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Remarks
When Iso-alcoholic elixir is specified in a
prescription, the proportion of its 2 ingredients to
be used is that which produce a solution of the
required alcohol strength.
The method – admixture of two or more liquid
ingredients
Compute for the alcoholic strength (% v/v) of the
prepared alcoholic elixir.
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
%𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥100 PREPARATION 20: TERPINE HYDRATE ELIXIR
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑟 Category- Medicated Elixir
= 100𝑚𝐿/1000𝑚𝐿𝑋100 Each 100ml of THE contains nlt 1.53 g and nmt
= 10%𝑣/𝑣 1.87 g of TH. The preparation has 1.7 g of TH per
What volume (in mL) of the prepared low and high 100 mL of elixir.
alcoholic elixirs is to be combined if Rx requires Synonyms
100 mL of an alcoholic elixir with 55% v/v alcoholic Elixir Terpin Hydrate
strength? Terpinol Elixir
o To determine the amount of alcohol, add Elixir Terpin Hydrate
first the ingredients and subtract it from
Terpin Hydrate Oral Solution (former official
1000 mL. However, saccharin is in g, so
name of THE)
conversion to mL is necessary.
Description of Final Product
HIGH ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR
It is a colorless with striations and it contains 43%
Compound orange sprit = 4 mL
alcohol (it exceeds because of the soubility of TH)
Saccharin (0.828 g/mL) = 3 g (3.623 mL)
Use
Glycerin = 200 mL
Alcohol , qs ad = 1000 mL Expectorant
Distillation
Brandy – fermented juice of ripe grapes
Whisky – fermented mash of wholly germinated,
malted cereal grain *they are certain of spirits
Chemical reaction
• Starting material we have to use are...
• NaNO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4 C2H5NO3 (Ethyl
Nitrate Spirit) + Na2SO4 + H2O
27.5 mL of mixed oils are present in the preparation. Label: White Label
COS contains nlt 25 mL and nmt 30 mL of mixed oils in Container: 30 mL amber bottle
100 mL of spirit. It contains 65% to 70% alcohol
Procedure Remarks
Measure 21.75 mL alcohol The method of preparation - maceration method
Add orange oil, lemon oil, coriander oil and anise oil, Macerate the leaves thoroughly with water to
stirring after each addition until the oil is mixed or exhaust the leaves of water soluble extractives.
dissolved thoroughly Traces of water in the apparatus - make the
Filter until clear, add sufficient amount of alcohol to solution turbid
make 30 mL
Importance Ingredients OA CA
to provide temporary, fast-acting pain relief Camphor 45 g 1.35g
Soap 70 g 2.1g
Uses Rosemary Oil 10 mL 0.3 mL
1. Sore and inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, and Alcohol 750 mL 22.5 mL
ligaments Purified water, 1000 mL 30 mL
2. Alleviation of the discomfort of arthritis, bursitis, qs ad
and rheumatism
3. Circulation problems Procedure
4. Sprains, strains, and bruises Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in alcohol
Shake until camphor is dissolved
Types of Liniment In a separate container, dissolve grated soap in 9
1. Alcoholic Liniments mL purified water
- Intended generally for their rubefacient, Shake the mixture for few minutes
counterirritant, mild astringent and penetrating Mix the 2 solutions and allow to stand for 24 hours
effect in a cool place
- Penetrate the skin readily than the oil base Add enough water to complete volume and filter
- *Rubefacient – causes redness of the skin ->
increase in blood circulation, dilation of arteries; Label: Red label
relieve acute/chronic pain Container: 30 mL flint
2. Oily Liniments Remarks
- Milder in their action but are more useful when Method agitation without the aid of heat
massage is desired Official hand soap should be used
- Used as protective coating depending on the If soap made from animal oils are used,
ingredient in the preparation should not be gelatinization may occur
applied on bruises and broken skin
Remarks
Compositions
1. Counterirritant
2. Antiseptic
3. Local anaesthetic Glycerites
4. Analgesic - Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in not
less than 50% by weight of glycerin
Factors to be considered in choosing solvent - Most glycerites are viscous while some are jelly
based in the preparation of liniments like
Type of action desired – rubefacient, - Solvent for the preparation of Antipyrine and
counterirritant, just massage – oil or alcohol Benzocaine Otic Solution.
Solubility of desired components - Protectant, emollient, substitute for fatty ointment
- Hygroscopic tightly closed container Glycerin 700 g (560 mL) 16.8 mL
*hygroscopic - readily take up and retain moisture (d=1.26g/mL)
1000 g 30 g
Glycerin
- Reducing agent Procedure
- Should not be triturated with strong oxidizing Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a mortar. Add
agent like KMnO4 chromium trioxide or KClO3 water. Levigate until smooth paste is formed
explosion will likely occur Add glycerin and mix thoroughly
*KMnO4 Potassium Permanganate Transfer to the final container
KClO3 Potassium chlorate Heat the mixture in a sand bath (140 – 1440C)
- It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates, with gentle and occasional agitation until
tannins, etc. due to contamination with iron translucent, jelly like mass is formed
- Strong HNO3 /H2SO4 converts glycerin into an
explosive nitroglycerin Label: Red label
Container: 30 mL wide mouth bottle
Remarks
The method trituration
It should be freshly prepared and stored in tightly
closed container
Use/s
- Topical vehicle
- Protectant
Formulation
Ingredients OA CA
Starch 100 g 3g
Benzoic acid 2g 0.06 g
Purified water 200 g (200 mL) 6 mL
EMULSION - gum and oil first then add water at once
- 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
in the form of small globules throughout another cracking sound
liquid in which it is immiscible *surfactant/gum is usually gum arabic
L in L *cod liver oil (vitamin a source): prepared by continental
- Solute immiscible in vehicle so solution is method
impossible soooo prepare emulsion 3. Bottle or Forbes
*immiscible – small globules dispersed in vehicle - 2 (oil): 2 (water): 1 (gum)
Three components - shaking vigorously (volatile oil)
1. Dispersed liquid/Internal *another variant of the continental method
phase/Discontinuous Phase *use of emulsions of volatile oils or oleaginous (low
- Small volume viscosity) emulsions
- Small globules 4. Auxiliary Method
2. Dispersion medium/External Phase/ - hand homogenizer- more stable
Continuous Phase - very minute particle
- vehicle 5. In Situ Soap/ Nascent Soap
3. Intermediate agent/ Emulsifying agent/ - calcium soap and soft soap
Dispersing or Stabilizing agent - Mix lime water Ca(OH)2 with fatty acid(olive oil)
Type of Emulsifying agent 6. Microemulsion
1. Natural - 100 A (10 microns)
Animal – gelatin, egg yolk, casein(from milk), - Appears like solution
woolfat(lanolin), cholesterol - Very stable
Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, PROBLEMS
pectin, karaya, carrageenan 1. CREAMING
*chondrus and carrageenan – marine source(brown and - Temporary separation of the 2 phase shake
red algae) again
2. Synthetic 2. CRACKING
Finely Divided Solid – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and - Total separation of the 2 phase with coalescence
Magnesium trisilicate 3. PHASE INVERSION
Colloid – Kaolin, Bentonite Magma - Evaporation of water; o/w w/o due to
Anionic – SLS evaporation
Cationic – Benzalkonium chloride, Method of Identifying Emulsion
cetylpyridinium chloride 1. Drop Dilution Test
Non-ionic – PEG 400, - add water (drop) homogenous o/w
Spans ( sorbitan esters)- lipophilic 2. Dye Solubility Test
Tweens (polysorbate) - hydrophilic - oil soluble sudan red w/o
Amphoteric – Lecithin - water soluble amaranth green o/w
Type of Emulsion 3. Electronic Conductivity Test
1. Simple - water conduct electricity o/w
- o/w; w/o 4. Fluorescence Test
o/w – o-internal, w-external - oil can absorb UV light w/o
2. Multiple
- o/w/o; w/o/w
- use homogenizer PREPARATION 27: MINERAL OIL EMULSION
3. Microemulsion Category: Oral Emulsion
- most stable of the 3 Synonym: Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion
- dispersed phase is in very small globules (100-
1000A) (1A=0.1nm) Description of Final Product
Method of Preparation - It is a whitish yellow color
1. Wet or English Use
- G+W +O It is employed as lubricating cathartic with a usual
- 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum) dose of 30 mL.
- gum and water first then add oil slowly
- in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with Formulation
crackling sound Ingredients OA CA
*more difficult to use but produces more stable product Mineral oil 500 mL 15 mL
*produces o/w emulsion Acacia 125 g 3.75g
*gum arabic: usual surfactant Syrup 100 mL 3mL
2. Dry or Continental Vanillin 40 mg 1.2g
- G+O +W Alcohol 60 mL 1.8
- 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
Purified water, 1000 mL 30mL
qs ad
4 2 1
Oil Water Emulsifying
Agent
15mL 7.5mL 3.75g
Insoluble Substances
- must be in very finely divided state and it must be
uniformly distributed throughout the preparation
- this is accomplished by the use of colloid mill,
special methods of precipitation and suspending
agent
PREPARATION OF GEL
1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase
upon reacting an inorganic agents –
gelatinous ppt
Example: (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O +
4Na2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 + Al2(CO3)3 + 4Na2SO4 +
24H2O
2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in
water
Example: Al2(CO)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
Al(OH)3 – antacid(local effect)
Adsorption – cover surface of stomach
Al Mg
Adverse constipation diarrhea
reaction
Gel
- Very fine particle size to achieve large surface
and thus maximum adsorption capacity
- May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol,
sucrose, saccharin or other suitable flavor and
preservative in a total amount of not exceeding
0.5%
PREPARATION 29: ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL - do not take more than 12 teaspoonfuls in 24
Category: Medicated Gel hours
Synonyms: - do not use the maximum dosage for more than 2
- Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide weeks
- Amphojel - dosage: 2 teaspoonfuls 5-6 times daily after
- Alternagel meals and at bedtime followed by a sip of water if
Description of the Final Product needed
It is white, viscous preparation from which small
amount of water may be separated on standing
It is translucent in thin layer.
It affects both red and blue litmus paper slightly
but it is not reddened by phenolphthalein
Use/s
- antacid (without systemic alkalosis)
- heartburn
- management of hyperacidity, peptic ulcer,
gastritis and esophagitis
- used as skin protectant and mild astringent
- it may cause constipation and acid indigestion
Formulation
Ingredients OA CA
Ammonium 800 g 12g
Alum
Sodium 1000 g 15g
carbonate
Peppermint 0.01%
oil (0.01g/100mL)
Sodium 0.1%
benzoate (0.1g/100mL)
Purified 2000 mL 30 mL
water, qs ad
Procedure
Calibrate final bottle to 30mL
Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL hot water
(Mixture 1)
Dissolve alum in 30 mL of hot water (Mixture 2)
Filter alum solution in the carbonate solution
Add 60 mL hot water with stirring to (5-10 mins.)
Dilute (add) to 1200 mL with cold water in
softdrink container. Stand and decant the
solution.
Filter and wash residue with 10 mL cold water
Suspend residue in purified water to make 30 mL.
Flavour with peppermint oil and preserve with
sodium benzoate
Homogenize resulting gel
Remarks:
Method chemical reaction
- produces no systemic alkalosis
Sodium benzoate preservative
- can cause constipation
Directions
- shake well before using
PREPARATION 30: LOTION o skin protectant
Lotion Formulation
Are aqueous liquid or sometimes(rarely) alcoholic Ingredients OA CA
preparation containing insoluble materials in the Calamine 80 g 2.4 g
form of suspension or emulsion intended for Zinc oxide 80 g 2.4 g
external application without rubbing. Glycerin 20 mL 0.6 mL
Applied without friction Bentonite 250 mL 7.5 mL
Also called washes – meaning “lotio” or magma
“lavare” to wash Calcium 1000 mL 30 mL
hydroxide, qs
Most are o/w emulsions (cetearyl alcohol to keep ad
emulsion together); w/o
2 TYPES:
1. MEDICATED LOTION Procedure:
2. COSMETIC LOTION o Dilute bentonite magma with an equal
O/W form is preferred. volume of calcium hydroxide topical
solution
METHODS OF PREPARATION o Mix calcium and zinc oxide alternately
1. TRITURATING the ingredient to a smooth paste with glycerin to form a smooth paste
and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid o Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma
phase (with the use of high speed mixers and o Triturate and add the remaining magma
homogenizers) o Add enough calcium hydroxide topical
Example: Calamine Lotion
solution to complete volume
2. BY CHEMICAL REACTION
Example: White Lotion - must be freely Label: Red Label – Shake well
prepared and does not contain Container: 30mL amber bottle
suspending agent.
ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K2S3) ZnS Remarks:
+ 2S + K2SO4 Method levigation and trituration
3. CLEAR SOLUTION in which the active ingredient Ferric oxide characteristics of pink color
is a water soluble substance Calamine skin protectant, astringent, antiseptic
Example: Dimethisoquin hydrochloride Zinc oxide skin protectant, astringent antiseptic
lotion Glycerin humectant, wetting agent, levigating agent
Bentonite suspending agent
Calcium hydroxide - astringent
SUSPENSION
- Are liquid preparations that consist of solid
particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in
which the particles are not soluble.
Examples:
1. Antacids – alumina, magnesia, simethicone,
magaldrate
2. Anthelmintics – Pyrantel pamoate, Thaibendazole
3. Antibacterials – Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin
estolate
PREPARATION 30: CALAMINE TOPICAL LOTION
4. Antiflatulent – Simethicone
Category: Lotion 5. Antifungals – Nystatin
Synonyms: Lotio Calaminae 6. Antiprotozoal – Atovaquone
Description of the Final Product: A liquid
suspension or dispersion that is pink in color PREPARATION 31: Hydrocortisone Suspension
Use/s: Category: Suspension
o astringent Synonyms:
o antipruritic - Hydrocortison Cypionate
o topical protectant and soothing lotion - Cortisol suspension
sunburn
o treatment for ivy poisoning Description of Final Product
- It is a pink, viscous suspension. The dispersed 4. Take 0.50 mL of the menthol-IPA solution and
particles settle minimally on standing and easily add 1.64 ml IPA and add to the powders in
redispersed with shaking mortar and triturate = to form smooth &
uniform paste
Uses: 5. Add 2.5 mL of water to the solution before
- Temporary relief of minor skin irritation adding 10 mL of Cetaphil with trituration
- Itching Note: to dilute the alcohol because Cetaphil has
- Rashes components that are soluble in IPA
- Insect bites *** too high IPA concentration will break down the
emulsion structure of Cetaphil
Formulation: Note: Do not over triturate the preparation because
Ingredients CA OA Cetaphil contains surfactant that facilitates the
Hydrocortisone 1% 150 mg introduction of air bubbles called “SUDS”
Menthol 1/8% 18.75 (37.5 mg) 6. Transfer to a 15 mL bottle
(aliquot) 7. Use little more water to rinse mortar and add to
Calamine (5%) 3g 0.75 g the container
70% alcohol 10% 2.14 mL 8. Then, q.s with water to 15 mL.
Cetaphil (67%) 40 mL 10 mL Label: Red Label
Distilled water, 60 mL 15 mL Container: 15 mL amber bottle
q.s. ad
Computations:
Hydrocortisone
1% (0.01) x 15 mL = 0.15g or 150 mg
Menthol
0.125% x 15 mL = 0.01875g or 18.75 mg x 2 = 37.5 mg
** Dissolve 37.5 mg (menthol) in 1 mL of IPA and take
half (0.5mL) of this
Calamine
3g for (60 mL) 0.75g for (15mL)
*** 0.75g:15mL::x:100mL = 5g/100mL or 5%
70% alcohol v/v (need 10%)
0.1 x 15 mL = 1.5 mL
*** 70mL:100mL::1.5mL:x x= 2.14 mL of 70%
alcohol
Cetaphil
40 mL for 60 mL 10 mL for 15 mL
*** 10mL:15mL::x:100mL = 66.7 mL/100mL or 67%
Procedure:
1. Weigh specific amount of menthol,
hydrocortisone, and calamine.
2. Dissolve the menthol in 1 mL of IPA in
graduated cylinder
3. Place the hydrocortisone in a mortar, and add
calamine geometrically