Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXPERIMENT 1-9
ACETONE ANILINE
Synonyms: Synonyms:
2-propanone Benzenamine
Dimethyl ketone Phenylaminme
Characteristics: Amino benzene
volatile fluid Blue oil
density : 0.791 g/Ml C6H5NH2
vapor : mildly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract Characteristics:
Highly flammable, miscible with water aromatic amino compound
Uses: mildly irritating to the eyes upon direct contact, and could cause conjunctival
solvent and reagent damage
nail polish remover Potent producer of methemoglobinemia
Identification test: absorbed via inhalation and dermal routes
Sodium nitropruside test-(+) heavy purple mass Uses:
Ferric chloride test- (+)black to manufacture dyes, photographic materials and rubber
Benzoldt, Gunning- (+) Indigotine drug precursor
Reynold’s test- (+) black zone Explosive
Herbicide
Acetone poisoning Synthetic dyes
Mode of toxic action Identification test:
Travel through the blood stream until they are broken down in the liver Bromine water (+) flesh colored precipitate of tribromoaniline
Signs and symptoms: Hypochlorite test- (+) blue
Acute: Phenylisocyanide test- (+) repulsive odor
Headache Chromic acid test- (+) deep blue
Slurred speech Aniline poisoning
Lethargy Mode of toxic action
Lack of coordination Toxicity to erythrocytes results in scavenging of damaged red blood cells by the
A sweet taste in the mouth spleen, initiating a series of events which may contribute to the development of
Severe: spleen tumors
Ketoacidosis Signs and symptoms:
Deep stupor Blue finger nails, lips and skin
CNS depression Lassitude
Cardiorespiratory failure Cyanosis
Death Labored breathing
Fatal dose: Convulsion
100ml/150lb Fatal dose:
Antidote: 50-500mg/kg
Milk (neutralize and coats stomach) Antidote:
Lavage Methylene blue
Emesis Flush the affected area with plain water
Orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control
IV administration of D5W
Acetone vs aniline Fatal dose:
CHARACTERISTICS ACETONE ANILINE 10,000 ppm
Color Colorless Pale brown 2000mg/kg
Odor Aromatic Peculiar Antidote:
Methylene blue
Taste Pungent Burning
Boiling point 57ᵒC 185ᵒC
Vapor pressure 266 mmHg @ 25ᵒC 0.6 mmHg @ 20ᵒC
CHLOROFORM
Synonyms:
CHCl3 (Trichloromethane)
Methyl thrichloride
CARBON DISULFIDE Characteristics:
Characteristics: chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent
colorless inflammable liquid, with a characteristic odor colorless with aromatic odor
Boiling point: 42 degrees Celsius Boiling point: 61 degrees Celsius
high index of refraction Uses:
highly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, ether and fatty oils raw material for the production of Freon
CNS and cardiovascular toxicity. It can cause peripheral neuropathy with cranial solvent in extraction processes
nerve damage. Identification Tests:
Uses:
Phenylisocyanide: (+) very penetrating repulsive odor
solvent for oils, resins and rubber
exterminating mice (pesticide), Fumigant
Schwartz’s resorcinol test: (+) yellowish-red ppt
metal rust remover Reduction test:
Identification test: Fehling’s test: (+) red ppt
Lead acetate test: (+) black ppt but w/ HCl: white ppt Tollen’s test: (+) silver mirror
Sulfocyanate test: (+) deep red color
Xanthogenate test: (+) yellow ppt Chloroform poisoning
Mode of toxic action:
Carbon disulfide poisoning can act as a CNS depressant and could possibly potentiate cardiac arrhythmias by
MOTA: sensitizing the myocardium to catecholamines. It can cause renal and hepatic
Disruption of enzymes, especially in dopamine-dependent systems toxicity caused by its metabolism in the liver due to the presence of a free radical.
Neurotoxic effect: Chloroform is also embryotoxic to mammals.
Reacts to amino or thiol groups that leads to formation of Sign and symptoms:
dithiocarbamates or GSH conjugates
Hepatic and renal damage
Inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylates
CNS depression
Hepatotoxic effect:
Oxidative metabolism to two reactive sulfur atoms that bind covalently to
Arrythmia
cell macromolecules Fatal dose:
Signs and Symptoms: 10ml
Acute: Antidote:
Eye and skin irritation N-Acetylcysteine
CNS depression
Severe:
Delirium and psychosis PHENOL
Parkinsonism Synonyms:
Optic neuritis C6H6O
Peripheral neuropathy Carbolic acid
atherosclerosis Hydroxybenzene
Characteristics: Identification tests:
colorless pink crystalline solid, has a distinct, acrid and aromatic odor as being Pellerin’s test: (+) Blue-green color
sweet or tarry. Bertholet’s test: (+) aromatic odor
Uses: Methyl salicylate test: (+) wintergreen odor
Drug precursor Ethyl acetate test: (+) plastic balloon odor
Disinfectant (Protoplasmic poison) Ethanol poisoning
Hexachlorophene is a chlorinated biphenol which is widely used as a topic Fatal dose:
anesthetic, preservative scrub until its neurologic effects were detected. Other 300-400ml pure ethanol
phenolic compounds included cresols, hydroquinone, eugenol and phenylphenol, 1.5 pint whiskey
the active ingredient of Lysol. Signs and symptoms:
Identification test: Nausea
Hypochlorite test: (+) Blue Headache
Bromine water test: (+) Yellowish white ppt Vomiting
Millon’s test: (+) Red Dizziness
Ferric chloride test: (+) Blue violet Nervous system depression
Confusion
Phenol poisoning Loss of consciousness
Mode of toxic action: CNS depression
causes protein denaturation and can cause tissue damage upon contact. Skin burns Antidote:
may also occur. It is usually absorbed intradermally, or through vapors, which may Fomepizole
be irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract. Disulfiram
Fatal dose:
2g METHANOL
Signs and symptoms: Synonyms
Burning sensation Methyl alcohol
Antidote: Wood alcohol
Gastric lavage Characteristics
Activated charcoal Methyl alcohol is a colorless liquid which boils at approximately 65 degrees Celsius.
Similar to ethanol, it has a characteristic odor and a burning taste. It is polar,
making it a good solvent. It is also highly flammable and highly toxic.
ETHANOL Uses
Synonyms:
Denaturant
C2H5OH
Paint remover
Ethyl alcohol
Solvent
Grain alcohol
Windshield washer fluid, ‘canned heat’, 95% concentration works as antifreeze
Wine or Neutral or rectified spirit
Model airplane fuel
Characteristics:
Industrial production of synthetic organic compounds
inflammable, low molecular weight hydrocarbon that is slightly soluble in water
Identification Test
and lipid
Pellerin Test – Green Color
colorless liquid having a characteristic pleasant odor and burning taste
Bertholet Test – Pleasant smell, fruit of the Feijoa tree
Boiling point: 78 degrees Celsius
Methyl Salicylate Test – Oil of Wintergreen Odor
can be derived from fermentation of sugar in fruits, cereals and vegetables. It can
Ethyl Acetate Test – glue/ nail polish- like odor
be found in colognes, perfumes, mouthwashes, flavorings, pharmaceutical
Redox Test – Formalin- like odor
preparations and many other products
Methanol Poisoning
Uses:
Mode of Toxic Action
for the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning
Metabolized into formaldehyde and formic acid
Wine
Formic acid causes ‘snowstorm blindness’ after a latent period of about 6- 30 hours
Disinfectant
Fatal Dose
>50 mg/dL Fatal Dose
Signs and Symptoms Ingestion of 1- 2g
Sedation Inhalation of 660 to 1,330 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50
Inebriation and gastritis liters per minute and 100% absorption
Formaldehyde- odor in breath and in urine Signs and Symptoms
Metabolic acidosis Sensitization dermatitis and edema
Osmolar gap Weakness and myalgia
CNS depression Hepatic injury
Seizures Yellow skin and hair discoloration
Bradycardia, rapid respiration Dark yellow or port wine- colored urine; anuria or polyuria; hematuria,
Ocular toxicity albuminuria; nephritis
Coma Antidote
Antidote Washing with an amphoteric salt solution (e.g., Diphoterine), which is standard
Ethanol competes with alcohol dehydrogenase for metabolism; Fomepizole blocks protocol for topical exposure to an acid or alkali
the enzyme.
Hemodialysis if the toxic metabolites are already formed, for removal.
NaHCO3 for the treatment of metabolic acidosis
PICROTOXIN
Synonyms
Folic acid as a cofactor to increase metabolism to nontoxic metabolites
Fish berry, Cocculus
Diazepam for the treatment of seizures
Characteristics
Toxin derived from the seeds of the shrub Anamirta cocculus (contains an
PICRIC ACID equimolar mixture of picrotoxinin and picrotin)
Synonyms Pure picrotoxin occurs as shiny leaflets with an intensely bitter taste or as an
2,4,6 Trinitrophenol odorless, lustrous, microcrystalline powder.
Carbazotic acid Uses
Phenol trinitrate Stimulant
Characteristics Used in the past as a treatment for phenothiazine and barbiturate poisoning
Toxic, yellow rhombic crystalline phenolic derivative that is odorless with a very Bitter tonic, stomachic, beer adulterant
bitter taste (derived from the Greek word pikros meaning bitter) Identification Test
Uses Fehling’s Test – Green suspension and red ppt.
Explosives and matches, in the anhydrous state (similar to other highly nitrated Oxidation Test – Violet color that becomes brown on standing (H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7);
organic compounds) Red color (H2SO4 + HNO3)
Oxidant for rocket fuel Picrotoxin Poisoning
Forensic staining Mode of Toxic Action
Electric batteries blocks presynaptic inhibition and strychnine-resistant postsynaptic inhibition in the
Etching copper central nervous system.
Leather, textile mordant Picrotoxin selectively antagonizes the effects of the predominant inhibitory
Colored glass transmitter, gamma-aminobutyric (GABA), at all levels of the central nervous
Reagent for the preparation of organic derivatives system.
Was used in the past as an antimicrobial and in a 1% solution for the treatment of Fatal Dose
burns 20- 25mg
Identification Test Signs and Symptoms
Grelot Test – formation of dark red crystals Tonic- clonic seizures
Picramic Acid Test – formation of dark red crystals Salivation
Ammoniacal Copper Test – formation of dark red crystals Vasomotor stimulation leading to an elevation of blood pressure
Picric Acid Poisoning Emesis
Mode of Toxic Action Change in temperature of patient
Unconfirmed by studies, but has been shown to be an inhibitor of electron Cardiac dysrhythmias
transport Hemolysis
Antidote white, odorless, acicular crystal or crystalline powder which gradually discolors
Activated charcoal when exposed to sunlight. Has a first bitter taste that gradually becomes sweet.
Symptomatic treatment of seizures with diazepam It is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon disulfide.
A carboxylic acid that is excreted in the urine mostly conjugated through the amino
CAFFEINE acid glycine.
Synonyms Uses
1,3,7- trimethylxanthine Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet
Methyltheobromine Keratolytic, fungicidal, bacteriostatic
Theine, mateine, guaranine Identification Test
Characteristics Pellerin Test – violet color that may vary from violet- red, violet-green or violet-
The active alkaloid found in coffee beans, cola nuts, and cocoa beans. blue depending on the type of phenol
White crystalline powder with a bitter taste Millon’s Test – pink to dark red color
Uses Halogenation/ Bromination Test – disappearance of bromine’s brown color upon
used to restore mental alertness or wakefulness during fatigue or drowsiness. addition to solution
Caffeine is also found in some headache and migraine medications Methyl Ester Test – Oil of Wintergreen odor
in certain dietary supplements used for weight loss, Salicylic Acid Poisoning
and in many popular energy drinks. Mode of Toxic Action
Used in the treatment of apnea in newborns and in postlumbar puncture headache Salicylates inhibit cyclooxygenase, thereby reducing the formation of
in the form of caffeine citrate injection prostaglandins, and cause platelet dysfunction.
Identification Test Salicylates stimulate the respiratory center in the brainstem, interfere with the
Oxidation Test – Formation of dimethyl alloxan, which is white rhombic crystals vs Krebs cycle (limiting ATP production), uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (causing
caffeine’s needle- like or crystalline crystals accumulation of pyruvic and lactic acid and heat production), and increase fatty
Tannic Acid Test – whitish to yellow ppt acid metabolism (generating ketone bodies). The net result is a mixed respiratory
Caffeine Poisoning alkalosis and metabolic acidosis.
Mode of Toxic Action Fatal Dose
produces mild psychostimulant and sometimes anxiogenic effects by antagonizing 15g for a 70kg person
adenosine at A(1) and A(2A) receptors LD50 Mouse oral 480 mg/kg
Phosphodiesterase inhibition activity Signs and Symptoms
Beta 1 and 2 adrenergic stimulation secondary to catecholamine release Mild: Tinnitus, GI upset, tachypnea, respiratory alkalosis
Fatal Dose Severe: Lethargy, Convulsions, Coma, Metabolic Acidosis
In one 5-year-old patient, death occurred following oral ingestion of approximately Antidote
3 g of caffeine. Concentrations greater than 30 mg/dL warrant therapy with
In adults, iv doses of 57 mg/kg and oral doses of 18-50 g have been fatal Sodium bicarbonate for urine alkalinization
Signs and Symptoms Hemodialysis indicated if the patient is experiencing renal failure, congestive heart failure,
GI pain altered mental status, seizures, evidence of cerebral edema, worsening acidosis despite
Fever adequate resuscitation, persistently rising salicylate concentrations despite adequate
Mild delirium and insomnia treatment (greater than 50 to 60 mg/dL in a chronic poisoning or levels greater than 90 to
Seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias 100 mg/dL in an acute overdose).
Wine or red brown diuresis, dehydration Patients with an altered mental status may have cerebral edema, a head CT should
Antidote be should be obtained, in this case, mannitol can be given
Fluid repletion and electrolyte replacement
Esmolol IV infusion, or other available beta- blockers IODINE
Characteristics
SALICYLIC ACID nonmetallic element of the halogen group
Synonyms is a bluish-black, lustrous solid. It volatilises at ambient temperatures into a pretty
2- hydroxybenzoic acid blue-violet gas with an irritating odour.
Oil of Wintergreen forms compounds with most elements, but is less reactive than the other halogens,
Characteristics which displace it from iodides.
exhibits some metallic-like properties.
Uses
Antiseptic and disinfectant in the form of a tincture due to poor water- solubility
(solubilizes when combined with potassium iodide)
Reduction of size of thyroid in preparation for thyroidectomy
Treatment of thyroid storm
Used in the purification of water
Identification Test
Silver Nitrate Test – Yellow coloration that may develop specks of gray/ silver upon
exposure to light
Lead Acetate Test – Brownish- yellow precipitate that will settle at the bottom due
to lead’s density
Starch test – formation of blue- violet complex
Mercuric Chloride test – formation of red color
Iodine Poisoning
Mode of Toxic Action
Small amounts of iodine are necessary for normal thyroid function.
It is believed that iodine precipitates the proteins of the microorganisms by
forming salts via direct halogenation.
Fatal Dose
2 and 4 g of free iodine or 1 to 2 oz of the strong tincture
Signs and Symptoms
Brown black skin discoloration
Blue bowel
Hemolysis
Hypotension
Pharyngeal and glottal edema may also occur if Iodine is ingested.
Iodides can penetrate the placenta and may cause neonatal hypothyroidism and
death from respiratory distress secondary to goiter.
Inhalation of iodine vapors may cause irritation of the respiratory tract.
Antidote
Vasopressors for hypotension, plasma transfusion for hemolysis
Starch solution to convert iodine to iodide