,e;jpa murpayikg;G

 Ms;gth;fSf;Fk;> Msg;gLgth;fSf;Fk; (kf;fs;) ,ilNa njhlHG Vw;gLj;Jk;

Mtzk;.

murpayikg;G:-

 murpay; Kiwfspd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfis nfhz;lJ murpayikg;G

 kf;fshl;rp murpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ murpayikg;G
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhf eph;thfk; (k) rl;lkd;wk; nray;gl KbahJ.
 Kjd; Kjypy; 158 ehLfspd; murpayikg;ig nfhz;L murpayikg;ig
mwptpay;G+Htkhf tifg;gLj;jpatH mhp];lhl;by;
 murpay; mwptpaypd; je;ij mhp];lhlby; (caphpapaypd; je;ij) (tpyq;fpaypd;
je;ij)

murpayikg;gpd; tiffs;:-

vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G –written constitution

 murpayikg;G rl;lk; vOj;J G+Htkhf vOjg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
 v-L ,e;jpah> USA, gpuhd;];> M];jpNuypah
 cyfpd; kpf goikahd vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G USA Constitation-17.09.1787
eilKiw

2. vOjg;glhj murpayikg;G- Un written constitution

 murpayikg;G rl;lk; vOjg;glhky; ghuk;ghpa Kiwfis gpd;gw;wp eph;thf

Nkw;nfhs;tJ MFk;.

v-L ,q;fpyhe;J > epA+rpyhe;J

3. nefpOk; murpayikg;G:- flexibitlity constitution

 vspjpy; jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba murpayikg;G nefpOk; murpayikg;G MFk;.

v-L ,q;fpyhe;J epA+rpyhe;J

4. nefpojh murpayikg;G:- Riyidety constitution

 vspjpy; jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhj (m) fbdkhd tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;wp

jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sgLk; murpayikg;G MFk;.

v-L USA , M];jpNuypah. Rtpl;rHyhe;J

 cyfpd; kpf fbdkhd tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;wp jpUj;jg;gLk murpayikg;G USA

murpayikg;G
  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; nefpOk; partly flexibitlity (k) nefpoh jd;ik Partly
rigidity nfhz;lJ

5. xw;iw Ml;rp murpayikg;G: Unetary consti/-

 xNu xU ika muR kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; (Central govt) my;yJ ika muR> khepy
muR ,uz;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; midj;J mjpfhyq;fSk; ika murpaplk; ,Uf;Fk;

v-L ,yq;if. ,q;fpyhe;J. epA+rpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; ngy;[Pak;> [g;ghd;

b. $l;lhl;rp murpayikg;G: Federal constitution

 nglNurd; vd;w nrhy; ngl]; (FOEDS) (federation) vd;w yj;jpd; nrhy;ypUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ
 khepyq;fs; xd;wpiztjhy; $l;lhl;rp Njhd;WfpwJ
 $l;lhl;rp murpayikg;G gpd;tUk; rpwg;G mk;rq;fis ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ig ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk
2. murpayikg;gpd; jdp Kjy; Mjpf;fk; ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Supremacy of the
constitution)
3. nefpohj murpayikg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. kj;jpa muR> khepy muR ,U muRfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> kj;jpa> khepy muRf;F
,ilNa mjpfhu gfpHT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk.;
5. Rje;jpukhd ePjpj; Jiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v-L USA, M];jpNuypah. Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
 ,e;jpa murpaikg;G xU miuFiw $l;lhl;rp murpayikg;G (Quasi federal
constitution) (xw;iw Ml;rp (k) $l;lhl;rp jd;ik)
 ,e;jpa murpayig;gpy; xw;iw Ml;rp jd;ikia tpl $l;lhl;rp jd;ik mjpfk;
ngw;W cs;sJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tsh;r;rp
xOq;F Kiw rl;lk; - 1773
(Regulation act)
 ,e;jpa epHthfj;jpw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J muR ,aw;wpa Kjy; rl;lk;. (Kjy; vOj;J
G+Ht rl;lk);
 ,J ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; Kjy; gb vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia xOq;Fg;gLj;j nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhy;
xOq;F Kiwrl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
 tq;fhs ftHdH n[duy; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 tq;fs ftHdH n[duYf;F fPo; gk;gha; (k) nkl;uh]; fth;dHfs; te;jdH.
 tq;fhs ftHdH n[duypd; gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfshf epHzapf;fgl;lJ.
  ftHdH n[duYf;F MNyhrid toq;f 4 NgH nfhz;l epHthf FO (executive
council) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb 1774-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjp (k) 3 ePjpgjpfs;
nfhz;l jiyik ePjp kd;wk; (Supreme court) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp vyp[h ,k;Ng
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpad; Nkw;ghHit mjpfhuk; ,q;fpyhe;J
kd;dhplkpUe;J ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
Kjy; tq;fhs fth;dH n[duy; - uhgHl; fpist; 1757
filrp tq;fhs ftHdH – thud; N`];bq;]
Kjy; tq;fhs ftHdH n[duy; - thud; N`];bq;];(1773)
filrp tq;fhs ftHdH n[duy; – tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;
Kjy; ,e;jpa ftHdH n[duy; - tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;(1833)
filrp ,e;jpa ftHdH n[duy; - fhdpq; gpuG
Kjy; ,e;jpa it];uha; - fhdp gpuG
filrp ,e;jpa it];uha; - nksd;lNgl;ld;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ftHdH n[duy; (m)Rje;jpu ,e;jahtpd; Kjy; Mq;fpy
ftHdH n[duy; nksd;lN ; gl;ld 1947 – 48
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ (k)filrp ftHdH n[duy; (m)Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; ,e;jpa ftHdH n[duy; uh[h[p (c. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhpahH 1948-1950)
gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk;: 1784 (pits India Act)
 ,r;rl;lk; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkH gpl; vd;gtuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lj;jpd; Fiwfis fiytjw;fhf nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
 xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l fthdH n[duy; eph;thf FO cWg;gpdh;
vz;zpf;if 4-ypUe;J 3 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa epHthfj;ij Nkw;ghHitapl ,q;fpyhe;jpH ,af;Fdh; (k) fl;Lghl;L FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ (board of control)
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; trk; ,Ue;j gFjp gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa gFjpfs; vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 gpl; ,ejpar; rl;lk; xOq;F Kiw rl;lj;jpd; rpy tpjpfisAk; ePf;fpaJ.
 gl;lar; rl;lk;: 1793 (Charter Act)
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ,e;jpa tzpf chpikNkYk; 20 Mz;Lfs;
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,e;jpahtpy; efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; mikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jgl;lJ. (,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;
efuhl;rp (k) khefuhl;rp nrd;id rl;lk; 1687-1688 eilKiw). (29-9-1688)
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;l ,af;FdH (k) fl;Lghl;Lf; FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfspd;
Cjpak; ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J toq;f tifr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

gl;lar; rl;lk;: 1813 (Charter Act)

  ,e;jpa fy;tp tsh;rr; pf;F Mz;bw;F 1 yl;rk; epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; ,e;jpa tzpf chpik ePf;fg;gl;L midj;;J Mq;fpy
tzpfh;fSf;Fk;mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1833:-
 xOq;F Kiw rl;lj;jpd; gb Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tq;fhs gjtp ,e;jpa ftHdH
n[duy; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Xgpak; (Nghij nghUs;) (k) Njapiy kPjhd tzpf
Kw;W-chpik ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nghJ Ml;rp gzpfs; ,e;jpa kakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fth;dH n[duy; eph;thf FOtpy; 4-tjhf rl;l cWg;gpdh; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhH.
 Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdH – nkf;fhNy
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1853:-
 nghJ Ml;rp gzpfSf;F Nghl;b Njh;T Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gllJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; tpUk;Gk; tiu fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tq;fhsj;jpw;F jdp ftHdH epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 ftHdH n[duy; fTd;rpypd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; gzpAk;. eilKiwgLj;Jk; gzpAk;
jdpNa gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1858:-
 2.8.1858-y; ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,r;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1.11.1858-y; fhdpq; elj;jpa myfhghj; jh;ghhpy; ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy;
eilKiwg;glj;jgl;lJ.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
 ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp KbTf;F ,q;fpyhe;J murpd; fPo;
te;jJ.
 ,e;jpa ftHdH n[duy; gjtp ,e;jpa itrpuha; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ. (tpf;Nlhhpah)
 ,q;fpyhe;J murp ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; murpahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 1784-y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,af;FeH (k) fl;Lghl;L FO fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij Nkw;ghHitapl ,q;fpyhe;jpy; xU maYwT nrayhsUk;> (k)
15 Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Kjy; maYwT nrayhsH rhHy]; cl; (fy;tp FO jiytH).
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1861:-
 fth;dh; n[duy; eph;thf FO cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if 5-Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 1833 gl;la rl;lj;jpy; gwpf;fg;gl;l nrd;id> (k) gk;gha; ftHdHfspd; rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; gzpapy; Kjy; Kjypy; ,e;jpah;fSf;F tha;g;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ jdpr;irahf rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; itrpuha;f;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
  ,r;rl;lg;gb 1862-y; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nkl;uh]; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1892:-
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fjq;fpu]pd; (INC) kpjthjpfs; Kaw;rpapdhy; ,r;rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
 ,JNt fhq;fpu]pw;F fpilj;j Kjy; ntw;wp.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
 ,e;jpahtpy; NjHjy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; fTd;rpy; gl;n[l; kPJ tpthjk; elj;j mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cWg;gpdHfs; Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rh;fs; gjpy; mspf;Fk; Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa muR rl;lk; (m) kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rl;lk; 1909:

 ,r;rl;lk; fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfis jpUg;jpgLj;j nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 kpz;Nlh-itrpuha; khHyp – muR nrayhsH.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; tFg;Gthhp gpujpepj;Jtk; (K];yPk;fSf;F jdp ,l
xJf;fL
P ).
 tFg;G thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij – kpz;Nlh.
 fth;dh; n[duy; epHthf FOtpy; Kjy; Kjypy; ,e;jpaH xUtH epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
 Kjy; egH S.P. rpd;`h (,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w 2- tJegH)
(Kjy; egh;- jhjhgha; nesNuh[p).
 kj;jpapy; xU mit rl;lkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Neub NjHjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; rl;lG+Htk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
 khfhz fth;dh;fspd; eph;thf FO cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if 2ypUe;J 4 Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa fTd;rpypYk; ,e;jpaHfis epakpf;f tif
nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa muR rl;lk; (m) khz;NlF- nrk;];NghHL rl;lk; 1919:

 khz;NlF - muR nrayhsH
 nrk;];NghHL – itrpuha;
 1917 Aug 20 – y; ntspaplg;gl;l Mf];l; mwpf;ifapd; gb ,r;rl;lk;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa murpy; ,e;jpah;fisAk; gq;Nfw;f
itg;gJ MFk;.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
 1919 – y; rPf;fpaHfs;> fpwp];JtHfs;> (k) Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fSf;F ,l
xJf;fLP toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (Dyarchy Ststem) mwpKfg;glj;jg;gl;lJ.
 xJf;fg;gl;l Jiw – khfhz fth;dh; (k) mtuJ eph;thf FOtpdh; ,ize;J
eph;thfk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
 khw;wg;gl;l Jiw– khfhz fth;dh; (k) mikr;rh;fs; ,ize;J eph;thfk;
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
 kj;jpapy; ,U mit rl;lkd;wk; (khepyq;fsit> kf;fsit) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 khfhzq;fspy; xU mit rl;lkd;wk; (rl;l Nkyit) vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Neub Njh;jy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ.
 khfhz rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; rl;l g+h;tkhf;fg;l;lJ.
 ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ (,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ngz;fSf;F
thf;Fhpik toq;fpa khfhzk; nrd;id (fhuzk; - ePjp fl;rp) cyfpy; -
epa+rpyhe;J fhuzk; - ePjp fl;rp)
 mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa gl;bay;> khepy gl;bay; vd ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gl;n[l; kj;jpa gl;n[l;> khepy gl;n[l; (my;yhj rpy ehLfspy; fhkd;nty;j;
cWg;gpdh; ehLfs; Embssy of India vd ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa J}jufk; (Higy Commission) Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;L ,e;jpa J}jh;
(High Commissioner) xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935:-

 irkd; FOtpd; mwpf;if> %d;W tl;lNki[ khehl;l KbTfs; (1930> 31> 32)>
1933 –y; ntspaplg;gl;l nts;is mwpf;if mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,r;rl;lk;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l filrp rl;lk; ,JNt MFk;.

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

 khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw ePf;fg;gl;L Ra Ml;rp Kiw

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpapy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 xJf;fg;gl;l Jiw – itrpuha; (k) mtuJ eph;thf FO ,ize;j eph;thfk;
 khw;wg;gl;l Jiw – itrpuha; (k) mikr;rh;fs; ,ize;j eph;thfk;.
 $l;lhl;rp murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ (RNjr muRfs; ,jid Vw;fhjjhy;
,k;Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
 mjpfhuq;fs; 3-Mf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 $l;lhl;rp gl;bay; - Federal list
 khepy gl;bay; - State list
 nghJ gl;bay; - conclarrent list
 1.4.1935 – y; ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1937 -y; gh;kh (kpahd;kh;) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1.4.1937y; tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gk;gha;> If;fpa khfhzk; (cj;jpugpuNjrk;) gP`hh;>
m];;]hk; Mfpa 6 khfhzq;fspy; ,U mit rl;lkd;wk; (rl;l Nkyit> rl;l
Nguit) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Neub Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
  1.4.1937 –y; nly;ypapy; xU jiyik ePjpgjp (k) 6 ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp
ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp rh; nkhshp]; fpah;
 khfhz eph;thf FOtpd; jiytuhf khfhz fth;dh; mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mikr;ruit J}J FO (m) Nfgpdl; J}J FO:-

 1946 March 23-y; %d;W ,q;fpyhe;J mikr;rh;fis nfhz;l mikr;ruit J}J
FO ,e;jpah te;jJ.
 ngjpf; yhud;]; - jiyth;
 ];l;uhNghh;L fphpg;]; - cWg;gpdh;
 A.V. mnyf;]hz;lh; - cWg;gpdh;
 ,f;FO 1946 May 16-y; 2 Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ.
 ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
 (Sep 2 1946 –y; [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ ,.m
mikf;fg;gl;lJ murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij cUthf;f murpay; eph;za rig
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

nksz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; (m) [Pd; 3 jpl;lk; (m) ,e;jpa gphptpid jpl;lk;
 June 3 1947 –y; itrpuha; nksz;l;Ngl;ld; xUq;fpize;j ,e;jpahit ,e;jpah>
ghfp];jhd; vd ,uz;lhf gphpf;Fk; ,e;jpa gphptpid jpl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gb July 18 1947 –y; ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb 14.8.1947 –y; ghfp];jhdpw;F 15.8.1947-y; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

 ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig:- (Indian Constituend Assembly)

 Nfgpdl; J}J FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuia Vw;W July 1946 – y; ,e;jpa murpay; ephpza
rig Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
 xU kpy;ypad; kf;fs;njhiff;F 1 cWg;gpdh; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 Nov 1946 –y; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; nkhj;j cwg;gpdh;fs; 389
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhz cWg;gpdh;fs; 296
 kd;duhl;rp gFjp cWg;gpdh;fs; 93 (26.7.1947 –y; ghfp];jhd; murpay; eph;za rig
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy;> ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 299 –
Mf Fiwe;jJ)
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhz cWg;gpdh;fs; 229 kd;duhl;rp gFjp cWg;gpdh;fs; 70.
 9.12.1946 –y; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.
 ,f; $l;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf
rr;rpjhde;j rpd;`h Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 11.12.1946 –y; 2-tJ $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.
 ,f;$l;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf Dr. uhN[e;jpu
gpurhj;Jk;> Jiz jiytuhf H.C. Kfh;[pAk;> rl;l MNyhrfuhf B.N.uht;Tk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. (,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; khjphp tiuit
jahhpj;jth;)
 13.12.1946 –y; 3-tJ $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.
 ,f;$l;lj;jpy; [t`h;yhy; NeU Nehf;f jPh;khdj;ij Kd; nkhope;jhh;.
 ,j;jPh;khdk; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigahy; 22.1.1947 –y; Vw;Wnfhs;sgl;lJ.
 ,j;jPh;khdNk gpd;dh; rpy jpUj;jq;fSf;F cl;gl;L ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G
rl;lj;jpd; KfTiuahf (Preamble) itf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij ,aw;w 23 FOf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Kjd;ik FOf;fs (Major Committecs) - 8

rpW FOf;fs; (Minor Committees) - 15

_____
23
_______
,f;FOf;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ tiuT FO (Drafting Committee)

tiuT FO :- Drafting Committee

 29.8.1947 –y; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij vOj Dr. B.R. mk;Ngj;fhh;
jiyikapy; 7 Ngh; nfhz;l tiuT FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jp murpaikg;gpd; je;ij (m) rpw;gp or kD -B.R. mk;Ngj;fhh;.
 tiuT FOtpd; topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpath; [t`h;yhy; NeU.

1. Dr. B.R. mk;Ngj;fhh; - jiyth;

2. NfhghyRthkp Ia;aq;fhh;
3. my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp Iah;
4. K.N. Kd;\p
5. iraJ KfkJ rjTy;yh
6. N.khjtuht; (B.L. kpl;lh; gjtp tpyfpajhy; khjtuht; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;)
7. T.T. fpU\;zhkhr;rhhp (D.P. nfa;jhd; 1948 –y; ,we;jjhy; fpU\;zhkhr;rhhp
epakpf;fgl;lhh;

 tiuT FO 1947 Oct–y; jdJ Kjy; tiuit jahhpj;J Feb-21-1948 –y;

ntspapl;lJ.
 Oct 1948 –y; 2-tJ tiuT jahhpj;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 4.11.1948 –y; mk;Ngj;fhh; jiyikapyhd tiuT FO jdJ 3-tJ (k) ,Wjp
tiuit jahhpj;J ntspapl;lJ.
 15.11.1948 Kjy; 17.10.1949 tiu ,t;tiuT murpay; eph;za rigahy;
ghprPypf;fg;gl;L 26.11.1949 –y; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G rl;lkhf Vw;W nfhz;lJ.
  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; Vw;W nfhs;sg;gl;l ehshd Nov 26’ 1949 md;Nw 15
tpjpfs; (tpuj;Jfs;) jw;fhypfkhf eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
 Art 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393
 Jan 26’ 1950 –y; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;J ,e;jpa FbauR
ehlhdJ (1929 Dec-y; [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy; eilngw;w yh$h; fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; (uhtp ejpfiuapy;) [dthp 26-k; ehis g+uz
Rje;jpu jpdkhf nfhz;lhl jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ> 1930 Jan 26-k; ehs; Kjy; g+uz
Rje;jpu jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. ,jd; epidthf Jan 26-y; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rl;lk; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L tugl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j NghJ 8 ml;ltizfs;> 22
ghfq;fs; (k) 395 tpjpfs; ,Ue;jJ. (Articals)
 jw;NghJ 12 ml;ltizfs;> 25 ghfq;fs; 465 tpjpfs; cs;sJ. (School Book 2011
edition 12 ml;ltizfs;> 24 ghfq;fs;> 449 tpjpfs;)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; ,Jtiu 120 Kiw jpUj;jgl;Ls;sJ.
 101 rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; tiu eilKiwf;F te;J cs;sJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; 284 cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnaOj;Japl;Ls;sdh;.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij cUthf;f 2 Mz;Lfs; 11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;
MdJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij cUthf;f 64 yl;rk; nrytplg;gl;lJ.
 15.8.1947 Kjy; 26.11.1949 tiu ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig jw;fhypf
ghuhSkd;wkhfTk; nray;gl;lJ.
 murpay; eph;za rigahf nray;gLk; NghJ jiyth; Dr. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
jw;fhypf ghuhSkd;wkhf nray;gLk; NghJ mjd; jiyth; G.V. kht;yq;fh;
(fNz\; thRNjt; kht;yq;fh;) (Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fsit rghehafh;)
 ,e;jpamurpay; eph;za rig nkhj;jk; 11 $l;lq;fis 114 ehl;fs; elj;jpAs;sJ.
 Kjy; $l;lk; 09.12.1946
 ,Wjp $l;lk; 24.01.1950

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:-

(Features of India Constitution)
 cyfpd; kpf ePz;l vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
 gy;NtW murpayikg;GfspypUe;J ngwgl;lJ. (Dream from Various Sources)
 mbg;gil chpikfis nfhz;lJ. (Fundamental Rights)
 mbg;gil flikfis nfhz;lJ.
 nefpOk;> nefpoh jd;ik nfhz;lJ
 $l;lhl;rp (k) xw;iwahl;rp jd;ik nfhz;lJ (Federal system with Unitary Bias)
 ghuhSkd;w Kiw murhq;fk; nfhz;lJ. (Parliamentry form of Govt)
 taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik Kiw nfhz;lJ. (Universal Adult Franchise)
 xw;iw FbAhpik Kiw nfhz;lJ.
 kj rhh;gw;w muir nfhz;lJ. (SecularState)
 xUq;fpize;j (k) Rje;jpukhd ePjpJiw nfhz;lJ.
 rpwe;j KfTiuia nfhz;lJ. (Preamble)
 3 – mLf;F murhq;fk; nfhz;lJ (kj;jpa muR> khepy muR> cs;shl;rp muR)
Three tier Govt.
 neUf;fb epiy (m) mtru epiy gpufldq;fis nfhz;lJ.
 muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfis nfhz;lJ. (Directive Principles of State
Policy)
 ghuhSkd;w ,iwahz;ik (k) ePjpJiw jd;dpr;ir mikg;ig nfhz;lJ.Parliamentry
Sovereignity & Judical supremacy
 Rje;jpukhd (k) jd;dpr;irahd mikg;Gfis nfhz;lJ.
 Independent Bodies–CAG, UPSC, SPSC, Election Commission
CAG – Comptroller And Auditor General of India ,e;jpa murpayikg;G jiyik
jzpf;ifhsh;.
UPSC – Unior Public Service Commission
SPSC – State Public Service Commission.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;:

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; 60 ehLfspd; murpayikg;G gpd;gw;wp vOjgl;Ls;sJ.

1. ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935:

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ngUk;ghydit ,r;rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;ls;sJ.
 MSeh; Kiw
 muR gzpahsh; Njh;thzaq;fs;
 neUf;fb epiy (m) mtru epiy gpufldq;fs;
 ePjp Jiw
 $l;lhl;rp Kiw
 eph;thf Kiwfs;

2. ,q;fpyhe;J murpayikg;G rl;lk;:

 ghuhSkd;w Kiw murhq;fk;

 FbauR jiyth; Kiw
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
 xw;iw FbAhpik
 rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; eilKiwfs; (m) rl;lkd;w Kiwfs;
 Nfgpdl; Kiw
 ,uz;L mit Kiw
 Hpl; (writs) chpikfs; (m) ePjp Nguhizfs;
3. mnkhpf;f murpaikg;G rl;lk;:
 mbg;gil chpikfs;
 ePjp Gduha;T (KuzhdJ (m) ghjpf;fg;glhj murpayikg;G)
 ePjp Jiw Rje;jpuk; (m) Rje;jpukhd ePjp Jiw
  KfTiu
 Jiz FbauR jiyth; Kiw
 FbauR jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk;
 (Impeachment of the President)
 cr;r ePjpkd;w (k) cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk; (Removal of Supreme)
 cr;r ePjpkd;w Kiw
4.u\;a murpayikg;G rl;lk;:-

 mbg;gil flikfs;
 KfTiuapy; “r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> ePjp” vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. mah;yhe;J ];ngapd; murpayikg;G:

 muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; (DPSP)

 FbauR jiyth; Njh;jy; Kiw
 uh[;a rgh epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; epakpf;Fk; Kiw
6. fdlh murpayikg;G:-

 $l;lhl;rpAld; $ba tYthd kj;jpa muR

 kj;jpa murpd; vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs;
 khepy MSeh;fs; kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;Fk; Kiw
 cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid mjpfhuk;
7. M];jpNuypah murpayikg;G:-

 gl;bay;fspy;> nghJ gl;bay;

 ghuhSkd;w $l;L $l;lk;
8. gpuhd;]; murpayikg;G:-

 KfTiuapy; FbauR> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>

rNfhuj;Jtk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

9. njd; Mg;gphpf;fh murpayikg;G:-

 Murpayikg;G rl;lj;jij jpUj;Jk; Kiw

 uh[;a rgh cWg;gpdh; Njh;jy; Kiw

10. n[h;kdpapd; nta;kh; murpayikg;G:-

 neUf;fb epiy (m) mtru epiyapd; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfs; nraypof;Fk;

(m) uj;jhFk; Kiw.
11. [g;ghd; murpayikg;G:-
  rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; Kiw

,e;jpa murapyikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs;:-

1-tJ ml;ltiz: (khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; ngah;)

 khepyq;fs; (k) a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; (k) vy;iyfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

2-tJ ml;ltiz (rk;gsk;> gbfs;> rYiffs;)

 FbauR jiyth;> khepy MSeh;fs;> kf;fsit rghehafh;> (k) Jiz

rhghehafh;> uh[;a rgh jiyth; (k) Jiz jiyth;> rl;lNguit rgh
ehafh;fs; (k) Jiz jiyth;fs;> cr;r ePjp kd;w (k) cah; ePjp kd;w
ePjpgjpfs;> CAG MfpNahhpd; rk;gsk; gbfs; (k) rYiffs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 3-tJ ml;ltiz: (gjtp gpukhzk; (k) cWjpnkhopfs;)(Oaths (or) Affirmations

kj;jpa khepy; mikr;rh;fs;> rl;lkd;w (k) ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> cr;r ePjp
kd;w> cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;> CAG MfpNahhpd; gjtp gpukhzk; (k)
cWjpnkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 4-tJ ml;ltiz:
 uh[;a rgh ,l xJf;fPL
 uh[;a rghtpw;F khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;Lk;
cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

5- tJ ml;ltiz: (SC, ST gFjp eph;thfk; (k) fl;LghLfs;)

 ehl;by; cs;s jho;j;jgl;Nlhh; (SC), (k) goq;Fbapdh; (ST) gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;> (k)
fl;LghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 6-tJ ml;ltiz: (tl fpof;F khepyq;fspy; ST gFjp eph;thfk;)
 m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kpNrhuk; Mfpa tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; goq;Fbapdh;
(ST) gFjpfspd; eph;thfk; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
 7-tJ ml;ltiz: (kj;jpa khepy muRf;fpilNa mjpfhu gfph;T)
 kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhu gfph;T (gl;bay;fs;) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 kj;jpa> khepy muRf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fs;> 3 gl;bay;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kj;jpa gl;bay Central list

 kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lghl;by; cs;s Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Jiwfs;
(Subject) kPJ kj;jpa muR (ghuhSkd;wk;) mjpfhuk; nrYj;jp rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
 jw;NghJ kj;jpa gl;baypy; 100 Jiwfs; cs;sJ.
  Muk;gj;jpy; 97 Jiwfs; ,Ue;jJ.
Eg: tq;fp> gzk; ntspapLjy;> mQ;ry; je;jp> ghJfhg;G> uapy;Nt> ntspAwT>
fhg;gL
P > mZrf;jp> kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G> jfty; njhlh;G> jzpf;if> tpkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J

1. khepy gl;bay;:(State list)

 khepy murpd; fl;Lghl;by; cs;s Jiwfs; kPJ khepy muR (khepy rl;lkd;wk;)
mjpfhuk; nrYj;jp rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;.
 jw;NghJ khepy gl;baypy; 61 Jiwfs; cs;sJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 66 Jiwfs; ,Ue;jJ.
Eg: rl;lk; xOq;F> fhty;> rpiw> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> cs;shl;rp> Ntshz;ik> kPd; tsk;>
re;ij> jpiuauq;Ffs;> #jhl;lq;fs;.

3.nghJ gl;bay;:- (Concurrent List)

 ,j;Jiwfs; kPJ kj;jpa muR> khepy muR Mfpa ,U muRfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
 Kj;jpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> khepy rl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; kj;jpa muR
rl;lNk typik kpf;fJ.
 1976 – y; 42-tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpy; fy;tp> fhLfs;> vil mstPLfs;> tdtpyq;F
ghJfhg;G> ePjp eph;thfk; Mfpa 5 Jiwfs; khepy gl;baypy; ,Ue;J> nghJ
gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ
 jw;NghJ nghJ gl;baypy; 52 Jiwfs; cs;sJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 47 Jiwfs; ,Ue;jJ.

Eg: fy;tp> fhLfs;> vil mstPLfs;> tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G ePjp eph;thfk;> jpUkzk;>
kztpyf;F> njhopyhsh; eyd;> kpd;rhuk;> rptpy; rl;lk; (m) chpikapay; rl;lk;
Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> kf;fs; njhif fl;LghL> kUe;Jfs; (Drugs) nra;jpjhs;> Gj;jfk;
(k) mr;R $lq;fs;> nghUshjhu r%f jpl;lkply;> FLk;g fl;LghL
8-tJml;ltiz: (nkhopfs;)

 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 mq;ffP hpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; vz;zpf;if 22
1. m];]hkp - m];]hk;
2. ngq;fhyp - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
3. F[uhj;jp - F[uhj;
4. `pe;jp - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;>
cj;ugpuNjrk;>kj;jpa
gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;>
uh[];jhd; `hpahdh

5. fd;dlk; - fh;ehlfh
 6. fh\;kPhp - [k;K –fh\;kPh;

7. kuhj;jp - kfhu\;buh

8. xbah (xhpah) - xb]h (xhp];]h)

9. gQ;rhgp - gQ;rhg;

10. rk];fpUjk; - tl ,e;jpah

11. jkpo; - jkpo;ehL

12. njYq;F - Me;jpugpuNjrk;> njYq;fhdh

(Ml;rpnkhop)

13. cUJ - [k;Kfh\;kPh>; njYq;fhdh

14.rpe;jp (Sindhi) - tlNkw;F ,e;jpah

(1967 21 tJ rl;ljpUj;jpd; gb 15 tJ nkhopahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ)

15. nfhq;fzp - Nfhth

16. kzpg;G+hp - kzpg;g+h;

17. Neghsp cj;jpugpuNjrk>; Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;>

m];]hk;;> gP`hh;

(1992, 71 tJ rl;lj;jpd; gb ,k;%d;W nkhopfs;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ)

19. NghNlh - m];]hk;

20. Nlhf;hp - ,khr;rygpuNjrk;> [k;K fh\;kPh;

21. ikjpyp - gP`hh;

22. rhe;jyp - [hh;fz;l;> gP`hh;

(2003> 92 tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpd; gb ,e;ehd;F nkhopfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ)

9 tJ ml;ltiz: gy;NtW tifahdrl;lq;fs; (k) tpjpfs;)

 epy rPh;jpUj;jk; (k) [kPd;jhhp Kiw> ,ju rl;lqfs; (k) tpjpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 jkpo;ehL ,l xJf;fL P fs; rl;lk; 1994 (69%) 9 tJ ml;ltizapy; ,lk; ngw;W
cs;sJ.
 9tJ ml;ltizapy; Muk;gj;jpy; 13 rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jJ>jw;NghJ 282 rl;lq;fs;
cs;sJ
 (r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf) 1951 1 tJ
rl;ljpUj;jjpd; gb 9tJ cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpUj;jk; ml;ltiz
murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

10 tJ ml;ltiz: (fl;rp jhty; jil rl;lk;) Anti Defection Law

 1985 52 tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb fl;rp jhty; jil rl;lk; (10tJ ml;ltiz)
murpyayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lkd;w (k) ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; fl;rp jhtiy jil nra;fpwJ.
 fl;rp jhty; jil rl;lj;jpd; gb cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,og;ig jPh;khdpg;gth;
rghehafh;
 fr;rpjhty; rl;lk; ,aw;wpa Kjy; khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; - 1979

11 tJ ml;ltiz (gQ;rhaj;Jfs;> (m) fpuhk ghypf;fh rl;lk;)

 1992 y;73 tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb 11 tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J mikg;gGfspd; (gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs;)mjpfhuq;fs;
(k) nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp 29 jiyg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

12tJ ml;ltiz: efh; ghypf;fh rl;lk; (m) efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;)

 1992 74 tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb 12 tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; (m) efu cs;shl;rp mikg;gGfspy; mjpfhuq;fs; (k)
nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp 18 jiyg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
KfTiu:

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; mwpKfNk KfTiu.

 ,e;jpamurpayikg;gpd; jpwTNfhy; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 KfTiuia ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;j ,ayhJ (ePjpGduha;Tf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; KfTiuapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 1960y; eilngw;w ngUghhp tof;fpy; KfTiu(Berubari Case) ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp my;y vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
 1973y; eilngw;w Nfrtde;j ghujp Nfus muRf;fpilNaahd tof;fpy; KfTiu
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp vd cr;rePjpkd;k; jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
 1995 y; eilngw;w LIC Of India tof;fpy; KfTiu ,e;jpa murpaikg;gpd; xU
gFjp vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
  (KfTiu xUKiw kl;Lk; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ) 1976 42 jpUj;jk; - rkjh;k>
rka rhh;gw;w> xUikg;ghL Mfpa thh;j;jiffs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; jpwTNfhy; - KfTiu vl;kd; ghf;

“ekJ ePz;l ehs; fdit KfTiu gpujpgypf;fpwJ”.
my;yhb fpU\;zRthkp Iah;

“ekJ ,iwik tha;e;j kf;fshl;rp Fbaurpd; [hjfNk KfTiu”

K.M. Kd;\p

“,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; KfTiu murpayikg;gpd; milahs ml;il”

N.A. gy;fpthyh

“,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; KfTiu murpayikg;gpd; ngUk; kjpg;G tha;e;j gFjp”

jf;$h; jh]; g&h; eth

“tof;Ffspd; nrhh;f;fNk KfTiu” --- A.V.il\p ,q;fpyhe;J murpay; mwpQh;

“,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik cila (Soverege)rkjh;k (Socialost) rka

rhh;gw;w (Secular) kf;fshl;rp (Democratic) FbauR (Republic)”

KfTiu ,e;jpa Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; (Liberty) rkj;Jtk;

(Equality)> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> Njrpa xw;Wik (Unity)> xUikg;ghL (Integrity Fraternity) r%f
(Social) nghUshjhu (Economic) murpay; ePjpiaAk; (Poligical Justice) ngw;W jUtij
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 18-12-1976-y; 42tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb KfTiuapy; rkjh;kk; (Socialist)> rka

rhh;gw;w (Secular)> xUikg;ghL(Integrity) Mfpa %d;W thh;j;ijfs; murpayikg;gpd;
KfTiuapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

,iwahz;ik:- (Soverenignity)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; kf;fSf;F KO chpikfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Njh;jy; mjpfhuj;jpy; kf;fspd; chpikfs; (mjpfhuq;fs;) cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb kf;fNs cah;e;j mjpfhuk; ngw;wth;fs;
(mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;)vd KfTiu (,iwahz;ik) Fwpg;gplfpwJ.
 ,iwahz;ik vd;w nrhy; #g;uhd]; (Suprenus)vd;w yj;jpd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J
Njhd;wpaJ.
 jw;fhy kf;fshl;rpapd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ kf;fs; ,iwik
 [_d; Nghbd; “jdJ FbauR gw;wpa 6 Ehy;fs;” vd;w Ehypy; ,iwahz;ik vd;w
nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpds;.
 etPd ,iwik Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij [_d; Nghbd;
 M];bd; $wpa ,iwik Nfhl;ghL xUikthj Nfhl;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jw;NghJ ghuk;ghpa ,iwik nray;ghl;L tpjpfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s mikg;G
INuhg;gpd; A+dpad; (UN)
 ,iwahz;ik (m) ,iwik 2 tifgLk;
 ngausT ,iwahz;ik - ,q;fpyhe;J murh;> ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth;
 cz;ikahd ,iwahz;ik - ,e;jpa Nfgpdl;> Gul;rp %yk; Ml;rpia gpbg;gth;fs;.

kf;fshl;rp (DEMOCRACY) fpNuf;fr;nrhy;

 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng kf;fshl;rp vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy;
gadg;Lj;jpath; n`NuhNlhl]; (tuyhw;wpd; je;ij)
 Democracy vd;w nrhy; (Demos) (kf;fs;) (k) (Kratos) mjpfhuk; (m) Cre? Ml;rp
vd;w ,uz;L fpNuf;f nrhy;fspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ.
 kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ xU murhq;f Kiw
 [dehaf Ml;rpapy; (kf;fshl;rp) Gul;rpfs; (k) fpsh;rr
; pfSf;F ,lkpy;iy.
 kf;fshl;rp ehl;by; thOk; chpik (k) Rje;jpu chpikf;F cj;juthjk; toq;FtJ
murpayikg;G rl;lk;
 kf;fshl;rpapy; J}zhf tpsq;FtJ Njh;jy;
“[dehafk; vDk; fUj;J kf;fshl;rp murpw;F mbj;jskhf cs;sJ”.
- n`NuhNlhl];

“[dehafk; vd;gJ xU murhq;f Kiw ,jpy; kf;fs; midtUk; gq;F

ngWfpd;wdJ. - Nguhrphpah; \PNy

“kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ gyUila murhq;fk;” mhp];lhl;by;

“kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fNs elj;Jk; Ml;rp” -

Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; (mnkhpf;f Kd;dhs; mjpgh;)

kf;fshl;rp 2 tifg;gLk;
 Neub kf;fshl;rp (Direct Democracy)
 kiwKf kf;fshl;rp (Indirect Democracy)
 Neub kf;fshl;rp:
 kf;fs; njhif Fiwthd ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wgLfpwJ
 Ml;rpahsh;fs; (k) jiyth;fis kf;fs; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fpd;wdh;.
 Neub kf;fshl;rp ehLfspy; jpUk;g mioj;jy; Kiw gpd;gw;wgLfpwJ.
 fpNuf;f ehl;by; VNjd;]; efuj;jpy; Kjy; Kjypy; Neub kf;fshl;rp Kiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ila fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J> gz;ila fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa muRfs;>
,ilf;fhy ,j;jhyp muR Mfpatw;wpy; Neub kf;fshl;rp Kiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 jw;NghJ RtPl;rh;yhe;jpy; Neub kf;fshl;rp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

 kiwKf kf;fshl;rp:
  kiwKf kf;fshl;rpapy; (gpujpepjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rp) gpujpepjpfis Njh;T
nra;tJ Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.
 kiwKf kf;fshl;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WtJ murpay; fl;rpfs;.
 ekJ murpayikg;G kf;fshl;rp fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; kiwKf kf;fshl;rpapy; ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp Kiw
gpd;gw;wglfpwJ.
 Eg: ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;J. gpuhd;];>USA

 rkj;Jtk; (Equality)
 rkj;Jtk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH uhgHl; Xtd;
($l;Lwtpd; je;ij).
 midtUf;Fk; rkkhd rkj;Jtj;ij toq;FtJ uhZtk; rhuh jdpegH
rkj;Jtk; (m)rptpy; rkj;Jtk;.
 rkj;Jtj;ij gw;wp H.J.yh];fp vOjpa Ehy; “murpay; ,yf;fzk;”
 “rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; rkd;gLj;jgLk;nra;tif”. H.J. yh];fp

 Rje;jpuk; (Liberty): yj;jpd; nrhy;

 Liberty vd;w nrhy; iygH vd;w yj;jpd; nrhy;ypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.

“ehk; nra;a tpioAk; tw;iw nra;Ak Mw;wNy Rje;jpuk;”

-khz;nl]; fpA+
“jhd; kl;LNkh (m) kw;wtHfSlNdh Nrh;e;J vijNaDk ;nra;Ak; Mw;wy;
; pia Rje;jpuk;”
(m) milAk; kfpo;rr -T.H. fphPd;
“fl;LghL ,y;yhikia Rje;jpuk;” -NguhrphpaH `PNy

 kj rhh;gpd;ik (m) rka rhHgpd;ik: (Secularism)

 ,e;jpa murpd; Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; xd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 Secularism vd;w Mq;fpy nrhy; (nrf;A+yk;) vd;w yj;jpd; nrhy;ypUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ.
 kjrhHGila murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ kjk;.
 1789-y; gpnuQ;R Gul;rp kj rhHgpd;ikia gpugyg;gLj;jpaJ> 1791-y; gpnuQ;R
murpayikg;G rl;lk; gpuhd;i] kj rhHgw;w ehlhf mwptpj;jJ.
 jdJ murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifahf kj rhHgpd;ikia gpd;gw;wp ntw;wp ngw;w
,e;jpa murH kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;
 1888-y; [hH[; A+y; jiyikapy; eilngw;w ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;
kjrhHgpd;ik fye;j Njrpak; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1955-y; eilngw;w Mtb fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; rkjh;k>rkj;Jt jPHkhdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.(jiytH-fhkuhrH)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; topfhl;L nfhs;iffspy; kjrhh;gpd;ik 5-k; ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
  mYtyH Ml;rp vd;gJ epakpf;fg;gl;l mYtyHfis nfhz;l XH
epHthfmikg;G vd;W $wpatH – khf;]; tPgH.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjpfs;(k) \uj;Jfs;(Parts and

Articules)
PART- I
xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp gFjpfSk;:(Union and its Terrirory)Art 1-4
Art 1:
 ,e;jpah khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ; (Union of states)
 ,e;jpahtpd; ngaH ghuj; vdf; Fwpg;gplfpwJ.
 murpayikg;gpy; $l;lhl;rp (Federation) vd;w nrhy;ypw;F gjpyhf A+dpad;
(xd;wpak;) vd;w nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jpatH Dr.B.R. mk;Ngj;fhH.

Art2:
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy; (m)
mDkjpj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 3:
 Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;Ftjpy; vy;iyfs;> ngaH (k) gug;gsit khw;wp
mikj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 4:
 Art 2 (k) 3- I gpd;gw;wp Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nkhop thhp khepyq;fs;:- (Linguistic states)

 ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; ,e;jpahit nkhop> gz;ghL> fyhr;ruk;thhpahf gphptJ
gw;wp Muha 1948 June-y; S.K. jhH jiyikapy; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FO 1948 Dec–y; mwpf;if mspj;jJ> mt;twpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahit nkhop>
gz;ghL (k)fyhr;rhuk; thhpahf gphpf;f ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
 1948 Dec-y; eilngw;w n[a;G+H ,e;jp Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; S.K jhh;
FOtpd; mwpf;ifia Muha [t`h;yhy; NeU> ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> gl;lhap
rPj;juhikah MfpNahH mlq;fpa FO (JVP FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.)
 JVP FO 1949 April – y; mwpf;if mspj;jJ> mt;twpf;ifapy; jhH FOtpd;
ghpe;Jiwfis epuhfhpj;jJ.
 1953-y ;Me;jpu gpuNjr jdp khepy Nfhhpf;ifia typAWj;jp nghl;b =uhkY 56
ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;J caph; ePj;jhH.
 ,jd; tpisthf 1953 Oct 1-y; ,e;jpahtpy Kjy; nkhop thhp khepykhf Me;jpu
gpuNjrk; cthf;fgl;lJ. Tamil Nadu– rq;fuypq;fdhH
 1953 Dec nkhop thhp khepyq;fs; gphpg;gJ gw;wpa muha /ghry; myp (Fazl Ali)
jiytuhfTk;>K.M. gzpf;fH>M.N. Fd;];& MfpNahiu cWg;gpdh;fshf nfhz;l
 khepy kW rPuikg;G FO (ghrH myp FO) mikf;fgl;lJ.
 ,f;FO 1955 Sep-y; mwpf;if mspj;jJ.
 mt;twpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahit nkhopthhpahf 16 khepyq;fs; (k) 3 A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fshf gphpf;f ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
 ,t;twpf;ifapd; gb ,e;jpa muR 1956-y; khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpaJ. 7-tJ rl;ljpUj;jk; khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;; 1956 Mfpatw;wpd; gb
,e;jpah 14 khepyq;fs; (k) 6 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshf Nov 1 1956-y;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. (1-11-1956)

1. m];]hk;
2. Me;jpugpuNjrk;
3. gP`hH
4. gk;gha;
5. [k;K – fh\;kPH
6. Nfush
7. kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
8. nkl;uh];
9. ik#H (fHehlfh 1973)
10. xhp];]h
11. gQ;rhg;
12. uh[];jhd;;
13. cj;jpugpuNrk;
14. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;;: - 6
1. me;jkhd; epNfhghH jPTfs;
2. nly;yp
3. ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
4. yl;r jPT> kpdpf;fha; (k) mkpe;jptp jPTfs;
5. kzpg;G+H
6. jphpGuh
 1960-y; gk;gha; 2-Mf gphpf;fg;gl;L (F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buh) F[uhj; - 15-tJ
khepykhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1961-y; 10-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; jhj;uh- ehfH Ntyp A+dpad; gpjNjrkhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
  1962 12-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1962-y; 14-tJrl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb ghz;br;Nrhp A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ehfhyhe;J khepy rl;lk; 1962-d; (13tr. r. jp) gb 1.12.1963-y; m];]hkpypUe;J
ehfyhe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L 16-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1966-y; \h fkp\d; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1.11.1966-y; gQ;rhg; 3-Mf gphpf;fg;gl;L
(gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> rz;bfH) `hpahdh 17-tJ khepykhfTk;> rz;bfH A+dpad;
gpuNjrkhfTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1969-y; 22-tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb m];]hkptpUe;J Nkfhyhah gphpf;fg;gl;L
jdp khepy me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 `pkhr;ry gpuNjr rl;lk; 1970-d; gb 25.1.1971-y; `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk; 18-tJ
khepykhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tlfpof;F gFjpfs; kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 1970-d; gb 21.1.1972-y; kzpg;G+H 19-tJ
khepykhfTk;> jphpGuh 20-tJ khepykhfTk;> Nkfhyah 21-tJ khepykhfTk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1972-y; m];]hkpypUe;J mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; gphpf;fg;gl;L A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1974 35-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,iz
khepy me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 1975 36-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb rpf;fpk; 22-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kpNrhuk; khepy rl;lk; 1986-d; gb 20.2.1987-y; m];]hkpypUe;J kpNrhuhk;
gphpf;fg;gl;L 23-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mUzhr;ry gpuNjr khepy kW rPuikg;G rl;lk; 1986-d; gb 20.2.1987-y;
mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; 24-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA kWrPuikg;G rl;lg; gb 30.5.1987-y; Nfhth 25-tJ
khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1991-y; 69-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb nly;yp Njrpa jiyefH gFjpahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 eilKiwf;F 1992.
 kj;jpa gpuNjr kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 2000-d; gb 1.11.2000-y; kj;jpa
gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J rl;B];fH gphpf;fg;gl;L 26-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cj;jpu gpuNjrk; kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 2000-d; gb 9.11.2000-y;
cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpypUe;jJ cj;juhQ;ry; gphpf;fg;gl;L 27-tJ khepykhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gP`hH kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 2000-d; gb 15.11.2000-y; gP`hhpypUe;J [hHfz;l;
gphpf;fg;gl;L 28-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Me;jpu gpuNjrk; kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; 2014-d; gb 2.6.2014-y;
Me;jpugpuNjrj;jpypUe;J njYq;fhz gphpf;fg;gl;L 29-tJ khepykhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
G.P
 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 29 khepyq;fs;> 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; (6 A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fs;> 1 Njrpa jiyefH gFjp) cs;sJ.

khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; ngaH khw;wq;fs;:-

16.4.1967-y; nrd;id khfhz rl;lkd;w jPh;khdg;gb> 1968-y; nrd;id khepy
ngaH khw;wr; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L 14.1.1969-y; nrd;id
khfhzj;jpd; ngaH jkpo; ehL vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1973-y; ik#H ngaH khw;w rl;lg;gb ik#H khepyj;jpd; ngaH fHehlfh vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1973-y; yl;rjPT> kpdpf;fha;> (k) mkpe;jptp jPTfs; ngaH khw;w rl;lg;gb
yl;rjPT> kpdpf;fha;> (k) mkpe;jptp jPTfspd; ngaH yl;rjPTfs; vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 2006-y; ghz;br;Nrhp ngaH khw;w rl;lg;gb ghz;br;Nrhp GJr;Nrhp vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 2006-y; cj;juhQ;ry; ngaH khw;w rl;lg;gb cj;juhQ;ry; khepyj;jpd; ngaH
cj;jH fhz;l; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 2010-y; xhp];]h khepy ngaH khw;w rl;lg;gb 2011-y; xhp];]h xb]h vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
1995- Kk;ig (gk;gha;). 1996- nrd;id (nkl;uh];). 2000- nfhy;fj;jh
(fy;fj;jh)
PART – II
,e;jpa FbAhpik - Art 5 to 11

 Citizen vd;w nrhy; rptp]; vd;w yj;jpd; nrhy;ypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.

 1955-y; ,e;jpa FbAhpik rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; 1986> 1992> 2003> 2005 Mfpa 4 Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; xw;iw FbAhpik Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 USA-tpy; ,ul;il FbAhpik Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 2003-y; L.M. rpq;tp FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb 16-ehLfspy; thOk; ntspehL
tho; ,e;jpaHfSf;F ,ul;il FbAhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
16-ehLfs;
1. Rtpl;rHyhe;J
2. M];jpNuypah
3. fdlh
4. ,];Nuy;
5. USA
6. NghHr;Rfy;
7. gpuhd;];
8. RtPld;
9. epA+rpyhe;J
 10. fphP];
11. irg;u];
12. ,j;jhyp
13. gpd;yhe;J.
14. maHyhe;J
15.nejHyhe;J(`hye;J)
16. ,q;fpyhe;J
 2003 [dthp 9-k; Njjp Kjy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; [dthp 9-k; ehis gpuNtrpa
ghujpa jpdkhf (ntsp ehL tho; ,e;jpaHfs; jpdk;) nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpa FbAhpikia 5 Kiwfspy; ngwyhk;
 2011 ypUe;J xl;Lhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1. gpwg;gpd; %yk;:-
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;eilKiwf;F te;j ehshd 26.1.1950 md;Nwh
mjw;F gpd;dNuh ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jhy; gpwg;gpd; %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpik
ngWtH.
2. kuG top (m) tk;rh top %yk;:-
26.1.1950 md;Nwh (m) mjw;F gpd;Nuh ntspehl;by; gpwe;J mtuJ ngw;NwhH ,e;jpa
FbAhpik ngWtH.
3. gjptpd; %yk;:- (By Registratikon)
njhlHe;J 7 Mz;Lfspy; 5 Mz;Lfs;> ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fp tpz;zg;gpj;jJ gjpT
%yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpik ngwyhk;.
4.,ay;G (m) may; ehl;ltH FbAhpik:-(By Naturalization)
1 Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; trpj;J> FbAhpik rl;lj;jpd; 3-tJ ml;ltizapy; cs;s
jFjpfis ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; ,ay;G %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpik ngwyhk;.
5. Gjpa gFjp ,izg;gpd; %yk;:-
,e;jpahTld; ve;j gFjp ,izf;fgl;lhYk>;; mg;gFjp kf;fs; midtUk; ,e;jpa
FbAhpik ngWtH
Eg: ghz;br;Nrhp 1954y; Rje;jpuk; (1962-y; jhd; gpnuQ;R ghuhSkd;w tpLtpf;f
jPh;khdk; ,aw;wpaJ.
Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA>(NghHr;Rfy;)(1961)
rpf;fpk;(74) jhj;uh ehfHNtyp(1961)
 ,e;jpa FbAhpikia 3 Kiwfspy; ,of;fyhk;
1. tpsk;Gif (m) Jwj;jy;:-
(By Declaration (or) Renunciation)
 ,e;jpa FbAhpikia jhNd tpz;zg;gk; mspj;J Jwj;jy;.
2.ePf;Fjy; (m) tpyf;fpitj;jy;:-(By Termination)
,e;jpa Fbkfd; ntspehl;by; FbAhpik ngw;why; (16 ehLfis jtpu) 2003f;F
gpwF ghuhSkd;wk; mtuJ ,e;jpa FbAhpikia ePf;Fk;.
3. gwpj;jy;:-(By Deprivation)
KiwNfhlhf ,e;jpa FbAhpikia ngWjy; (m) murpay; mikg;if kPwp
nray;gLjy; Mfpa fhuzq;fSf;fhf mtuJ FbAhpikia ghuhSkd;wk; gwpf;Fk;.

Art 5:
26.1.1950-w;F gpd; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtHfs; „,e;jpa Fbkf;fs;‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 6:
19.7.1948-w;F Kd; ghfp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;F Fb ngaHe;jtHfSf;F ,e;jpa
FbAhpik tq;FtJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 7:
1.3.1947-w;F gpd; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghfp];jhdpw;F FbngaHe;jtHfSf;F ,e;jpa
FbAhpik toq;FtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 8:
may; ehlby; cs;s ,e;jpah tk;rh topapdUf;F ,e;jpa FbAhpik toq;FtJ
gw;wp FwpgpgLfpwJ.

Art 9:
,e;jpa Fbkfd; ntspehl;by; FbAhpik ngw;why; ,e;jpa FbAhpikia
,oe;JtpLthH vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 10:
 guhSkd;wk; xUtuJ FbAhpikia ePf;fp rl;lk; ,aw;wk; tiu mth; jdJ
FbAhpikia njhluyhk;. vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 11:
FbAhpikia toq;FtJ (k) fl;LgLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
PART – III
mbg;gil chpikfs; Art 12-35
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j NghJ 7 mbg;gil
chpikfs; mUe;jJ.
 jw;NghJ 6 mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;sJ.
 1978 44-tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpy; Art 19(1)F(k) Art 31 Mfpatw;wpypUe;J nrhj;Jhpik
ePf;fgl;L Art 300 A-tpy; nrhj;Jhpik rl;l chpikahf NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 15, 16, 19, 29, 30 Mfpa chpikfs; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf;F klLk;
toq;fgl;Ls;sJ.
 Art14> 20> 21> 23> 25> 27> 28> Mfpa chpikfs;;>,e;jpa Fbkf;fs;>ntspehl;bdH
Mfpa midtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
 mbg;gil chpikfs; ekJ murpayikg;gpd; kf;fshl;rp jd;ikia $WfpwJ.
 mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpaFbkf;fspd; jdpegH kdpj chpikfis
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 I.eh 1948 Dec 10-y; I.ehtpd; kdpj chpik gpufldj;jpd; ,lk; ngw;w
ngUk;ghyhd tpjpfs; ekJ mbg;gil chpikfspy; ,lk; ngw;W cs;sJ.
 mbg;gil chpikfis ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk; (m) jPHT
fhzyhk;.
 mbg;gil chpikfspd; ghJfhtyd; cr;rePjp kd;wk;.
 mbg;gil chpikfis ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; kj;jpa> khepy muRfs; rl;lk;
,aw;w ,ayhJ.
 1976 42-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfSf;Fk;> muRf;F topfhl;Lk;
newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; DPSP-fis
Kd;Dhpik ngw;wJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1971 24-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpy; Art 368-d; gb mbg;gil chpikfs;
cl;glmurpahikg;gpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Art 12:
Kj;jpamuR> ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy muR> khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs;> cs;shl;rp
mikg;Gfs; (k) ,ju mjpfhuk; ngw;w mikg;Gfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 13: mbg;gil chpikfspd; ghJfhtyd;)

mbg;gil chpikfis kPWk; (m)mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s
rl;lq;fs; nry;yhJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

6 tifahd mbg;gil chpikfs;:

1. rkj;Jt chpik- Art 14 - 18
2. Rje;jpu chpik –Art 19 - 22
3. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik –Art 23 - 24
4. rka Rje;jpu chpik –Art- 25 - 28
5. fy;tp (k) gz;ghl;L chpik - Art 29 - 30
 6. murpayikg;G jPHTfhZk; chpik –Art- 32

rkj;Jt chpik:- Art 14-18

Art 14:
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
FbauR jiytH (k) MSeHfSf;F tpjptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ve;j tpjkhd Fw;w tof;F njhlu KbahJ)
Art 15:
kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghypdk;> epwk; (m) gpwe;j ,lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ahiuAk;
ghFghL fhl;lf; $lhJ vdf; Fwpg;gplfpwJ.
Art 16:
nghJ Ntiy tha;g;gpy; midtUkf;Fk; rk tha;g;G toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 16 (4):
Ntiy tha;g;gpy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F ,l xJf;fPL toq;FtJ gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 17:
 jPz;lhikia jil nra;fpwJ (k) rKjhaj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpa gphptpdh;fspd;
eyd;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 jPz;lhik xopg;G rl;lk; 1955-y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; 1976-y; “rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;”vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1989-y; SC>ST eyd;fis (chpikfis) ghJfhf;f “td; nfhLik jLg;G rl;lk”;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
Art 18:
muR mDkjpapd;wp ngWk; uhZtk; (k) fy;tp jh;j;j kw;w gjtp (k) gl;lq;fis
jil nra;fpwJ.
1954-y; gj;k=> gj;kG+\d;> gj;ktpG+\d; ghuj; uj;dh Mfpa tpUJfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2. Re;jpu chpik:-Art 19-22

Art 19:
Fbkf;fSf;F Ngr;R (k) fUj;J chpik cl;gl 6 tifahd Rje;jpu chpikfis
toq;FfpwJ.
 a. Ngr;R (k) fUj;J chpik:
1963 16-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd; gb ,e;jpa ,iwahz;ik (k) xUikghlbw;F rthy;
tpLjy; (m) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpe;J nry;tJ gw;wp Ngr (k) fUj;Jf; $w jil
nra;fpwJ.
b. MAjkpd;wp $Lk; chpik.
c. rq;fk; mikj;J nfhs;Sk; chpik.
d.,e;jpahntq;Fk; nrd;W tUk; chpik.
e. ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; trpf;Fk; chpik.
f. nrhj;Jhpik ePffg;gl;lJ.
g. njhopy; nra;Ak; chpik.
Art 352-d; gb Njrpa neUf;fb mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy; Art 19 jhNd nraypoe;J tpLk;.
Art 20:
xUtiu xU Fw;wj;jpf;fhf xU Kiw kl;LNk jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; ahiuAk;
Ra tpUg;gkpd;wp rhl;rpahf;f fl;lhag;gLj;j $lhJ.
Art 21:
 caph; ghJfhg;G (k) jdp kdpj Rje;jpuk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij kw;wthpd; Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fhj tifapy; mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Art 352 neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ Art 20 (k) 21 uj;J nra;a ,ayhJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 21A:

 2002-y; 86-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; Art 21A murpayikg;gpy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.

 6 to 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSk; fl;lha ,ytr fy;tp toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 2009-y; fy;tp chpik ghJfhg;G rl;lk; (RTE ACT) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 2011-y; jkpo; ehL muR Foe;ijfs; chpik (k),ytr fl;lha fy;tp tpjpfis
ntspapl;lJ.
SSA-rh;t rpf;\h mgpahd (2002-2010)

RMSA uh\;bhpah kj;jpakpf; rpf;\h mgpahd (2010 –till date)

Art 22:
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egUf;F ifjpw;fhd fhuzk; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ifJnra;ag;gl;l egiu 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; M[HgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ve;j egiuAk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp fhtypy; itf;f $lhJ.
1. jLg;G fhty; rl;lk; 1950 jLg;G> 1969-y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cs;ehl;L
; ghJfhg;G (k) ghuhkhpg;G rl;lk; 1971> (MISA) 1978-y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. me;epa nryhtzp (k) fs;sf;flj;jy; jLg;G rl;lk; - (COFEPOSA)– 1974
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
4. Njrpa ghJfhg;G rl;lk; (NSA) 1980 eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.

5. fs;s tzpfk; jLg;G (k) mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fs; guhkhpg;G rl;lk; (PBMSECA) 1980
–eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
6. jPtputhj (k) ,ilA+Wfs; jLg;G rl;lk; (jlh rl;lk;) 1985. 1995-y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
7.Nghij nghUl;fs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; (PITNDPSA) 1988 eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.

8. jPtputhjpfs; jLg;G rl;lk; (POTA)Mar28 2002 Oct 23 2004 – ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik:- Art 23 to 24

Art 23:
rl;l tpNuhjkhf ngz;fs; (k) Foe;ijfis tpahghu Nehf;fpy; tpw;gid nrajy;>
fl;lhagLj;jp Ntiu thq;Fjiy (nfhj;jbik) jil nra;fpwJ.
nfhj;jbik xopg;G rl;lk; 1976
Art 24:
14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis njhopw;rhiyfs; (m) Ruq;fq;fs; cs;spl;l
Mgj;jhd Ntisfspy; <LgLj;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.
Foe;ij njhopyhsH jLg;G (xopg;G) (k) xOq;F gLj;Jk; rl;lk; 1986.

Rka Rje;jpu chpik:- Art 25 to 28

Art 25:
xUtH jhd; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ij gpd;gw;wp gug;gyhk;. vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 26:
kj epWtdq;fis epWtp epHtfpf;Fk; chpik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 27:
kjk; rhHe;j nryTfSf;F (m) kjj;ij tsHg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
nryTfSf;F thp tpyf;F ngWk; chpik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 28:
muR (k) muR cjtp ngWk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; kj Nghjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;s
$lhJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

fy;tp (k) gz;ghl;L chpik: Art 29 to 30

 Art 29:
rpWghd;ikapdH jdJ nkhop> vOj;J> gz;ghL kj rpd;dk;> cs;spl;l kjk;
njhlHghd chpikfis ghJfhj;J> rpWghd;ikapdH eyDf;Fk; ghJfhg;G
toq;FfpwJ.
Art 30:
rpWghd;ikapdH fy;tp epWtdq;fis epWtp eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 29 (k) 30 rpWghd;ikapdH ghJfhg;G njhlHghf ,Ug;gjhy;> rpWghd;ikapdH
chpikfs; vd;Wk; miof;fgLfpwJ.

murpayikg;G jPHT fhZk; chpik: Art 32

Art 32:
mbg;gil chpikfis nraYWj;Jtjw;fhd jPHT topfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 32 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk; Md;khTk; Nghd;wJ vd $wpaJ Dr. B.
R. mk;Ngj;fhh;.
Art 32 d; gb cr;rePjpkd;wKk;>
Art 226 d; gb caH ePjp kd;wKk;>
5 tifahd hpl; chpikfis ngw;Ws;sJ.
,jd; %yk; mbg;gil chpikfSf;F jPHT toq;FfpwJ.
hpl; chpikfs; (m) ePjp Nguhizfs;:
(i).Ml;nfhzH ePjp nghuizfs;:-
(Write of Habeas corpus)

(ii).nraYWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz

(Writ of Manbeas corpus)

(ii). jilAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz:

(Writ of prohibition)

(IV).newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz

(Writ of certiorari)

(V).jFjpAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz

(Writ of Quo-warranto)

(I). Ml;nfhzH ePjp Nguhiz:-

  xUtH mtuJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F Gwk;ghf kw;nwhUtH fl;Lghl;bNyh (m) rl;l tpNuhj
fhtypNyh itf;fg;gl;L mUe;jhy; me;egiu ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; nfhzu
nra;tjhFk;.
 ,e;ePjp Nguhizia ahH Ntz;LkhdhYk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 gpd;tUk; egHfSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
1. Fw;w tof;Ffspy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;ltHfis tpLjiy nra;a Nfhhp.
2. ehlhSkd;wk; (m) rl;lkd;wk;.
3. ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G nray;fspy; <LgLk; Nehf;fpy; gad;gLj;j $lhJ.
(II). nraYWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz:-
 muR mYtyH xUtH jdJ flikia nra;a jtWk; NghJ mt;tuhR mYtyiu
mf;flikia Nkw;nfhs;s Miz gpwg;gpg;gJ MFk;. (F. j. (k) MSeH (k)j. ePjp
jtpu).
 gpd;tUk; egHfSf;F vjpuhf ,e;ePjp Nguhizia gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
1. FbauR jiyth;.
2. MSeH
3. jiyik ePjpgjp
4. jdpahH (m) jdpg;gl;l mikg;Gfs;
(II). jilAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz:-
 cr;rePjp kd;wk; (m) caH ePjp kd;wk; jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
mtw;wpd; vy;iyf;F cl;glhj nraiy nra;ahky; ,Uf;f Miz gpwgpg;gJ
MFk;.
 ,e;ePjp Nguhiz ePjp Jiwf;F kl;LNk gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 gpd;tUgtHfSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
1. epHthf Jiw
2. rl;lkd;wmikg;Gf;s
3. jdpahH (m) jdpg;gl;l mikg;Gfs;
(IV).newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz:-
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; (m) caH ePjp kd;wk; jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjp kd;wq;fSf;F
mtw;wpd; mjpghu tuk;ig kPwp toq;fgl;l jPHg;Gfis uj;J nra;J Miz
gpwg;gpg;gJ MFk;.
 eph;thf Jiwapy; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp nray;gl;lhYk; mjidAk; uj;J
nra;ayhk;.
 Gpd;tUgth;fSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
1. rl;l kd;w mikg;Gfs;.
2. jdpahH (k) jdpg;gl;l mikg;Gfs;
(V).jFjpAWj;Jk; ePjp Nguhiz:-
 muR mYtyH xUtiu mtH ve;j jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
gjtpia tfpf;fpwhH (m) xU gzpia nra;a cz;ikahd jFjpia
ngw;Ws;shuh vd mwptjhFk;.
 gpd;tUgtHfSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
1.mikr;rH
2. jdpahH (m) jdpg;gl;l mikg;Gfs;
Art 33:
Kg;gil tPuHfs;> fhty; Jiw csTj;Jiw MfpNahUf;F flik epiwNtw;wk;> xOq;F
guhkhpg;G Mfpatw;iw fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mbg;gil chpikgid khw;wp mikf;f
mtHfspd; ehlhSkd;wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 34:
uhZt Ml;rp mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfis kPwp
nray;gLk; NghJ Fbkf;fSk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; Kd;fhg;gL
P toq;f ehlhSkd;wk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;W cs;sJ.
Art 35:
mbg;gil chpikfSf;F nray; jpwd; mspg;gjw;fhf ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;
vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Part – IV
muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs;(Directive principle of state policy
(DPSP) Art 36 -51
 rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJk;> mtw;iw eilKiw gLj;Jk; NghJk; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba nray;Kiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 DPSP-apd; Nehf;fk; kf;fs; eyd; fhj;jy;
 DPSP-ia ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwgLj;j ,ayhJ. (m) jPHT fhz
,ayhJ.
 19 tifahd nghJ ey Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newp Kiw Nfhl;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpd; GJ
tifahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.” -Dr.B.R. mk;Ngj;fhH.

“mbg;gil chpikfs; (k) muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs;

murpayikg;gpd; kdrhl;rp” -fpuhd;tpy; M];bd;

 DPSP 4 tifgLk;

1. rkj;Jt (m)r%f eyidmila cjTk; Nfhl;ghLfs;:

Art 38, Art 39,39A, 41, 42, 43A
 2. fe;jpa Nfhl;ghLfs;- Art 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48
3. gd;dhl;L Nfhl;ghLfs; (m) gd;dhl;L mikjpia Vw;gLj;j cjTk;
Nfhl;ghLfs;- Art 44, 45, 48A, 49, 50, 51

4. gy;tif (m) kw;w Nfhl;ghLfs;- Art 36, 37

Art 36:
muir gw;wp tsf;FfpwJ.
Art 37:

DPSP-ia nray;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

DPSP- ia nray;gLj;j murhq;fj;ij ePjp Jiw fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhJ> Mdhy;
rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJk;> mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; DPSP ia
gpd;gw;WtJ murhq;fj;jpd; flik.
Art 38:
muR kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij caHj;jp nfhs;s rkkhd tha;g;G toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 39:
Mz;>ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk; rk Ntiyf;F rk Cjpak; toq;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk;
CopaH eyeid jtwhf gad;gLj;j $lhJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
1976 rk Cjpa rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
Art 39A:
muR kf;fSf;F ,ytr rl;lcjtpfisAk;> MNyhridfisAk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
chpik gzpfs; rl;lk; 1987
Art 39E:
Foe;ijfs; Rje;jpukhfTk;> cly; MNuhf;fpaj;JlDk; tho top nra;fpwJ.

Art 39F:
Foe;ijfspd; MNuhf;fpakhd tshr;rp> Fe;ijfs; (k) ,isNahH kPJ muR
ftdj;Jld; nray;gl;L Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Art 40:
fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfis mikf;fNtz;Lk;.
Art 41:
nghJ kf;fs; Ntiy (k) fy;tp fw;f murpd; cjtpfis ngWk; chpik gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 42:
njhopyhsHfSf;F epahakhd (k) kdpjhgpkhd gzp #oy;fSf;Fk;> kfg;NgW
fhy cjtpf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
kfg;NgW eyr; rl;lk; 1961
Art 43:
njhopyhsHfSf;F tho;f;iff;F Vw;w $yp toq;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; Fbir
njhopy;fis tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
Art 43A:
njhopw;rhiy Nkyhz;ik eltbf;iffspy; njhopyhsHfSk; gq;Nfw;fyhk; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 44:
Fbkf;fSf;F nghJthd chpikapay; rl;lk; (m) civil code Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Art 45:
6-14 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfspd; Foe;ij gUtk; (k) mtHfsJ fy;tpapy;
muR ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Art 46:
jhoj;jg;gl;l (Sc)> goq;FbapdH(ST) (k) ,ju gpd; jq;fpa gphptpdHfspd; fy;tp>
nghUshjhu eyd;fis caHj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Art 47:
Cl;lrj;jpd; juepiy> tho;f;if juk; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtJk;> kf;fspd;
cly; eyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJk; Nghij nghUs;fis jLg;gJk; murpd; flik.
Art 48:
Ntshz;ik (k) fhy;eil tsHg;ig mikg;G hPjpahf;fp gRtijia jil nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
Art 48A:
Rw;W#oiy ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jjy; (k) fhLfs; (m) tdq;fs;>td
caphpdq;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Art 49:
Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epidT rpd;dq;fs; epidtlq;fs;> epidT
nghUl;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Art 50:
epHthfk; (m) Ml;rp JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiw jdpj;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Art 51:
gd;dhl;L mikjp (k) ghJfhg;ig caHj;j Ntz;Lk;.

PART – IV A
mbg;gil flikfs; (Fundamental Duties)
Art – 51 A

 ];tuz;rpq ;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1976 42 – tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb PART

IV A ( Art 51A) murpauikg;gpy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 10 mbg;gil flikfs; cs;sJ.
 jw;NghJ 11 mbg;gil flikfs; cs;sJ.
 2002-y; 86-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb 11-tJ mbg;gil flik Art 51A(k)-tpy;
NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
 (1999 th;khd FO Muha;e;jJ)

A. murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb elj;jy; (k) Njrpa nfhb> Njrpa rpd;dq;fSf;F

kjpg;gspj;jy;.
B. ehl;bd; tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuHfspd; cd;dj czHTfis epidj;J Nghw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
C. ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik> xw;Wik> xUikghl;il Ngzp ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
D. ehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpy; mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Njit Vw;gl;lhy; ghJfhg;G
gzpapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
E. rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk;> ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; cUthf;f Kida Ntz;Lk;.

F. ekJ gz;ghL> (k) gd;Kf ghuk;ghpa gz;ghl;bd; Nkd;ikia kjpj;J ghJfhf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
G. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs;> (k) td tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;w ,aw;if Rw;W Gw
#oiy ghJfhj;jy; (k) Nkk;gLj;jp juk; caHj;Jjy;> thOk; caphpdq;fspd; kPJ
,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;.
 H. mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik> kdpj Neak;> Ma;T kdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
I. ehl;bd; nghJ nrhj;Jfis mf;fiwAld; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;> td;Kiwia
iftpl Ntz;Lk;.
J. midj;J JiwfspYk; kpfr; rpwe;j epiyia mila Kaw;rp nra;jy;> ekJ
ehL njhlHe;J Kd;Ndwp caHe;j epiyia mila ghLgl Ntz;Lk;.
K. 6 to 14 (2002 86 rl;lj;jpUj;jk;) tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp ngw
(ngw;NwhH (m) ghJfhtyH) tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp ju Ntz;Lk;.

PART – V
The union government (kj;jpa muR (m) xd;wpa muR) Art 52 to 151
 Kj;jpa muR 5 gphpTfshf gphpf;fgl;lLs;sJ.
1. kj;jpa nrayhl;rp FO (52 to 78)
(The Union Exe cutives)

2. ghuhSkd;wk; (79 – 122)

3. FbauR jiythpd; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; 123

4. cr;rePjp kd;wk; (m) ,e;jpa ePjp Jiw (124 – 147)

5. CAG- (Art 148 – 151)

1. kj;jpa nrayhl;rp FO Art 52 to 78

kj;jpa muR epHthfk;> ePjpJiw> rl;l kd;wk; vd 3 mq;fq;fis nfhz;lJ.
kj;jpa nrayhl;rp FOtpy; FbauR jiytH> Jiz FbauR jiytH> gpujkH>
mikr;ruit> ml;lhHzp n[duiy cs;slf;fpaJ.
FbauR jiytH Art 52-62
 ,e;jpa Fbaurpd; jiytuhfTk;> ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; epHthf jiytuhfTk;
tpsq;FfpwhH.
 ehl;bd; Kjy; Fbkfd;
 ekJ murpd; jiytuhf jpfo;fpwhH
 murpayikg;G mjpfhu thpirapd; (protocol) Kjyplj;jpy; cs;shH.
 ,e;jpahtpy; eilngWk;midj;J eltbf;iffSk; ,tuJ ngahpy; eil
ngWfpwJ.
 Kg;gilfspd; jiyik jsgjpahf cs;shH
(n[duy;> ml;kpuy;> VHrPg;>khH\y;)
Art 52:
 ,e;jpa Fbaurpw;F FbauR jiytH ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdFwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Art 53:
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; FbauR jiythplk; cs;sJ.
(Exicutive Power of the Union)

Art 54:
 FbauR jiytH NjHjy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 Njh;jiy elj;JtJ ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizak;
 FbauR jiytH Njh;jy; njhlHghd tof;Ffis tprhhpg;gJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;.
 ghuhSkd;w ,U mit (uh[; rgh> Nyhf;rgh) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs;>
khepy rl;l Nguitfspd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs;>Union gpuNjr rl;l
Nguitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; MfpNahH mlq;fpa thf;fhsh;
Fohk; %yk; xw;iw khw;W thf;F (Electrol college) Kiwapy; (Prefrencial system)
kiwKfkhf NjHe;njLf;fpwhH.
1992 70 –tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb ghz;br;Nrhp> nly;yp A+dpad; gpuNjr
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdHfSk; FbauR jiytH Njh;jypy; gq;F
ngw mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Art 55:
Fbau jiytiu NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; (Manner of Election of president) gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
FbauR jiytH NjHjypy; gq;F ngWk; thf;fhsHfs; vz;zpf;if 4>896

State and UTs MLA‟S 4120

MP‟S 779
4896
xU rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdhpd; thf;F kjpg;G gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplgLfpwJ.

khepyj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif

khepyj;jpd; nkhj;j NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;l cWg;gpdhfs;
1
× 1000
Total poputation 1

= Total MLA‟s × 1000

Ex:
jkpo; ehl;bd; 1971 kf;fs; njhif 41>199>168
 41199168 × 1
234 1000
xU MLA-d; thf;F kjpg;G =176
MLA thf;F kjpg;G mjpfk; ngw;Ws;s khepyk; cj;jpu gpuNjrk; (208)
MLA- thf;F kjpg;G Fiwthf cs;s khepyk; rpf;fpk; (7) (32 Total MLA‟S)
xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd; thf;F kjpg;G (MP’S) gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

khepyq;fspd; nkhj;j thf;F kjpg;G

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j cWg;gpdhfs;
1MlaTN = 234 × 176 545-2=543

245 - 12 = 233
790 14 776

=5, 49, 474

776 1mp’s d; thf;Fkjpg;G 708

(khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; nkhj;j kjpg;G)

 2001 84 – tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; gb rl;l kd;w (MLA) (k) ehlhSkd;w

(MP) cWg;gpdHfspd; thf;F kjpg;ig fzf;fpLtjw;F 1971 kf;fs;
njhifia 2026 tiu gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 FbauR jiytH Ntl;ghshpd; ngaiu 50 thf;fhsHfs; Kd;nkhopa
Ntz;Lk;. 50 thf;fhsHfs; topnkhopa Ntz;Lk;.
 FbauR jiytH Ntl;ghsH itg;G njhif 15>000.
 nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; 1/6 gq;fpw;F Fiwthf ngw;why; nlghrpl; ,og;ghH.
Art 56:
 FbauR jiythpd; gjtpfhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.
 gjtp fhyk; Kbe;Jk; Gjpa FbauR jiytH NjHe;njLf;Fk; tiugjtpapy;
,Uf;Fyhk;.
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij Jiz FbauR jiythplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Jiz FbauR jiytH> FbauR jiythpd; gjtppyfiy cldbahf
kf;fsit rgh ehafH-f;F njhptpg;ghH.
Art 57:
 FbauR jiytH kPz;Lk; vj;jid vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk;
Nghl;bapl;L NjHe;njLf;fglyhk;.
Art 58:
FbauR jiytH jFjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
1. ,e;jpa Fbkfd;
2. Fiwe;j gl;r taJ 35 epuk;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. kf;fsitf;F NjHe;njLg;gjw;fhd jFjpfs; ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Cjpak; (Mjhak;) jUk; ,ul;il gjtp tfpf;ff; $lhJ.
5. rl;lkd;w (m) ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.
Art 59:
FbauR jiytH gjtpf;fhd tiuKiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 60:
FbauR jiytH gjtp gpukhzk;> cWjp nkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gjtp gpukzk; nra;J itg;gtH cr;rePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.
Art 61:
 FbauR jiytiu Fw;w tprhuid %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; (impeachment) nra;J
gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 FbauR jiytH %jhd Fw;wr;rhl;L jPHkhdj;ij ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspy; ve;j mitapYk; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp ¼ gq;F cWg;gpdHfs;
MjuTld; epiwNtw;wp kw;nwhu mitf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;wr;rhl;L jPHkhdj;jpd; efy; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; FbauR jiytUf;F
toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUghd;ik jPHkhdk;
%yk; gjtp ePf;f jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; FbauR jiytH gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;agLthH.
Art 62:
FbauR jiytH gzp fhypaplj;jpw;F 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; Njh;jy; elj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

FbauR jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;:-

1. epHthf mjpfhuq;fs;: (Executive powers)
 ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpy; eph;thf mjpfhuk; (ngausT mjpfhuk;) ngw;Ws;shH.
 Art 77 – d; gb ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; midj;Jk; mYty;
gzpfSk; FbauR jiythpd; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;dNu eilKiwf;F tUk;.
 Art 299– d; gb ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;>
cld;gbf;iffs; F. jiytH xg;Gjy; ngw;w gpd;dNu eilKiwf;F tUk;.
  ehlSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; cld; xU ehl;bd; kPJ NghH gpufldk;
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH. (m) jpUk;g ngWfpwhH.
 Kg;gil jsgjpfs; (n[duy;> ml;kpuy;> VHrpg; khH\y;) khepy MSeHfs;>
A+dpad; gpuNjr Jiz epiy MSeHfs;> gpujkH> gpujkH ghpe;Jiuapd; gb
mikr;rHfs;> UPSC jiytH (k) cWg;gpdHfs;> jiyik NjHjy; MizaH (k)
NjHjy; MizaHfs; epjp FO jiytH (k) cWg;gpdHfs;>CAG MfpNahiu
epakpf;fpwhH.
 mikr;ruitapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb ntspehLfSf;fhd ,e;jpa JhJtHfis
epakpf;fpwhH.
 Ml;rp nkhop Mizak;> Njrpa goq;FbapdH Mizak;> rpWghd;ikapdH
Mizak;> Njrpa kfspH Mizak;>rpWghd;ikapdH nkhopf;fhd jdpmYtyH
Mfpatw;iw epakpf;fpwhH.
 ehl;b ve;j gFjpiaAk; gpd;jq;fpa gFjpahf mwptpf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH.
 Art 361-d; gb FbauR jiytH (k) MSeH jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; flikfs;
njhlHghf ve;j ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; M[uhf Njitapy;iy.
2. rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fs;:- (Legislative powers)
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpNa FbauR jiytH
 ehlhSkd;wj;ij Fiwe;jglrk; Mz;bw;F 2 KiwahtJ $l;l mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;shH.
 Art 87-d; xU Mz;bd; Kjy; ehlhSkd;w $l;l njhliu Jtf;fp itj;J
ciuahw;WthH.
 Art 85-d; gb ehlhSkd;w $l;lj;njhliu KbTf;F nfhz;L tuNth (m)
kf;fsitia fiyf;fNth mjpfhuk; ngw;W cs;shH.
 FbauR jiyth; mDkjpapd;wp ve;j kNrhjTk; rl;lk; MfhJ.
 rghehafH (k) Jiz rghehafH gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kf;fsit
cWg;gpdH xUtiu jw;fhypf rghehafuhf epakpg;ghH.
 Art 108-d; gb ghuhSkd;w $l;L $l;lj;ij $l;Lk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sH.(jiyik rghehafh;)
 Art 80 (3)-d; gb fiy> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay; r%f Nrit Mfpa
Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; 12 egHfis uh[;a rghtpw;F epakpg;ghH.
 Art 331-d; gb kf;fsitapy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa gpujpepj;Jtk; ,y;yhj NghJ
2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdHfis epakpg;ghH.
 Art 123-d; gb ehlhSkd;wk; $lhj fhyq;fspy; mtru rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;f
mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH (mjid jpUk;g ngwTk;mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH)
 Mtru rl;lj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wk; $ba 6 thuj;jpw;Fs; xg;Gjy; ngw
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; mr;rl;lk; nraypoe;J tpLk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wpa kNrhjhf;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f (m) epWj;jp
itf;f (m) jpUg;gp mDg;g mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH.
 Mdhy; kNrhjh (Money Bill) (k) murpayikg;G rl;lj; jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis
jpUg;gp mDg;g ,ayhJ fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. epjp mjpfhuq;fs;:(Financial powers)
 FbauR jiythpd; mDkjpapd;wp epjp (k) gz kNrhjhf;fis
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
 Art 267-d; gb ,e;jpa murpd; vjpHghuh nryT epjpia (Contingency fund of
india)epHthfpf;fpwhH.
 ,aw;if NghplHfs;. (k) mtru fhyq;fSf;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Kd;gzk;
toq;FthH.
 kj;jpa khepy muRf;F ,ilNa epjpia gfph;e;J mspf;f 5 Mz;bw;F xU
Kiw epjp FOit mikg;ghH.
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gl;n[l; jhf;fy; nra;tjw;F Kd; xg;Gjy; mspg;ghH.
 FbauR jiythpd; ghpe;Jiu ngw;w gpd;dNu khdpa Nfhhpf;iff;s
kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;.
4. ePjp mjpfhuq;fs;: (Judeciul powers)
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; (k) caHePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfisepakpf;fpwhH.
 Art 143 –d; gb cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jplk; MNyhrid ngWthH.
 Art 72-d; gb Fw;wthspfSf;F jz;lid epWj;jp itf;f (m)Fiwf;f (m)
kd;dpf;f (uj;J nra;a) mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH.(Art 72-d; gb kuz
jz;lidiaAk; uj;J nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; FbauR jiytH ngw;Ws;shh;) Mdhy;
Art 161-d; gb MSeUf;F kuz jz;lidia uj;J nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
,y;iy.
5. neUf;fb epiy (m) mtru epiy mjpfhuq;fs:-( Emergency powers)
 FbauR jiytH 3 tifahd neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fis ngw;Ws;shH.

i. Njrpa neUf;fb (Natuibal Emergency)

Art 352
 NghH (m) may; ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G (m) cs;ehl;L fytuk; Mfpa
fhuzq;fSf;fhf ehL KOtJNkh (m) ehl;bd; VjhtJ xU gFjpf;Nfh Njrpa
neUf;fb mwptpg;ghH.
 1978 44-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; mtru epiy gpufldq;fis jtwhf
gad;glj;JtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;ig toq;fpaJ.
 NkYk; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhrid gbNa mtru epiy gpufldq;fis
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mwpTWj;jpaJ.
 Njrpa neUf;fb mwptpf;fg;gl;l 1 khjj;jpw;Fs; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspYk; 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghz;ik MjuTld; Xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 1976 42-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb xg;Gjy; ngWtjw;fhd fhy msT 2
khjkhf ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ> 1978 44-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb xg;Gjy; fhy
msT kPz;Lk; 1 khjkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
  Njrpa neUf;fbNa ghuhSkd;w xg;GjYld; xU Kiwapy; 6 khjj;jpw;F
kl;LNk mwptpf;f KbAk;> xt;nthU 6 khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw ghuhSkd;w
xg;GjYld; vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fk; Njrpa neUf;fbNa ePl;bf;fyhk;.
Njrpa neUf;fbapd; tpisTfs;:- Art -353
1.mbg;gil chpikfSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;
Art 358-d; gb Art 19 jhNd nraypoe;JtpLk;
Art 359-d; gb Art 20 (k) 21-I uj;J nra;a ,ayhJ. (MAj fpsHr;rpf;fhf 1978
44-r.jp Art 19I epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ).
2. rl;lkd;wk; (k) ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; Mal;fhyj;jpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
Njrpa neUf;fb mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kf;fsit kw;Wk; rl;lg;Nguitapd;
MAl;fsj;ij Mz;L tiu ePl;bf;fyhk;.
3. kj;jpa> khepy cwTfspd; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
Njrpa neUf;fb mwptpf;fg;gl;lTld; kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk;.
G.P
 Njrpa neUf;fbia vjph;j;J cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhluyhk;.
 [k;K fh\;kPhpy; mk;khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;w gpd;dNu Njrpa neUf;fb
mwptpf;f KbAk;.
 1978-y; Njrpa neUf;fb gw;wp Muha [djh murhq;fk; \ fkp\id mikj;jJ.
 Njrpa neUf;fb ,J tiu 3 Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. 1962- 68 - ,e;jpa – rPdg; NghH.

2. 1971-77 - ,e;jpah – ghfp];jhd; NghH (,e;jpuhfhe;jp fhyj;jpy;

mwptpff;g;gl;L [djh muR fhyj;jpy; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.)
3. 1975-77 – cs;ehl;L fytuk;.

khepy neUf;fb :Art 356 and 365

 Art 355-d; gb khepyj;jpy; Kiwahf Ml;rp eilngWtij cWjp nra;tJ
kj;jpa murpd; flik.
 khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;F rPHFiye;J murpayikg;G ,aq;Fk;epiy nrayw;W
NghFk; NghJ MSehpd; ghpe;Jiugb (m) khepy epHthfj;jpy; kj;jpa muRf;F
(F.j)jpUg;jp ,y;yhj NghJ F.j. Art 356 –d; gb khepy neUf;fbia
mwptpg;ghH.
 kj;jpa muR ,Lk; fl;lisfis khepy muR Vw;f kWj;jhy;> Art 365-d; gb
FbauR jiytH khepy neUf;fbia mwptpg;ghH.
 khepy neUf;fb (m) FbauR jiytH Ml;rp mky;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; FbauR
jiytH Ml;rp rl;lkd;wj;ij Klf;fp itf;fyhk;; (Suspension) (m)
fiyf;fyhk; (Disrolve)
  khepy neUf;fbmwptpf;fg;gl;l 2 khjj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
 xNu Kiwapy; khepy neUf;fbia 6 khjj;jpw;F kl;LNk mwptpf;f KbAk;>
xt;nthU 6 khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy;- cld; mjpf
gl;rk; 3 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fyhk; Mdhy; gQ;rhgpy; 5 Mz;Lfs; (1987 – 92)
FbauR jiytH Ml;rp nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 khepy neUf;fbia vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhluyhk;/
 ,J tiu 110 Kiwf;F Nky; khepy neUf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk; gQrhg; (1951)
 mjpf Kiw gad;gLj;jgl;l khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;> Nfush (jyh 9 Kiw)
 ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ gQrhg; (1987+1992)
 filrpahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk; -
 TN-y; ,J tiu 4 Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sJ.
1. 1976 – 77 jp.K.f murhq;fk; (M- fUzhepjp)
2. 1980 m.,.m.jp.K.f (M- MGR)
3. 1988 – 89 m.,.m.jp.K.f( N- [dhfpuhkre;jpud;)
4. 1991 – jp.K.f murhq;fk; (M- fUzepjp)

epjp neUf;fb: Art 360

ehL KOtJNkh (m) ehl;bd; VjhtJ xU gFjpapNyh epjp epiy rPHFiyAk;
NghJ Art 360 – d; gb FbauR jiytH epjp neUf;fbia mwptpg;ghH.
epjp neUf;fb mwptpf;fg;gl;l 2 khjj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ngw
Ntz;Lk;.

epjp neUf;fbapd; tpisTfs;:-

 kj;jpa (k) khepy muR CopaHfspd; rk;gsk; (k)gbfis Fiwf;fyhk; (m)

epWj;jp itf;fyhk;.
 cr;rePjpkd;w (k) caHePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsk; (k) gbfis
Fiwf;fyhk;(m) epWj;jp itf;fyhk;.
 ghuhSkd;wk; (k) khepy rl;l kd;wq;fspy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l epjp (k) gz
kNrhjhf;fis epWj;jp itf;fyhk;.
 FbauR jiythpd; rk;gsk;> gbfis Fiwf;fNth epWj;jp itf;fNth KbahJ.
 [k;K fh\;kPhpy; kl;Lk; epjp neUf;fbia mwptpf;f ,ayhJ.
 epjp neUf;fb ,Jtiu gad;gLj;jgltpy;iy.

Jiz FbauR jiytH Art 63 – 73

Art 63:-

 FbauR jiytUf;F mLj;j epiyapy; Jiz FbauR jiytH xUtH

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 Art 64:-
 Jiz FbauR jiytH jdJ gjtp topNa (Ex- officio)chairmen
khepyq;fsit jiytuhf nray;gLthH vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 Jiz FbauR jiytH FbauR jiytH nghWg;ig tfpf;Fk; NghJ
khepyq;fsit jiytuhf nray;gl KbahJ.
Art 65:
 J.F. jiythpd; gzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 murpayikg;G mjpfhu thpirapy; 2-k; ,lj;jpy; cs;shH.
 FbauR jiytH cly;eyf;FiwT> may; ehl;L gazk; Mfpa
fhuzq;fshy; mtuJ gzpia Mw;w ,ayhj NghJ J.F. jiytH FbauR
jiythpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;thH.
 FbauR jiythpd; ,wg;G (m) gjtp tpyfy; (m)gjtp ePf;fk; Mfpa
fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLk; fhypaplj;jpy; mjpf gl;rk; 6 khjk; tiu FbauR
jiytH nghWg;ig tfpg;ghH. (FbauR jiytH nghWg;ig tfpf;Fk; NghJ
F.jiytUf;fhd midj;J mjpfhuq;isAk;> rk;gsk; (k) gbfisAk;
ngWthH.)
 khepyq;fsit thf;nfLg;gpy; rk epiy Vw;gLk; NghJ J.F. jiytH (uh[;a
rig jiytH) KbT nra; thf;if (Casting Uote) mspf;f ,ayhJ. ($l;L
$l;lj;jpw;F ,tH jiyik Vw;f KbahJ. khepyq;fsit J.jiytH
jiyik Vw;fyhk;).
Art 66:-
 Jiz FbauR jiytH NjHjy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 NjHjiy elj;JtJ ,e;jpaNjHjy; Mizak;.
 NjHjy; njhlHghd tof;Ffis tprhhpg;gJ cr;rePjp kd;wk;
jFjpfs;:-
 ,e;jpa Fbkfd;
 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 35
 uh[; rgh cWg;gpdHfSf;fhd jFjpfisAk; (taij jtpu) (k) FbauR
jiytUf;fhd jFjpfisAk; ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauR jiythplk;toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ehlhSkd;w ,U mit cWg;gpdHfs; (uh[;argh> Nyhf; rgh) mlq;fpa
thf;fhsH Fohk; (Electrolcollege) %yk; xw;iw khw;W thf;F Kiwapy;
kiwKfkhf J.F.j NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH. (ehlhSkd;w epakd
cWg;gpdHfSk; thf;fspf;f jFjp cilatHfs;).
Art 67:-
 J.F. jiythpd; gjtp fhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 Gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;
 kPz;Lk; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdYk; Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L
NjHe;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
Art 68:-
 J.F.jiytH (nghWg;G xg;gilf;Fk; tiu) jdJ gjtp fhyk; Kbe;Jk;
Gjpa J.F.jiytH NjHe;njLf;Fk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 69:
 J.F.jiythpd; gjtp gpukhzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gtH FbauR jiytH (m) mtuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l egH.
Art 70:-
 J.F.jiytH FbauR jiythpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Jiz FbauR jiythpd; gjtp ePf;fk;:-

 J.F.jiyth;kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L jPHkhdk; Kjypy; uh[;a rigapy; kl;LNk
nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;wr;rhl;L jPHkhdk; uh[;a rigapy; epiwNtw;wgl;L 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; Nyhf;
rghtpw;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;wr;rhl;L jPHkhdk; efiy 14 ehl;fSf;F> Kd; J.F.jiytUf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPHkhdk; %yk;
gjtp ePf;f jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;agLthH.
Art 71:-
 FbauR jiytH (k) J.F.jiytH NjHjy; njhlHghd gpur;ridfs; (k)
rpf;fy;fis (cr;rePjpkd;wk;) jPHj;J itg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 72:-
 FbauR jiythpd; nghJ kd;dpg;G mjpfhuk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 73:-
 kj;jpa nray; mjpfhuq;fs; (m) epHthf mjpfhuq;fis (Extension of
Executive powers) tphpthf;fk; (k) ePl;bg;G nra;tj gw;wp Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sJ.

kj;jpa mikr;ruit (m) mikr;rHfs; FO Council of ministers

Art 74-75
 Art 74:-
 FbauR jiytUf;F cjt (k) MNyhrid toq;f gpujkiu jiytuhf
nfhz;l mikr;ruit (m) mikr;rHfs; FO ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 1976 42 – tJ rl;ljpUj;jk; FbauR jiytH mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridf;F fl;Lgl;ltH vd Fwpg;gpLf;wJ.
 1978 44 –tJ rl;ljpUj;jpd; gb FbauR jiytH mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridia kW ghPrpyidf;F gpd; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhrid gbNa
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 mikr;rHfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNaAk; (ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH
my;yhjtiu) epakpf;fglyhk;. Mdhy; mikr;rH gjtp Vw;w 6 khjj;jpw;Fs;
ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspy; VjhtJ xU mitapy; cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lk;.
 2003 91-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb gpujkH cl;gl kj;jpa mikr;rHfs;
vz;zpf;if kf;fsit cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;fiapy; 15%-f;F Nky; ,Uf;f
$lhJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 (eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; 1.1.2004)
 kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; 3 jFjpfspy; epakpf;fgLfpd;wdH.
1. Nfgpdl; mikr;rHfs; (m) %j;j mikr;rHfs;
2. uh[hq;f mikr;rHfs; (m) jdp nghWg;G mikr;rHfs;
3. ,iz (m) Jiz mikr;rh;fs;
1. Nfgpdl; mikr;rHfs; (m) %j;j mikr;rHfs;:-
 JiwfSf;F jiyik nghWg;G tfpf;fpd;wdH.
 murpd; (m) murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> KbTfisAk; tFf;fpd;wdH.
 Nfgpdl; (m) mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s jFjpAilatHfs;.
2. uh[hq;f (m) jdp nghWg;G mikr;rHfs;:-
 gy;NtW ,yhf;fhfSf;F (rpwpa Jiwfs;) jdp nghWg;G tfpg;ghHfs;
 rpwg;G miog;ghsuhf miof;fg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk Nfgpdl; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
3.,iz (m) Jiz mikr;rHfs;:-
 Nfgpdl; (k) uh[hq;f mikr;rh;fSf;F cjtpahf gzpahw;WtH.
 Nfgpdl; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s jFjp mw;wtHfs;.
Nfgpdl; (m) mikr;ruit:-
 Nfgpdl; (m) %j;j mikr;rHfis nfhz;l xU jdpg;gl;l mikg;G.
 ,J kj;jpa epHthfj;jpd; ikakhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 murpd; Kf;fpa KbTfis tFf;fpwJ.
 ehlhSkd;w $l;lj; njhlH eil ngWk; Njjp (k) xj;jp itf;fg;gLk;
Njjpfis jPHkhdpf;fpwJ.
 Mtru rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;f FbauR jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis nfhz;L tu Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ.
 midj;J mikr;rHfspd; fUj;JfisAk; xUq;fpize;J Njrpa nfhs;iffis
tFf;fpwJ.
 Nfgpdl;bd; MNyhrid gbNa epjp mikr;rH gl;n[l; jahH nra;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;fpwhH.
 epjp (k) gz kNrhjhtpd; gpwg;gplkhf jpfo;fpwJ.
 rh;tNjr cld;gbf;iffis mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ.
 neUf;fb epiyia nray;gLj;j FbauR jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
 murpd; ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
 ntspehLfSf;fhd ,e;jpa Jhjh;fis epakpg;gjpy; FbauR jiytUf;F
MNyhrid toq;FfpwJ.
 Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
 Nfgpdl; $l;lk; $lhj NghJ gpujku; 2 (m) 3 Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSld;
fye;J MNyhrpj;J KbT vLg;ghh;.
 ehl;by; kpf mjpfhuk; tha;e;j mikg;G Nfgpdl;. (Nfgpdl;il tpl mjpfhuk;
cs;s mikg;G fpr;rd; Nfgpdl;mikr;ru;fs; FO.
 „Nfgpdl;’ thrfk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy (mikr;rh;fspd; 3
jFjpfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy)

Art 75:

 kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; (k) gpujkh; njhlh;ghd $Wfis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Art 75-d; gb kf;fsit ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp jiytiugpujkuhf FbauR
jiytH epakpg;ghH.
 kf;fsitapy; ve;j fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhj NghJ (njhq;F
ghuhSkd;wk;) mjpf cWg;gpdHfis nfhz;l fl;rpapd; jiytiu Ml;rp
mikf;f FbauR jiytH NfhUthH. Mdhy; FbauR jiytH epHzapf;Fk;
fhyj;jpw;Fs; kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ikia epUgpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gpujkhpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb kj;jpa mikr;rHfis FbauR jiytH epakpg;ghH.
 kj;jpa mikr;rHfspd; mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gfs; rk;gsk; (k) gbfs; gjtp
gpukhzk; Mfpait gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gpujkH (k) mikr;rHfSf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gtH FbauR
jiytH.
 Art 75-d; gb kj;jpa mikr;rHfs; xl;L nkhj;jkhfTk; (m) $l;lkhfTk;
(Collective pesponsibitlity) kf;fsitf;F nghWg;GilatHfs;> jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; (Individual Responsibility) FbauR jiytUf;F nghWg;GilatHfs;.

ml;lhHdp n[duy; (Attorney General)

 (,e;jpa muR jiyik tof;fwpQh;)
Art 76:-

 ,tiu epakpg;gtH (k) gjtp ePf;fk; nra;gtH FbauR jiytH.

 mtH cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpf;fhd jFjpfis ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gjtp fhyk; (k) rk;gsk; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
 rk;gsj;ij jPHkhdpg;gtH FbauR jiytH (k) gjtpfhyk;.
 ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp FbauR jiytuhy; gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;ag;glyhk;.
 ,th; ghuhSkd;w ,U mit $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhz;L Ngryhk;
fUj;J njhptpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ thf;fspf;f ,ayhJ.
 ehl;by; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; murpd; rhh;gpy; thjhLthh;.
 FbauR jiytUf;f rl;lk; njhlh;ghd MNyhridfis toq;Fthh;.
 ,th; ehl;bd; kpf cah;e;j rl;l mYtyuhf fUjg;gLfpwhh;.
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;fhd rpwg;G chpikfisAk; ghJfhg;igAk;
ngWthh;.
 ,th; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kw;w epWtdq;fspy; (m) mikg;Gfspy;
nghWg;g tfpf;f KbahJ.

Art 77:

 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mYty;fs; (m) gzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

gpujkhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;gfs;> flikfs;:-

Art 78:

 Nfgpdl;bd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;

 jpl;l FO> Njrpa tsh;r;rp FO (NDC), Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L FO>
khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO Mfpatw;wpd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
 mikr;rh;fSf;F Jiw xJf;fL P nra;fpwhh;.
 flik jtUk; NghJ ve;j xU mikr;riuAk; gjtp tpyf NfhUthh;.
 gy;NtW Jiwfspd; gzpfis Nkw;ghh;it ,Lthh;.
 jhd; jiyik tfpf;Fk; Nfgpdl;bd; $l;lj; Njjp> fUJ nghUis (Ajenda)
jPh;khdpg;ghh;.
 FbauR jiytUf;Fk;> mikr;rh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghykhf nray;gLthh;.
 Mikr;ruitapd; KbTfis FbauR jiytUf;F njhptpg;ghh;.
 Nfgpdl; $l;lk; $l;lhj NghJ 2 (m) 3 Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSld; fye;J
MNyhrpj;J KbT vLg;ghh;.
 ehl;bd; cz;ikahd eph;thf mjpfhuk; ngw;W cs;shh;.
 murpay; jiyth; (leader of the Govt) (m) murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf (Head of
the Govt) nray;gLfpwhh;.
 kf;fsitia fiyf;f FbauR jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;thh;.
  mtru epiy gpufldj;ij nray;gLj;j FbauR jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiug;ghh;.

Chapter – II
ghuhSkd;wk; Art 79-122
Art 79:

ehlhSkd;wk; vd;gJ FbauR jiyth; kf;fsit> khepyq;fsitia

cs;slf;fpaJ.

khepyq;fsit: (uh[;a rgh) (m) kj;jpa Nkyit

 1952 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1954 y; khepyq;fsitapd; ngah; uh[;a rgh vd;Wk;> kf;fsitapd; ngah;
Nyhf; rgh vd;Wk; `pe;jp ngah;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
Art 80:
 uh[;a rghtpd; mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if 250
 khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;f top nra;Ak;
mjpf cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 238
 FbauR jiytuhy; fiy> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay; r%f Nrit Mfpa
Jiwfis rhh;e;j epakd cWg;gpdh;fs; 12
 uh[;a rigapd; jw;Nghija cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 245
 khepyk; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; 233

khepyk; - 229
A+dpad; - 4
gpuNjrk;
Total - 233
 FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; 12
 Art 80 (3) fiy> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay; r%f Nrit Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;J
tpsq;Fk; 12 egh;fis FbauR jiyth; epakpg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 1956 7 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;> uh[;a rghtpw;F
cWg;gpdh;fis Njh;e;njLf;f top nra;jJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J uh[;a rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 18
 mjpf cWg;gpdh;fis uh[;a rghtpw;F ngw;Ws;s khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;
(31)
 khepyq;fs; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;l Nguit
(MLA) cWg;gpdh;fspy; xw;iw khw;W thf;F Kiwapy; uh[;a rgh
cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fpd;wdh;.

Art 83:

 khepyq;fsit (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpfhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

  khepyq;fsit epue;jukhdJ>fiyf;f ,ayhJ
 cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpfhyk;; 6 Mz;Lfs;> 2 Mz;bw;F xU Kiw 1/3 gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp tpyFth;.

cWg;gpdh; jFjpfs;: Art 84

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 30
 ehlhSkd;w njhFjpapy; thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;w tof;fpy; 2 Mz;bw;F Nky; jz;lid ngw;wpUf;f $lhJ.
 kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.
Art 89
 khepyq;fsit jiyth;> Jiz jiyth; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 89 (2)
 Jiz jiyth; Njh;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
Art 90:
 Jiz jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 khepyq;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
 gjtp ePf;fk; njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;L mwptpg;G 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; mtUf;F
toq;f Ntz;Lk;
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij khepyq;fsit jiythplk; (Jiz FbauR jiythplk;)
mspg;ghh;
uh[;a rghtpd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;:
 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; Art 312 d; gb Gjpa mfpy ,e;jpa
gzpfis cUthf;fyhk;.
 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; khepy gl;baypy; cs;s Jiw>
Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd fUjp jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpdhy; mj;Jiw kPJ
ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;.
 Jiz FbauR jiyth; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L jPh;khdk; Kjypy; khepyq;fsitapy;
kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.

kf;fsit: (Nyhf;rgh)
kj;jpa fPoit
 kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l mit
 kj;jpapy; mjpfhuk; ngw;w mit

Art 81:

 kf;fsit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kf;fsitapd; mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 552
 khepyk; (k) a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; mjpfgl;r
cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 550
 FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fs; 2
 kf;fsitapd; jw;Nghija nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 545
 khepyk; (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;
vz;zpf;if (530+13)
 FbauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fs; 2 (545)(SC-
84,ST-47)
 kf;fsitapy; mjpf cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk; (80)
 kf;fsitapy; SC ,l xJf;fL P mjpf ngw;Ws;s khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk; (17)
 kf;fsitapy; ST ,l xJf;fL P mjpfk; ngw;Ws;s khepyk; kj;jpa gpuNjrk; (6)
 TN y; kf;fsit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if- 39
(TN-y; 39 G-32,SC-7,ST-NIC)

Art 83:

 kf;fsit (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtp fhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.(5Years)

 kf;fsit (k) cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpfhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng Art 85 d; gb FbauR
jiytuhy; kf;fsit fiyf;fg;glyhk;.
 neUf;fb epiyapd NghJ kf;fsitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 1 Mz;L ePl;bf;fsyhk;.
 1976 42 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb kf;fsit gjtpfhyk; 6 Mz;lhf
cah;j;jg;glhJ> 1978 44 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jpy; kPz;Lk; 5 Mz;Lfshf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ePz;l fhyk; nray;gl;l kf;fsit 5 tJ kf;fsit (1971 – 77) 7 Mz;Lfs;
 kf;fsit njhFjpfs; 4 Kiw rPuikf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ
 1952> 1962> 1972> 2002
 filrpahf 2001 kf;fs; njhifia gpd;gw;wp rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
kf;fsit (k) rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 1971 tJ kf;fs; njhif
mbg;gilapy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Art 84:

 cWg;gpdh; jFjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 25
 ehl;bd; VjhtJ xU gFjpapd; thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;w tof;fpy; 2 Mz;bw;F Nky; jz;lid ngw;W ,Uf;f $lhJ.

Art 93 :

 kf;fsit rghehah;> Jiz rghehah; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 1919 khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rl;lg;gb 1921 y; rghehafh;> Jiz rghehafh;
gjtpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 mitia jpwk;gl elj;Jk; nghWg;ig ngw;wth; rghehafh;.
 xU kNrhjhit rhjhuz kNrhjhth (m) gz kNrhjhth vd jPh;khzpg;gth;
rgh ehafh;
  rghehafh; kf;fsit thf;nfLg;gpy; rkd;epiy Vw;gLk; nghOJ kl;Lk;
thf;fspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. KbT nra; thf;F
 kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gLk; NghJ rghehafh; gjtp fhyp MfhJ. Gjpa
kf;fsitapd; Kjy; $l;lk; $Lk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;.
 ghuhSkd;w $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;gth; rghehafh; ($l;L $l;lj;ij
$l;Lgth; FbauRj;jiyth;)

Art 94:

 rghehafh;> Jiz rghehafh; gjtp ePf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLth;.
 gjtp ePf;fk; jPh;khd mwptpg;G 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; me;egUf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fsitapd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;:

 murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ (m) mikr;ruitapd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk;

kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk nfhz;L tuKbAk;.
 gz (k) epjp kNrhjh> khdpa Nfhhpf;if Kjypy; kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk
mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;
 khdpa Nfhhpf;if kPJ thf;nfLg;G kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk elj;j KbAk;.
 3 gl;bay; kPJk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.
 uh[;a rghtpd; mjpfhuj;ij kPwp nray;glyhk;.
 ,it jtpu kw;w midj;jpYk; (uh[;argh> Nyhf; rgh> rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;
jtpu) ,U mitfSk; rkkhd mjpfhuk; ngw;w ,Uf;Fk;.
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;:
 Art 122 d; gb ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; nray;ghl;by; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapl ,ayhJ.
 FbauR jiyth;> JizFbauR jiyth; Njh;jy;fspy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
 ehlhSkd;w $l;lj; njhlh; njhlq;Ftjw;F 40 ehl;fSf;F Kd;dUk;> gpd;dh;
40 ehl;fs; tiuAk; cWg;gpdh;fis Fw;wtof;F jtpu kw;w tof;Ffspy;
ifjp nra;a ,ayhJ.
 ehl;bd; epjp epiyikf;F KO nghWg;G tha;e;j mikg;G ehlhSkd;wk;
 rPHpa Kiwapy; Ml;rp elj;j rl;lk; ,aw;WfpwJ.
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 JiwfSf;F epjpia gfph;e;J mspf;fpwJ.
 gl;n[l; gw;wp tpthjpj;J xg;gjy; mspf;fpwJ.
 neUf;fb epiy gpufldq;fs;> mtru rl;lq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ.
 mikr;ruit nray;ghl;il fz;fhzpf;fpwJ.
 FbauR jiyth;> Jiz FbauR jiyth;> cr;rePjp kd;w> cah; ePjp kd;w
ePjpgjpfs;>CAG, UPSA, SPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;> Njh;jy;
Mizah;fs;(k) murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb cah; mYtyh;fs; kPJ gjtp ePf;f
jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;WfpwJ.

Art 85:
 ehlhSkd;w $l;l njhlh; $l;Ljy;> xj;jp itj;jy;> KbTf;F nfhz;L
tUjy; (k) kf;fsitia fiyj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 ehlhSkd;w Fiwe;j gl;rk; Mz;bw;F 2 KiwahtJ $l;LtJ FbauR
jiythpd; flik
 xU $l;l njhlUf;Fk;> kw;nwhU $l;l njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa 6 khjj;jpw;F
Nky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;f $lhJ.
 eilKiwapy; ehlhSkd;wk; 3 Kiw $l;lg;gLfpwJ
o gl;n[l; $l;l njhlh;- Feb to May
o gUt fhy (m) kiofhy $l;l njhlh;- July to Sep
o Fsph; fhy $l;l njhlh;- Nov to Dec
 $l;lj;njhliu 3 topfspy; KbTf;F nfhz;L tuyhk;.
o Mitia xj;jp itj;jy; - rghehafh;
o kf;fsitia fiyj;jy; - FbauR jiyth;
o $l;lnjhliu KbTf;F nfhz;L tUjy; - FbauR jiyth;
 Art 86:
 ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; FbauR jiyth; ciu epfo;j;JtJ gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 87:

 nghJj; NjHjy; Kbe;j Kjy; $l;lk; kw;Wk; Mz;bd; Kjy; $l;lj;jpy;

FbauRj; jiytH ciu epfo;j;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 99:

 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp gpukhzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;f gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth; FbauR
jiyth; (m) mtuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l egh;.
 eilKiwapy; kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F – rghehafh;
 eilKiwapy; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F – khepyq;fsit jiyth;

Art 100:

 ,U mitfspy; cWg;gpdh; Mtij jil nra;fpwJ.

 Fiwntz; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.(mitia elj;j Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r
cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if)
 Fiwe;jgl;rk; 1/10 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 kf;fsitf;F Nfhuk; - 1/10 gq;F (m) 55
 khepyq;fSf;f Nfhuk; - 1/10 gq;F (m) 25

Art 101:

 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; fhyp gzpaplk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 cWg;gpdh; ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;gk; ,d;wp njhlh;e;J 60 ehl;fSf;f Nky;
rigf;F tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; mt;TWg;gpdh; gjtp fhypahdjhf fUjg;gLk;.

Art 102:

 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,og;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Njh;jy; Mizaj;ij fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd; cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,og;ig
jPh;khdpg;gth; FbauR jiyth;
 fl;rp jhty; jil rl;lj;jpd; gb cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,og;ig jPh;khdpg;gth; rgh
ehafh;

Art 107:

 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kNrhjh 2 thrpg;GfSld; 5 epiyfis fle;J FbauR jiythpd; xg;GjYld;
rl;lk; MFk;.
o Kjy; thrpg;G (Nehf;fk; (k) ed;ikfs;)
o 2 k; thrpg;g (kNrhjh kPJ tpthjk;> jpUj;jk;)
o 3 k; thrpg;G (thf;nfLg;G)
o 4 k; thrpg;g kw;nwhU mitapy; 3 thrpg;gk; epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
o 5 thrpg;g FbauR jiyth; xg;Gjy;

Art 108 :$l;L $l;lk;

o XU kNrhjh xU mitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L kw;nwhU mitapy;

epuhfhpj;jy;> jpUj;jk; Nkw; nfhs;tjpy; ,U mitfspYk; xd;Wglhj
#o;epiy> kNrhjh xU mitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L kw;nwhU rigapy;
6 khjj;jpw;F Nky; epYitapy; ,Ue;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fSf;fhf
$l;L $l;lk; $l;lg;gLk;.
o $l;L $l;lj;ij $l;Lgth; FbauR jiyth;
o $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;gth; kf;fsit rghehafh;
o rghehafh; ,y;yhj NghJ Jiz rghehafh; jiyik Vw;ghh;.
o rghehafh; (k) Jiz rghehafh; ,UtUk; ,y;yhj NghJ
khepyq;fsit Jiz jiyth; jiyik Vw;ghh;.
o gz kNrhjhtpw;F $l;L $l;lk; $l;l KbahJ.
o $l;L $l;lj;jpy; kNrhjh kPJ ve;j ghpe;JiuAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
,ayhJ.
o ,Jtiu 3 $l;L $l;lq;fs; eilngw cs;sJ.
o tujl;riz jLg;G rl;l kNrhjhit epiwNtw;w 1961 May 6 to 9
o tq;fp gzpahsh; Njh;thizaj;ij ePf;f 1978 May 16
o nghlh rl;l kNrhjhit 2002 May 26

Art 109:

o gz kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 o Kjypy; kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
gz kNrhjh –Art 110
o tuT nryT njhlh;GilaJ
o epjp kNrhjhtpd; xU gFjpNa gz kNrhjh
o thp tpjpj;jhy;> eilKiwapy; cs;s thpik ePf;Fjy;> fld;
thq;Fjy;> epjp xJf;fPL ngWjy;> rpy;yiw nrytpdk;> kj;jpa khepy
muR fzf;f jzpf;if> ,e;jpa nghJ fzf;f Mfpait njhlh;ghd
kNrhjhf;fs; gz kNrhjhf;fs; MFk;.
o gz kNrhjhit jPh;khdpg;gth; rghehafh;
o gz kNrhjhtpd; gpwg;gplk; Nfgpdl;.
o kf;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gz kNrhjhit khepyq;fsit 14
ehl;fSf;fs; xg;gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; (m) jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
,y;iynadpy; kNrhjh epiwNtwpajhf fUjg;gLk;.

Art 111:

o FbauR jiyth; kNrhjhTf;F xg;gjy; mspj;jy;> epWj;jp itj;jy;>

jpUg;gp mDg;Gjy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
o rhjhuz kNrhjhit xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;. (m) epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
(m) jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. xU Kiw kl;LNk jpUg;gp mDg;g KbAk;
kWKiw fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;)
o gz kNrhjh (m) murpayikg;G rl;l jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis jpUg;gp
mDg;g ,ayhJ fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Art 112:

o kj;jpa tuT nryT jpl;lk; (gl;n[l;) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 117:

epjp kNrhjh gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

o Midj;J tutpdq;fisAk;> nrytpdq;fisAk;cs;slf;fpa kNrhjh
epjp kNrhjh

Art 120:

o ghuhSkd;w mYty; (m) Ml;rp nkhop gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

o mYty; nkhop `pe;jp> Mq;fpyk;
o ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mth;fspd; jha;nkhopapy; NgrTk;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.‟

Art 121:

o ghuhSkd;w tpthj Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Nfs;tp Neuk;:
 o rig njhlq;fp Kjy; xU kzp Neuk; Nfs;tp Neuk; (11 am to 12.00
am)
o Nfs;tp Neuj;jpy; 3 tifahf Nfs;tpfs; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.
 el;rj;jpu Fwpapl;l Nfs;tpfs;:
o cWg;gpdh; Nfl;f tpUk;Gk; Nfs;tpfspy; el;rj;jpuk; Fwpaplg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,f;Nfs;tpf;F mikr;rh;fs; tha;nkhopahf gjpy; mspg;gh;.
 ,f;Nfs;tp kPJ cWg;gpdh;fs; Jiz Nfs;tp vOg;gyhk;.

el;rj;jpu Fwpaplg;glhj Nfs;tpfs;.

 ,f; Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rh;fs; vOj;J %yk; gjpy; mspg;gh;.

 ,f;Nfs;tp kPJ Jiz Nfs;tp vOg;g ,ayhJ.

Fwpj;j fhy mtfhr Nfs;tpfs;:

 cWg;gpdh; Nfl;f tpUk;Gk; Nfs;tpfis 10 ehl;fSf;F Kd; rghehafhplk; mspf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
 ,f;Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rh;fs; tha; nkhopahf gjpy; mspg;gh;.

G+[;[pa Neuk;:

 Nfs;tp Neuj;jpw;F mLj;J tUk; 1 kzp Neuk; (12.00a.m to 1.am)

 1962 –y; g+[;[pa Neuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 G+[;[pa Neuj;jpy; Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gpur;ridfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 cWg;gpdh;fs; ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp Nfs;tp vOg;gyhk;;.

jPh;khdq;fs;:

 jPh;khdq;fs; mikr;rh;fs; (m) cWg;gpdh;fshy; mitapd; xg;GjYld;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

I.tpthj epWj;j jPh;khdk; Closure Motion

 xU kNrhjh kPJ Njitahd msT tpthjk; elj;jp jpUg;jp Vw;gl;lTld;

thf;nfLg;gpw;F tpLk; KiwahFk;.
 ,J 4 tifg;gLk;.

rhjhuz tpthj epWj;j jPh;khdk;

 xU kNrhjh kPJ NghJkhd msT tpthjk; eilngw;wTld; thf;nfLg;gpw;F tpLk;

KiwahFk;.

II.gFjp tpthj epWj;j jPh;khdk;

 kNrhjhit gFjpfshf gphpj;J tpthjk; elj;jp thf;nfLg;gpw;F tpLtjhFk;.

III.fq;fhU tpthj epWj;j jPh;khdk;:

 kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpakhd gphpTfis kl;Lk; tpthjpf;fTk;> thf;nfLg;gpw;Fk; vLj;J

nfhz;L Neubahf mLj;j gphptpw;F nry;tJ MFk;.

IV. fpy;yl;bd;

 tpthjk; eilngw;w kNrhjhTld; tpthjk; eilngwhj kNrhjhitAk; Nrh;j;J

thf;nfLg;gpw;F tpLtjhFk;.
 ,k;Kiw gl;n[l;; tpthjj;jpy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

II.chpik kPwy; jPh;khdk;

 mikr;rh;fs; ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Ghpikfis kPwpdhy; cWg;gpdh;fshy; mikr;rh;fis

fz;bj;J nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;.

III.ftd<h;g;G jPh;khdk;:

 1954 –y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 Kf;fpakhd gpur;ridfs; njhlh;ghf mikr;rh;fspd; ftdj;ij <h;f;f (m)
mth;fis gjpy; mspf;f Nfhhp cWg;gpdh;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;.

IV. Xj;jp itg;G jPh;khdk;:

 ,j; jPh;khdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;j 50 cWg;gpdh;fs;> MjuT Njit.

 Vw;fdNt eilngw;W tUk; ghuhSkd;w mYty;fis xj;jp itj;J Fwpg;gpl;l
gpur;rid gw;wp tpthjpf;f nfhz;L tug;gLtJ MFk;.

V. ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk;:

 ,j;jPh;khdj;ij kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.

 ,j;jPh;khdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;j 50 cWg;gpdh;fs; MjuT Njit.
 ,j;jPh;khdk; epiwNtw 50%w;F Nky; cWg;gpdh;fs; MjuT Njit.
 ,j;jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpdhy; mikr;ruit (m) murhq;fk; gjtp ,of;Fk;.

VI.fz;ld jPh;khdk;:

 cWg;gpdh;fshy; mikr;rh;fspd; nfhs;iffs; (m) nray;ghl;il fz;bj;J

nfhz;L tug;gLtJ MFk;.
 ,j;jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpdhy; murhq;fk; gjtp tpyf Njitapy;iy.

VII.ntl;L jPh;khdk;:

 kNrhjhtpy; khw;wk; nra;tjw;fhf nfhz;L tug;gLtJ MFk;.

 ,J 3 tifg;gLk;.
i. nfhs;if ntl;L jPh;khdk;:

 kNrhjhtpy; 1 &gha; kl;Lk; Fiwj;J nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPh;khdk;.

ii.milahs ntl;L jPh;khdk;:

 kNrhjhtpy; 100 & kl;Lk; Fiwj;J nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPh;khdk;.

iii.nghUshjhu ntl;L jPh;khdk;:

 kNrhjhtpy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia Fiwj;J nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;.

mit jiyth;: (Leader of the house)

 murhq;fj;jpd; rhh;gpy; xt;nthU mitf;Fk; xU jiyth; ,Ug;ghh;.

 gpujkh; ve;j mitapy; cWg;gpduhf cs;shNuh me;j mitapd; mit
jiyth; gpujkh;.
 kw;nwhU mitf;F gpujkh; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh; xUtiu mit jiytuhf
epakpg;ghh;.

vjph; fl;rp jiyth;:- Leader of Oposition Party

 kf;fsitapy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 1/10 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;w fl;rpia vjph;

fl;rp me;j];j;ij ngWk;.
 1969-y; vjph; fl;rp jiyth; gjtp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1977 –y; vjph; fl;rp jiytUf;F rl;l g+h;t mq;fpfhuk; (m) rl;l g+h;t me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 vjph; fl;rp jiyth; Nfgpdl; mikr;rUf;F ,izahd mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 “vjph; fl;rp jiyth; vd;gth; xU khw;W gpujkh;”

-rh; Ith; n[d;dpq;];

ghuhSkd;w FOf;fs;:- Parliamentary Committees

 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2 tifahf FOf;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

I. epiy FOf;fs; Stanclingt Committees
II.jw;fhypf FOf;fs; Ad-hoc Committes
 epiy FOf;fs; mitahy; mt;tNghJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;> epue;jukhdit.
 jw;fhypf FOf;fs; Njit Vw;gLk; nghOJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 FOf;fspd; jiytiu epakpg;gth; rghehafh;
 rghehafh; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; mf;FOtpd; jiyth; rghehafh;.
  Jiz rghehafh; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; mf;FOtpd; jiyth; Jiz
rghehafh;
 rghehafh;> Jiz rghehafh; ,UtUk; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; mf;FOtpd;
jiyth; rghehafH.
 nghJ fzf;F FO:- Public Accounts Committee
 ghuhSkd;w FOf;fspy; kpf goikahdJ
 1919 khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L rl;lg;gb 1921-y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; 2.2
 ,f;FOtpd; mikr;rh;fs; cWg;gpduhf KbahJ.
 1967 –tiu ,f;FOtpd; jiytiu rghehafh; epakpj;jhh;.
 1967-Kjy; kf;fsit vjph; fl;rp jiyth; jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhh;.
 ,f;FO murpd; tuT nryTfisAk;> (AG-apd; mwpf;iffisAk; ghprPypj;J
Muha;fpwJ.

2. kjpg;gPl;L FO:- Estimate Commettee.

 1950 –y; [hd; khj;jha; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb ,f;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 ,f;FO ghuhSkd;w FOf;fspy; kpf nghpaJ.
 FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if 30
 midtUk; Nyhf; rghit rhh;e;jth;fs;
 uh[;a rghtpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;s mikr;rh; ,f;FOtpy; ,lk; ngw KbahJ.
 ,f;FO gl;n[l; gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ.

nghJ Jiw epWtdq;fs; FO: Commitiee on Public Undertakings.

 1964 V.K. fpU\;z Nkdd; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 1974 –y; ,f;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 15-22 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FO nghJ Jiw epWtdq;fspd; epjp epiy mwpf;iffs; (k) mtw;wpd;
nray;ghLfs;> eltbf;iffs; gw;wp Muha;fpwJ.

4. JiwhPjpahd epiy FOf;fs;: Departmental Standarding Committee

 1993-y; tpjpfs; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb 17 Jiw hPjpahd epiy FOf;fs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 2004-y; ,f;FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 17-24 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 24 FOf;fspy; 16 FOf;fs; kf;fsitapYk;> 8 FOf;fs; khepyq;fsitapYk;
nray;gLfpwJ.
 xt;nthU FOtpYk; cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 31
 ,f; FOf;fs; Jiwfspd; gzpfs; nray;ghLfs; gw;wp Muha;fpwJ.

5. muR cWjpaspg;G ghprPyid FO: Committee on Govt Assurances

 1953 Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  ,U mitfspSk; jdp jdp FOf;fs; nray;gLfpwJ.
 Nyhf; rgh FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; 15
 uh[;a rgh FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; 10
 ghuhSkd;w mitfspy; mikr;rh;fs; mt;tNghJ cWjpaspf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; (k)
jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;JtJ gw;wp MuhAk;.

6. SC, ST-f;fs; ey FO: Committee on Welfare of Sc’s and ST’s

 FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; 30
 ,f;FO Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; Mizak; (k) Njrpa goq;Fbapdh; Mizak;
mspf;Fk; mwpf;iffis Muha;fpwJ.

7. mwk; rhh;e;j (m) jUkk; rhh;e;j FOf;fs;: Ethic’s Committee

 ,U mitfspYk; jdp jdp FO nray;gLfpwJ.

 1997-y; uh[;a rgh FOTk;> 2000 Nyhf; rgh FOTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if mt;tNghJ jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; elj;ij tpjpfs; gw;wp Muha;fpwJ (Code of
Conduct of MPS)

48. kfsph; eyf; FO (m) kfspUf;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jy; FO: Committee on

Empowerment of Women

 1997 –y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 30.
 Njrpa kfsph; Mizak; mspf;Fk; mwpf;iffis Muha;fpwJ.
 1990 – Njrpa kfsph; Miza rl;lk;
 1992 – Njrpa kfsph; Mizak;
 1993 –TN khepy kfsph; Mizak;
 2001 –kfsph;f;F mjpfhukspj;jy; Njrpa nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

9. kNrhjh epYit ghprPypg;G FO: Committee on Papers Lid on the Table.

 1975 –y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 ,U mitfSf;Fk; jdp jdp FO nray;gLfpwJ.
 Nyhf; rgh FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if 15
 uh[;a rgh FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if 10
 cWg;gpdh;fs; mitapy; NgRk; (m) fUj;J njhptpf;Fk; tpraq;fs; murpayikg;G
rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljh vd MuhAk;.

cr;rePjp kd;wk;:- Art 124-147

 ,e;jahtpd; kpf cah;e;j ePjp Jiw mikg;G

 1935 ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; gb $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ.
 Art 124:

 cr;rePjp kd;wk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 28.1.1950 –y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 8 ePjpgjpfs; (1jiyik+ 7ePjpgjpfs;) ,Ue;jdh;.

1950 –y; 1 + 10 = 11 MfTk;>

1960-y; 1 + 13 = 14 MfTk;>

1977 –y; 1 + 17 =18 MfTk;>

1986 –y; 1 + 25 = 26 MfTk;>

Feb 2009 –y; 1+30= 31 MfTk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

 jiyik ePjpgjpia epakpg;gth; F. jiyth;> kw;w ePjpgjpfis jiyik

ePjpgjpapd; MNyhrid –gb F. jiyth; eakpg;ghh;.
 jiyik ePjpgjp (k) kw;w ePjpgjpfSf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth;
F.jiyth;

ePjpgjpfSf;fhd jFjpfs;:

 xd;W (m) xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ePjpgjpahf njhlh;e;J 5

Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (m) cah;ePjp kd;w tof;fwpQuhf 10
Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 F. jiyth; fUj;Jg;gb rpwe;j rl;l ty;Yduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gjtpf;fhyk;:

 65 taJ tiu
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij F.jiythplk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Xa;Tf;F gpd; ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; thjhl $lhJ> murpd;
mDkjpapd;wp ve;j gjtpAk; tfpf;f $lhJ.

gjtp ePf;fk;:-

 jtwhd elj;ij (m) jFjpapd;ik fhuzq;fSf;fhf ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 gq;F

rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; F.jiytuhy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLth;.

Art 126:-

 jiyik ePjpgjp gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ cr;r ePjp kd;w %j;j ePjpgjp
xUtiu F.jiyth; jw;fhypf jiyik ePjpgjpahf epkpf;fyhk;.

Art 127:
  cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ jiyik ePjpgjp
F.jiythpd; xg;Gjy; cld; cah; ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfis jw;fhypf (m) jdp
ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;fyhk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 128:

 xa;T ngw;w cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfis F.jiyth; xg;Gjy; cld; jiyik

ePjpgjp 2 Mz;LfSf;F kpfhky; jw;fhypf ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fyhk; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 129:

 cr;rePjpkd;w Mtz ePjpkd;wkhf (Court of record) nray;gLtJ gw;wpAk;> ePjpkd;w

mtkjpg;Gfis (Contempt of Court) jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sij gw;wpAk;
$WfpwJ.

Art 130:

 cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; miktplk; (Seat) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

miktplk; nly;yp
 F. jiythpd; xg;GjYld; jiyik ePjpgjp miktplj;ijNah (m) fpisNaNah
,e;jpahtpy; ve;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; (m) ve;j khepyj;jpw;Fs; khw;wyhk; (m)
Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

Art 137:

 cr;rePjp kd;wk; jhd; toq;Fk; jPh;g;Gfis kW Ma;T (m) kW rPuha;T nra;tJ

gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 138:

 ehlhSkd;wk; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;ig ePl;bf;fyhk; (m)

mjpfhpf;fyhk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (Fiwf;f ,ayhJ)

Art 141:

 cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mwptpg;Gfs; (m) jPh;g;Gfs; ehl;by; cs;s midj;J

ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; fl;LgLj;Jk;.

Art 143:

 F. jiyth; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jplk; MNyhrid ngWtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 145:
  cr;rePjpkd;wk; jdf;F jhNd tpjpfisAk; xOq;F Kiw tpjpfisAk;
Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;:

1. Kjy; tuk;G ePjp mjpfhuk; (Original Judiction)

 Art 131 –d; gb ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.

 kj;jpa> khepy muRf;fpilNaahd tof;Ffs;> ,U khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd
tof;Ffs; Mfpatw;iw ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp tprhhpf;Fk;.

2. ePjp Nguhiz ePjp mjpfhuk; (Writ Jurisoliction)

 Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpik kPwy; njhlh;ghd gpur;ridfis 5-tifahd ePjp

Nguhiz mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;L jPh;j;J itf;fpwJ. (Art 32)

3. Nky; KiwaPl;L ePjp mjpfhuk;: (Appellate Jarisoliction)

 cr;rePjp kd;wk; 4-tifahd Nky; KiwaPl;L tof;Ffis tprhhpf;fpwJ.

a) Art 132 –d; gb murpayikg;G njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs; (Constitutional Maters)
b) Art 133 –d; gb rptpy; (m) chpikapay; tof;Ffs; (Civil maters)
c) Art 134A –d; gb Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffs; (Criminal Maters)
d) Art 136 –d; gb rpwg;G mDkjp tof;Ffs; (Appeal By Special Leave)

Art 134 A-d; gb Nky; KiwaPl;L tof;Ffis jPh;f;f murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb

NkYk; tpsf;fk; Njit vd cah;ePjp kd;wk; rhd;W mspj;jhy; kl;LNk
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;a ,aYk;.

4. MNyhrid mjpfhuk; (Advisory Jurisoliction)

 FbauR jiyth; Art 143 –d; gb cr;rePjp kd;wj;jplk; 2 tifahd

MNyhridfis Nfhuyhk;.
(i) nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gpur;ridfs; (m) rl;lk; njhlh;ghd
fUj;Jfs;
(ii) murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F tUtjw;F Kd; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
cld;gbf;iffs;> xg;ge;jfq;fs;> gl;ilaq;fs;> mwpf;iffs; njhlh;ghd
fUj;Jf;fs;.
 cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; tif MNyhridf;F MNyhrid toq;fyhk; (m)
toq;fhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;> 2-tJ tif MNyhridf;F fl;lhak; MNyhrid toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

5. Mtz ePjp kd;w mjpfhuk; (Court of Record)

 Art 129 –d; gb Mtz ePjpkd;w mjpfhuj;ijAk;> ePjp kd;w mtkjpg;GfisAk;

(Contempt of Court) jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
  cr;rePjp kd;wk; toq;Fk; jPh;g;Gfs;> eltbf;iffs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw ehl;by;
cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSk; Mtzkhf fUjp jPh;g;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. ePjpkd;w kW Ma;T (m) kD ePjp Gduha;T mjpfhuk; (Power of Judicial Review)

 cr;rePjp kd;wk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf tpsq;Ftjhy; kj;jpa>

khepy muRfs; ,aw;Wk; rh;ri ; ff;Fhpa rl;lq;fis Muha;e;J mr;rl;lk;
murpayikg;gpw;F KuzhdJ (m) nry;yhJ vd mwptpf;fyhk;.
 gpd;tUk; ,dq;fspYk; ePjp Gduha;T mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
(i) murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fs;
(ii) kj;jpa khepy muRf;F ,ilNa $l;lhl;rp rkj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs;
(iii) mbg;gil chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs; (mbg;gil chpikfis
ghJfhj;jy;)
NkYk; Iag;ghLfs; (k) fUj;J NtWghLfSf;F cs;shFk; murpayikg;G
rl;l mk;rq;fis Muha;fpwJ.

7. kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;:- Other Powers

 FbauR jiyth;> Jiz FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis

tprhhpf;fpwJ.
 xU khepyj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU khepyj;jpw;F xU cah; ePjp kd;wj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhU cah; ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F tof;Ffis khw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 UPSC (k) SPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis jhd; tprhhpj;J mspf;Fk; tpiuT
mwpf;ifapd; (Enquiry Report) gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
 ehl;by; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fs; (k) jPh;g;ghaq;fspd; (uhZt jPh;g;ghak;
jtpu) gzpfis Nkw;ghh;it ,l;L fz;fhzpj;jy;.

Art 139(A) kDjhuh; tpUg;gj;jpd; ngahpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk; 1976 –42th Ament.

Chapter – V

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

,e;jpa muR jiyik jzpf;ifahsh; (CAG)

Art 148 – 151

 ,e;jpa jzpf;if fzf;F Jiwapd; jiyik mYtyuhf cs;shh;.

 CAG –ia epakpg;gth; FbauR jiyth;.
 jFjpfs; - murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplgltpy;iy
 gjtpf;fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs; (m) 65 taJ tiu
 Xa;Tf;F gpd; kj;jpa> khepy muR gzpfSf;F epakpf;f $lhJ.
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;Fk; Kiwapy; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;thh;.
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplj; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
  gjtp gpukhzk; - FbauRj; jiyth; (m) mtuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l egh;
 rk;gsk; (k) mjpfhuq;fs; cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F ,izahdJ.
 rk;gsk; (k) gbfis eph;zapg;gJ ghuhSkd;wk;
 1971 –y; CAG-apd; flik mjpfhuk; gw;wpa rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ (Duties,
Responsbilities Act)
 ,r;rl;lk;1976 –y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
 CAG ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J (Consolidated Fund of India) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nrytpdq;fis fz;fhzpg;ghh;.
 CAG ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU mjpfhhpahf fUjgLfpwhh;.
 CAG ghuhSkd;w nghJ fzf;F FOtpd; (Public Accounts Committee) fz;fs; (k)
fhJfs; Nghd;wth; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
Cabinet vd;gJ murpay; fl;likg;gpd; mbf;fy;-yhnty;
“CAG murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j mYtyh;”
-Dr. B.R. mg;Ngj;fh;
 CAG jdJ Mz;L mwpf;ifia FbauRj; jiythplk; mspg;ghh;> FbauRj;
jiyth; Mz;L mwpf;ifia ghuhSkd;w xg;GjYf;F mDg;gp itg;ghh;. (CAG
mwpf;ifia MuhAk; FO – nghJ fzf;F FO)

Art 148:

 ,e;jpahtpw;F CAG ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 149:

 CAG–d; flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 CAG kj;jpa muR (k) kj;jpa murpd; fPo; cs;s epWtdq;fs;> mikg;Gfspd;
fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;J jzpf;if mwpf;ifia FbauRj; jiythplk;
mspg;ghh;> FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;w xg;GjYf;F mDg;G itg;ghh;.
 khepy muR (k) khepy murpd; fPo; cs;s epWtdq;fs;> mikg;Gfspd; fzf;Ff;
jzpf;if nra;J jzpf;if mwpf;ifia MSehplk; mspg;ghh;. MSeh; rl;l kd;w
xg;GjYf;F mDg;gp itg;ghh;.

Art 150:

 CAG kj;jpa> khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;tJ gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 151:

 CAG apd; jzpf;if mwpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

PART – VI

State Government
 khepy muR

Art 152-237

 khepy muR 6 gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Chapter)

Chapter I– nghJ General – Art 152
Chapter II– khepy nrayhl;rp FO –Art 153 – 167
Chapter III – khepy rl;lkd;wk; - Art 168 – 212
Chapter IV– MSehpd; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; - Art 213
Chapter V– cah;ePjpkd;wk; - Art 214 – 232
Chapter VI– rhh;G (m) Jiz ePjp kd;wq;fs; - Art 233 – 237

Art 152:

 khepy muR gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

khepy nrayhl;rp FO

Art 153 – 167

 khepy nrayhl;rp FOtpy; MSeh;> Kjyikr;rh; khepy mikr;rh;fs;> ml;tNfl;

n[duy; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpJ.

MSeh;

Art 153 – 162

Art 153:

 xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU MSeh; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 1956 7-tJ rl;ljpUj;jpd; gb 2(m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf
xU MSeh; epakpf;fglyhk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

Art 154:

 khepy; MSehpd; eph;thfk; (k) nray; mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 155:

 khepy MSeh; epakdk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb FbauRj; jiyth; epakpg;ghh;.
 epakdj;jpw;F Kd; FbauRj; jiyth; mk;khepy Kjyikr;riuAk; fye;J
MNyhrpg;ghh;.

Art 156:
  MSdhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;
 gjtpfhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
 gjtp ePf;fk; gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplgltpy;iy.
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Art 157:

 MSdUf;fhd jFjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 35
F.jiyth;> J.FbauR jiyth;> MSdh; 35.
uh[;a rgh cWg;gpdh;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; 30
gpujkh;> Kjyikr;rh;> kf;fsit cWg;gpdh; rl;lNguit cWg;gpdh; 25.
 rl;l kd;w (m) ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.
 kj;jpa> khepy> cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; Mjhak; juk; gjtp tfpf;f $lhJ.

Art 158:

 khepy MSeh; gjtpf;fhd tiuaiwfs; (m) tiuKiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 159:

 khepy MSeh; gjtp gpukhzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth; cah; ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.

MSehpd; mjpfhuq;fs;:

 1979 –y; cr;rePjpkd;wk; MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; gzpahsh; vdf; $wpaJ.

 khepy murpd; jiytuhfTk; (Head of the State) (m) (Principal of the State), ngausT
eph;thf jiytuhftk; nray;gLthh;.

eph;thf (m) nray; mjpfhuq;fs;

 MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; Kftuhf nray;gLthh;. Mdhy; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; Jiz

epiy MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; Kftuhf nray;gLtJ ,y;iy.

Art 162–d; gb khepy eph;thf eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; MSeh; ngahpy; eilngWfpwJ.

Art 164-d; gb Kjyikr;rh; (k) mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fpwhh;.

Art 164(1)–d; gb [hh;fz;l;> rj;jP];fh; xb]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; goq;Fbapdh;

Nkk;ghl;L Jiw mikr;riu epakpf;fpwhh;.

 ml;tNfl; n[duy;>SPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizah;>

gy;fiyfof Jiz Nte;jh;fs; MfpNahiu epakpf;fpwhh;.
 khepy muR gy;fiyfofq;fspd; Nte;juhf nray;gLfpwhh;.
  khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyia nray;gLj;j FbauRj; jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiug;ghh;.
 khepyj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp eilngWk; NghJ cz;ikahd eph;thf
mjpfhuq;fs; ngw;W jpfo;thh;.
 khepyj;jpd; eph;thf jfty;fisAk;> kNrhjhf;fisAk; Kjyikr;rh; %yk;
ngWthh;.

rl;lkd;w (m) rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;: (Legistative Powers)

 khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpNa MSeh;

 khepy rl;lNguitf;F xU Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdiu epakpf;fpwhh;.
 rl;l Nkyitf;F fiy> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> r%f Nrit> $l;LwT ,f;fk;
Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; 1/6 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis epakpg;ghH.
 Mz;bd; Kjy; rl;lkd;w $l;lj;njhliu Jtf;fp itj;J ciuahw;Wthh;.
 Fiwe;jgl;rk; Mz;bw;F 2-KiwahtJ $l;Lk; nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;shh;.
 rl;l Nguit rgh ehafh;> Jiz rghehafh; gjtp fhykhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
cWg;gpdh; xUtiu jw;fhypf rghehafuhf epakpg;ghh;.
 rl;l Nkyit jiyth;> Jizj; jiyth; gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
cWg;gpdh; xUtiu jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpg;ghh;.

Art 174–d; rl;l Nguitia fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;.

 khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f> epWj;jp

itf;f (m) jpUg;gp mDg;g mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. Mdhy; gz kNrhjhit (m)
epjp kNrhjhit jpUg;gp mDg;g ,ayhJ.
 khepy rl;lkd;wk; $lhj NghJ Art 213 gb mtru rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;shh;> mtru rl;lj;jpw;F rl;lkd;wk; $ba 6 thuj;jpw;Fs; xg;Gjy; ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
 khepy epjp FO>SPSC, CAG MfpNahh; mspf;Fk; mwpf;iffis rl;l kd;w
xg;GjYf;F mDg;gp itg;ghh;.
 rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapog;G njhlh;ghf Njh;jy; Mizaj;ij fye;J
MNyhrpj;J KbntLg;ghh;.

3. epjp mjpfhuq;fs;: (Financial Powers)

 khepy murpd; vjph;ghuh nryT epjpia Art 267 (Contingency fand of the state)
eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;shh;.
 vjph;ghuh nryTfSf;F ,e;epjpapypUe;J Kd;gzk; toq;Fthh;.
 ,e;epjpapypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nryTfSf;F rl;lkd;w xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 gz kNrhjh MSeh; xg;Gjy; ngw;w gpd;dNu rl;lkd;wj;jpy; (rl;l Nguit)
mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 khepy gl;n[l; MSeh; xg;Gjy; ngw;w gpd;dNu rl;lkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gLk;.
 Xt;nthU 5-Mz;bw;F gpd;dUk; khepy epjp FOit Vw;gLj;jp gQ;rhaj;J
mikg;Gfs; (k) efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; epjp epiyia Gduikf;fpwhh;.
  JiwfSf;fhd khdpa Nfhhpf;iffSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwhh;.

4. ePjp mjpfhuq;fs;: Judicil Powers

 cah;ePjp kd;wj;ij fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd; khtl;l ePjpgjpfis epakpf;fpwhh;.

 khtl;l ePjpgjp my;yhj kw;w ePjpJiw mYtyh;fis SPSC (k) cah;ePjp
kd;wj;ij fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd; epakpf;fpwhh;.
 cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; epakdj;jpy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F MNyhrid
toq;Fthh;.
 Art 161-d; gb khepy ePjp vy;iyf;F cl;gl;l Fw;wthspfSf;F jz;lizia
Fiwf;f (m) epWj;jp itf;f (m) uj;J nra;a nghj kd;dpg;G mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;shh;. Mdhy; kuz jz;lizia uj;J nra;a ,ayhJ.

5. jd; tpUg;g (m) Ra tpUg;g mjpfhuq;fs;: (Discretionary Powers)

 khepyj;jpy; FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rpia nray;gLj;j FbauRj; jiytUf;F

ghpe;Jiug;ghh;.
 FbauRj; jiythpd; ghPrpyidf;fhf rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ve;j
kNrhjhitAk; mDg;gp itf;fyhk;.
 m];;]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kpNrhuk; Mfpa tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy;
goq;Fbapdh; gFjpfspy; (ST) fdpk chpikfSf;F (uhay;lb
; ) thlif eph;zak;
nra;a khtl;l fTd;rpy; mikr;ruitia fye;J MNyhrpf;f Njitapy;iy.

6. MSehpd; rpwg;G nghWg;Gfs;: Special Responsbilities

 kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy; tpjh;gh (k) kuhj;thlh Mfpa khtl;lq;fSf;F jdp

tsh;rr ; p thhpak; mikf;f mk;khepy MSeh; nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;shh;.
 F[uhj;jpy; nrsuh\;buh (k) fl;r; gFjpfSf;F jdp tsh;r;rp thhpak; mikf;fk;
nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 fh;ehlfh (k) i`juhghj;jpy; jdp tsh;rr ; p thhpak; mikf;Fk; nghWg;ig
mk;khepy MSeh;fs; ngw;Ws;sdh;. (98-tJ rl;ljpUj;jk; 2012-y; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ)
 ehfhyhe;jpy; ehfh kiy gFjpfspy; cs;ehl;L fytuk; njhlUk; tiu
mg;gFjpapy; rl;lk xOq;if guhkhpf;Fk; nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
 m];]hkpy; goq;Fbapdh; gFjpfis eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
 kzpg;g+hpy; kiygFjpfis eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 rpf;fpkpy; gy;NtW jug;gpyhd kf;fspilNa mikjp> r%f nghUshjhu eyd;
Nkk;gLtij cWjp nra;Ak; nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 mUzhr;rygpuNjrj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if guhkhpf;Fk; nghWg;ig mk;khepy MSeh;
ngw;Ws;shh;.

Kjyikr;rh;
 Art 164 –d; gb MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 rl;l Nguit ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp jiytiu Kjyikr;ruhf MSeh; epakpg;ghh;.
 ve;j fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhj NghJ rl;lg;Nguitaph; mjpf cWgpdh;fis
ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu MSeh; Ml;rpmikf;f NfhUthh;> Mdhy; MSeh;
eph;zapf;Fk; fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l Nguitapd; ngUk;ghz;ikia epUgpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.
 gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth; MSeh;
 rl;l Nguitapy; ngUk;ghz;ik cs;stiuNa gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;.
 Kjyikr;rhpd; gjtptpyfy; KO mikr;ruitapd; gjtp tpyfyhf fUjg;gLk;.
 ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdk; %yk; Kjyikr;rh; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit gjtp
tpyFtJ. xl;Lnkhj;j nghWg;G (m) $l;L nghWg;G (Collective Responsibility)

khepy mikr;ruit

State Concil of Menisters

Art 163 – 164

 Art 163–d; gb MSeUf;F cjtp (k) MNyhrid toq;f khepy mikr;ruit

(Kjyikr;rh; jiyikapy;) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 1976 42-tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpd; gb MSeh; khepy mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridf;F
fl;Lgl;lth; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1978 44-tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpd; gb MSeh; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridia kW
ghPrpyidf;F jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk; Mdhy; kW ghPrpyizf;F gpd;mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhrid gbNa nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Art 164-d; gb Kjyikr;rh; epakpf;fgLfpwhh;> Kjyikr;rh;fspd; ghpe;Jiu gb
mikr;rh;fs; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
 mikr;rh;fspd; gjtp gpukhzk;> flikfs;> nghWg;Gfs;> mikr;ruit MSeUf;F
jdp nghWg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ> rl;l kd;wj;jpw;F (rl;lNguit) $l;L nghWg;ig
ngw;Ws;sJ vd Art 164 –y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kjyikr;rh; (k) mikr;rh;fSf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth; MSeh;.
 rl;l kd;w cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj egiuAk; Kjyikr;rh; (m) mikr;ruhfTk;
epakpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gjtp Vw;w 6 khj;jpw;Fs; rl;l kd;w ,U mitfspy;
VjhtJ xU mitapy; cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lk;.
  2003 91-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd; gb Kjyikr;rh; cl;gl khepy mikr;ruit
vz;zpf;if rl;lNguit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 15% f;F kpf $lhJ
Fiwe;j gl;rk; 12 Ngh; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 khepy mikr;rh;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F gjpy; mspf;f nghWg;Gilath;fs;.
 khepy rl;lkd;w mit eltbf;iffSf;F nghWg;Gilath;fs; mikr;rh;fs;.
 khepy jiyik nrayfk; %yk; khepy mikr;ruit jq;fs; nfhs;iffisAk;
jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwgLj;Jk;.
 Art 164-d; gb Kjyikr;rh; (k) mikr;rh;fs; rk;gsk; (k) gbfis rl;lkd;wk;
eph;zapf;Fk;.
 Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapy; ePbf;Fk; tiu mikr;ruit gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 kj;jpa mikr;ruit (Nfgpdl;) ngw;Ws;s midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; khepy
mstpy; khepy mikr;ruit ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Jiz Kjyikr;rh; gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy (Jiz gpujkh;
gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy)

khepy muR jiyik tof;fwpQh;

Art 165

 khepyj;jpd; kpf cah;e;j rl;l mYtyh; ml;tNfl; n[d;uy;

 ,tiu epakpg;gth; MSeh;
 Gjtp fhyk; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
 MSeuhy; ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
 jFjpfs; - cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpf;fhd jFjpfs; ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,th; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhd rpwg;Ghpik (k) ghJfhg;ig ngWthh;.
 rk;gsk; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
 rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; fye;J nfhz;L Ngryhk;> fUj;J njhptpf;fyhk;
Mdhy; thf;fspf;f ,ayhJ.
 MSeh; (k) khepy murpw;F rl;l MNyhridfs; toq;Fthh;.
 khepyj;jpy; midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspyk; murpd; rhh;gpy; thjhLthh; (m) ePjpkd;w
eltbf;iffspy; fye;J nfhs;thh;.
 gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ve;j mikg;Gfs; (k) epWtdq;fspYk; mq;fk; tfpf;f
KbahJ.
 jw;Nghija TN ml;tNfl; n[duy; -

Art166:

 khepy murpd; gzpfs; (k) mYty;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Kjyikr;rhpd; flikfs; mjpfhuq;fs; (k) gzpfs; Art 167:

 khepy murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf (m) murpay; jiyth; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Head of the Govt (or) Leader
 khepy mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;.
 mikr;rh;fs; epakdj;jpy; MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiug;ghh;.
 flik jtUk; NghJ ve;j mikr;riuAk; gjtp tpyf NfhUthh;. (gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;gth; MSeh;)
 mikr;rh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fp xUq;fpizj;J fl;Lg;gLj;Jthh;.
 MSeh;fSf;Fk; mikr;rh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghykhf nray;gLthh;.
 mikr;ruit KbTfis MSeUf;F njhptpg;ghh;.
 mtru rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; (Art 213)>KbAk;(Art 174 d;)gbAk; rl;l Nguit
fiyf;f MSdUf;F ghpe;Jiug;ghh;.
 rl;lkd;w $l;l njhliu $l;l (m) xj;jp itf;f MSeUf;F MNyhrid
toq;Fthh;.
 khepy jpl;l FOtpd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;.
 ml;tNfl; n[d;uy;>SPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizah;
MfpNahh; epakdj;jpy; MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fthh;.
 Njrpa tsh;rr ; p FO (NDC) (k) khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO Mfpatw;wpy;
cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;ghh;.
 kz;ly FOtpy; (Zonal Council) cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;ghh;. Row;rp Kiwapy; Jiz
jiytuhfTk; 1 Mz;L fhyk; ,Ug;ghh;.
 khepy murpd; Kjd;ik fUj;jhsuhf (Chief Spikesman) nray;gLthh;.
 murpay; njhlh;ghd gpur;ridfspy; Kf;fpa KbTfis vLg;ghh;.

Chapter III

khepy rl;lkd;wk;

Art 168 – 212

 Art 168 khepy rl;lkd;wk; vd;gJ MSeh;> rl;l Nguit> rl;l Nkyitia
cs;slf;fpaJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 eph;thf Jiw rl;l kd;wj;jpd; epfo;TfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;lJ.
 jw;NghJ 7 khepyq;fspy; ,U mit rl;lkd;wk; (rl;l Nkyit> rl;l Nguit)
cs;sJ.
1. Me;jpu gpuNjrk; - 58
2. gP`hh; 75
3. fh;ehlfh 75
4. [k;K fh\;kPh; 36
5. kfhuh\;buh 78
6. cj;jpu gpuNjrk; 100
 [k;K fh\;kPhpy; ,U mit rl;lkd;wk; mk;khepy murpapyikg;gpd; gb
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rl;l Nkyit: Legislative Concil (tpjhd; ghp\j;)

Art 169:

 ehlhSkd;wk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; xU khepyj;jpy;

rl;lNkyitia cUthf;fyhk; (m) ePf;fyhk; (Create (or) Abolish) Mdhy; rl;l
Nguitia fiyg;gJ Nghy; fiyf;f (dissolve) ,ayhJ.
 rl;l Nkyitia cUthf;fyhk; (m) ePf;fyhk; vd mk;khepy rl;l Nguitapy; 2/3
gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; epiwNtw;wp ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F
ghpe;Jiuj;jhy; kl;LNk ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lNkyitia cUthf;fyhk; (m)
ePf;fyhk;.
 1919 khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rl;lg;gb 1921 Jan 9-y; nrd;id khfhz rl;l
Nkyit nray;gl Jtq;fpaJ Mdhy; 1921 Jan 12-y; MSeuhy; Kiwg;gb
Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nov 1 1986-y; TN rl;l Nkyit ePf;fg;gl;lJ (Abolish) (ePf;fg;gLk; NghJ
cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if.-63)
 2010-y; 78 cW;gpdh;fis nfhz;l TN rl;l Nkyitapy; cUthf;f ehlhSkd;wk;
jkpo;ehL rl;l Nkyit rl;lj;ij 2010-y; ,aw;wpaJ> ,r;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F
tUtjw;F Kd; 2011-y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

Art 171:

 rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if mk;khepy rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh;
vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/3 gq;F ,Uf;fyhk; (my;yJ) Fiwe;jgl;rk; 40 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fglhky; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 5/6
gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; kiwKf Njh;jy; %yKk;> 1/6 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis fiy>
,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> r%f Nrit> $l;LwT ,af;fk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; rpwe;J
tpsq;Fgth;fis MSeh; epakpg;ghh;.
 5/6 gq;F kiwKf Njh;jy; %yk; Njh;njLf;fg;gLgth;fs;.
 1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis mk;khepy rl;lNguit cWg;gpdh;fshy; (MLA)
Njhe;;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;shl;rp mikg;G gpujpepjpfshy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 1/12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; mk;khepyj;jpy; cs;s gy;fiyfof gl;ljhhpfshy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 1/12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; mk;khepyj;jpy; cs;s gl;ljhhp Mrphpah;fshy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
rl;l Nkyit jiyth; (k) Jiz jiyth;:-

 Art 182 jiyth; (k) Jiz jiyth; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 jiyth;> Jiz jiyth; rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.

Art 183:

 rl;l Nkyit jiyth;> Jiz jiytiu rl;l Nkyitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik

jPh;khdk; %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gjtp ePf;f jPh;khdk; Kd;dwptpg;G 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; me;egUf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
rl;l Nguit
Legislative assembly Lower house
(m) khepy fPoit
 `pe;jp ngah; tpjhd; rgh
 kf;fshh; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;lJ.
 khepyj;jpd; mjpfhuk; ngw;w mitahf (mjpfhu ikakhf) tpsq;FfpwJ.

Art 170:

 rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; NtWgLk;.
 mjpfgl;rk; 500 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
 Fiwe;jgl;rk; 60 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rpf;fpk; (32)> Nfhth (40)>
kpNrhuk; (40)> GJr;Nrhp (30) Mfpait 60-f;Fk; Fiwthd cWg;gpdh;fis
ngw;Ws;sd.
 Mjpf cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk; (403+1) Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
cWg;gpdh;-1
 TN rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 235 (234+1) M.,. cWg;gpdh;.
 234 cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 234 njhFjpfspy;
nghJ njhFjpfs; General 188
jdp njhFjpfs; 44 SC-44,ST-2
 xU cWg;gpdh; MSeuhy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jp r%fj;ij rhh;e;jth; epakpf;fgLthh;.
 2009 95-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jjpd; gb kf;fsit (k) rl;l Nguitfspy; SC, ST>
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fL P 26.1.2010–y; ypUe;J 25.1.2020 tiu
NkYk; 10 Mz;LfSf;f ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; 2 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; rl;l Nguit cs;sJ.
1. GJr;Nrhp (30)
2. nly;yp (70)
rl;l Nguit rghehafh; (k) Jiz rghehafh;

Art 178:

 rghehafh;> Jiz rgh ehafh; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 rghehafh;> Jiz rgh ehafh; rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 rl;l Nguitia Kiwahf elj;Jk; nghWg;ig ngw;wth; rghehafh;.
 khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; xU kNrhjhit rhjhuz kNrhjhth (m) gz kNrhjhth
vd jPh;khdpg;gth; rghehafh.
 rl;l Nguit fiyf;fg;gLk;Nghj rghehafh; gjtp fhypahfhJ.
 Gjpa rl;l Nguitapd; Kjy; $l;lk; $Lk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;.
 rghehafh; ,y;yhj NghJ Jiz rghehafh; rghehaUf;fhd midj;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;W ,Ug;ghh;.

Art 179:

 rghehafh; (k) Jiz rghehafiu rl;lNguitapy; nguk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk;

gjtpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
 gjtp ePf;f jPh;khdk; Kd;dwptpg;G 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; me;egUf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; gjtpfhyk;:

Art 172:

rl;l Nkyit:

 rl;l Nkyit epue;jukhdJ (uh[;a rgh Nghd;wJ)> fiyf;f ,ayhJ (Dissolve)

 cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfs;> (MLC –Member of Legislative Council)
,uz;L Mz;bw;F xU Kiw 1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp tpyFth;.

rl;l Nkyit:

 rl;l Nguit (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.

 gjtpfhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng Art 174 –d; gb MSeuhy; rl;l Nguit
fiyf;fglyhk;.
 neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ rl;l Nguit gjtpf;fhyk; 1 Mz;l ePl;bf;fyhk;.

rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;:

Art 173:

rl;l Nkyit:

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 30
 kw;w jFjpfis ehlhSkd;wk; eph;zapf;Fk;
rl;l Nguit:

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 25
 khepyj;jpy; VjhtJ xU njhFjpapy; thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;l Nkyit (m) ghuhSkd;wk; (m) NtW khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf
,uf;f $lhJ.
 kw;w jFjpfis mt;tg;NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; eph;zapf;Fk;.

G.P:

 xU mitapy; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;Fk; xU egh; xU mitapNyh (m) kw;nwhU

ghuhSkd;wj;jpNyh cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f $lhJ.

rl;l Nguit rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;:

 gz kNrhjh Kjypy; ,q;F kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;.

 Khepy murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ (m) mikr;ruit kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk; ,q;F
kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
 khdpa Nfhhpf;if kPjhd thf;nfLg;G ,q;F kl;LNk elj;j KbAk;.
 FbauRj; jiyth;> uh[;a rgh> rl;l Nkyit Njh;jy;fspy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
 rl;l Nkyitia cUthf;f (m) ePf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ.
 rl;l Nkyitia tpl mjpf mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ. (rl;l Nkyitapd; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
kPwp nray;glyhk;) ,it jtpu kw;w midj;ijapYk; ,U mitfSk; rkkhd
mjpfhuj;ij ngw;W ,Uf;Fk;.

Art 174:

 khepy rl;l kd;w $l;l njhliu $l;Ljy;> xj;jp itj;jy;. KbTf;F nfhz;L
tUjy;> rl;l Nguitia fiyj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 rl;l Nguitia fiyf;f ghpe;Jiug;gh; Kjyikr;rh; fiyg;gth; MSeh;
 khepy rl;l kd;wj;jpy; $l;L $l;lk; fpilahJ.

Art 188:

 rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp gpukhzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gh; MSeh; (m) mtuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l egh;.
 eilKiwapy; rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F rl;l Nkyit jiyth; gjtp
gpukhzk; nra;J itg;ghh;.
rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh; - rghehafh;.

Art 190:

 rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh; fhyp gzpaplk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 njhlh;e;J 60 ehl;fSf;f Nky; ve;j tpj Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp rigf;F tuhky;
,Ue;jhy; mg;gzpaplk; fhypaplkhf fUjg;gLk;.
Art 191:

 khepy rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapog;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 jFjpapog;G nra;gth; - Njh;jy; Mizaj;ij fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd; MSeh;
 fl;rp jhty; jil rl;lj;jpd; gb jFjpapog;G nra;gth; rghehafh;.

Art 197:

 rl;lkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 kNrhjh 3 thrpg;GfSld; 5 epiyfis fle;J MSeh; xg;GjYld; rl;lkhFk;.

Art 199:

 khepyj;jpy; gz kNrhjh gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 202:

 khepy gl;n[l; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 207:

 khepy epjp kNrhjh gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 210:

 khepy rl;l kd;wj;jpy; mYth; (m) Ml;rp nkhop gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 rl;l kd;wj;jpd; mYty; nkhop Mq;fpyk;> `pe;jp (m) 8-tJ ml;ltizapy;
cs;s nkhopfs;.

Chapter IV

Art– 213

 khepy MSehpd; rl;l kd;w mjpfhuq;fs; (mtru rl;l mjpfhuk;) gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Chapter V
 cah; ePjpkd;wk;
Art214 – 232
 khepy ePjpJiwapd; kpf cah;e;j ePjpJiw mikg;G cah;ePjpkd;wk;

Art– 214

 xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;F xU cah;ePjpkd;wk; mika top nra;fpwJ.

Art– 231 –d; gb ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;fk; nghJthf

xNu cah; ePjp kd;wk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

 ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F nghJthf cs;s cah;ePjp

kd;wq;fs;-4
1. gk;gha; - kfhuh];buh> Nfhth
2. gQ;rhg; `hpahdh - gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh
3. nfsfhj;jp – m];]hk;> ehfyhe;J> mUzhr;rygpuNjrk;> kpNrhuk;
4. Me;jpuh & njYq;fhdh
 2 (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs; (m) a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F nghJthf
cs;s cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; 6
1. gk;gha; - kfhuh\;buh> Nfhth> jhj;uh ehfh;Ntyp> lhkd;> ilA.
2. gQ;rhg; - `hpahdh – gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> rz;bfh;.
3. nfhsfhj;jp – m];]hk;> mUzhr;rygpuNjrk;> ehfhyhe;J> kpNrhuk;
4. fy;fj;jh –WB> me;jkhd; - epNfhgh;
5. nkl;uh]; - TN> GJr;Nrhp
6. Nfush – Nfush> yl;rjPTfs;
 ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ 24 cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sJ.
 jdp cah; ePjp kd;wj;ij ngw;Ws;s a+dpad; gpuNjrk; nly;yp.
 mjpf ePjp vy;iy nfhz;l cah; ePjpkd;wk; nfsfhj;jp
 nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kJiu fpis 24.7.2004 vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Art 217:

 cah; ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; epakdk; (k) fl;LghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 cah; ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp (k) kw;w ePjpgjpfis ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;w
jiyik ePjpgjp (k) mk;khepy MSeiu fye;J MNyhrpj;j gpd; FbauRj;
jiyth; epakpg;ghh;.
 nghJthf cah; ePjp kd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp (m) cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpia cah;
ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; khWgLk;.
vz;zpf;ifia jPh;khdpg;gth; FbauRj; jiyth;.

jFjpfs;:
  ePjpkd;w mYtyf jiyik nghWg;gpy; (khtl;l ePjpgjp) 10 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (m) cah;ePjp kd;w tof;fwpQuhf 10 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gjtpfhyk;:

 62 taJ tiu
 1963 15-tJ rl;ljpUj;jpd; gb cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; Xa;T taJ 60 to 62 Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 114-2011–tJ rl;l jpUj;j kNrhjh gb xa;T taJ 62 to 65 Mf. cah;j;Jk;
kNrhjh ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epYitahy; cs;sJ.
 ePjpgjpfs; gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePjpgjpfs; tprhuizr; rl;lk; - 1968

gjtp ePf;fk;:

 cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis jtwhd elj;ij (m) jFjpapd;ik fhuzq;fSf;fhf

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; F.jiyth; gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;thh;.

Art 219:

 cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; gjtp gpukhzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gth; MSeh; (m) mtuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l egh;

Art 221:

 cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; rk;gsk;> gbfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 222:

 ePjpgjpfis xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F khw;WtJ

gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 jiyik ePjpgjpia fye;J MNyhrpj;J FbauRj; jiyth; khw;wk; nra;gth;

Art 223:

 cah; ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ FbauRj; jiyth;
%j;j ePjpgjp xUtiu jw;fhypf jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakpg;ghh;. (acting chief
Judge)

Art 224:

 cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; $Ljy; gzp (m) tof;Ffis jPh;f;f FbauR jiyth; $Ljy;
(m) jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 224 A:
  cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpfis 2 Mz;LfSf;F kpfhky; jw;fhypf
ePjpgjpfshf epakpg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 225:

 cah;ePjpkd;wk; nghJ ePjp tiuaiuia ngw;Ws;sJ. (Jurirdiction of Existing High

court)

Art 228:

 cah;ePjp kd;wk; tof;Ffis jhNd gjpe;J tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.

(Transfer of certain cases to highcourts)

cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;:

1.Kjy; tug;G ePjp mjpfhuq;fs;:

 eph;thfk;> jpUkzk;> kztpyf;F (divorce)> fk;ngdp rl;lk;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G

Mfpa tof;Ffis tprhhpf;fpwJ.
 rl;lkd;w> ehlhSkd;w> cWg;gpdh;fspd; Njh;jy; njhlh;g; hd tof;Ffis
tprhhpf;fpwJ.
S.C F.j Raj
J.F.j Lok - HC
MLA
MLC
 tUtha; t#ypg;G tof;Ffis tprhhpf;fpwJ.

1.ePjp Nguhiz (m) ePjp mjpfhuk;:

 Art 226 –d; gb 5 ePjp Nguhizfis ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;ePjp Nguhizfs; %yk;

mbg;gil chpikfSf;F jPh;T toq;FfpwJ.
 cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjp Nguhiz mjpfhuj;ij tpl cah; ePjp kd;wk; mjpf
mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 cr;rePjpkd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfSf;F kl;LNk jPh;T toq;Fk;> cah;ePjp kd;wk;
mbg;gil chpikfs; (k) ,ju chpikfSf;Fk; jPh;T toq;Fk;.

1.Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhuk;: (Appellate)

 tof;Ffspd; mbg;gil Nky; KiwaPlL ; ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ.

 rhh; epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l Civil (k) Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspd; Nky;
KiwaPLfis tprhhpf;Fk;.
 Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; fPo; ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; nray;glyhk;.
1. fz;fhzpg;G ePjp mjpfhuk;: (Supervisory)
 Art 227 –d; gb ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
  khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fs;> jPh;g;ghaq;fis (uhZt jPh;g;ghak;
jtpu) fz;fhzpf;fpwJ.
 ePjp kd;wq;fs; (k) jPh;g;ghaq;fSf;F (uhZt jPh;g;ghak; jtpu) nghJ tpjpfs;
(k) nray; Kiw Mizfis ntspapLfpwJ.
 ePjp toq;Fjy; (k) eph;thf gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
2. rhh;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;: (Control over subordinary Courts)
 Art 235 –d; gb ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
 khtl;l ePjpgjpfs;> khtl;l ePjpgjp my;yhj kw;w khepy ePjpJiw mYtyh;fs;
epakdj;jpy; MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;FfpwJ.
 NkYk; ,th;fspd; gjtp cah;T> tpLg;G toq;Fjy;> gzp khw;wk; Mfpa
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
 tof;Ffis xU rhh;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU rhh;epiy
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;WfpwJ.
3. Mtz ePjpkd;w mjpfhuk;:
 Art 2015 –d; gb Mtz ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ePjpkd;w
mtkjpg;Gfis fz;bf;fpwJ.
 cah; ePjp kd;wk; toq;Fk; jPh;g;Gfs;> tpjpfs; (k) ,ju eltbf;iffis
khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSk; Mtzkhf fUjp jPh;g;G
mspf;fpwJ.
 ePjp kd;w mtkjpg;G rl;lk; 1971 –d; gb ePjp kd;w mtkjpg;Gfis
jz;bf;fpwJ.
4. ePjp kd;w kW Ma;T (m) ePjp Gduha;T mjpfhuq;fs;:
 Art 13> 226 –y; ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
 murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhf cs;s khepy muR rl;lq;fis Muha;e;J mtw;iw
murpayikg;gpw;F KuzhdJ (m) nry;yhJ vd mwptpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

Chapter – VI

rhh;epiy (m) Jiz ePjp kd;wq;fs;

Art 233 – 237

 cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fPo; nray;gLk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; rhh;G ePjpkd;wq;fs; MFk;.

Art 233:

 khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; epakdk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 cah;ePjp kd;wj;ij fye;J MNyhrpj;j MSeh; epakpg;ghh;.

jFjpfs;:

 kj;jpa (m) khepy muR gzpapy; ,Uj;jy; (m) ,Ue;jpf;f $lhJ.

  tof;fwpQuhf (m) muR tof;fwpQuhf 7 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 NkYk; me;egiu cah;ePjp kd;wk; ghpe;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Art 234

 khtl;l ePjpgjp my;yhj kw;w khepy ePjp Jiw mYtyh;fis epakpg;gJ gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 SPSC, (khepy muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;) (k) cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij fye;J
MNyhrpj;j gpd; MSeh; epakpg;ghh;

G.P

 rhh;G (m) Jiz ePjp kd;wq;fs; khtl;l jiyefuk; (m) mjw;F fPo; epiyapy;
,aq;Fk;.
 ,e;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp cah;T> gzp khw;wk;> tpLg;G toq;Fjy;
Mfpatw;iw cah;ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;.
 rhh;G (m) Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fs; 2 tifg;gLk;

1.Fw;wtpay; ePjp kd;wq;fs;:

 khtl;l mstpy; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk; khtl;l mkh;T ePjpkd;wk; (District Sessions

Cocurt)
 ,J khtl;l mkh;T ePjpgjp (District Sessions Judge) (m) $Ljy; khtl;l mkh;T
ePjpgjpapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; (Additional D.S.J)

2.Civil (m) chpikapay; ePjpkd;wq;fs;:

 khtl;l mstpy; chpikapay; (m) civil tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wk;

khtl;l chpikapay; ePjpkd;wk;
 ,J khtl;l ePjpgjp (m) $Ljy; khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;.

G-P

 1989 –y; cr;rePjpkd;wk; ehL KOtJk; Jiz ePjp kd;wq;fspy; xNu khjphpahd
gjtp epiyia gpd;gw;w Mizapl;lJ.
 cr;r ePjpkd;w Mizg;gb Fw;wtpay;; ePjpkd;w ePgjpfspd; gbepiy
mkh;T ePjpgjp (Sessions Judge)

$Ljy; mkh;T ePjpgjp (Additional)

 Kjd;ik ePjp Jiw eLth;

ePjp Jiw eLth;

Civil (m) chpikapay; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfspd; gb epiy:
khtl;l ePjpgjp

$Ljy; khtl;l ePjpgjp

KJepiy rptpy; ePjpgjp

,sepiy rptpy; ePjpgjp

PART – VII

Art 238:

1956 7-tJ rl;ljpUj;jpd; gb Part VII (Art 238) ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

Part VIII

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; (m) kj;jpa Ml;rp gFjpfs;

The Union Teritories

Art 239-242

 1956 7-tJ rl;ljpj;jj;jpd; gb Part C States (k) Part D khepyq;fs; NrHj;J

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshf khw;wg;gl;lJ

A+dpad; gpuNjrk; 4 fhuzq;fSf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1. murpay; eph;thf fhuzk; (nly;yp> rz;bfh;)

2. fyhr;rhu (k) jdpjd;ik fhuzkhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lit. (GJr;Nrhp> jhj;uh ehfh;
Ntyp> lhkd;> ila+
3. Gs;spapay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lit (Gtategic importance)
(me;jkhd; epNfhgh;> yl;r jPTfs;)
4. SC,ST kPJ rpwg;G ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lit (kzpg;g+h;> jphpGuh>
mUzhr;rygpuNjrk;> kpN]huk;)
 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; FbauR jiytuyhy; (m) FbauR jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l egh;fshy; eph;thfk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
  A+dpad; gpuNjr eph;thfpfs; FbauRj; jiythpd; Kftuhf nray;gLfpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; MSeiu Nghy kj;jpa murpd; Kftuhf nray;gLtjpy;iy.
 nly;ypapy; eph;tfpg;gth;fs; - Jiz epiy MSeh;> Kjyikr;rh;> mikr;ruit
 GJr;Nrhp – Jiz epiy MSeh;> Kjyikr;rh; mikr;ruit.
 me;jkhd;> epNfhghh; - Jiz epiy MSeh;
 rz;lfh;. jhj;uh ehfh;Ntyp> lhkd;> ilA> yl;r jPT – Ml;rpah; (m) eph;thfpfs;
(Administrator)
 gQ;rhg; MSeiu> rz;bfUf;Fk; Ml;rpahsuhf (Administrator) nray;gLfpwJ.
 jhj;u ehfh;Ntypd; Administrator lhkd; ilAtpw;Fk; administrator–Mf
nray;gLfpwhh;.
 nly;yp (k) GJr;Nrhp Mfpa 2 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; rl;l Nguit>
mikr;ruit nray;gLfpwJ.
 GJr;Nrhpapy; rl;l Nguit (k) mikr;ruit 14 –tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jk; 1962 –d;
gb 1963 –y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 nly;ypapy; 1991 69tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb 70 cWg;gpdh; nfhz;l rl;l
NguitAk; + Kjyikr;rh; cl;gl 7 mikr;rh;fis nfhz;l mikr;riuAk;
1992-y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Art 239:

 FbauRj; jiyth; a+dpad; gpuNjrj;ij eph;thfk; nra;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 FbauRj; jiyth; jhd; epakpf;Fk; Jiz epiy MSeh; (m) Ml;rpahsh;
(Administrator) %yk; a+dpad; gpuNjrj;ij eph;tfpf;fpwhh;.

Art 239 A:

 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; rl;lkd;wk; (k)> mikr;ruit Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 239 AA:

 nly;ypf;F rpwg;G me;j];J toq;FtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 239AB:

 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; F.jiyth; khepy neUf;fb (FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp

mwptpg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ)

Art 239 B:

 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F mtru rl;lk; gpwg;gpj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 240:

 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fis FbauRj; jiyth; xOq;FgLj;Jjy; (m) a+dpad;

gpuNjrq;fSf;F xOq;F Kiw tpjpfs; mwptpj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Art 241:

 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; cah;ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 242: $h;f; ,dkf;fs;

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

1. me;jkhd; - 1956
2. nly;yp –1956
3. yl;rjPT – 1956
4. jhj;uh ehfh; Ntyp – 1961
5. lhkd;> ila+ - 1962
6. GJr;Nrhp – 1962
7. rz;bfh; - 1966

kh.e – 12

efuhl;rp – 124

Ng&uhl;rp – 528

khtl;l Cuhl;rp – 31

Cuhl;rp xd;wpaq;fs; - 385

Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fs; - 12524

Part – IX

gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; (k) gQ;rhaj;J uh[;

(m) fpuhk cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;

Art 243 – 243

 Cuf (k) cs;shl;rp gFjpfspy; Ra murhq;fk; mika Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 kf;fs; jq;fs; eyid jhq;fNs eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;W nfhs;s nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
 njhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;s kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;Ak; Nehf;fpYk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1882 –y; ,e;jpa itrpuha; hpg;gd; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
jPh;khdj;ij nfhz;L te;jhh;.
 ,j;jPh;khdk; jy Ra Ml;rpapd; kfhrhrdk; (Magnacarta of Local self Govts) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Hpg;gd; jy Ra Ml;rpapd; (m) cs;shl;rp mikg;gpd; je;ij vd
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 mikg;G
gQ;rhaj;J uh[; njhlh;ghd FOf;fs;:
1. gy;te;juha; Nkj;jh fkpl;b:
 1957 Jan–y; r%f Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk; (k) Njrpa tphpthf;f gzpfs; gw;wp Muha
gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh jiyikapy; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FO 1957 Nov mwpf;if mspj;jJ> mt;twpf;ifapy; kf;fshl;rp gutyhf;fiy
(Democratic Decentralisation) ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
 kw;w ghpe;Jiufs;:
 %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiwia ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. (Three tier System)
1. fpuhk mstpy; - fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J
2. tl;lhu mstpy; - Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; (gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp)
3. khtl;l mstpy; - [py;yh ghp\j; (khtl;l Cuhl;rp)
 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J gpujpepjpfs; kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp (Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;) (k) [py;yh ghp\j; gpujpepjpfs;
kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gQ;rhaj;J (Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;) rkpjp xU nray;Kiw mikg;ghf (Executive
Body) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 [py;yh ghp\j; MNyhrid (k) xUq;fpizf;Fk; mikg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 khtl;l Ml;rpah; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd; jiytuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FOtpd; mwpf;if gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; kfhrhrdk; vd
milf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 1958 Jan -y; Njrpa tsh;rr ; p FO (NDC) gy;Nte;juha; Nkj;jh FOtpd;
ghpe;Jiufis Vw;wJ.
 1959 Oct 2–y; uh[];jhd; khepyk; eh$h; khtl;lj;jpy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;G gpujkh; [t`h;yhy; NeUthy; njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mNj Mz;L Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; 2-tJ Mf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1960 –y; TN cs;gl ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fspy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 uh[];jhdpy; 3 –mLf;F Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 TN- y; 2-mLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; 4-mLf;F Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 uh[];jhd; (k) Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp mjpf mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhf
,Ue;jJ.
 F[uhj; (k) kfhuh\;buhtpy; [py;yh ghp\j; mjpf mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ.
 1963 –y; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfspd; epjp epiyia Muha re;jhdk; fkpl;b
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

2.mNrhf; Nkj;jh fkpl;b:

 1977 Dec–y; [djh murhq;fk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfis Muha mNrhf;

Nkj;jh FOit mikj;jJ.
  ,f;FO 1978 Aug –y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfis
tYg;gLj;j 132 ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ.
 mg;ghpe;Jiuapy; 2-mLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiw ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. (Two tier
System)
1. tl;lhu mstpy; - kz;ly; gQ;rhaj;J ,J gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ> 15>000
to 20>000 kf;fs; njhif nfhz;lJ.
2. khtl;l mstpy; - [py;yh ghp\j;
 ,g;ghpe;Jiufis eilKiwgLj;Jk; Kd;dNu [djh murhq;fk; ftpo;e;jjhy;
,jd; ghpe;Jiufs; eilKiwgLj;jtpy;iy.
 gy;Nte;juha; Nkj;jh> (k) mNrhf; Nkj;jh Mfpa 2 FOf;fSk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
mikg;Gfs; gw;wp kl;LNk Muha;e;jdh;. efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; (m) efuhl;rp
cs;shl;rp mikg;GfisNa Muhatpy;iy.
3. G.V.K. uht; fkpl;b:
 1985 –y; eph;thf nrayhf;fk; (Administrative Arragements) (k) tWik xopg;G
jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp Muha G.V.K uht; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FO 1986 –y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfis
gd;Kfg;gLj;jp mjd; nray;ghLfis mjpfhuk; ngw;wth;fsplk; xg;gilf;f
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
4. L.M. rpq;tp fkpl;b:
 1986 –y; uh[Pt; fhe;jp murhq;fk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;GfSf;F Gj;Japh;
Cl;l L.M rpq;tp FOit mikj;jJ.
 ,f;FO 1986 –y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapy; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfis kW
rPuikf;fTk;> epaha gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfis mikf;fTk; (fpuhk ePjpkd;wq;fs;)
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
5. L.C. n[apd; fkpl;b:
 1996 –y; TN khepy jpl;lf; FO Jiz jiyth; L.C. n[apd; jiyikapy;
jkpo;ehL muR FOit mikj;jJ.
 ,f;FO 1997 –y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapy; 3-mLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiwia
gpd;gw;wp mt;tikg;GfSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;f ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
6. Nfh.rp.kzp fkpl;b:
 11.11.1997 –y; jkpo;ehL muR cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfis Muha cs;shl;rp Jiw
mikr;rh; Nfh.rp. kzp jiyikapy; fkpl;b mikj;jJ.
 ,f;FO 10.1.1999 –y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapy; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfis rPuikf;f
1209 ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ.
 2007 –y; TN muR K.f.];lhd;yp FO mikj;jJ.

73 (k) 74 – tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;:

 1992 –y; eurpk;kuht; murhq;fk; Gjpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs; (k) efuhl;rp
mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;j 73 (k) 74 –tJ rl;ljpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 ,r;rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; Apr 24 1993 –y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
  73 –tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jjpd; gb 11-tJ ml;ltiz (k) PART IX tiu
gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 74 –tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jpd; gb 12 tJ ml;ltiz (k) PART IX – A tiu efuhl;rp
mikg;Gfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 73 (k) 74 –tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs; [k;K fh\;kPh>; Nkfhyah> kpNrhuk;>
ehfhyhe;J> nly;yp Mfpatw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
 73 (k) 74 –tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; (k) efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;
njhlh;ghf rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij khepy murpw;F (khepy rl;l
kd;wj;jpw;F) toq;fpaJ.

%d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs;:

1. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J 500 -

2. Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; 5000 - 385
3. khtl;l Cuhl;rp 50>000

fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J:

 ,J fpuhk mstpyhd mikg;ghFk;.

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; mbj;jskhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs; - kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 Jiz jiyth; - cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
 cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if (Word Member) 5 to 15
 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J Ma;thsh; - khtl;l Ml;rp jiyth;
 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa tUtha; - njhopy; thp> tPl;L thp> FbePh; thp> Rq;f
thp.
 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; Fiwe;jgl;r kf;fs;njhif 500
 TN-y; cs;s fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfs; 12524
 mjpf fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J nfhz;l khtl;lk; tpOg;Guk; 1104
 FiwthdJ nguk;gY}h; (22)

fpuhk rgh:

 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; rl;lg+h;tkhd mikg;G

 ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; mf;fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s jFjp cs;s thf;fhsh;fs; (fpuhk
kf;fs;)
 ,jd; jiyth; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J jiyth;
 ,J Mz;bw;F 4 Kiw $l;lg;gLk;
1. Jan 26 – FbauR jpdk;
2. Nk 1 – njhopyhsh; jpdk;
3. Aug 15 – Rje;jpu jpdk;
4. Oct 2 – fhe;jp n[ae;jp
 ,J Neub kf;fshl;rp jj;Jtj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
  fpuhk rig> fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; gzpfis rPuha;T nra;fpwJ> fpuhk tsh;rr
; p
jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;fpwJ.
 fpuhk tuT nryT jpl;lj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ> fpuhk fzf;Ffs; (k)
jzpf;if mwpf;iffis Muha;fpwJ> fpuhk jpl;l gadhspfSf;F xg;Gjy;
mspf;fpwJ.

Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad;

 gy fpuhk Cuhl;rpfis xd;wpizj;jNj Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;.

 Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;gth;. tl;lhu tsh;r;rp mYtyh; (BDO)>
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mYtyfk; tl;lhu tsh;rr ; p mYtyfk;.
 Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; gzpfis Nkw;ghh;itapl;L fz;fhzpg;gJ khtl;l Cuf
tsh;rr ; p Kfik (DRDA – District Rural Devt Agency)
 cWg;gpdh;fs; 5000 kf;fs; njhiff;F xUth; tPjk; kf;fshy; Neubahf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 jiyth; (k) Jizj; jiyth;fs; cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 jiyth; thp tpjpg;G FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLthh;.
 jiyth;> Jiz jiyth; gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tl;lhu tsh;r;rp
mYtyh; mYty; rhh; cWg;gpduhfTk; (Official Member) jiytuhfTk;
nray;gLthh;.
 TN–y; Cuhl;rp xd;wpaq;fs; 385
 Mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lk; tpOg;Guk; (22)
 Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lk; ePyfphp (4)

khtl;l Cuhl;rp: District council

 ,jd; mjpfhu vy;iy khtl;lk; KOtJk; (efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; jtpu)

 ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; 50000 kf;fs; njhiff;F xUtu; tPjk; kf;fshy; Neubahf
Njh;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 jiyth; (k) Jiz jiyth; cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 jiyth; khtl;l jpl;l FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLthh;.
 khtl;l Cuhl;rp FO jiyth;
 khtl;l Cuhl;rp FO khtl;lj;jpd; tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;fpwJ.
 khtl;l jpl;l FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; - khtl;l Cuhl;rp FO cWg;gpdh;fs;>
mk;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rl;l kd;w> ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
fye;Jnfhs;syhk; Mdhy; thf;fspf;f ,ayhJ.
 khtl;l tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;ij jahhpj;J khepy jpl;l FOtpw;F mDg;gtJ khtl;l
jpl;lFO
 khtl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLk; FOf;fspy; khtl;l Cuhl;rp FO jiyth; ,lk;
ngw;why; mf;FOtpd; jiyth; khtl;l Cuhl;rp FO jiyth;.
  khtl;lj;jpd; tsh;r;rp jpl;lq;fs; (k) gzpfis epiwNtw;wgth; khtl;l Ml;rp
jiyth;.
 TN-y; khtl;l Cuhl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if 31 (Except nrd;id)

Art 243:

 gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;GfSf;F tiuaiw toq;FfpwJ.

Art 243 A:

 fpuhk rig gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 B:

 %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J Kiw (Constitutional of Panthayat) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 C:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; fl;likg;G (compositon) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 D:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspy; ,l xJf;fL

P gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 SC, ST - ,l xJf;fL
P (k) ngz;fSf;F 1/3 (m) 33% ,l xJf;fL
P
toq;fgLfpwJ.

Art 243 E:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; gjtp fhyk;

 gjtp fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;
 gjtp fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng khepy murhy; fiyf;fglyhk; (Dissolve) Mdhy;
epue;jukhf ePf;f (Abolish) ,ayhJ.
 fiyf;fg;gl;l 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; Njh;jy; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Art 243 F:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,og;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 cWg;gpdh;fspd; Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 21

Art 243 G:

 gQ;rhaj;Juh[; mikg;Gfspd; 29 tifahd mjpfhuq;fs; (k) nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 H:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; thp tpjpg;G mjpfhuk;.

Art 243 I:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; epjp epiyia Gduikf;f khepy epjp Mizak;

Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 TN khepy epjp Mizak; 1994 –y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Art 243 J:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; fzf;F jzpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 K:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; Njh;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Njh;jy; elj;JtJ khepy Njh;jy; Mizak;
 khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu epakpg;gth; MSeh;.
 mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij jPh;khdpg;gth; MSeh;

Art 243 L:

 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 O:

 gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd eltbf;iffspy; ePjpkd;wk;

jiyapl ,ayhJ.

PART IX – A

efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; (m) efu cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;

Art 243 P – 243 ZG

 74 –tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1992 –d; %d;wLf;F efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jgl;lJ.

1. Ng&uhl;rp 10000 – 528
2. efuhl;rp 100000 – 124
3. khefuhl;rp (Corportion) 1000000 – 12
 ,it jtpu kw;w rpy efuhl;rp mikg;GfSk; nray;gLfpd;wd.
 efhpak; (Township)> uhZt FbapUg;G thhpak; (Controment Boart)> Fwpg;gpl;l
gFjp FOf;fs; (Notified Area Committiees) efu vy;iy gFjp FOf;fs; (Town
Area committees)>JiwKf nghWg;G fofk; (Port trust)> rpwg;G gad;ghl;L Kfik
(Special Purpose Agency)
1. Ng&uhl;rp (Town Panchayat)
 Fiwe;jgl;rk; kf;fs; njhif 10>000
 ,J Ng&uhl;rpfs; ,af;Fdh; fl;Lghl;by; ,aq;FfpwJ.
 ,jd; eph;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;gth; nray; mYtyh; (E.O Executive Officier)
 Jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fgLth;.
  Jizj; jiyth; cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fgLth;.
 Kf;fpa tUtha; - nrhj;J thp> njhopy; thp> FbePh; thp
 TN-y; 528 Ng&uhl;rpfs; cs;sJ.
2. efuhl;rp (Municipality)
 Fiwe;j gl;rk; kf;fs; njhif 1>00>000
 efuhl;rp rl;lk; %yk; vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
 efuhl;rp Vw;gLj;j mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ khepy muR
 efuhl;rp eph;thf Nkw;nfhs;gth; efuhl;rp Mizah; (Munipal Commissionr)
 jiyth;> cWg;gpdh;fs; - kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
 Jizj; jiyth; cwg;gpdh;fshy; KiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;.
 Kf;fpa tUtha; - nrhj;J thp njhopy; thp> FbePh; thp. Nfspf;if thp
 TN-y; cs;s efuhl;rpfs; (School 1Book-125)146+125)

khefuhl;rp: Corporation

 Fiwe;jgl;rk; kf;fs;njhif 10 yl;rk;

 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; efuhl;rp (k) khefuhl;rp nrd;id (1687 -88)
 1726 fy;fj;jh> Kk;ig
 khepy muR ,aw;Wk; khefuhl;rp rl;lk; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 kpfg; nghpa khefuhl;rpfs; (Metropolitian City) ngUk; khefu gFjp vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 khefuhl;rpapd; jiyth; Nkah;
 khefuhl;rpapd; je;ij Nkah;
 khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; Fbkfd; Nkah;
 Nkah; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
 J.Nkah; - cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fgLthh;.
 khefuhl;rp eph;thf gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;th; khefuhl;rp Mizah; (corporation
commissioner)
 Kf;fpa tUtha; nrhj;J thp> FbePh; thp. Njhopy; thp> tpsk;gut hp> Nfspf;if
thp.
 TN–y; cs;s khefuhl;rpfs; 12

Art 243 P:

 efuhl;rp mikg;GfSf;F tiuaiw toq;FfpwJ.

Art 243 Q:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; %d;wLf;F Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 R:
  efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; fl;likg;Gfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 S:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspy; thh;L fkpl;b Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 T:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspy; ,l xJf;fL

P gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 SC, ST ,l xJf;fL P (k) ngz;fSf;F 1/3 gq;F (m) 33% ,l xJf;fL
P
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

Art 243 U:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; gjtp fhyk;

 gjtp fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng khepy murhy; fiyf;fglyhk;. (Dissolve) Mdhy;
epue;jukhf ePf;f ,ayhJ (Abolish)
 fiyf;fg;gl;l 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; Njh;jy; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Art 243 V:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdh; jFjpapog;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 21

Art 243 W:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; 18 tifahd mjpfhuq;fs; nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 X:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; thp tpjpf;F mjpfhuk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 Y:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; epjp epiy Gduikf;f khepy epjp Mizak; Vw;gLj;JtJ

gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 Z:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspy; fzf;F (k) jzpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 ZA:

 efuhl;rp mikg;GfSf;F Njh;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

 Njh;jiy elj;JtJ khepy Njh;jy; Mizak;

Art 243 ZB:

  efuhl;rp mikg;Gfis a+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpy; mikg;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 ZD:

 khtl;l jpl;l FO gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

Art 243 ZE:

 ngUk; khefu jpl;l FO gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 ZF:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; rpy rl;lq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 243 ZG:

 efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Njh;jy; eltbf;iffspy; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapl KbahJ vd

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

PART – IX – B

The Co-Operative society

$l;LwT rq;fq;fs;

Art 243ZH – 243 ZT

 2011 97-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd;gb Part IX – B (Art 243ZH – 243 ZT) Gjpjhf

murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

PART – X

Scheduled & Tribal areas

SC, ST gFjpfs;

Art 244 – Art 244 A

Art 244:

 SC, ST gFjpfis eph;thfk; nra;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

PART – XI

kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;

Relations between Union & the States

 Art 245 – 263

PARRT – XII

epjp> nrhj;Jfs;> xg;ge;jq;fs;

Financ, Property, contracts & Suets

Art 264 – 300A

PART – XIII

tpahghuk;> tzpfk;> kw;Wk; cs; ghpkhw;wk; ,e;jpa vy;iyf;F Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

Trade, commerce and Intercourse within Territory of India

Art 301 – 307

PART – XIV

kj;jpa> khepy muR gzpfs;

Services under Union& the states

Art 308 – 323

PART – XIV

Tribunals

jPh;g;ghaq;fs;

Art 323A – 323 B

 1976 42-tJ rl;ljpUj;jjpd; PART XIV – A (Art 323A – 323 B) murpayikg;gpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Part X – 1992 -73
Part – IV A – 1976 – 42
Part – IX A – 1992 – 74
Part – IX B – 2011 – 97
Part – XIV A – 1976 – 42

ePf;fpaJ:

PART VII– 1956 – 7

22+4 = 26-1 = 25
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs;:

 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jk; gw;wp ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; PART XX– y; Art

368 –y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gLk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; cs;sJ
NkYk; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd eilKiwfs; gw;wpAk; Art 368 –y;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
 Art 368 ,Jtiu 2 Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;L cs;sJ.
1. 1971 24-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb Art 368-y; “murpayikg;ig jpj;Jtjw;fhd
eilKiwfs;” vd;w thrfj;jpw;F gjpyhf “murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhd
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; (k) mjw;fhd eilKiwfs;” vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. 1976 42 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd; gb Art 368y; “5 thrfq;fs;” Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
I. murpayikg;gpy; vijNaDk; Nrh;j;jy;> khw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy;
II. jpUj;jk; nra;Ak; eilKiwfs;
III. Art 368-d; gb Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rl;lj;jpUj;jj;ij vjph;j;J vf;fhuzk;
nfhz;Lk; ePjp kd;wj;ij mZf ,ayhJ.
IV. Art 368-d; gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rl;ljpUj;jjpw;F Art 13 nghUe;jhJ.
V. Art 368-d; gb Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ ve;j tpj
mjpfhuKk; nrYj;j ,ayhJ.
VI. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij 3 Kiwfspy; jpUj;jyhk;.
1. rhjhuz ngUk;ghz;ik (Simple Majority)
2. rpwg;G ngUk;ghz;ik (Special Majority)
3. rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik (k) ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; xg;Gjy;
%yk; (Special Mjority & the Ratification of the State legislatures)
1. rhjhuz ngUk;ghz;ik (Part I, II)
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ½ (or) 50% Nky; MjuTld; jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
KiwahFk;.
Eg:
1. Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;> vy;iy> ngah;> gug;gsit khw;wk; nra;jy;
2. Art 169-d; gb khepy rl;l Nkyitia cUthf;Fjy; (m) ePf;Fjy;
3. Art 239 A-d; gb a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; rl;lkd;wk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. murpayikg;gpd; 2tJ> 5tJ (k) 6-tJ ml;ltizfis jpUj;jk; nra;jy;.
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nfhuk; (m) Fiwfs; (Quorum) njhlh;ghd jpUj;jk;.
6. ghuhSkd;w cwg;gpdh;fspd; rk;gsk;> gbfis khw;wp mikj;jy;.
7. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tpjpfs; (k) eltbf;iffis jpUj;jk; nra;jy;
8. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; chpikfs; (k) FOf;fs; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
9. FbAhpik (Part II) njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs; ghuhSkd;wk; (k) rl;lkd;w
Njh;jy;fs; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;.
10. Ml;rpnkhop njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
11. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;.
12. ghuhSkd;w (k) rl;lkd;w njhFjpfs; ePf;fk; (k) khw;wp mikj;jy; njhlh;ghd
jpUj;jq;fs;.
 2. rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik %yk;:
 ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld; jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
KiwahFk;.
 Eg:
1. mbg;gil chpikfs; (Part – III) njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
2. muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; (Part IV) njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
3. xd;whtJ tif (k) 3tJ tif ,y;yhj kw;w midj;J jpUj;jq;fs;.

3.rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik (k) ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; xg;Gjy; %yk;:

Eg:

 FbauR jiyth; Njh;jy; (k) Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; (Art 54>55)

 cr;rePjpkd;wk; (k) cah;ePjpkd;wk; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
 kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNa rl;lkd;w (m) rl;lKiw cwTfs; njhlh;ghd
jpUj;jq;fs;
 7 tJ ml;ltiz (gl;bay;)
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;
 kj;jpa muR (k) khepy muRfspd; eph;thf mjpfhu vy;iy njhlh;ghd
jpUj;jq;fs;
 murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhd ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; (k) mjw;fhd
eilKiwfs; (Art 368)

rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs;:

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; ,Jtiu 120 Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ> 10

rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs; eilKiwf;F te;Js;sJ.

1-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 1951

 9-tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

5-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; -1955

 Art 3-y; khepyq;fs;> jq;fsJ vy;iyfs;> ngah;> gug;gsT Mfpatw;iw khw;w

jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; FbauR jiythplk; njhptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. vd mwptpf;f FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

6-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 1956

 khepy murpd; tphptpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fl;LgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 7-tJ ml;ltizapy; kj;jpa gl;baypy; rpy Fiwfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

7-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 1956

  ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j Part A, Part –B, Part-C, Part – D khepyq;fs;
ePf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpa nkhopthhpahf 14 khepyq;fs;> 6 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshf
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpayikg;gpd; Part VII Art 238 ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2 (or) mjw;F Nkw;g;gl;l khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf xNu egh; MSeuhf
epakpg;gjw;F top nra;;ag;gl;lJ.
 cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; $Ljy; ePjpgjpfs; (k) jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfs; epakpg;gjw;F top
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;> uh[;arigf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fis Njh;e;njLf;f top
nra;ag;gl;lJ.

9-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1960:

 1958 ,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; rpy gFjpfis

ghfp];jhdpw;F xg;gilj;jy; njhlh;ghd cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;gpd; gb 1tJ
ml;ltiz jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

10-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;:-1961

 jhj;uh ehfh;ntyp a+dpad; gpuNjrkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

11-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1961

 FbauRj; jiyth; (k) Jiz FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; Kiwfspy; jpUj;jk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

12-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk:; 1962

 Nfhth> lhkd;> ila+ a+dpad; gpuNjrkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

13-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk:; 1962

 Art 371(A) –tpd; gb ehfyhe;jpw;F rpwg;Ghpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

14-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1962

 ghz;br;Nrhp a+dpad; gpuNjrkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

 ghz;br;Nrhpapy; rl;lkd;wk; (rl;lNguit) Vw;gLj;j top nra;ag;gl;lJ (eilKiw
1963)

15-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1963

 cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T taJ 60 to 62 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

 Xa;T ngw;w cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfshf epakpf;f (2
tUlq;fs; kpfhky;) top nra;ag;gl;lJ.
16-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1963

 Art 19-y; Ngr;R (k) fUj;J chpikapy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahd;ik (k)

xUikghl;il ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; Ngr (k) fUj;J $w jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;J nry;tJ gw;wp Ngr fUj;J $w jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 gjtp gpukhz cWjpnkhopfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik (k) xUikghl;il
ghJfhj;jy; vd;w thh;j;ij Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

18-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1966

 Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy; vd;gJ khepyq;fs; (m) a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fis

cUthf;Fjiy Fwpf;Fk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 khepyq;fis ,izj;jy; (m) Gjpa khepyk; (k) a+dpad; gpuNjrj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

19-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1966

 Art 324-y; Njh;jy; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

 rl;lkd;w ehlhSkd;w Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f cah;ePjpkd;wjpw;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

21-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;:

 8-tJ ml;ltizapy; rpe;jp nkhop 15-tJ nkhopahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

22-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1969

 m];]hkpy; ,Ue;J Nkfhyah gphpf;fg;gl;L jd;dhl;rp khepy me;j];J

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

24-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1971

 Art 368-y; murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfs; vd;w thh;j;ijf;F

gjpyhf murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; (k) mjw;fhd
eilKiwfs; vd;w thh;j;ij Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 ghuhSkd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfs; cl;gl murpayikg;gpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk;
jpUj;j mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis FbauR jiyth; jpUg;gp mDg;g
,ayhJ fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

26-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1971

 kd;dh; khdpa Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

27-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1971

 kzpg;g+h; khepyj;jpy; rl;lg;Nguit (k) mikr;ruit Vw;gLj;j top nra;ag;gl;lJ.

28-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1972

 ICS mYtyh;fspd; gzpfl;Lg;ghL tpjpfspy; tpLKiw (k) xa;t+jpaq;fspy;

toq;fg;gl;l rpwg;Ghpik ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

30-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1972

 cr;repjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.

 cah; ePjpkd;wk; rhd;wspj;jhy; kl;LNk Nky; KiwaPL nra;a ,aYk; vd;w tpjp
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

31-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;:

 kf;fsit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 525 to 545 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; kf;fsitf;fhd ,lq;fspy; mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if
25apypUe;J 20 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

32-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1973

 Art 371(D)d; gb Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpw;F (njYq;fhdh kz;lj;jpw;F)

rpwg;GhpikAk;>Art 371 (E)–d; gb Me;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; kj;jpa gy;fiyfofk;
mikf;fTk; rpwg;Ghpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

33-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1974

 ghuhSkd;wk; (k) rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp tpyfiy rghehafh;

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk gjtp tpyfyhf fUjg;gLk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

35-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1974

 rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,iz khepy me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.

36-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1975

 rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd; 22-tJ khepykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

38-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1975

 Art 352-d; gb FbauRj; jiyth; mwptpf;Fk; ePjp vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ (Out of Jusdiction) (44-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpy; ePjp vy;iyf;F
cl;gl;lJ)
 Art 123 (k) 213-d; gb FbauRj; jiyth;(k) MSeh; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mtru rl;lk; ePjp
vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. (44-tJ jpUj;jjpy; ePjp vy;iyf;F
cl;gl;lJ)
  F.jiyth; Art 352-d; gb Njrpa neUf;fbia ntt;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk;
gpwg;gpf;f mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

39-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1975

 FbauRj; jiyth;> Jiz FbauRj; jiyth;> gpujkh; (k) rghehafh; MfpNahhpd;

Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

40-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1976

 fly;> fz;lj;jpl;L> jdpg;nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs;>(EEZ) Exlusive Econmic Zones,

Ruq;fq;fs;> fdpkq;fs; (k) kjpg;ghd nghUl;fs; ,e;jpa a+dpaDf;F nrhe;jkhdJ
vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

41-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1976

 khepy muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; (SPSC) (k) $l;L (m) ,iz khepy muR
gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; (JSPSC)Mfpatw;wpd; jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd;
gjtpfhyk; (Xa;T taJ) 60 to 62 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

42-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1976

 ,r;rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Fl;b murpayikg;G (Little Constitation (or) Mini Constitution) vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 KfTiuapy; rkjh;kk;> rka rhh;gw;w> xUikg;ghL Mfpa thh;j;ijfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Part IV A (Art 51A)“mbg;gil flikfs;” murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Part XIV A (Art 323A – 323 B) Tribunals jPh;g;ghaq;fs; murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 FbauRj; jiyth; kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridf;F fl;Lgl;lth; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 MSeh; khepy mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridf;F fl;Lgl;lth; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Art 83-y; kf;fsitapd; gjtp fhyKk;>Art 172-y; rl;lg;Nguitapd; gjtp fhyKk;
5 to 6 Mz;Lfs; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fsit (k) rl;lg;Nguit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if eph;zak; nra;a 1971
kf;fs; njhifia 2001 tiu gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mbg;gil chpikfs; (k) muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfSf;fk;
,ilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; DPSP Nfhl;ghLfNs Kd;Dhpik ngw;wJ.
 murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfhuk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 DPSP Nfhl;ghLfspy; Art 39A, 43A, 48A Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Njrpa neUf;fbia ,e;jpa a+dpadpd; ve;j gFjpf;Fk; mwptpf;f FbauRj;
jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 356-d; gb khepy neUf;fbia xNu Kiwapy; mwptpf;Fk; fhy msT 6
khjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1 Mz;lhf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
  7 tJ ml;ltizapy; 1.fy;tp> 2.fhLfs;> 3.tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G> 4.vil
mstpLfs;> 5. ePjp eph;thfk; Mfpa 5 Jiwfs; khepy gl;baypy; ,Ue;J nghJ
gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Art 312-y; mfpy ,e;jpa gzpAk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjp Gduha;T mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lg;Nguit (k) kf;fsit $l;lq;fSf;F Quorum Njitapy;iy vd
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 139A Gjpajhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;L cr;rePjpkd;wk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s
tof;Ffis cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;w mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 2A Nrh;f;fg;gl;L rl;lk; xOq;if ghJfhf;f kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;F MAj
gilfis cjtpf;F mDg;g tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 Art 32A (k) Art 226 A-apy; Ml; nfhzh; ePjpNguhizapy; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs;
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

43 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;: 1977

 42 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l Art 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A, 228A Mfpait

ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

44-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jk;:-1978

 Art 19(1) F (k) Art 31-ypUe;J nrhj;Jhpik mbg;gil chpikapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;L

Art 300A –y; nrhj;Jhpik rl;l chpikahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 83-d; gb kf;fsitapd; gjtpfhyk; (k) Art 172-d; gb rl;lg;Nguitapd;
gjtpfhyk; 6 to 5 Mz;Lfshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 22-y; MNyhrid thhpaj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;wp vtiuAk; 2 khjq;fSf;F Nky;
jLg;G fhtypy; itf;f jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 Art 71 –y; FbauRj; jiyth;> J;;izf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; gpur;ridfis
cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;j;J itf;f mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 FbauR jiyth; kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridfis kWghPrpyidf;F
jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;. Mdhy; kWghPrpyidf;F gpd; khepy mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhrid gb> nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. MSeh; khepy mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridfis kW ghPrpyidf;F jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk; kWghPrpyidf;Fgpd; khepy
mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridgb nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vdj; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Art 102-y; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjp ,og;G njhlh;ghf FbauR jiythpd;
KbNt ,WjpahdJ>Art 191y; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjp ,og;G njhlh;ghf
MSeh; KbT ,WjpahdJ vd;W jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. Art 352 –d; gb FbauRj;
jiyth; mwptpf;Fk; Njrpa neUf;fb Art 123-d; gb F.jiyth; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mtru
rl;lk;> MSeh; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mtru rl;lk; ePjp vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lJ vd
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 139A–y; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s tof;if> kdjhuhpd; tof;fpd; %yNk cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;w ,aYk; (kDjhuh; tpUk;gpdhy;) vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
  Art 302-y; “cs;ehl;L Fog;gk;” vd;w thh;j;ijf;F gjpyhf “MAj fpsh;rr ; p” vd;w
thh;j;ij Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg; gbNa FbauRj; jiyth; Art 352-d; gb
Njrpa neUf;fbia mwptpf;f KbAk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 neUf;fb epiy gpufldq;fis jtwhf gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G
toq;fgl;lJ.
 Art 352-d; gb mwptpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa neUf;fbf;F xU khjj;jpw;Fs; 2/3 gq;F
rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik cld; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ (Vw;fdNt xg;Gjy; fhy msT 2 khjkhf ,Ue;jJ)
 Art 356-d; gb xNu rkaj;jpy; 6 khjj;jpw;F kl;LNk khepy neUf;fbia mwptpf;f
KbAk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
(42-tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; 1 Mz;lhf ,Ue;jJ)
 Art 358-d; gb Nghh; (k) may; ehl;L Mf;ukpg;G Mfpa fhuzq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk
Art 19-I epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;> MAj fpsh;rr ; p fhuzj;jpw;fhf Art 19-I epWj;jp
itf;f ,ayhJ vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

46-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1982:

 khepyq;fspy; thp tpjpg;G Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

 Fwpg;gpl;l thpfs; midj;J khepyq;fspYk; xNu tpfpjj;jpy; tpjpf;f tif
nra;ag;gl;lJ. (Uniformity in tax Rates)

48-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1984:

 gQ;rhg;gpy; Art 356-d; gb khepy neUf;fb 1 Mz;bypUe;J 2 Mz;LfSf;F

ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.

49-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1984:

 murpayikg;gpd; 6-tJ ml;ltiz gb ST gFjpfSf;F jd;dhl;rp khtl;l

fTd;rpy; (Autonomus Distirc council) mikf;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

50-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1984:

 mbg;gil chpikfspy; Art 33-y; MAj gilfs;> csT Jiw mikg;Gfs;

Mfpatw;wpw;F jfty; njhlh;G Kiwfspy; fl;LghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

51-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1984:

 Nkfhyah> mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;> ehfhyhe;J> kpN]huk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;F

kf;fsitapy; ST ,l xJf;fL P toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 kpN]huk;> ehfyhe;J rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ,l xJf;fL
P Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

52-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1985:

  murpayikg;gpy; 10-tJ ml;ltiz (fl;rp jhty; jilr; rl;lk;) Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
(Anti Defection law)

54-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1986:

 murpayikg;gpd; 2-tJ ml;ltizapy; Art 125-d; gb cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;

rk;gsKk;>Art 221-d; gb cah; ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

58-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1987:

 FbauRj; jiyth; mjpfhu g+h;tkhf ,e;jp nkhopapy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig

ntspapl mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

59-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1988:

 gQ;rhgpy; FbauR jiyth; 3 Ml;rp Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

60-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1988:

 jdp egh; njhopy; thp (professional tax) cr;r tuk;G &.250 to &.2500 Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

61-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1988:-eilKiw 1989

 taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik taJ 21ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

64-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1990:

 gQ;rhgpy; FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp 3 Mz;Lfspy; NkYk; 6 khjq;fSf;F

ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.

65-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1990:

 gy cWg;gpdh; Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; (k) goq;Fbapdh; Mizak;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. (Multi Members National commission for Sc‟s & ST‟s)

67-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1990:

 gQ;rhgpy; FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp 3 to 6 Mz;Lfspy; ,Ue;J 4 Mz;LfSf;F

ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.

68-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1991:

 gQ;rhgpy; FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp 4 to 5 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ. (11.5.1987

to 1992)
69-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1991: (eilKiw 1992)

 nly;ypf;F Njrpa jiyefh; me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ. (National Capital Territory)

 nly;ypapy; 70 cWg;gpdh;fs; rl;l NguitAk;> 7 Ngh; nfhz;l mikr;ruitAk;
vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

70-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1992:

 nly;yp (k) ghz;br;Nrhp a+dpad; gpuNjr rl;l Nguit cWg;gpdh;fSk; FbauRj;

jiyth; Njh;jypy; gq;F ngw (thf;fspf;f) mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

71-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1992:

 8-tJ ml;ltizapy; nfhq;fzp> kzpg;g+hp> Neghsp nkhopfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L

mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; 15 to 18 Mf cah;jjg;gl;lJ.

73-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1992: eilKiw April 1993

 murpayikg;gpy; 11-tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ (fpuhk

ghypf;fh rl;lk;)
 Part IX–y; Art 243-243‟o‟ tiu gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

74-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1992: eilKiw April 1993

 murpayikg;gpy; 12-tJ ml;ltiz Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. (efh; ghypf;fh rl;lk;)

 Part IX A Art 243 P-243ZG tiu Gjpajhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;L tiu efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

75-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1994:

 thlif fl;Lghl;L rl;lq;fis vspikahf;f thlif jPh;g;ghaq;fs; (Rent Tribunas)

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

76-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1994: eilKiw 1995

 jkpo;ehL ,l xJf;fLP fs; rl;lk; 1994> 9-tJ ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ>

,jd;gb jkpo;ehl;by; 69% ,l xJf;fL P cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

77-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1995:

 Art 16(4) –d; gb gjtp cah;TfspYk; ,l xJf;fPL toq;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

79-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1999:

  kf;fsit (k) rl;l Nguitfspy; SC,ST ,l xJf;fL P (k) Mq;fpNyh
,e;jpaUf;fhf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 26.1.2000 to 25.1.2010 tiu NkYk; 10 Mz;Lfs;
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.

(95-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2009 –d; gb 26.1.2010 to 25.1.2020 tiu NkYk; 10

Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ)

80-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2000:

 kj;jpa murpd; thp tUthapy; khepyq;fs; (k) a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F 26%

xJf;fLP nra;a tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

81-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2000:

 Art 16(4)6 –y; fhyp gzpaplq;fspy; SC, ST, OBC fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPLfs;
epug;gglhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjid jdp tFg;G fhypaplkhf (Backlog Vacancy)
gpd;gw;wp mLj;j Mz;Lfspy; epug;g tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

82-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2000:

 Art 335-y; SC,ST fSf;f Njh;tpy; kjpg;ngz; rYif mspj;jy; (k) gjtp
cah;tpy; kjpg;gPl;L msit Fiwf;fTk; tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

84-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2001:

 kf;fsit (k) rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;ifapy; khw;w NkYk; 25

Mz;LfSf;F (2026) tiu jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy; thf;F kjpg;G fzf;fpl 1971 kf;fs; njhifia
NkYk; 25 Mz;LfSf;F (2026) tiu gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 njhFjpfs; eph;zak; nra;a 1991 kf;fs; njhifia gpd;gw;w tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.
(87 tJ r.jp 2003-d; gb njhFjpfs; eph;zak; nra;a 2001-kf;fs; njhifia
gpd;gw;w tif nra;ag;gl;lJ).

85-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2001:

 gjtp cah;Tfspy; SC,ST fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fpL [Pd; 1995 Kjy; Kd;

Njjpapl;L mky;gLj;j tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

86-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2002:

 mbg;gil chpikfspy; Art 21A (fy;tp chpik) mbg;gil flikfspy; Art 51A
(k) Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 Art 45 jpUj;jg;gl;L 6-taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfspd; Foe;ij gUtk; (k)
mth;fsJ fy;tpapy; muR ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

87-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003:

  njhFjpfs; eph;zak; nra;a 2001 kf;fs; njhifia gpd;gw;w tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

88-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003:

 Art 268 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;L kj;jpa murpw;F Nrit thp (Service Tax) tpjpf;f mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nrit thp 7tJ ml;ltizapy; kj;jpa gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

89-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003: eilKiw 2004

 Art 338-d; gb Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; Mizak; Sc‟s Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. (National

Commission for Sc‟s)
 Art 338 A Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;L Njrpa goq;Fbapdh; Mizak; vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

90-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003:

 m];yhkpy; NghNlhyhe;J khtl;lj;jpy; STfs; (k) ST my;yhjth;fSf;Fk;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;f tifnra;ag;gl;lJ.

91-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003:

 Art 75 (1A)–d; gb kf;fsit nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;ifapy; gpujkh; cl;gl

kj;jpa mikr;ruit vz;zpf;if 15% f;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Art 164 (1A) khepy rl;l Nguit nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;ifapy; (a+dpad;)
Kjyikr;rh; cl;gl khepymikr;ruit vz;zpf;if 15% f;F Nky; ,Uf;f
$lhJ> Fiwe;jgl;rk; Kjyikr;rh; cl;gl 12 mikr;rh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 fl;rp jhty; jilr; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ehlhSkd;wk; (k) khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ,U mitfspYk; cWg;gpduhf
,Uf;Fk; Kiw jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ehlhSkd;wk; (k) rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;bYk; cWg;gpdh; MFk; Kiw jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ. (Mjhak; jUk; ,ul;il gjtp Kiw jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

92-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2003:

 8-tJ ml;ltizapy; NghNlh> Nlhf;hp> ikjpyp> rhe;jpyp ehd;F nkhopfs;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; vz;zpf;if 18 to 22 Mf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

93-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2005:

 jdpahh; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; cl;gl midj;J fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk;

(rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; jtpu) SC,ST,OBC MfpNahUf;F
rpwg;Ghpikfs; toq;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

94-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2006:

  Art 164(1) –d; gb [hh;fz;l; (k) rl;B];fh; goq;Fbapdh; eyj;Jiw mikr;riu
mk;khepy MSeh; epakpf;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ (Vw;fdNt ,t;tjpfhuk;
gP`hhplKk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jplKk; ,Ue;jJ.

95-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 2009:

 kf;fsit (k) rl;lNguitfspy; SC,ST ,l xJf;fL P (k) Mq;fpNyh

,e;jpaUf;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 26.1.2010 to 25.1.2020 tiu NkYk; 10 Mz;LfSf;F
ePl;bf;fgl;lJ.

96-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 23.9.2011:

 8-tJ ml;ltizapy; xhpah nkhopapd; ngah; xbah vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

PART – XI
kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;
Relations between Union and the States
Art 245 – 263
 kj;jpa khepy cwTfs; 3 tifg;gLk;
1. rl;lKiw (m) rl;lkd;w cwTfs;-Art-245 to 255
2. eph;thf cwTfs; Art 256-263
3. epjp tif cwTfs; Art 264-293
 kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha kj;jpa khepy muRfs; gy;NtW FOf;fis
mikj;Js;sd.
1. eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Mizak;: 1966 Administrative reforms commission
 kj;jpa muR 1966 –y; nkhuh[pNjrha; jiyikapy; eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j
Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
 ,t;thizak; K.`Dke;ja;ahit gpd;gw;wp ,aq;fpaJ.
 ARC 1969-y; mwpf;ifia kj;jpa murplk; mspj;jJ.
 mt;twpf;ifapy; kj;jpa khepy cwTfis gyg;gLj;j ghpe;Jiufs; toq;fpaJ.
 Art 263-d; gb khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOit (Interstate council) mikf;f
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Nyhf;ghy;> Nyhf; MAf;jh mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jTk; ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
2. P.V.uh[kd;dhh; fkpl;b:
 1969 TN muR (DMK) kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha P.V. uh[kd;dhh;
jiyikapy; yl;Rkz Rthkp Kjyph;> P.re;jpuh nul;b MfpNahiu cWg;gpdh;fshf
nfhz;l 3 egh; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1971 –y; ,f;FO TN murplk; mwpf;if mspj;jJ.
 mt;twpf;ifapy; mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfis khepyq;fSf;F gad;gLj;j Njitapy;iy
vd;Wk;> khepyq;fSf;F Ra Ml;rp me;j];J toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
  ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis kj;jpa muR epuhfhpj;jJ.
 1973 –y; gQ;rhgpy; mfhypjsk; fl;rp Mde;j;g+h; rhfpg; vd;w ,lj;jpy; kjk; rhh;e;j
murpay; jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 ,j;jPh;khdKk; kj;jpa murhy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1977 –y; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; khh;f;rp];l; fk;dpa+];l; murhq;fk; kj;jpa khepy
cwTfis gyg;gLj;j ghpe;Jiufs; mlq;fpa mwpf;ifia kj;jpa murplk;
mspj;jJ.
 ,t;twpf;ifAk; kj;jpa murhy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2007 TN muR kj;jpa khepy cwTfis (TN Kd;dhy; jpl;lFO J.jiyth;)
Muha K.ehfehjd; FOit mikj;jJ.
rh;f;fhhpah fkpl;b: 1983
 1983 –y; cr;rePjpkd;w xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp uQ;rpj; rpq; rhf;fhhpah (R.S rh;f;fhhpah;)
jiyikapy; B.rptuhkd; S.R.nrd; MfpNahiu cWg;gpduhf nfhz;l %d;W egh;
FOit kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha kj;jpa muR mikj;jJ.
 1987 Oct-y; ,f;FO mwpf;if mspj;jJ.
 1988 Jan-y; ,f;FO mwpf;ifapd; njhFg;ig mspj;jJ.
 ,f;FO kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha 247 ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ.
 2011 tiu kj;jp muR 180 ghpe;Jiufis eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
 ,jd; ghpe;Jiufis gpd;gw;wp 1990 –y; VP rpq; murhq;fk; Art 263-d; gb
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd FOit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. (Inter State Council)

2 tJ eph;thfk; rPh;jpUj;j Mizak;: 2005

 2005 –y; kj;jpa muR kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha kj;jpa mikr;rh;
tPug;gnkha;yp jiyikapy; 2-tJ eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
 ,f;FO mNj Mz;L kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha ghpe;Jiufs; mlq;fpa
mwpf;ifia kj;jpa murplk; mspj;jJ.

GQ;rp fkpl;b: 2007

 2007 –y; Vg;uy; kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Muha Kd;dhy; cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik
ePjpgjp kjd; Nkhfd; GQ;rp (M.M.GQ;rp) jiyikapy; 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; mlq;fpa
FOit kj;jpa muR epakpj;jJ.
2 jpNge;jpu rpq; 4 N R khjt; Nkdd;.
3 tpNdhj; Fkhh; Jfhy; 5 Dr. mk;Nu\; ghf;\p
 ,f;FO kj;jpa khepy cwTfis gyg;gLj;j 310 –w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghpe;Jiufis
toq;fpaJ.
 ,f;FO rh;f;fhhpah fkp\d;> murpayikg;G kW Ma;tpw;fhd Njrpa FO
(NCRWC), 2000 National Commission for 2-tJ eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Mizak;
Mfpatw;wpd; mwpf;iffis gpd;gw;wp Muha;e;jJ.
 ,f;FO kj;jpa khepy gFjpfspy; nray;ghLfis murpayikg;gpw;F cl;gl;L
murhq;fk;> rl;lkd;w cwTfs;> eph;thf cwTfs;> MSehpd; gq;F> neUf;fb epiy
 gpufldq;fs;> epjp tif cwTfs;> nghUshjhu r%f jpl;lkply;> gQ;rhaj;Juh[;
mikg;Gfs;> tsq;fis gfph;jy;. jz;zPh; gfph;T ,tw;wpy; cs;s eilKiw
rpf;fy;fis jPh;g;gJ gw;wp Muha;e;jJ.
I. rl;lkd;w cwTfs;: Art 245 – 255
 kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa rl;lkd;w cwTfspd; %yk; mjpfhuq;fs; 3
gl;bay;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. kj;jpa gl;bay;
2. khepy gl;bay;
3. nghJ gl;bay;

Art 246:

 %d;W tifahd gl;bay;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 248:

 %d;W gl;bay;fspy; my;yhj kw;w Jiwfs; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;wk; mjpfhuq;fs;

(vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; (Residwaxy Powers) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 gl;baypy; cs;s Jiwfis eph;tfpf;Fk; nghUl;L $Ljyhd ePjpkd;wq;fis
mikf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ghuhSkd;wk; ehL KOtjw;Nfh (m) ehl;bd; VjhtJ xU gFjpf;Nfh rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 NkYk; ,e;jpa Ml;rp gFjpfs; vd;gJ khepyq;fs; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; (k)
,e;jpahtpy; Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; (States, Union Territeries Aquired
territories)
 khepy rl;lkd;wk; vd;gJ khepyk; KOtjw;Nfh (m) khepyj;jpd; VjhtJ xU
gFjpf;Nfh rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

Art 249:

 uh[;a rgh 2/3 gq;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik jPh;khdk; %yk; khepy gl;baypy; cs;s
xU Jiwia Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vdf; fUjp jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpdhy;
mj;Jiw kPJ ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;.

Art 356–d; gb khepy neUf;fb mky;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mk;khepyj;jpd; khepy gl;bay; kPJ

rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; ngWk;.

Art – 250:

 neUf;fb epiy fhyq;fspy; khepy gl;bay; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij

FbauRj; jiyth; xg;GjYld; ghuhSkd;wk; ngWk; (neUf;fb epiy Kbe;j 6
khj;jpy; kl;LNk nry;Yk;)

Art 252:
  2 (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpdq;f mk;khepyq;fspd;
khepy gl;bay; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; ngWk;.

Art 253:

 rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L khepy gl;baypy; cs;s

mf;Fwpg;gpl;l Jiw kPJ ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ngWk;.

eph;thf cwTfs; (Administrative Ralations) Art 256-263

 Art 162 -d; gb ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; midj;J JiwfspYk; khepy

MSehpd; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; ,aq;Fk;.
 khepy MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; Neub gpujpepjpahf nray;gLfpwhh;.

Art 256:

 khepy murpd; eph;thf mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fSf;F vw;g

nray;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; kj;jpa muR khepy muRfSf;F jFe;j mwpTiufs;
toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 khepyq;fspy; cs;s uhZtk; njhlh;ghd tpraq;fSf;F ,Ug;G ghij> njhiy
njhlh;G> neQ;rhiyfs;> ePh;top Nghf;Ftuj;J Mfpait njhlh;ghf kj;jpa muR
Njitahd newpKiwfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Art 257:

 kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j khepy muRfSf;F kj;jpa muR Njitahd

newpKiwfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 258:

 Ml;rp Jiw tptfhuq;fspy; khepyq;fs; ,aq;FtJ gw;wp khepyq;fSf;F

mwpTiufs;> fl;lisfs;> kj;jpa muR toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 khepy eph;thf Jiwfs; kj;jpa eph;thf JiwfSf;F vjpuhf nray;gl ,ayhJ.
 khepy MSeh; khepy murpd; eph;thfj;ij kj;jpa murpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;s
ghpe;Jiu nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; CAG khepy muRfspd; jzpf;if (k)
fl;Lg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;.
 khepyj;jpy; Kf;fpa gzpahd mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfis UPSC Njh;T nra;J
toq;FfpwJ.
 ,U khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa vy;iy gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.

Art 262:
  khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa jz;zPh; (ejp ePh;) gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f ehlhSkd;wk;
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 1956-y; ejpePh; thhpa rl;lk; (River Boards Act) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 1956- y; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa ejpePh; gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f
khepyq;fSf;fpilNa ePh; jfuhW rl;lk; 1956 (Interstate Water disputes Act)
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.9
 khepyq;fSf;fpilNa ejpePh; gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh (m)
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vd ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.

ejpePh; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; (m) ejpePh; Mizaq;fs;:

(Interstate WaterDisputesTribunats)

 khepyq;fSf;fpilNa jz;zPh; gpur;ridfis jPh;f;f ,Jtiu 8 ejp ePh;

jPh;g;ghaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ejpePh; jPh;g;ghaj;jpd; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l

ngah; Mz;L khepyq;fs;

fpU\;zh> ejpePH Mizak; 1969 kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh> Me;jpuh

Nfhjhthp ejpePh;Mizak; 1969 kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh>

Me;jpugpuNjrk;
kj;jpagpuNjrk;> xb]h

eh;kjh (eh;kij) 1969 uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;> kj;jpa

ejpePh;Mizak; gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh

uhtp (k)gpah]; 1986 gQ;rhg;>`hpahdh

ejpePh;Mizak;

fhtphp ejpePh; Mizak; 1990 fh;ehlfh> Nfush>TN GJr;Nrhp

2 tJ fpU\;zh ejpePh; 2004 kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh> Me;jpuh
Mizak;
td;rjhuh ejpePh; Mizak; 2010 Xb]h> Me;jpugpuNjrk;
kfij ejpePh; Mizak; 2010 Nfhth> kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh

 2013 y; fhtphp epjpePh; Mizak; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

Art 263:

 khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd FO (Inter state Council) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 ,f;FO kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  ,f;FO khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gpur;rpidfis jPh;f;f MNyhridfs;
toq;Fk;.
 khepyq;fspd; nghJthd mf;fiwAila tpraq;fs; (k) ey;Ywit
tsh;g;gjw;fhd tpraq;fs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;J MNyhrid toq;Fk;.
 ,f;FO ghpe;Jiufs; (k) MNyhridfs; kl;LNk toq;Fk; mtw;iw
nray;gLj;JkhW fl;lhag;gL;j ,ayhJ.
 rh;fhhpah fkpl;bapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb 1990 May 28 y; kj;jpa muR V.P. rpq;
murhq;fk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 ,f;FOit Vw;gLj;Jth; FbauR jiyth;
 ,f;FOtpd; jiyth; gpujkh;

cWg;gpdh;fs;

 midj;J khepy Kjyikr;rh;fs;

 rl;lkd;wk; cs;s A+dpad; gpuNrq;fspy; Kjyikr;rh;fs;.
 rl;kd;wk; ,y;yhj A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; eph;thf mYtyh;fs; (Administrators)
 FbauR jiyth; Ml;rp eilngWk; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs;
 gpujkuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; kj;jpa cs;Jiw mikr;rh; cl;gl 6 Nfgpdl;
mikr;rh;fs;
 ,f;FO Fiwe;jgl;rk; Mz;bw;F 3 Kiw $l;lg;gLk;
 1991 y; ,f;FOtpw;F cjTtjw;fhf nrayfk; (Interstate Secretatriate)
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;nrayfk; 2011 Kjy; kz;ly FOtpw;fhfTk; (Zonal Council) nray;gLfpwJ.
 1996 y; ,f;Otpd; Kf;fpa KbTfis vLf;f xU Jiz FO (epiy FO)
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kz;ly FO (Zonal Council)
 kz;ly FO gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
 ,J xU murpayikg;G rhuhj mikg;G (Non ConstitutionalBody)
 1956 khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lj;jpd; gb ,e;jpahtpy; 5 kz;ly FOf;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1971 tlfpof;F kz;ly FO rl;lj;jpd;gb 1972 Aug 8 y; tlfpof;Fkz;lyFO
6 tJ kz;ly FOthf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 kz;ly FOf;fs; rl;l G+h;tkhd mikg;gfs; MFk; (Statutory Body)
kz;ly FOtpd; khepyq;fs; jiyikaplk;
ngah;
1. tlf;f kz;ly [k;K – fh\;kPh>; nly;yp
FO `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk;
`hpahdh> gQ;rhg;
uh[];jhd;> nly;yp>
rz;bfh;
kj;jpa kz;ly cj;jpuNjrk;>M.P. myfhghj; (UP)
FO cj;juhQ;ry;> rj;jP]f
; h;
 fpof;F kz;ly gP`hh;> [hh;fz;l;> nfhy;fj;jh
FO Nkw;F tq;fhsk;>
me;jkhd;

Nkw;F kz;ly FO kfhuh\;buh> Nfhth Kk;ig

F[uhj;> jhj;uh- ehfh; -
Ntyp> lhkd;> ilA
njw;F kz;ly fh;ehlfh> Me;jpuh> nrd;id
FO Nfush>TN, yl;rjPT
GJr;Nrhp
tlfpof;F kz;ly Assam, A.P ehfhyhe;J> nfs`hj;jp
FO (North Eastern) kzpg;G+h; Nkfhyah>
kpNrhuk;> jphpGuh> rpf;fpk;

 2002 y; rpf;fpk; tlfpof;F kz;ly FOtpy;8 tJ khepykhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

 kz;ly FOtpd; jiyth; kj;jpa cs;Jiw mikr;rh;
 Jiz jiyth; mk;kz;lyj;jpYs;s Kjyikr;rh;fs; Row;rp Kiwapy; Xuhz;L
Jiz jiyth; gjtp tfpg;gh;.

cWg;gpdh;fs;

 mk;kz;lyj;jpYs;s khepy (k) a+dpad; gpuNjr Kjyikr;ru;fs;

 mk;kz;lyj;jpy; Kjyikr;ru; ,y;yhj a+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpy; epu;thf mYtyh;
(Administrator)
 mk;kz;lyj;jpYs;s Kjyikr;rh;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLfpw jyh 2 mikr;rh;fs;
 kz;ly FOtpd; Nehf;fk; kj;jpa khepy; muRfSf;fpilNa xw;Wik (k)
xUikghl;il tsh;g;gJ MFk;.
Part XII

epjptif cwTfs; (Finance, Property, Contracts & Sceits)

epjp> nrhj;J> xg;ge;jq;fs;

Art 264-300A

Part XII ehd;F Chapter fshf gphpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.

epjpif cwTfs; Chatper I– epjp Art 264 – 291 (Finance)

Chapter II – fld;fs; Art 292 – 293 (Borrowing)

Chapter III – nrhj;J> Xg;ge;jq;fs;> chpikfs;> (Property,

contracte rights) nghWg;gfs; liabilities, rpW xg;ge;jq;fs; suits)
Art 294 to 300
 Chapter IV – nrhj;Jhpik-Art-3000A

epjp tif cwTfs;:

Art 264-293

 kj;jpa muR tpjpf;Fk; tUkhd thp> Rq;fthp cs;spl;l thptUtha; ,dq;fSk;>

uapy;Nt> mQ;ry; Jiw> thndhyp njhiyfhl;rp> tq;fpfs; Mfpatw;wpy;
fpilf;Fk; thp my;yhj tUtha; ,dq;fSk; kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
gq;fPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;F fld;fs;> khdpaq;fs; epjp xJf;fL
P fis
toq;FfpwJ.
 khepy muR thq;Fk; fld;fSf;f kj;jpa muR gpizak; nrYj;JfpwJ

Art 265:

 rl;j;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp thp t#ypf;f (k) thp tpjpf;f jil nra;fpwJ.

Art 266:

 ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjp (Consolidated fund of India) khepy njhFg;G epjp> ,e;jpa
nghJ fzf;F (Public Account of Inda) Mfpait gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

,e;jpa njhFg;G epjp:Consolidated fund of India

(k) khepy njhFg;G epjp

 kj;jpa murpd; midj;J thp tUtha; ,dq;fs;> jPh;itfs;> murhy; ngwg;gLk;

kw;w tUtha; ,dq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjp
 khepy murpd; midj;J thp tUtha; ,dq;fs;> jPh;itfs;> murhy; ngwg;gLk; kw;w
tUtha; ,dq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ khepy njhFg;G epjp
 FbauR jiythpd; rk;gsk;> gzpfs; (k) Xa;T+jpaq;fs;> mtuJ mYtyf
nrytpdq;fs;> khepyq;fsit jiyth;> Jiz jiyth;> kf;fsit rghehafh;>
Jiz rghehafh;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; CAG, UPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;>
jiyik Njh;jy;> Mizah; (k) Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; MfpNahhpd; rk;gsk;> gbfs;
(k) Xa;T+jpak; Mfpait ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpa muR njhlh;ghd fld;fs; ,e;jpapypUe;J nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 khepy MSeh; (k) cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T+jpak; ,e;jpa njhFg;G
epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 SPSC jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizah;> rl;lg;Nguit
rghehafh;> Jid rghehafh; MfpNahhpd; rk;gsk;> gbfs;> Xa;T+jpak; khepy
njhFg;g epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 MSeh; (k) cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsk; (k) gbfs; khepy njhFg;G
epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpa nghJ fzf;F : Public A/C of India

 ,e;jpa nghJ fzf;fpy; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapy; ,lk; ngwhj nghJkf;fspd; epjp
rhh;e;j ,dq;fs; ,e;epjpapy; ,lk;ngWk;

Ex:

tUq;fhy itg;gepjp (pf), ePjpJiw itg;G epjp> tq;fp Nrkpg;G epjp> JiwhPjpahd
itg;G epjp (k) nghJkf;fs; rhh;e;j gzk; nrYj;Jjy;

Art 267: FbauRj; jiyth; ephtfpg;ghh;

 ,e;jpa murpd; vjph;ghuh nryT epjp (Contingency fund of Inidia) (k) khepy murpd;
vjph;ghuh nryT epjp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 268:

 kj;jpa murhy; thp tpjpf;fg;gl;L khepy murhy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L> khepy muRfs;

gad;gLj;Jk; thpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Ex:

Kj;jpiu jPh;itfs; (Stamp duties) kUe;J (k) xg;gid njhlh;ghd MajPh;itfs;

epy thp

Art 268A – Service Tax – 2003, 88th Amenmend ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Art 269:

 kj;jpa murhy; thp tpjpf;fg;gl;L> kj;jpa murhy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L khepyq;fSf;F

mspf;fg;gLk; thpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Ex:

Nrh;Kid thp (Terminal Tax) khepyq;fSf;fpilNa tpahghuk; (k) tzpfk;

njhlh;ghd thpfs;> Ntshz;ik my;yjh kw;w nrhj;Jthpfs; (Estate duty)

Art 270:

 kj;jpa murhy; thp tpjpf;fg;gl;L> kj;jpa muNr t#ypj;J khepyq;fSf;F gfph;e;J

mspf;fg;gLk; thpfs;

Ex : (Income Tax) tUkhd thp> Rq;f thp

 2000 y; 80 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jjpd; gb kj;jpa murpd; nkhj;j tUthapy; 29

khepyq;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd jpUj;jg;gl;lJ
 ,ij ghpe;Jiuj;j FO 10tJ epjp FO
Art 274:

 khepyq;fs; thp tpjpf;f (m) thpia jpUj;jk; nra;a FbauR jiythpd;

xg;Gjy; ngw;W rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 275:

 kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;f epjp xJf;fPL (Grants) nra;tJ gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 fhLfs; (k) muRf;F nrhe;jkhd njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J khepy muRfs;
thp my;yhj tUthNa ngWfpd;wd.

Art 277:

 kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; Nrkpg;Gfs; (Savings) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 280:

 epjp FO (m) epjp Mizak; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 281:

 epjp FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

Art 292:

 ,e;jpa muR fld; ngWjy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

Art 293:

 khepy muRfs; fld; ngWjy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 299:

 xg;ge;jq;fs;> cld;gbf;iffs; FbauR jiyth; xg;gjy; ngw;wgpd; eilKiwf;F

tUk;

Art 300A

 nrhj;Jhpik (rights to Property) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 1978 44 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 19(1) (f) Art 31 ypUe;J nrhj;Jhpik mbg;gil
chpikapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;L Art 300A nrhj;Jhpik rl;l chpikahf
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp ve;jnthU eghpd; nrhj;JhpikiaAk;> gwpf;ff; $lhJ.
 Art 300A tpy; nrhj;Jhpik kPwg;gl;lhy; Art 32 d; gb cr;r ePjp kd;wj;ij ehb
jPh;T ngw ,ayhJ.
 Art 226 d;gb cah;ePjp kd;wj;ij ehb jPh;T ngwyhk;.
 Part XII

tpahghuk;> tzpfk; ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

Trade Commerce Intercourse with in the Territory of India)

Art 301 to 307

Part XIV

kj;jpa khepy muR gzpfs;

(Services Under Union &the states)

Art 308 to 323

 Part XIV 2 – Chapter fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Chapter I nghJ (m) muR gzpfs; (Services)
Art 308 – 314
Chapter II– muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizaq;fs;
Art 315 – 323
muR gzpfs; (m) nghJ gzpfs;:
 muR gzpfs; 3 tifg;gLk;
1. mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; (All India Service)
2. kj;jpa gzpfs; (CentralIndia Service)
3. khepy gzpfs; (StateIndia Service)

mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs;:

 mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; kj;jpa muR> khepy muR

Mfpa ,U muRfspd; fl;Lghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
 ,g;gzpapy; cs;sth;fs; kpf cah;e;j gjtpapy; cs;sth;fshf (key post)
fUjg;gLth;
 ,e;jpahtpy; 3 mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; cs;sJ.
1. IAS (Indian Administrative Service ,e;jpa Ml;rp gzp
2. ,e;jpa fhty; gzp (Indian Police Service)
3. ,e;jpa td gzp (Indian Forest Service)
 1947 y; ,e;jpa Fbik gzp (Indian Civil Servuce ICS) ,e;jpa Ml;rp gzp
vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa fhty; (Indian Police) gjtp ,e;jpa fhty; gzp (IPS) vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ
  3tJ mfpy ,e;jpa gzpahd ,e;jpa tdg;gzp (IFS) 1963 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L
1966 y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
 1951 y; mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; rl;lk; (All India Services Art) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 “,e;jpa Fbik gzpapd; je;ij” fhud; thyp]; mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfspd;
je;ij – rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly; rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly; mfpy ,e;jpa
gzpfs; gw;wp ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapl;L Kjd;ikahf
vLj;Jiuj;jhh; (Chief Protagonist)
 mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfis Njh;e;njLg;gJ (k) gapw;rp mspg;gJ kj;jpa mur
(UPSC)
 mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; kj;jpa muR> khepy muR Mfpa ,U muRfspd;
fl;Lghl;bYk; nray;gl;lhYk; cr;repiy fl;LghL (Ultimate Control) kj;jpa
murplk; cs;sJ.

kj;jpa gzpfs;: (Central Services)

 kj;jpa gzpfs; KOtJk; kj;jpa muR fl;Lghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;.

 ,g;gzpfis Njh;T nra;tJ UPSC and SSC kj;jpa muR
 jw;NghJ kj;jpa gzpfs; nray;gLj;Jk; (k) njhopy;El;gk; (Technical Wing)
Mfpa 2 epiyfspy; nray;gLfpwJ.
 jw;NghJ kj;jpa gzpfspy; Group A gzpfspy; 58 gzpfs; cs;sd>
,g;gzpfspy; kpf cah;e;j gzpahf me;j];jpd; mbg;gilapy; (Prestige and
Status) fUjg;gLtJ IPS (Indian Foreign Service ,e;jpa ntspAwT gzp

khepy gzp;: (State Services)

 ,it khepy murpd; fl;Lghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;

 khepy ghzpfs; nghJ> nray;ghLj;Jjy;> (General wing, functional sing,
technical wing njhopy;El;gk; vd %d;W epiyfspy; nray;gLfpwJ.
 khepy gzpfspd; vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; NtWgLk;.
 khepy gzpfis Njh;T nra;tJ khepy muR (SPSC)
 mfpy ,e;jpa gzp rl;lk; 1951 d; gb mk;khepyj;jpy; cs;s mfpy ,e;jpa
gzpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/3 gq;F mstpw;F khepy gzpapy; ,Ue;J
mfpy ,e;jpa gzpf;F gjtp cah;T toq;fyhk;.
 ,g;gjtp cah;T UPSC d; Njh;T FOtpd; xg;Gjy; gb toq;fg;gLk;.

Art 308:

 kj;jpa> khepy gzpfs; njhlh;ghd midj;Jk; [k;K fh\;kPh; jtpu kw;w

khepyq;fSff nghUe;Jk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 309:

 kj;jpa khepy gzpfSf;fhd Njh;T (k) gzpfl;LghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 310:

 kj;jpa> khepy muR gzpahsh;fspd; gjtpfhyk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 311:

 Fbik gzp mYth;fspd; ghJfhg;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 312:

 Mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 313:

 nghJ gzpfs; (m) muR gzpfs; njhlh;ghd ,ilkhW fhy rpwg;ghpikfs;

(Transitional Provisions) gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Art 314:

 gzpahsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;g toq;FtJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 1972> 28 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb Art 314 ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

Chapte II
Public Service Cmmission

muR gzpahsh; Njh;thzaq;fs;

Art 315- 323

 muR gzpahsh; Njh;thzaq;fs; kj;jpa mstpy; kj;jpa mur gzpahsh;

Njh;thizaKk;> (UPSC)> khepy mstpy; khepy muR gzpahsh;
Njh;thizaKk; nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; muR gzpahsh; Njh;thzaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
khfhzk; nrd;id khfhzk; (9323-y;) nrd;id muR gzpahsh;
Njh;thizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1926 y; yp fkp\d; ghpe;Jiug;gb kj;jpa muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935 d; gb $l;lhl;rp muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;
kj;jpa mstpYk;> khfhz muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; khfhz mstpYk;>
$l;L muR gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
kfhzq;fSf;F nghJthfTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murpaiykg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jgpd; Art 315 d; gb kj;jpa
mstpy; UPSC Ak; khepy mstpy; SPSC Ak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

UPSC SPSC
1. mfpy ,e;jpa gzpfs; (k)
kj;jpa gzpfSf;F
gzpahsh;fis Njh;T nra;fpwJ.
2. jiyth; cl;gl 9 to 11
cWg;gpdh;fs; tiu ,Uf;fyhk;.
3. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
jFjpfs; murpayikg;gpy;
eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy.
4. cWg;gpdh;fspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; 50% Ngh; kj;jpa
(m) khepy muR gzpapy; 10
Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
5. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
epakpg;gth; FbauR jiyth;
6. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd;
gjtp fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfs;
7. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;
gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij FbauR
jiythplk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
cr;rePjp kd;wk; tprhhpj;J
mspf;Fk; tpiuT mwpf;ifapd;gb
FbauR jiyth; gjtpePf;fk;
nra;thh;.
9. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
Xa;Tf;F gpd; kj;jpa> khepy
muR gzpfSf;f epakpf;f
$lHJ.
10. jiyth; Xa;tf;F gpd; ve;j
gjtpf;Fk; epakpf;f KbahJ.
11. cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;Tf;F gpd;
UPSC jiytuhfNth (m) SPSC
jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
12. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs;
kW epakzj;jpw;F jFjp
mw;wth;fs;
13. jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd;
khepy gzpfSf;F gzpahsh;fs;
Njh;T nra;fpwJ.
cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if
khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; NtWgLk;
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
jFjpfs; murpayikg;gpy;
eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy.
cWg;gpdh;fspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; 50% Ngh; kj;jpa
(m) khepy muR gzpapy;
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
epakpg;gth; MSeh;
6 Mz;Lfs; (m) 62 taJ tiu
MSehplk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
cr;rePjp kd;wk; tprhhpj;J
mspf;Fk; tpiuT mwpf;ifapd;gb
FbauR jiyth; gjtpePf;fk;
nra;thh;.
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fis
Xa;Tf;F gpd; kj;jpa> khepy
muR gzpfSf;f epakpf;f
$lHJ.
jiyth; Xa;Tf;F gpd; UPSC
cWg;gpduhfNth (m) UPSC
jiytuhfNth (m) NtW khepy
SPSC jiytfuhfNth
epakpf;fyhk;.
cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;Tf;F gpd;
SPSC jiytuhfNth (m) UPSC
cWg;gpduhfNth (m) UPSC
jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fs; kW
epakzj;jpw;F jFjp mw;wth;fs;
jiyth; (k) cWg;gpdh;fspd;
 rk;gsk; gbfs; (k) Xa;T+jpak;
,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J
toq;fg;gLk;.
14. FbauR jiytUf;F muR
gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
MNyhridfis toq;FfpwJ.
15. mfpy ,e;jpa gzpahsh;fs;
(k) kj;jpa gzpahsh;fspd; gzp
Njh;T> gzp mkh;T> gjtp
cah;T> xOq;F eltbf;iffs;>
xU gzpapypUe;J kw;nwhU
gzpf;F khw;wk; nra;jy;
Mfpait njhlh;ghf kj;jpa
muRf;F MNyhrid toq;FfpwJ.
16. khepy gzpahsh;fspd; gjtp
cah;Tfspy; mfpy ,e;jpa
gzpapy; 1/3 gq;F mstpw;F
gjtp cah;t toq;f xg;gjy;
mspf;fpwJ.
rk;gsk; gbfs; (k) Xa;T+jpak;
khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J
toq;fg;gLk;
MSeUf;F muR gzpfs;
njhlh;ghd MNyhridfis
toq;FfpwJ.
khepy gzpahsh;fspd; mfpy
,e;jpa gzpahsh;fs; (k) kj;jpa
gzpahsh;fspd; gzp Njh;T> gzp
mkh;T> gjtp cah;T> xOq;f
eltbf;iffs;> xU gzpapypUe;J
kw;nwhU gzpf;F khw;wk; nra;jy;
Mfpait njhlh;ghfkhepy
muRf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk;.
NIL

 ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G kf;fSf;F fy;tp mspg;gij mbg;gil chpikahf

cj;jputhjk; nra;fpwJ.
 1948 – 1949 Mk; Mz;L gy;fiyf;of khdpaf;FO jha;nkhop %yk; fy;tp
fw;gJ vOj;jwpT ms;tpid cah;j;Jk; vdf; $wpaJ
 1968 Mk; Mz;L ehL KOtJk; xNu khjphpahd fy;tpf; nfhs;if (10+2+3)
 1986 k; Mz;bd; Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if Muk;g fy;tpiaf; fl;lhakhf;fpaJ
 1992 fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk;
 1991 k; Mz;L Nguhrphpah; jhNt mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy; msT
(MLL) %yk; Muk;g fy;tp tsh;rr ; p mile;jJ.
 midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; 2002 to 2010 SSA
 kf;fs; njhif 3 f;F Nky; cs;s Ch;fspy; Muk;gfy;tp Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 2001 vOj;jwpT - 65.38
Mz;fs; - 82.14
ngz;fs; - 65.46
2011 Foe;ij njhopyhsh; 4.35 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhif
I.eh rig – 1990k; Mz;bid gd;dhl;L vOj;jwpT tUlkhfTk;
September 8 Mk; Njjpia cyf vOj;jwpT jpdkhfTk;
mwptpj;Js;sJ.
 1949 – Foe;ijfs; gzpr;rl;lk; - above – 14 then 17
 1951 – Njhl;l njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - age limit – 12
 1986 – Foe;ij njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 14 (Ruq;fk;> njhopw;rhiy)
 1978 – Njrpa Foe;ij njhopyhsh; nfhs;ifapd;gb Foe;ij njhopyhsh;
Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp mth;fshy; 1976 k; Mz;L nfhj;jbik xopg;Gr; rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
 ngz;fsp; epiy cau muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;
 1829 cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; xopg;G
 1856 tpjitfs; kWkzr; rl;lk;
 1929 rhjuh rl;lk; (Foe;ij jpUkzk jil)
 1956 ,e;J thhpRhpik rl;lk; (nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F rkgq;F)
 1961 tujl;rid jLg;Gr; rl;lk;
 1976 rk Cjpar; rl;lk;
 1992 njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk;
 1978 cyf ngz;fs; Mz;L (I.eh)
 tWik vd;gJ Fiwe;jgl;r tho;T epiyia mila ,ayhj epiyik MFk;
- cyf tq;fp
 kf;fs; njhifapy; 1/3 tWikapy; cs;sdh;.
 KjyhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lk; - (1951 to 1956) tptrhak; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czTg;
gpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 (1969 – 1974) 4th Five year plan
kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy cauTk;> nghUs;fspd; tpiy FiwaTk;
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 (1974 1979) 5th Five year plan
 tWik xopg;G eltbf;iffSf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 (1985 – 1990) 7th Five year plan
czT cw;gj;jpapy; Ra rhh;G epiy> cUthf;fp tWikia xopf;f
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 10th Five year plan (2002 – 2007)
 jdpkdpj tUkhdk; ,ul;bg;ghf;f eltbf;if
 [t`h; Nuhf;fhh; Nah[dh jpl;lk; - Ntiyapy;yhNjhh;f;F ftiy
tha;g;G
 20 mk;rj; jpl;lk; - ,e;jpuhfhe;jp fpuhkGwj;jpy; tWik xopj;J
rKjhaj;jpd; mbj;jl;L kf;fis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
 Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdk; - etk;gh; 19 Contra (Oct 31)
 Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;gjpl;lk;- MREP – 1980
 fpuhkg;gw Ntiytha;g;G cj;jputhjj;jpl;lk; - RLEG – 1983
for year 100 days mark for uncanded persons.
fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh; Ntiytha;g;G – 1979
 ,isQh;fSf;F njhopw;gapw;rp> RaNtiytha;g;G
 [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (TRY) fpuhk kf;fSf;F fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd;
%yk; epjp cjtp fpilf;f topnra;ag;gl;lJ.
 cyfpy; IND – 2.4 % epyg; gug;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.
  2001 kf;fs; njhif – 102>70>15>247
 cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; - 16.84%
 July – 11 cyf kf;fs; njhif jpdk; ghJfhg;G rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J
rl;lk; - 01.07.1989.

kdpj chpikfSk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk;

“chpikfs; vd;gJ kf;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L murhq;fj;jhy;

eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhFk; - NguwpQh; nghrhq;Nfh

 October – 24 I.eh jpdk; (24.10.1945)

 midj;Jyf kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; – 1948 (Dec- 10)
 Dec-10 kdpj chpikfs; jpdk;
 March – 8 rh;tNjr ngz;fs; jpdk;
 1978 rh;tNjr ngz;fs; Mz;L (I.eh)
 1979 rh;tNjr Foe;ijfs; Mz;L (I.eh)
 tpad;dh gpufldk;- 1993
 Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; - 12.10.1993
 (TN) khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; - 17.04.1997
 1955 - ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb – jpUkztaJ 21 vd
eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1997 –TN muR (ngz;fs; Nfyp nra;tij jLf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ.
 1999 (TN) ngz;fis mehfhpfkhf rpj;jhpj;J Rtnuhl;bfs; ntspapl jil