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2003 年 1 月 TOEFL 语法笔记

编委:水妖

1. _______ crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is
durable in a dry atmosphere.
(A) The surface of marble is
(B) The surface of marble, which
(C) Although the surface of marble
(D) The surface of marble
Key:D
分析:考点是主谓结构。第二个逗号分开了 2 个句子。前半部分的主句,只有在空格后有谓
语动词,可以确定其是主句谓语。则空格是主语。答案 D。名词短语作主语。
(A)有谓语动词,违反了谓语单一原则,不对;
(B)定语从句,但是其使主句没有了谓语,错;
(C)连词的出现,使得没有了主句,错。
参考译文:当暴露在潮湿的环境下,大理石的表面容易碎裂。但是,其在干燥的空气中可
以保存很久。

2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and ____ is rough or
smooth, or hot or cold.
(A) it
(B) whether it
(C) how
(D) since it
Key:B
分析:考点是宾语成分。And 连接 tell 的两个宾语,而由空格后的谓语 is 可知道,后面应该
是宾语从句。答案 B。
(A)没有从句引导词,无法构成从句,不对;
(C)有了引导词,但是缺了从句主语,错;
(D)since 不能引导宾语从句。
参考译文:用它们的长鼻子,大象们能分辨物体的形状,还有其是粗糙或光滑,热或冷。

3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as _______ for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.
(A) his being one of the finalists
(B) to be one of the finalists
(C) one of the finalists
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(D) the one finalist who


Key:C
分析:考点是宾语成分。介词 As 后面接宾语,答案 C,名词短语作介词宾语。
(A)动名词 being 显得多余;
(B)as 后不能接不定式作宾语;
(D)who 引导的从句没有谓语动词,错。
参考译文:1989,Carret Hongo被选为参加评比诗歌普利策奖的决赛的一员。

4. The Moon is much closer to Earth _______ is the Sun, and thus it had greater
influence on the tides.
(A) unlike
(B) than
(C) but
(D) where
Key:B
分析:考点是比较结构。空格前后是比较的双方,空格处应该是比较状语从句的引导词,
答案 B。
(A)unlike,介词,后面不接句子;
(C)由句意,这里没有转折关系;
(D)看似定语从句,但是不复合逻辑,地球那怎么可以有太阳呢?
参考译文:月亮离地球比离太阳近得多,因此它对潮汐有很大的影响。

5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, ______ about
three pounds.
(A) weighs
(B) is weighed
(C) weighing
(D) to weigh it
Key:C
分析:考点是状语成分。前面是个完整的句子结构,后面不是状语,定语就是同位语。答案
B,分词结构作状语
(A)谓语动词,而没有连词,违反了谓语单一原则;
(B)同理;
(C)不定式没有逻辑主语。
参考译文:成年的人大脑是身体里最大的器官,重大约3磅。

6. Throughout history ______different representations for numbers and for the basic
process of counting.
(A) have been many
(B) there have been many
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(C) many
(D) when many
Key:B
分析:考点是主谓结构。空格前是介词短语作状语,后面应该是个完整句子,而空格处则
是句子的主谓。答案 B,there be 句型的现在完成时。
(A)句子缺主语,违反了主语单一原则;
(B)句子缺谓语,违反了谓语单一原则;
(C)主句,从句均没有谓语,失败。
参考译文:纵观历史,已经有了许多在数字和计算的基本方法上的各种不同表示。

7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing _____ the


individual with the needs of society.
(A) the rights of
(B) to the rights for
(C) for the rights to
(D) with the rights by
Key:A
分析:考点是宾语成分。空格前面的 balancing 是及物动词的动名词形式,后面得接宾语。
答案 A,名词的所有格结构。
(B),(C),(D)介词短语不能作宾语,错。
参考译文:民主政府长期面对着平衡个人权利和社会需要的问题。

8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states _______ the Constitution of the
UnitedStates.
(A) ratified
(B) ratify
(C) to ratify
(D) have ratified
Key:C
分析:考点是定语成分。空格前是完整句子,无逗号分隔,后面应该是定语或者状语。答案
C,不定式作定语。同时:the + 序数词 + 名词 to do 是个固定句型。
(A)过分作定语,表被动,不对;
(B)谓语动词,违反了句子谓语单一原则;
(D)同理。
参考译文:Connecticut 是美国原13个州中第五个认可美国宪法的。

9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as _______


(A) that of sand
(B) that sand is
(C) sand is that
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(D) what of sand


Key:A
分析:考点是宾语成分。The same as 后面接介词宾语,答案 A,其中 that 指代前面的
chemical composition,其是单数,所以用 that。如果是复数,则应该用 these 来代替。
(B)从句不那能作宾语;
(C)同理;
(D)what 作代词的稍后,意为“什么”,不能指代具体物体,不对。
参考译文:沙岩的化学成分和沙的是一样的。

10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft,
whose maximum speeds ______ approach 50 miles per hour.
(A) are rarely
(B) rarely
(C) of rarely
(D) they rarely
Key:B
分析:考点是状语成分。空格前面句子完整,其处于一个定语从句的从句主谓结构完整,
谓语前面缺一个时间副词。答案B,rarely,“很少地, 罕有地”。
(A)从句已经有了谓语 approach,违反了句子谓语单一原则;
(C)of 后面没有宾语,错;(如果说 approach 是名词作宾语,那 rarely 又无法修饰名词
了)
(D)从句已经有了主语,选 D,违反了句子主语单一原则。
参考译文:与那些最大速度很少达到50英里每小时的常规船只相比,水翼艇的航速可以超
过每小时75英里。

11. It was novelist and poet ______in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute
for the Study of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.
(A) Margaret Walker did
(B) Margaret Walker
(C) Margaret Walker who
(D) Margaret Walker and
Key:C
分析:考点是强调句型。由前面的 it be 形式判断,句子可能是强调句型或者虚字句型。答案
C,强调句型,强调句子的主语 Margaret Walker。
(A)谓语动词 did 的出现,违反了句子的谓语单一原则;
(B)没有连词的出现,其后的动词 founded,违反了句子的谓语单一原则;
(D)and 连接并列成分,可其连接的两边不对称。
参考译文:正是那个小说家兼诗人,Margaret Walker,他于1968年建立了Jackson州立大
学研究黑人历史、生活和文化的学院。

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12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper _____ into
ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.
(A) Which was hammering
(B) which hammered
(C) was hammered
(D) hammered
Key:D
分析:考点是定语成分。前面句子完整,空格作为定语修饰前面的句子宾语 copper。答案
D,由句意,是被锤打,过分作状语。
(A)定语从句,但其却是主动语态,不对;
(B)如果是过分,则没有助动词,如果是谓语,表示主动,都不对;
(C)违反了句子的谓语单一原则。
参考译文:在欧洲人到达之前,美国印地安人正使用能被锤打成装饰物,刀具和其他物品
的粗铜。

13. In western North America, _____form the Great Divide, which separates the areas
from which waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific.
(A) the Rocky Mountains
(B) where the Rocky Mountains
(C) the Rocky Mountains in which
(D) there are the Rocky Mountains
Key:A
分析:考点是主谓结构。第二个逗号后面是非限制性定语从句,和空格无关。前面是主句,
缺句子主语。答案 A。
(B)where 引导从句,如果 form 是其谓语,则主句没有了谓语,反之亦然;
(C)in which 引导的定语从句没有主语;
(D)违反了句子谓语单一原则。
参考译文:在美国西北,Rocky山脉形成了巨大的大分水岭,其把向西流向大西洋或者向
东流向太平洋的水域分开了。

14. Some ecologists believe _____more than 50 percent of existing species will be lost in
the next 100 years.
(A) because
(B) that
(C) while there is
(D) that there are
Key:B
分析:考点是宾语从句。空格前是动词 believe,其作为“相信”的时候是及物的,后面必须
接宾语。而空格后面是个完整的句子结构,则空格处应该是从句的引导词。答案 B。that 引导
的宾语从句。
(A)because 不引导宾语从句,而引导原因状语从句,不对;
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(C)(D)项中有谓语,违反了句子谓语单一原则
参考译文:有些生态学家相信,超过50%的现存物种将在未来100年内消失。

15. Almost ______ substances expand in volume when heated and contract when
cooled.
(A) all
(B) they all
(C) all of
(D) all are
Key:A
分析:考点是定语成分。空格后句子结构完整,空格处应该是主语的限定修饰词。答案 A。
注意,有 2 个固定结构:all + 名词; all of the + 名词。
(B)如果把 all 看成副词“都”,they 还是和其后的 substances 违反了句子主语单一原则;
(C)all of 后面的名词前应该有定冠词 the,固定用法;
(D)如果 all 是主语,句子仍然违反了谓语单一原则。
参考译文:几乎所有的物质,都会在加热时体积膨胀,遇冷收缩。

16. A children's librarian often conducts story hours and other activities to help children
A B
enjoy herself while developing an interest in reading and the library's resources.
C D
key:C
分析:考点是代词用法。 前面的名词是复数 children,后面的代词自然也得用复数形式。
改正:herself  themselves
参参 参参参 参参 参参参参 参参参参 参“参参 参参”参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参 参 参参参

17. Titanium has the strength of steel but weighs half only as much, hence its advantage
A B C
for use in aircraft.
D
key参B
参参参参参参 参参 参参 参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参参
参参参half only  only half
参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参

18. Protective behaviors of amphibians include hiding in the presence of danger and
A B
having coloration such closely matching the environment that the animal is not Obvious.
C D
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key参D
参参参参参参参参 参参参 Such 参参 that 参参参 参参参 参 so …that…参参参
参参参such  so
参参参参参参参 参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参 参参 参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参 参参

19. As the highest-paid star of the silent screen, earning a reputedly income of $20, 000
A B C
a week, Gloria Swanson epitomized the glamour of Hollywood in the 1920's.
D
key参C
参参参 参参参 参参 参参参参 参参 参参 参参参参参 参参参参参 参参
参参参reputedly  reputed
参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参20,000参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参Gloria Swanson
参 参参 20参 参20参参Hollywood参参参参 参参参

20. Candles may be made by repeatedly dipping wicks in tallow, by molding, nor by
A B
pouring melted wax over the wicks and rolling them into shape.
C D
key参B
参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参 参 nor参参参参参 or参
参参参nor  or
参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参 参参参参参

21. While models of automobiles date back as far as the late 1600's, the 1880's seen the
A B C
first commercial interest in the vehicle.
D
key参C
参参参
参参参seen  saw
参参参参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参参参参17参参参参19参参80参参参参参参参 参参 参参 参参参 参参参参

22. The conceptual of musical harmony is generally traced to the ninth century because it
A B C
is first mentioned in treatises of that period.
D
key参A
参参参参参参参参参参参参of 参参参参参参 参参
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参参参conceptual  conception
参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参参参参参参参19参 参参参 参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参

23. Paleontologists have examined fossil embryos and hatchlings from three type of
A B C
duck-billed dinosaurs to figure out how they matured.
D
key参C
参参参参参参参 参参参参参type 参参参参参参参参参 three 参参参参参参参参参参
参参参type  types
参参参参参参参 参参 参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参

24. Lightning tends to strike the nearest good conductor, and hence often strikes in same
A B C
place more than once.
D
key参C
参参参参参参参参参参参The same参参 same 参参参参参参 the参参参参参参
参参参in same  in the same
参参参参参参参参参 参 参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参

25. When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriage
A B
as a contractual agreement between different parties.
C D
key参A
参参参参参参参 参参参参 参 参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参
参参参参 参参 be 参 参参参 参参参 参参参 参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参
参参参study  studying
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参

26. The first piloted balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean took place at 1978.
A B C D
key参D
参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 in参参参参参参参参参 on参参参参参参参参参 参 at参
参参参at  in
参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参1978参 参参参参参参参

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27. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century strove to revitalizing
A
handicrafts and applied arts during an era of increasing mass production.
B C D
key参A
参参参参参参参参参参参参Strive 参参参参参strive to do sth. / strive for sth. 参参 参参 参...参参 参参参… 参 参参… 参参参参参参参参
参 to 参参参参参参参参参参
参参参revitalizing  revitalize
参参参参参19参 参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参

28. When canned using proper methods, food suffers no loss in vitamins or another
A B C D
nutritive elements.
key参D
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 other参参 another 参参参参参参参参参
参参参another  other
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参参参 参参参参参参

29. Heat exhaustion is causing by excessive loss of body fluids and body salts.
A B C D
key参B
参参参参参参 参参参 参参参 参参参参 by 参参参参参参参参参参参参参
参参参causing  caused
参参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参

30. Primitive humans probably did not deliberately cook food until long after they had
A B
learned to use fire for light and warm.
C D
key参D
参参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参 and 参参 参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参 light 参参参参参
参参参参warm  warmth
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参

31. The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an American
social
A B C
worker and director of a school in Boston.
D
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key参B
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 The poor condition参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参 参参 参参参参参
参参参参参 prisoners 参参参 参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参 参参参 参参 ETS 参参 参参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参 参参

参参参参prisoners are  prisoners is


参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参Dorothea Dix参参参参参Boston参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参

32. Found in the shells of lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, glucosamine is also present
A B C
in human cartilage, which covering the bones in joints.
D
key参D
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参covering 参参参参参参参参参参
参参参covering  covers
参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参参

33. Between 1871 until 1891, the population of Toronto more than tripled, increasing from
A B C D
56,000 to 181,000.
key参A
参参参参参参参参参参参Until 参参“参...参参 参参...参参”参参 between 参参参参 and参
between A and B.
参参参参until  and
参参参参参参1871参参1891参参参Toronto参参参参 参参 3参参参参56,000参参181,000参

34. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation and
A B
industrial center, aided by its many natural resources and an abundant of hydroelectric
C D
power.
key参D
参参参参参参参参参参参参of 参参参参参 参参参参参参参参 参a 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参
参参参参abundant  abundance
参参参参参参19参参参Montreal参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参

35. In the initial planning for theaters, auditoriums, but any room intended primarily for
A B C
listening, acoustics is a major consideration.
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D
key参B
参参参参参参参参参参参参参 but 参 参参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 but 参参参“参...参参”参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参
参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参
参参参 but  and
参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参

36. The pulse that may be felt wherever an artery passes over a solid structure, such as
A B C
a bone or cartilage.
D
key参A
参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参 that 参参 参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参

参参参that may  may


参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参

37. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Ralph Waldo Emerson established himself
A B
as a major thinker of his time and as a figure leading of American literature.
C D
key参D
参参参参参参参参参Leading 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参
参参参figure leading  leading figure
参参参参参参 参参参参参参 参参参参 参参 Ralph Waldo Emerson参参参参参参 参参参 参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参

38. The "method", which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor,
A B
stresses inner motivation and psychological truth.
C D
key参B
参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 which 参参参参参参参参参act a system参 参参参参 参参参参参参参参 参参参参参参both 参参参 and 参参 参参参参参参参
参参 参参参参参参参参参参a style of acting 参 a system of training 参参参
参参参acting a  acting and a
参参参参参参参参“参参”参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参 参参参 参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参 参参

39. On September 6, 1996, civil rights activist Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential
A B
Medal of Freedom, the highest honor the United States government gives to civilian.
11
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C D
key参D
参参参参参参参参参参参参Civilian 参 参参参参参 参参参参参 参参参参参
参参参civilian  civilians
参参参参参参1996参9参6参参参参参 参参 参参 参参参Rosa Parks参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参 参参参参 参参参参参参参

40. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich in iron
A B C D
and magnesium than most surface rocks.
key参D
参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参 than参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参
参参参rich  richer
参参参参参参参 参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参参 参参 参参参参参

12
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如需要转载,请注明出处

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