs;- Mf];L 8 . jPhk
; hdk; - gk;gha;; khehl;by;.
tpLjiyf;fhd filrp Nghuhl;lk;; vd fhe;jp mwptpg;G . nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb - vd fhe;jp Koq;fpdhh;.
uh[h[p gq;nfLf;ftpy;iy -K];ypk; yPf;fpd; gphptpid nfhs;ifia Mjhpj;J fhq;fpu]pypUe;J tpyfpapUe;jhh;
Njrpa murhq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;;lJ ( Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharastra)
,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; (Mrhj; `pe;;j; gTr;) – 1942 – rpq;fg;g+h;
Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; . Kiwg;gb Jtq;fg;gl;lJ 1943 – Nejh[p.
Nejh[p vd;gjd; nghUs; jiyth; . gpwe;j khepyk; - xhprh
Nejh[p: 1927 – fhq;fpu]py; ,ize;jhh;. . 1938- jiytuhdhh; .1939-ghh;thh;L gpshf; Muk;gpj;jhh;
1940- tPl;Lf;; fhty; 1941- n[h;kdpf;F jg;gp Xl;lk;
INAd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphpT jiytp - Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp
1945 Mf];L 18y; Nlhf;Nah nry;Yk; topapy; tpgj;jpy; kuzkile;;jpUf;fyhk;
kuzk; Fwpj;;j tprhuizf; fkpl;bfs; - Kfh;[p fkpl;b> \h eth]; fkpl;b
1944y; ,e;jpahtpd; ;kJ
P gilnaLj;J kzpg;g+hpYs;s Nkhlhf; vDk;; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdh;.
1945 etk;gh; 12y; ruzile;jdh; - INA jpdk;.
n[a; `pe;j>; nly;yp rNyh> uj;jj;ijj; jhUq;fs;> ehd; cq;fSf;F Rje;jpuj;ijj; jUfpNwd; - Nejh[p
(n[a; `pe;j; vd Kjypy;; cUthf;fpath; nrz;gfuhkd; gps;is)
fhe;jpia Njrg;gpjh vd mioj;jhh;. ,e;jpag; Nghuhl;lk; - Nejh[papd; Ehy;
uh[h[p jpl;lk; (1944)
,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd ,U ehLfis cUthf;FtJ
K];yPkf
; s; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjh my;yJ ghfp];jhd; nry;tjh vd kf;fspilNa thf;nfLg;G elj;JtJ
fhe;jp> [pd;dh Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;;iy
Ntty; jpl;lk; my;y
; J rpk;yh khehL (1945)
1945y; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhf ml;;yp (njhopyhsh; fl;rp) gjtpNaw;whh;.- fhq;fpu]; kPjhd jilia ePf;fpdhh;.
nrg;lk;gh; 19 mwptpg;G - ntspapl;lth; Ntty; - kj;jpa khfhz rl;lrigfSf;F Gjpjhf Njh;;jy; elj;JtJ
mikr;ruit JhJf; FO (Nfgpdl; kp\d;; jpl;lk;) (1946> khh;r; 15)
ngj;;jpf; yhud;];> ];l;uNghh;L fphpg;];> A.V. mnyf;]hz;lh; - ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif
ghpe;Jiu : . ,e;jpa xd;wpak; cUthf;FtJ
. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murpay; eph;za rig %ykhf murpay; rhrdj;ij cUthf;FtJ
. ,ilf;fhy Njrpa muir Vw;gLj;Jjy;
Neub eltbf;if jpdk; (1946 Mf];L 16)
ghfp];jhd; yl;rpaj;;jpw;fhd Neub eltbf;;if jpdk; vd K];yPk; yPf; filg;gpbj;jJ
,ilf;fhy muR (1946 nrg;lk;gh; 2)
Ntty; gpuG jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. . Jizj; jiyth; - NeU
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp - 6 mikr;rh;fs;. K];yPk; yPf; - 5 mikr;rh;fs; gjtp tfpj;;jdh;.
,jpypUe;j jkpoh;- uh[h[p . cs;Jiw mikr;rh; - gNly; .epjpaikr;rh;- ypahfj; mypfhd;
1946 brk;gh; 6y;; murpay; eh;za rig mikf;fg;gl;lJ
fg;gy; gil vOr;rp (1946> gpg;uthp 8
jy;thh;> ,e;J];jhd;; fg;gy; gil rpg;gha;fs; Nghuhl;lk; .,lk;-gk;gha; .jiyik-M.S .fhd
,e;jpag;; gphptpid kw;Wk; tpLjiy:
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf nksd;Ngl;ld; epakdk; (34tj fth;dh; n[duy;)
1948> [{d; 30w;Fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; vd ml;yp 1947> gpg;uthp 20y; mwptpj;jhh;.
nksd;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; my;yJ [_d; 3 jpl;lk; (1947)
,e;jpag;; gphptpid jtph;f;f ,ayhjJ vd czh;e;J gphptpid jpl;lj;ij nksd;Ngl;ld; ntspapl;lhhh;.
jahhpj;jth; - V.P. Nkdd;.
MNyhrizf; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lth;fs;- NeU> gNly;> fpUgshdp> ypahfj; mypfhd;> mg;Jy; uht;> gy;Njt;rpq;
,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh [{iy 4y; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nghJ mitapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ
[_iy 18y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk;;> 1947 epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;;j rl;lj;;jpd; gb ,e;jpah Mf];L 14 md;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ- ghfp];jhd;; jdp ehlhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy; fth;dy; n[duy; - [pd;dh gpujkh- ypahfj; mypfhd;
Mf];L 15 es;sputpy; ,e;;jpahtpw;F tpLjiy .Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy;- nksd;Ngl;ld;. gpujkh;- NeU
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %th;zf; nfhbia Vw;wpath; - nksd;Ngl;ld;
ngz;fs; rhh;ghf nfhb vLj;J nfhLj;jth;- `d;rh Nkj;jh .te;Nj khjuk; ghbath; rrPjh fpUgshdp
,e;j es;spuT Neuj;jpy; cyfNk cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ,e;;jpah Rje;;jpukhf tho tpopj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ-NeU
,e;jpag; gphptpidia fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Vw;Wf; nfhs;Skhdhy; mJ vdJ rtj;jpd; kPJ jhd; epfOk; - fhe;jp
G+kp gpsTglyhk;> thdk; tPo;eJ
; tplyhk;> Mdhy; ,e;;jpah xUNghJk; gphptglhJ – gNly;
RNjr muRfs; xUq;fpizg;G
,e;jpa RNjr muRfis ,e;;jpahTld;; ,izf;f ,e;jpa muRfs; Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ – mikr;rh; gNly;
,e;jpahtp;y; nkhj;jk; 565 RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd. .gphpl;b\; khfhzq;fs; 9
mjpy; 562 muRfs; Mf];L 15y; ,e;;jpahTld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
fh\;khP -; kd;dh; ,e;J uh[h `hprpq;.- 1947 mf;Nlhgh; 26y; ,ize;;jJ
Ijuhghj; - ,e;;jpa RNjr muRfspy; nghpaJ- 1948y; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
[_dfhj; - gilnaLg;G elj;;jp gpd; kf;fspilNa thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ,e;;jpahTld;1949y; ,ize;jJ
1954- gpnuQ;r; gFjpfs;; ,izf;fg;gl;ld . 1961- filrpahf Nghh;r;RfPrpag; gFjpfs;; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
1947 etfhsp ahj;;jpiu – fy;fj;jh efhpy; fhe;jp elj;jpdhh;.- ,e;J K];ypk; fytuj;;ijf; fz;bj;J