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s
.iﻟﻳﻛﻥ ﺟﺳﻡ ሺܵሻﻛﺗﻠﺗﻪ ݃݇ͲͲ ݉ ൌ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ݉݇ͲͲ ݄ ൌ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ . ሺܶሻ
m
ﻳﻌﻁﻰ :ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺟﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ൌ Ǥ ൈ ͳͲିଵଵ ܰǤ ݉ଶ Ȁ݇݃ଶܩ.ﻧﺻﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ݉݇ͲͲ ்ܴ ൌ Ͷﻭﻗﻳﻣﺔ
ﻁﻰ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ݃ܭ ݃ ൌ ͻǡͺܰȀﻭ ݃ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ݄ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ . ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ
ﻟﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭ
ﻳﺔ
xa
ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ݃ ﻭ ݃ﺑﺩﻻﻟﺔ ܩ ்ܴ ، ݄ ،ﻭ ்ܯ . (1ﺟﺩ
ሺܵ ሻ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ݃ ﻭ . ݃
ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﻼﻗﺔ (2ﺟﺩ
/e
(3ﺃﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ்ܯ .
ࢎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻡ . ሺܵሻ (4ﺃﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭ
m
ﺙ ȁݍ ȁ ൌ ȁݍ. ȁ
.iiﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺗﻳﻥ ݍ ﻭ ݍ ﺣﻳﺙ
ࢀࡾ
co
ܰ ͻ ൈ ͳͲଽ
ͻ ൌܭ. ﺗﻔﺻﻠﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ݀ .ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ଶ :ܥܰǤǤ ݉ଶ Ȁ
ﺃﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ݍ ﻭ ݍ . (1
ݍ ݀ ݍ ﺃﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ . (2
at
ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ 2-
-e
cy
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750
50
0 500
5
ͳΤ݀ ଶ ሺ݉ିଶ ሻ
ﻳﺗﺄﻛﺳﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﺑﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ܱଶﻣﺷﻛﻼ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ :
݈ଶ ܱଷሺ௦ሻܣ ݈ሺ௦ሻ ܱଶሺሻ ൌܣ
ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ 1ﻣﻥ 6
1as.ency-education.com
(1ﺃﺿﺑﻁ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﻭﻛﻳﻭﻣﺗﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .
(2ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ ܮʹ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ܱଶﻛﺗﻠﺗﻪ ݃ . ݉ ൌ ͳǡﺗﺣﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ܿ. ʹͷι
xﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ؟ .
(3ﻧﺩﺧﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ Ͳ ൌݐ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻛﺗﻠﺗﻬﺎ ݃ ݉ƴ ൌ Ͷﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ .
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃ( ﺃﻧﺷﻳﺊ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ،ﺛﻡ ﺣﺩﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻣﻲ ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩ .
ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﺏ( ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ؟ .
s
ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ݈ :݉ ൌ ʹ݃Ȁܯ ݈ ،݉ை ൌ ͳ݃Ȁܯ .
ﻳﻌﻁ
m
ܫܵͳ͵ܴ ൌ ͺǡ
xa
ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ
ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ : ﻳﻥ
ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺛﺎﻥ ସܪܥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ )ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ (3-ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻝ ﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻻﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ ﻟﻐ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻻﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ
ﺗﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺎﻋﻝ
/e
ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ݔ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺑﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎ
ﺍﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
m
ﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺙ
ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺙ. (1ﺃﻛﺗﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ
(2ﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ :
co
ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻣﻲ ௫ݔ .
ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬ
ﻅﻣﻲ
ﻷﻋﻅﻣﻲ
ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ
ﻲ
ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻡ
ﺏ( ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻧﻭﻉ
ﺣﺟﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ܱଶܥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ܱଶﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ .
ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻣﻳﻳﻥ .ﺃﺣﺳﺏ ﺣﺟ
ﺎﻣﻳﻳﻥ (3ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ
n.
ܪܥ ﻭ ݈݈݉݊ ﻣﻥ . ܱଶ
݈݉ʹ ﻣﻥ ସܪ
݈݉ʹ
(4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ݉
ﺭﻱ
ﺳﺗﻭﻛﻳﻭﻣﺗﺭﻱ . xﺣﺩﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ݊ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺞ
t io
݈ሻ݉݊ሺ
ca
ܱଶ ሻ
ܱ݊ሺ
du
ଶ ܱሻܪ݊ሺ
c
1
ସ ሻܪܥ݊ሺ
en
0 0,5
0 5 1
݈ሻ݉ሺݔ
ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﻕ
: ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
s
ீǤெ
ீ Ǥெ ǤǤ
. ்ܨΤௌ ൌ ሺோ
m
ሺ ோ ା ሻሻమ
ାሻ
ࢎ ܨറ்Τௌ
ൌ ݉݃
ࡾࢀ
. ൌ ்ܨΤௌ
ீǤெ Ǥ
݉݃ ൌ ሺோ
.݉ మ
ାሻ
ீெ
. ݃ ൌ ሺோ మ
ାሻ
ீெ
. ݄ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ ﺽ݃ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ൌ ሺோ మ
ሻ
భ
మ
൫ೃ శ൯
. ൌ భ
బ మ
൫ೃ ൯
ሺோ ሻమ
. ൌ ሺோ మ
బ ାሻ
ሺோ ሻమ
. ݃ ൌ ݃ ሺோ మ
ାሻ
ଽǡ଼ൈሺସൈଵయ ሻమ
. ்ܯൌ ൌ ൈ ͳͲଶସ ݇݃
Ǥൈଵషభభ
s
Ǥȁಲ ȁȁǤȁ
Ǥȁಳ ȁ
ൌܨ.
ௗమ
m
Ǥమ
ൌܨ.
ௗమ
xa
ଵ
ଶ ቀ మቁݍ Ǥܭ ൌܨ .
ௗ
/e
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻠﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ
ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ . (2ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﻳﺔ
m
ଵ
ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ൌ ܽ ቀ మ ቁ :ܨ .
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻳﻣﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑ
ௗ
ଵ
ൌ Ͳǡͻ ቀ మቁܨ .
n.
ௗ
ଵ
ଶ ቀ మቁ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻݍ Ǥܭ ൌܨ
at
ௗ
ଵ
ൌ Ͳǡͻ ቀ మቁ ǥ Ǥ ሺʹሻܨ
uc
ௗ
ǡଽ
ൌටݍ. ܥ ൌ ͳͲିହ
ଽൈଵవ
cy
((2ﻗﺎﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ ܮʹ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ܱଶﻛﺗﻠﺗﻪ ݃ . ݉ ൌ ͳǡﺗﺣﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ܿ. ʹͷι
2
s
ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺿ
ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ؟ .
m
ܴܶ݊ . ܸܲ ൌ
ܴ݊
xa
ଵǡ
ଵ ǡ
݊ൌ ൌ ݈݉ൌ ͲǡͲͷ
ͲǡͲͷ
ெ ଷଶ
்ோ ଼ǡହൈ଼ǡଷଵൈଶଽ
଼଼ǡଷ ൈଶଽ
.ܲൌ ൌ ܽܲ ǡͳͻ ൈ ͳͲସ
ൌ
/e
ష
ଶൈଵ షయ
ﻅﺔ Ͳ ൌݐ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻛﺗﻠﺗﻬﺎ ݃ ݉ƴ ൌ Ͷﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ . (3ﻧﺩﺧﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ
m
ﻋﻝ ،ﺛﻡ ﺣﺩﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻣﻲ ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩ
ﺃ( ﺃﻧﺷﻳﺊ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺩﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ
ǡହ
ൌݔ . ݈݉ ൌ ͳǡ ൈ ͳͲିଶ
ଷ
d
Ͳ.ܲൌ
s
ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ .
ﺏ( ﻛﻣ
m
ସሺሻܪܥ ܱଶሺሻ ܱଶሺሻܥ ܱ ଶܪ
xa
݈݉ͳ Ͳ ݈݉ʹ ݈݉Ͷ
Ͷ ݈݉
/e
ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻣﻳﻳﻥ .ﺃﺣﺳﺏ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ܱଶܥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ܱଶﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ .
ﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧ
ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻡ
(3ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺎﻋﻝ
m
ܮܸைమ ൌ ʹ ൈ ʹʹǡͶ ൌ ͶͶǡͺ
co ܮͲ . ܸைమ ൌ Ͳ ൈ ʹʹǡͶ ൌ