,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk;

Kjy; etPd kdpjd; - uh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ

1828> Mf];l; 20 Mk; ehs; Nkhfd;uha; fy;fj;jhtpy; Nfhtpy; xd;iw epWtpdhh;

gpuk;k rkh[; cWg;gpdh;fs; gpuNkhf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.

1861 y; ,e;jpah KOtJk; rjp jil nra;ag;gl;lJ

Nkhfd;uha; K];ypk; Mz; Foe;ijia jj;njLj;jhh;.

,e;jpa NjrPaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb> ,e;jpahtpy; Gf;Jyfr;rpw;gp> ,e;J rkaj;ij
rPh;jpUj;jpa nrk;ky; - uh#huh« nkhf‹uhŒ

K.C. nrd; fpwp];Jt kjj;jhy; ftug;gl;lhh;.

K.C. nrd; jdJ 14 taJ kfis ,e;jpa ,sturd; xUtUf;F kzKbj;jhh;.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa ,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpad; je;ij vd u. jh$uhy;
miof;fg;gl;lth; - jahde;jh;

Rthkp ]uj;jhde;jh fhyj;jpy; Mhpa rkh[k; gpsTw;wJ.

gz;ila kjq;fisg; Gj;Japh;g;G nra;J tYg;gLj;jp cah;j;JtNj ,e;jpah;fspd;
Kjy; gzp - md;dpngrd;l;

md;dpngrd;bd; nrhw;nghopT ,e;jpaNd tpopj;njO vd;w E}yhf
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
Ïuhk»UZzh; - ,aw;ngah; - flhju rhl;lh;[p
Ïuhk»UZzh;
éntfhdªj® - 1892 y; fd;dpahFkhpf;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.

1896 y; epA+hh;f;fpy; Ntjhe;j rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - tpNtfhde;jh;

RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ ,isQh;fs; tpNtfhde;jhpd; fUj;Jf;fshy; Cf;fk;
ngw;wdh;.

,th;ntspapl;l khj gj;jphpf;iffs; - gpuG ghujhuh (Mq;fpyk;) >
cj;Nghjdh(tq;fk;)

vd;dplk; typikahd 100 ,isQh;fisj; jhUq;fs; ehd; tskhd ghujj;ij
cUthf;FfpNwd; - tpNtfhde;jh;

,];yhkpah;fs; Nkiyehl;L fy;tp mwptpay;> muRg;gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk;gb $wpdath; - rh; iraJ mfkJ fhd;

,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; MAO fy;Y}hp xU iky;fy; MFk;.
 -2-

1886 y;; Mq;fpNya fPio Njrtpa fy;tp khehl;il njhlq;fpath; - rh; iraJ
mfkJ fhd;.

jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; (1866)

Fuhdpd; cz;ikahd Nghjidfis gug;Gk;Nehf;NfhL goikthj K];ypk;fshy;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

KfkJ Fthrpk; ehNdhjtp> u\pj;mfkJ fq;Nfhj;jphp jiyikapy; 1866 y;
rfud;G+hpy; (UP) xUgs;sp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

1888 y; iraJ mfkJ fhdpd; The United Patriotic Associtation kw;Wk; The
Mohemmedan Anglo - oriental Association Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf rka Miz
gpwg;gpj;jJ.

INC ia Mjhpj;jJ.

Jaug;gLk; caphpdq;fisg; ghh;j;J ,uf;fk; nfhs;shjth;fs; fy; neQ;rf;fhuh;fs;>
mth;fspd; Qhdk; Nkfq;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd $wpath; - uhkypq;fh;

,tuJ ghly;fis goikthj irth;fs; kUl;gh (mwpahikapd; ghly;fs;) vd
fz;ldk; nra;jdh;.

,e;jpa r%fg;Gul;rpapd; je;ij vdg;gLgth; - N[hjpgh G+Ny

nguk;[p kyghhp Foe;ij jpUkzj;jpw;F vjpuhf rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd
typAWj;jpdhh;

ehk;jhhp ,af;fk; rPf;fpah;fs; jq;fs; milahsq;fis mzpa (thisj; jtpu)
tw;GWj;jpaJ

jdJ rPlh;fs; thSf;F gjpyhf yj;jpia itj;Jf;nfhs;s uhk;rpq; $wpdhh;.

Fkhud; Mrhd;> lhf;lh; ghy;G MfpNahh; ehuhazFUTf;F gpwF SNDPY
,af;fj;ij topelj;jpdh;

cah;rhjpapdh; mzpAk; Milfis mzpe;jth; - ma;ad; fhsp

nghJr;rhiyfspy; fhisfs; G+l;lg;gl;l tz;bapy; gadpj;jth; - ma;ad; fhsp
mk;Ngj;fh;

k`h; ,dj;jpy; gpwe;j mk;Ngj;fh; jdJ ,dj;jpy; 10 Mk; tFg;gpid G+h;j;jp nra;j
Kjy; eguhthh;

1916 rh;tNjr khDltpay; khehl;by; ,e;jpahtpy; rhjpfs; vd;w fl;Liuia
ntspapl;lhh;.
 -3-

,f;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; thf;Fhpik gw;wp Muha;e;j FO - rTj; nghNuh FO

1946 Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapypUe;J murpay; eph;za rigf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;

1937 y; Rje;jpu njhopyhsh; fl;rp> 1942 y; gl;bay; ,dj;jth; $l;likg;G
Mfpatw;iw njhlq;fpdhh;.

mNahj;jpjhrh;

jkpowpQH;> rpj;jkUj;Jth;> gj;jphpf;ifahsh;> murpay; kw;Wk; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsh;.

,jopapiy mwpitg;gug;Gk; xU fUtpahf gad;gLjj;pdh;

1898 y; H.S. Mfy;fhl;bd; jhfj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j kjj;ij jOtpdhh;

rhf;jpa ngsj;j rq;fj;ij nrd;idapy; epWtpdhh;

kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; xJf;fgl;lth;fis rhjpaw;w jpuhtplh;fs; vd
gjpTnra;a typAWj;jpdhh;.

gpuhkzpaj;jhy; xJf;fg;gl;lth;fNs cz;ikahd ngsj;jh;fs; vd $wpdhh;.

jdJ fUj;Jf;fis rpWE}y;fshf ntspapl;lth; - <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;

itFz;l Rthkpfs;
Rthkpfs

,th; Mq;fpy Ml;rpia nts;is gprhRfspd; Ml;rp vdTk;> jpUtpjhq;$h; kd;dh;
Ml;rpia fWg;G gprhRfspd; Ml;rp vdTk; $wpdhh;.

jpUr;nre;J}h; KUfd; Nfhtpypy; Md;kPf Qhdk; ngw;whh;

rkj;Jt rkh[k; vd;w mikg;gpd; %yk; rkge;jp tpUe;Jfis elj;jpdhh;.

xOf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jiyg;ghif mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpdhh;.

Nyhfpj;thb vdg;gl;lth; - Nfhghy; `hp Nj\;Kf;

ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; fhty;fhf;Fk; flik gbf;fhty; (m) muRf;fhty; vdg;gLk;.

17 kw;Wk; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpof murpaypy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpj;jdh;.

Mw;fhL ethg; KfkJ mypf;F> Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; thpfl;l kWj;J mth;fis
vjph;j;jth; - Gypj;Njth;

G+ypj;NjtUf;F Mjutspj;j Mw;fhL ethg; rhe;jhrhfpg;gpd; gj;jhdpa Kfth;fs; -
kpahdh> Kbikah> egPd;fhd; fl;lhf;

1781 Mk; Mz;L ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapd; thptNypf;Fk; chpikia Mw;fhL ethg;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpdhh;.
 -4-

nghpakUJtpd; kfd; - Jiur;rhkp

jpUr;rp gpufldk; jpUr;rpapYs;s Mw;fhL ethg; muz;kid Rth; kw;Wk; =uq;fk;
Nfhtpy; fjT Mfpa ,lq;spy; xl;lg;gl;lJ.

i`jh; myp (k) jpg;G Ry;jhd; :

i`jh;mypapd; je;ij gNj KfkJ

i`jh; - rpq;fk;

,uz;lhk; ikNh; Nghhpy; fh;dhy; Nyq; vd;gth; f&h; kw;Wk; jpz;Lf;fy;iyAk;>
fh;dy; Gy;yh;ld; vd;gth; NfhaKj;J}h; kw;Wk; ghyf;fhl;ilak; ifg;gw;wpdh;.

3 - Mk; ikNh; Nghhpy; fhyj;jpy; gpnuQ;Rkd;dh; - 16 Mk; Y}ap

3 - Mk; ikNh; Nghhpy; fh;dy; `hhPl;yp vd;w Mq;fpy jsgjp jpg;Gtpd; jsgjp
`Pird; mypia fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

ik#h; murh; xd;gjhk; rhkuh[; 1796 y; ,we;jhh;.

4 Mk; ikNh; Nghhpd;NghJ n[duy; Nltpl; gpah;L =uq;fj;jpd; kPJ jpBh; jhf;Fjy;
njhFj;J mij ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

rpWfpsh;r;rpfs;

1816 ghukfhy; fyfk;

1822 - 29 uNkhrp]; fyfk;

1840 - rjhuhfyfk;

1842 - gz;Nlyh fyfk;

1825 - gfy;ge;J ,af;fk;

1877 - gjf; fyfk;

1844 - Nuj; cg;G Nghuhl;lk;

1905 - gpN[hypah ,af;fk;
 -5-

tptrha;fs; (k) goq;Fbapdh; Gul;rpfs;

pfs;
Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; fPo; epytUtha; jpl;lq;fs;

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FOtpd; Ml;rpapy; tq;fhsk;> gpfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh
gFjpfspy; xuhz;L epytUtha; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwgLj;jpath; -,uhgh;l; fpist;

,j;jpl;;lj;ij thud; N`];bq;]; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lkhf khw;wp gpd;dh; kPz;Lk;
Xuhz;L jpl;lkhf khw;wpdhh;.

1793 y; fhud;thyP]; ,jid gj;jhz;L jpl;lkhf khw;wpdhh;.

KjyhtJ tdr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1865

tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; fpsh;r;rp Mfpait Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpw;F
Ke;ija epyAilik Kiwia Nfhhpd.
epiyahd epy tUtha; jpl;lk; (m) gj;jhz;L jpl;lk;

1793 y; fhud;thyP]hy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh> cj;jpugpuNjrk; kw;Wk; tlf;F fh;ehlfj;jpy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpy ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 19 % epyg;gug;gpy; ,k;Kiw
eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

NtWngah;fs; - [kPd;jhhp> [hfph;jhhp> ky;F[hhp> gp];Ntjhhp

,k;Kiwapy; epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;fs; - [kPd;jhh;fs;

tptrhapfsplkpUe;J tNypj;j thpapy; 10/11 gq;fpis [kPd;jhh;fs; Mq;fpy
muRf;F nrYj;jpdhh;.

,k;Kiwapy; [kPd;jhh;fs; tptrhapfSf;F gl;lhf;fis toq;fpdh;.
,uaj;J thhp Kiw

1820 y; jhk]; kd;Nwh kw;Wk; Nfg;ld; hPl; MfpNahuh;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nkl;uh];> gk;gha;> mrhk;> $h;f; gFjpfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lj.

51 % epyg;gug;gpy; ,k;Kiw eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;fs; - tptrhapfs;

20 (m) 30 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw Fj;jif khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,k;Kiwapy; tUtha; xg;ge;jk; Neubahf tptrhapfSld; nra;j nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,k;Kiwapy; epymsT kw;Wk; tpisr;rypd; kjpg;gPL fzf;fplg;gl;lJ.
kfy;thhp Kiw

[kPd;jhhp Kiwapd; khWgl;l tbtk;.
 -6-

N`hy;l; nkf;fd;rp vd;gthpd; rpe;jidapy; cjpj;j jpl;lk; .

1822 y; fq;ifr; rkntsp tlNkw;F khfhzq;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; rpy
gFjpfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1833 y; ,uhgh;l; nkh;jpd;]; ngh;l; (R.M. ngh;l;) topfhl;Ljypd;gb tpy;ypak;
ngz;bq; ,k;Kiwia Nkk;gLj;jpdhh;.

tlNkw;F tUtha; jpl;lj;jpd; je;ij - R.M. ngh;l;.

,k;Kiwapy; thptNypf;f fpuhkj;jiyth; (yk;gh;jhh;) epakpf;fg;gl;;bUe;jhh;.

Mf;uh> mNahj;jp kw;Wk; kj;jpa khfhzq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,k;Kiwapy; kfy; vd;w fpuhk $l;likg;gpd; fPopUe;j fpuhk rKjahj;jpdNu
epyj;jpd; chpikahsh;fs; Mth;.

Nfhy; fpsh;r;rp (1831 - 1832)

,lk; - Nrhl;lh ehf;G+h; >rpq;Gk;([hh;fz;l; & xbrh)

jpf;FfSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;wJ

jf;fhz fyfk; - 1875

gFjp - G+dhtpd; cs;s #gh fpuhkk;> F[uhj;

tl;bf;F gzk; nfhLg;Nghiu vjph;j;J eilngw;wJ.

,g;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf jf;fhz tptrhaps; kPl;Gr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

gQ;rhg; tptrhapfs; ,af;fk; - (1890 - 1900)

eilngw;w gFjp - gQ;rhg;

,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; tpisthf 1900 Mz;L ‘gQ;rhg; epy chpik khw;Wr; rl;lk;”
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb gQ;rhg; tptrhapfs; %d;W tiffshf gphpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

ghg;dh fyfk; (1873 - 1876)

Nghuhl;l nrytpdq;fSf;F tptrhapfsplkpUe;J epjp jpul;lg;gl;lJ.

tptrha rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
re;jhy; fpsh;r;rp 1855 - 56

[kPd;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ,th;fs; G+h;tPf ,lj;jpypUe;J> ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldh;.
 -7-

1854 Mk; Mz;L gPh;rpq; jiyikapy; r%ff; nfhs;is eilngw;wJ.

,g;Gul;rpf;F gpwF re;jhy;fs; trpj;j gFjpfis re;jhy; gh;fhdh vd muR
mwptpj;jJ
,z;bNfh Gul;rp - 1859 - 1860 (m) mThp Gul;rp (m) fUepy rha Gul;rp

ngz;fs; cNyhfj;jl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Flq;fSld; ,g;Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

,g;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf 1860 y; muR xU mThp Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.

,e;j Mizaj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb 1862 Mk; Mz;l rl;lk; ghfk; (11) I muR
cUthf;fpaJ.

Kz;lh ,af;fk; 1895 - 1900 (m) cYFyd; fpsh;r;rp (nghpa fyfk;)

,g;Gul;rpapy; rhapy;ufg; vDkplj;jpy; Kz;lh ,d ngz;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fshy;
gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

1900 Mk; Mz;L gph;rh Kz;lh ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; caph; ePj;jhh;.
NtY}h; Gul;rp 1806

Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpia mfw;WtNj ,g;Gul;rpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

jiyg;ghifapy; tpyq;F Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,yr;rpid itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,g; Gul;rpia mlf;fpajw;fhf fpy;ny];gpf;F 7000 gNfhlhf;fs; ntFkjpahf
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,g;Gul;rpf;fhd Vw;ghl;il nra;jth;fs; 23 Mk; gilg;gphptpd; 2 Mk; gl;lhsj;ijr;
Nrh;;e;j RNgjh;fshd N\f; Mjk;> N\f; `kPJ kw;Wk; N\f; `Pird; (k) Kjy;
gilg;gphptpd; Kjy; gl;lhsj;ij Nrh;e;j ,U RNgjhh;fs; kw;Wk; [Nkjhh; N\f;
fhrpk;.

,g;Gul;rpf;F gpwF 1st gilg;gphptpd; 1st gl;lshk; > 23rd gilg;gphptpd; 2tJ gl;lhsk;
Mfpatw;iw Nrh;e;j 19 egh;fSf;F kuzjz;lidAk; 6 egh;fSf;F ehLflj;Jk;
jz;lidAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,g;Gul;rpf;F gpwF uhZt rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; jpUk;g ngwg;gl;ld.

1857 ngUk; Gul;rp

1857 òu£Á ϪÂa éLjiy Ïa¡f¤Â‹ xU gF –S.N. br‹ (,tuJ E}y; 1857)

xU uhZt tPuh;;fspd; fyfk; tpiuthf Njrpa vOr;rpahf khwpaJ vd $wpath; -
fh;dy; ky;yPrd;
 -8-

1857 Gul;rp Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; gz;G kw;Wk; nfhs;ifapd; tpisthf

cUtdjhFk;.

1850 y; nyf;];Nyhrp rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

1857 Gul;rp %yk; ,e;jpah Mq;fpNya muRf;fhydpahf khwpaJ.

K¡»a F¿¥òfŸ

1857 Gul;rpf;F gpwF rl;lj;ij gpdg;gw;whky; Gul;rpahsh;fs; gw;wpa tof;Ffis
tprhhpj;J jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fy;gp kw;Wk; igrhghj; gFjpfspYk; 1857 ,g;Gul;rp eilngw;wJ.

1824 Mk; Mz;L guf;G+h; Gul;rp eilngw;wJ.

guf;G+h; rpg;gha;fs; fly;topahf gh;kh nry;y eph;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,g;Gul;rp
eilngw;wJ.

1757 [Pd; 23 y; eilngw;w gpshrpNghpy; Mq;fpNyauhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l tq;f
ethg; - rpuh[; -cj;-njsyh.

,g;NghUf;F Kd; Mq;fpy jsgjp ,uhgh;l; fpist; kw;Wk; rpuh[; -cj; njsyhtpd;
jsgjp kPh; [hgh; ,ilNa ufrpa cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.

,uhgh;l; fpisTf;F Mjutspj;j tq;fhsj;jpd; tl;bf;F gzk; nfhLg;Nghh; -
[fj;Njrj;Jfs;.

gpshrpg; NghUf;F gpwF Gjpa tq;f ethg; kPh; [hgh; Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpa
njhif - 2 Nfhba 25 yl;rk;. ,j;njhif ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F
gad;gl;lJ.

1843 y; gphpl;\; ,e;jpahtpy; mbik Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

fq;fhzpfs; - njhopyhsh;fis mioj;JtUk; Mq;fpy murpd; Kfth;fs; .

1857 Gul;rp gw;wp ‘ehk; nfhs;isabg;gij nghUj;jtiu ehjph;\dhit
kpQ;rptpl;Nghk; vd $wpath; - vy;gpd;];ld;.

19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; Mq;fpy fy;tpfw;w ,e;jpah;fs; kj;jpapy;
Njrpa murpay; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;lJ.

tl;lhu nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;ifr;rl;;lk; 1878> ,e;jpa MAjr;rl;lk; 1878
,aw;wg;gl;ld.

Njrpa xw;Wik Fwpj;j czh;Tfis xUq;fpizg;gNj INC apd; Muk;g fhy
Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
 -9-

,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F fhyzp Mjpf;fNk Kf;fpa jil vd

$wpath;fs; - kpjthjpfs;

,e;j nghUshjhu tpkh;rdk; kpjthjpapd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;gg;ghFk;.

1876 - 78 kjuh]; gQ;rj;jpy; 3.5 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,we;jdh;

1891 Kjy; 1900 tiu gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rj;jpdhy;
caphpoe;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 19 kpy;ypad; $wpath; - nkl;uh]; ilk;];
gj;jphpf;if Mrphpah; - tpy;ypak; bf;ig.

Gul;rp rpe;jidfspd; je;ij - gpgpd; re;jpughy;

1899 y; fh;rd; murg;gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1903 y; Fw;wcsTj;Jiw cUthf;fpath;.

‘Nuhkhdpa jj;Jtkhd gphpj;jhSjy; ekjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; “ - vy;gpd;];Nlhd;.
RnjÁ Ïa¡f« (1905)

jiyikNaw;wth; - S.N. ghdh;[p

RNjrp rpe;jid 1872 M.G. uhdNltpd; G+dh ciuapypUe;J njhlq;FfpwJ.

,t;tpafj;jpd;NghJ kpjthjpfs; Kjd;Kjyhf jq;fspd; kuG rhh;e;j murpay;
Kiwfis kPwpdhh;.

,t;tpaf;fj;jpd;NghJ R.jh$h; Racjtp(Mj;krf;jp) vDk; jpl;lj;ij $wpdh;.

1902 Mk; Mz;L tpbnts;sp fofj;ij rjP\;re;jpuh epWtpdhh;

,t;tpafj;jpy; khzth;fs; gq;Nfw;G mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa ikak; - J}j;Jf;Fb

RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthf 1911 brk;gh; 15 y; tq;fg;gphptpid uj;Jnra;g;gl;lJ.

K];ypk; yPf;fpd nrd;id fpisia epWtpath; - ah$g; `rd;

j‹dh£Á Ïa¡f« (1916)

,e;jpahtpd; tpRthjj;jpd; tpiy ,e;jpa tpLjiy vd $wpdath; -
md;dpngrd;l;

mjpetPd trjpfSld; $ba uapypy; mbikfshf ,Ug;gijtpl Rje;jpuj;Jld;
$ba khl;L tz;bNa rpwe;jJ - md;dpngrd;l;
 - 10 -

(1917 - 18)
rh«Ãuh‹ r¤Âah»uf« (1917 18)

tptrhapfs; jq;fsplkpUe;j epyj;jpy; 20 y; 3 gq;F epyj;jpy; mThpr;nrbia gaphpl
Ntz;lk; vd fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

Ï¥nghu£l¤Âš fhªÂaofSl‹ g§nf‰w jiyt®fŸ – uhn#ªÂu Ãurhj;, J B
»Ughëå> gpu[;fpN\hh;> gpurhj;.

ehL Kjd;Kjyhf xj;Jioahik ,af;f nray;Kiw ghlj;ij fw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf
fhe;jpabfs; $wpdhh;.

busy£ r¤Âah»uf« (1919)

1919 khh;r; 18 y; nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; fhe;jp[p ciuahw;wpdhh;.

1922 y; nusyl; rl;lk; jpUk;gngwg;gl;lJ.

kh¥sh òu£Á (1921)

,g;Gul;rpapy; 2337 Gul;rpahsh;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;;ldh;.

nkhÂyhš neU m¿¡if (1928)

,e;j mwpf;ifapd; gphpT 86 nkhopthhp khepy kWrPuikg;G gw;wp $wpaJ.

r£lkW¥ò Ïa¡f« (1930)

cg;G rl;lj;ij kPwpajw;fhf mguhjk; fl;ba Kjy; ngz;kzp - Uf;kzp yl;Rkpgjp

1932 [dthp 26 y; Mhpah (v) gh\;ak; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilapd; cr;rpapy; Njrpaf;
nfhbia Vw;wpdhh;.

jpUg;G+h; Fkud; ,we;j ehs; - 1932 [dthp 11.

nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s cjatdj;jpy; rj;jpahfpuf Kfhik mikj;jth; -
T.gpufhrk;

ódh cl‹go¡if (1932)

kj;jpa rl;lg; Nguitapy; 18 % ,lq;fs; K];ypk;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;ld.

 - 11 -

_‹whtJ t£lnkir khehL (1932)

1933 [dthp 8 Mk; ehs; Nfhtpy; EioT jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fh§»uR«, nj®jY«

,j;Njh;jypy; K];ypk;fspd; thf;Ffspy; 4.8 % I kl;LNk K];yPf; ngw;wJ

mik¢ruit öJ¡FG (1946)

1946 murpay; eph;za rigf;fhhd Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu]; 199 ,lq;fs;> K];ypk;yPf;

mzp - 76 ,lq;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wd.

Ïil¡fhy murh§f« (1946)

,];yhkpah;fSk; ,e;jpah;fNs> mth;fis ghJfhg;gJ ,e;jpa murpd;

nghWg;ghFk; - fhe;jp[p

,f;fhyj;jpd;NghJ fhe;jp[p fy;fj;jhtpd; Ngypfhj;jh vDkplj;jpy; jq;f
KbntLj;jhh;.

K];ypk; yPf; cWg;gpdh;fs; - ypahfj; mypfhd;> re;Jhpfh;> A.R. ep\;jh; frd;gh;;
mypfhd;> N[hNfe;jpuehj; kz;ly; MfpNahh; ,ilf;fhy murpy; gq;F ngw;wdh;.

gphptpidapd;NghJ vy;iyia flg;gjw;fhf epd;w mfjpfspd; thpir fhgpyh

1947 Mf];l; Kjy; 1947 etk;gh; tiu 4.5 kpy;ypad; kf;fs;
Nkw;Fghfp];jhdpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;. 5.5 kpy;ypad; K];ypk;fs;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghfp];jhd;nrd;wdh;.

1947-48 y; 5 yl;rk; mfjpfs; ghfp];jhdpypUe;J ,e;jpah te;jhf QhNde;jpu
ghz;Nl $Wfpwhh;.

,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy;

rPf;fpah;fs; rhh;ghf - rh;jhh; gy;Njt;rpq;

ghh;rpfs; rhh;ghf - Fth;[p n`h;K];[pghgh

gl;bay; ,dkf;fs; rhh;ghf - n[f[Ptd; uhk;.

,e;jpa fpwp];jth;fs; rhh;ghf - [hd; khj;jha; MfpNahh; ,lk; ngw;wdh;.

1857 y; gk;gha;> nrd;id> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;ffofq;f;s epWtg;gl;ld.
 - 12 -

1931 fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; khehl;L mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspy; xU

jPh;khdj;ijAk;> Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu nfhs;if njhlh;ghd
ghh;itiaAk; toq;fpaJ.

Rnjr muRfë‹ Ïiz¥ò

ϪÂa muR JiwfŸ mik¢ruhd tšyghŒ g£nlš miH¥ig V‰W 562 Rnjr
muRfŸ ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;L ϪÂahÎl‹ Ïizªjd.

1935 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,izg;GWjp Mtzk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

jpUthq;$h; jpthd; C.P. uhkrhkpia vjph;j;J elj;jg;gl;l Gd;dug;guh - tayhh;
Nghuhl;lk; gpu[hkz;ly; kw;Wk; xbrhtpy; eilngw;w goq;Fbapdh; Gul;rp Mfpait
RNjr muR ,izg;G njhlh;ghd Nghuhl;lq;fshFk;.

ga§futhÂfŸ

lhf;fh gphpT mDrPyd; rkpjpia epWtpath; - Gypd; gpfhhpjh];

gfj;rpq;

1907 nrk;lk;gh; 28 y; ghfp];jhd; gQ;rhg; gFjpapy; yay;G+h; khtl;lk; [hh;d;thyh
gFjpapy; gpwe;jhh;.

je;ij - fp\d;rpq; jhahh; - tpj;jpahtjpfTh;

1924 y; `pe;J];jhd; FbauR uhZtk; fhd;G+hpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt
gpd;dh; 1928 Mk; Mz;L HSRA vd gfj;rpq;> uh[FU kw;Wk; Rf;Njt;
MfpNahuhy; ngah; khw;wk; - nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fhd;G+h; rjptof;F - 1924.

tprhhpj;j epjpgjp H.J. N`hk;];

1920 y; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp jh];fz;l;by; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1925 y; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; gk;ghapy; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1929 - kPul;rjp tof;fpy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth;fSf;F Mjuthf Nuhkd; Nuhyz;l;
My;gh;l; [d;];Bd; MfpNahh; Fuy; nfhLj;jdh;.

1930 M« M©L V¥uš 18 M« ehŸ eilbg‰w Á£lAh§ »s®¢ÁnahL
bjhl®òilat®– N®ahbr‹> fy;gdhjj; (,e;J];jhd; FbauR uhZtk;)
 - 13 -

Nh;anrd; kh];lh;lh vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;

1934 [dthp 12 y; Nh;ahnrd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh

1929 V¥uš 8 M« ehŸ blšè r£lk‹w¤Â‹ ÛJ F©L ÅÁat®fŸ – gf¤Á§ k‰W«
g£nf°t®j¤ mth;fs; ,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj;> ghl;lhsp th;f;fk; tho;f vd
Koq;fpdhh;fs;

fy;gdh jj;jpd; Rarhpij Chittagong Armoury Raiders Reminiscences

njÁa Ïa¡f¤Âš jäHf¤Â‹ g§F

nrd;id RNjrp rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;f ce;Jrf;jpahf tpsq;fpath; - f[Pyh yl;Rkp
euR

,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp gFjpfs; gphpl;\; kfuuhzpapd;
Neubf;fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Nghuhba mikg;G - nrd;id RNjrp
rq;fk;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; njspthd Njrpa murpay; Nehf;fq;fSld; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy;
mikg;G - nrd;id kfh[d rig

1887-š br‹id Mapuk; tpsf;F (kf;fP]; fhh;ld;)Iv‹Á kheh£o‹ tunt‰ò FG
bray® - é#auhfth¢rhç

,k;khehl;by; 607 mfpy ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfSk; 362 nrd;id khfhz>
gpujpepjpfSk; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

1920 Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapy; yhyhy[gjpuha; jiyikapy; AITUC cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1918 y; kjuh]; njhopw;rq;fj;ij epWtpath; - B. P.thbah

,e;jpah nghUshjhu hPjpahf Mq;fpNyah;fshy; Ruz;lg;gLtijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p kw;Wk; NfhfNytpw;F ,izahd gq;fspg;ig toq;fpath; - G.
Rg;ukzpak;

(ts;spag;gd; cyfehjd;)
t.c.Áj«gudh® (ts;

RNjrp ePuhtp fg;gy; fk;ngdpapy; `h[p gf;fPh; KfkJ - Kf;fpa gq;Fjhuh;

1908 - Nfhuy;kpy; Nghuhl;l ntw;wpia mutpe;j Nfh\pd; te;Nj khjuk; Gfo;e;J
vOjpaJ.
 - 14 -

r¤Âa_®¤Â

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jPf;Fr;rp vd mioff;g;gl;lhh;.

nkhf‹jh° fu«rª¤ fhªÂ

1888 y; rl;lk;gapy ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W 1891 y; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdh;.

lh;gdpypUe;J gphpl;Nlhhpah nrd;wNghJ gPl;lh;khhpl;];gh;f; uapy; epiyaj;jpy; uapypd;
Kjy;tFg;G ngl;bapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhh;.

rl;l kWg;G - NjhNuh

njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; gPdpf;]; FbapUg;G (1905)> lhy;];lha; gz;iz (1910)
Mfpatw;iw epWtpdhh;.

njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpd; buhd;];thypy; trpj;j ,e;jpah;fspd; jiythpahf 3 gTz;l;
nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

];kl;]; - fhe;jp xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb jiythp uj;Jnra;ag;gl;lJ

1921 y; fhe;jp[p kJiuf;F te;jNghJ fjh; Mil mzpa njhlq;fpdhh;.

1922 y; ,e;jpah;fNs jq;fSf;fhd murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fthh;fs; vd
$wpdhh;.

1944-7-6 y; Nejh[p uq;$spypUe;J fhe;jp[pia Njrj;jpd; je;ijNa vd Mrhj;
`pe;;j; NubNah %yk; mioj;jhh;.

1882 y; Nryj;jpy; `pe;J K];ypk; fytuk; eilngw;wJ.

,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp 1920 mf;Nlhgh; khjk; c];ng];fp];jhdpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

1925 Mk; Mz;L fhd;G+hpy; mfpy ,e;jpa nghJTilik khehL eilngw;wJ.
,jpy; rpq;fhuNtyh; jiyik ciuahw;wpdhh;.

1928 Mk; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; fl;rp
epWtg;gl;lJ.

1934 Mk; Mz;L J.P. ehuhaz;> Mr;rhh;a eNue;jpuNjt; kw;Wk; kpDkrhdp
MfpNahhpd; Kaw;rpahy; fhq;fpu]; rkjh;kfl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1928 Mk; Mz;L (jpUr;rp> nghd;kiy) njd;dpe;jpa uapy;Nt Ntiy epWj;jj;jpw;F
Vw;ghL nra;jth; - rpq;fhu Ntyh;.