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Multiphase Flow: Questions With Answers
Multiphase Flow: Questions With Answers
Questions with Answers
Chapter 2
1) With the help of neat sketches discuss the flow patterns observed in vertical and horizontal
heated tubes.
Ans: Refer to Fig 2.3 & Fig 2.4 along with the associated discussion.
2) Also discuss the probable reasons for the differences in flow patterns in a horizontal heated
tube as compared to (i) vertical heated tube (ii) horizontal unheated tube.
Ans: (i) Influence of gravity which leads for asymmetric phase distribution and stratification of
the two phases.
(ii) (a) Departure from hydrodynamic and thermal equilibrium
(b) Presence of radial temperature profile
3) Gas‐liquid stratified flow in a horizontal pipe encounters a vertical T junction. How do you
anticipate the flow pattern to change after the T?
Ans : As the stratified gas‐liquid mixture encounters a vertical T, some amount of gas will enter
the side branch. This reduces the relative proportion of gas in the main arm after the T and is
expected to cause gas‐liquid bubbly flow after the two phase mixture encounters the junction.
4) What is film inversion? When is it encountered in two phase flow?
Ans : The phenomena of film inversion occurs when a two phase mixture under stratified flow
encounters a return bend. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.11 (a). Under this condition, the film on the
inner walls while travelling through the 1800 bend flows along the outer wall after the bend. The
film inversion of blue kerosene is evident in Fig. 2.11 (a).
5) With the help of neat sketches describe a mixed flow pattern (neither separated nor dispersed)
for (a) gas‐liquid flow (b) liquid‐liquid flow.
Ans : Gas‐liquid flow – Slug Flow
Liquid‐liquid flow – Three layer flow with lighter liquid on the top, heavier liquid on the bottom
and a mixture of droplets of the two liquids in the central portion. Refer to Table 2.1.
6) A distillation column in a petroleum refinery plant operates with a mixture of crude oil and
natural gas as feed which is fed by a pipeline into the feed tray of the column. Due to some
reasons, the refinery is provided with an increased supply of raw materials (crude and gas). In
order to handle the increased supply, the plant manager had two options – (a) t install a
distillation column with a capacity to handle large quantity feed and (b) to install another
column along with the existing one, introduce the previous quantity of the feed in the old
column and divert the extra quantity to the new column. From cost considerations, the
management decided to go for the second option. With that option, they just needed to
required quantity of feed into the new column. These installations would cost less and require
less time to start the operation. Accordingly, the necessary changes were made. The new
column was installed in the plant site and the total feed (crude+gas) was divided into two parts
by a T junction and each part was fed into the respective distillation column. It was expected
that the plant would run smoothly after this. However, after a few days it was noticed that
neither of the two columns were operating property and there was a drastic fall in efficiency of
the existing column which was operating fine before the new venture was taken up. You as a
new management trainee of the company was called upon to look into the problem since you
had a course of multiphase flow in your college. You were asked to investigate the problem and
propose a possible solution to it. You found out that the columns were not getting the
composition of the feed they were used to handle and this occurs because there is
misdistribution of the two phases at the T. You were aware of this feature of the T junction from
your knowledge of multiphase flow. Accordingly, you suggested a revised design of the pipeline
so that the problem can be alleviated. Present schematics of the original and revised pipeline
layout in order to ensure trouble free operation of the plant.
Ans :
7. Using relevant flow pattern maps (Baker et al for horizontal tube and Hewitt and Roberts for vertical
tube) evaluate the most likely flow pattern occurring for a steam‐water system flowing in a 2.54cm
diameter ( vertical (b) horizontal pipe where the system pressure is 70 Bar, the mass qualities are 1%
and 50 % and the mass fluxes are (a) 500 Kg/m2 –sec and (b) 2000 Kg/m2 –sec respectively.
Solution:
For Vertical tube:
W W1 W2
G G1 G2
A A
In 70 Bar, we get saturation temperature from stem table = 255.90 c and vg = 0.027382 m3/kg
and vf = 0.0013514 m3/kg and g 36.520 kg/m3 and g 739.98 kg/m3
W1 1u1 A1
G1
A A
1u1 1 1u1s 1 j1
G12 12 j12
G12
1 j12
1
G 2f
or f j
2
f
f
495 kg / m sec
2 2 2
331.1238142 kg / sec m
739.98 kg / m 3
Similarly
5 kg / m sec
2 2 2
Gg2
g jg2
g 36.520 kg / m3
0.684556407 kg / sec2 m
Therefore from figure we get flow pattern is Bubble – slug.
For 2nd Case:
and
36.520
27382.2563 kg / Sec 2 m
1000
2
G 2f
and f j 2f
2f 739.98
1351.387875 kg / sec 2 m
Therefore from figure we get flow pattern is Annular
For Horizontal tube:‐
1st case
G2 = Gg = 495 kg/m2-sec
G f 495 2.3
1138.5 kg / m2 sec
Gg G2 5
and 1.04166 kg / m 2 sec
4.8
There from figure we get flow pattern is slug
2nd Case:
G2 = Gg = 1000 kg/m2 –sec
1000
G f 208.333 kg / m 2 sec
4.8
Therefore from figure we get flow is Dispersed Bubbly flow.
Chapter‐3
1.) Derive a relation to express (a) x, the mass quality in terms of volumetric quality β and the
density ρ1 and ρ2 of the phases.(b) slip ratio in terms of α and β only (c) j, the overall volumetric
flux in terms of inlet velocity of saturated liquid (ulo) to a evaporating tube, the mass quality x
and the phase densities ρl and ρv.
(1a)
1 x 1 vG 1 L
x vL G
1 x
1 L x
G
G
G x g L x L x x
L G L
Qg
Ug A Qg 1 1
(1b)
UL QL QL 1
A 1
(1c)
j jL jG
QL QG WL W Wv W v
G L L G G
A A L A G A A A
W 1 x vL xvG
A A A
W
1 x vL xvG
A
W
1 x vL xvG
A
Wv xv
L 1 x G
A vL
v
U F 0 1 x G
vL
v
U F 0 1 x G
vL
v
U F 0 1 x G 1
vL
(2) Estimate α in a heated tube in which evaporation os occurring in terms of x (mass quality), ulo (inlet
velocity of liquid to be evaporated), u gj (drift velocity), phase densities ρl and ρv and C0 the distribution
coefficient. Assume the drift flux model to be applicable for the vapor‐liquid mixture.
QG WG vG x vG
1 QL WL vL 1 x vL
x vG x vG x vG
1 .
1 x vL 1 x vL 1 x v L
x vG x vG
or 1
1 x vL 1 x v L
x vG xvG
1 x vL 1 x vG xvG
x vG 1 x vL xvG 1 x vL xvG
1
1 x vL 1 x vL
1
1 x vL
1
x vG
jg
Solution : From drift flux model , u g C0 j u gj
ug jg u gj
Dividing by j throughput , C0
j j j
u jg
Or, C0 gj
j j
Or, (1)
u gj
C0
j
In equation (1)
WG W x x
QG G G G xL x L
QG QL WG
WL Wx
W 1 x x
1 x x L 1 x G G x L G
G L G L G L
QL QG WL W W 1 x Wx W 1 x x Q L 1 x x
j jL jG G
G A A L G A
G
A A L A G A L A L
At inlet, mixture is all liquid with W WL , Q QL
Au LO L L x L
1 x x u LO 1 x
A L G G Substituting individual terms in equation (1) we get :
x L xL
G x L G G 1 x x L
u gj x u
C0 C0 1 x L gj
G uLO
uLO 1 x x L
G L
1 x x
G
x L
G
1 x x L
G
u
C0 C0 x C0 x L gj
G uLO
1 x x L
G
x L
G
u
C0 x L 1 C0 gj
G uLO
x G
L L
1 u
C0 x G C0 gj
L uLO
G
x
u
C0 x 1 G C0 gj G
L u Lo L
x
G u gj G
C0 x L C
L L
0
uLo
4) Water at 10 atm enters a straight evaporator tube. If the velocity ratio of water to vapor is
constant at 2.0 and mass flux is 2X105 kg/hr (m2 ) , estimate the void fraction and momentum flux at a
quality of 0.1. Assume water = 903.18 kg/m3 and vapor = 3.6142 kg/m3 .
u2
P 10 atm , 2.0 G T P 2 10 5 kg / hr ( m 2 )
u1
x 0.1
w ater 903.2 kg / m 3 steam 3.6 kg / m 3
GTP x
u 2 Q2 A2 2
u1 Q1 A1 G TP (1 x )
1 (1 )
x 1 1
1 x 2
u2
Substituting the values of , x and 1 , we get from the following equation
u1 2
0.1 903.2 1
2.0
0.5 3.6
Q1 g 1 x
u1
A1 1
Gx
u2
2
1 x 2 x2
Momentum flux G 2
1 1 2
Chapter 5
1) A vertical tubular test section is installed in an experiment high pressure water loop. The tube is
1.016 cm ID and 2.134m long and is uniformly heated with 100 KW power. Saturated water
enters at the base at (400) psia with a flow rate of 450 kg/hr. Calculate the total pressure drop
and compare with the measured value of 8 psia.
100
Heat flux
DL
P 1000 psia 68.0 pqv
From steam table v1 0.001347 m3 / kg
v2 0.02795m3 / kg
h12 1531.34 KJ / kg
v12 0.026603m3 / kg
Mass flow rate = 450kg / hr
dh dh D
W D
dz dz W
dx dx dh D D 100 100
. 0.2432m 1
dz dh dz Wh12 Wh12 DL 453 1531.34 2.134
3600
W 453
G 1552.095kg / m2 s
A 1.016 102 2 3600
4
DL DL 100
DL W eh xe
12
Wh12 Wh12 DL
100 100
0.5189 xe 1.0
Wh12 453
1531.34
3600
dp 2C f G 2
v1 xv12
dz F D
DG
C f 0.005 Re LO 87.1231.1
l
2 0.005 1552.095
2
41745.397kg / m.s 2
0.2432 0.0266
2
6.0621 psi
dp g 9.81
dz g v1 xv12 0.001347 0.24322 0.026603
9.81 0.001347 0.006469 2.134
ln
0.006469 0.001347
kg
3670.208 2 0.5329 psi
ms
dp dx
G v12
2
dz ace dz
p ace 1552.095 0.026603 0.2432 2.134
2
kg
33260.2 4.829 psi
ms 2
dvg dv f
3.8 103 ft 3 / lb psi 0
dp dp
x at
x 1
0
p h
at x 0
3.9 104 psi 1
2 104 psi 1
at x 0.5
2. Derive the expression of pressure gradient for a homogeneous two phase mixture for appreciable
effect of kinetic energy.
Considering unit mass of fluid, the energy balance equation for single phase flow is as follows.
1
d u 2 dU d ( zg sin ) d ( pv ) dq dw
2 (i)
Kinetic energy internal energy gravitational pressure energy heat work content energy where u, U, z, p,
v and θ refer to the velocity, internal energy, length of flow, pressure, volume and angle of elevation
respectively.
Now, there is no work content dw 0 and internal energy change can be given by
dU dq dF pdv (ii)
Where dF is the irreversible frictional energy loss per unit mass of fluid.
Substituting in eqn (ii) in eqn (i) we get,
1
d u 2 dq dF Pdv d ( g sin z ) Pdv vdP dq
2 (iii)
1
vdp d u 2 dF d ( g sin z )
2
Dividing both sides by dz we get,
dp d 1 2 dF d
v u ( g sin z )
dz dz 2 dz dz
(iv)
dp u du 1 dF g
sin
dz v dz v dz v
1
Now,
v
1
Thus substituting we get,
v
dp du dF
u g s in (v)
dz dz dz
This corresponds to
dp dp dp dp
dz d z acc d z f d z g
In two phase flow according to HOMOGENEOUS MODEL u and ρ in eqn (v) should be substituted with
uM and M .
dp du dF
uM M M M g sin (vi)
dz dz dz
Where gravitational pressure gradient is
dp
M g sin g sin / [ xv 2 (1 x ) v1 ]
dz g
g sin
g sin / ( v1 xv12 )
( v1 xv12 )
Frictional pressure gradient
dp dFM
M
dz f dz
According to Fanning, head loss due to friction h f
L u 2 Pf F
hf 4 f
D 2g g g
Where F is energy loss due to friction per unit mass of fluid.
4 fL u 2
F
D 2
For unit length of pipe
4 f u2
F
D 2
Now, for two phase flow u = uM
4 f M uM 2
FM
D 2
GM
Now, uM
M
4 fM GM 2 4 fM 2
FM G x v2 (1 x )v1 (vii)
2
D 2 M 2
D
Differentiating both sides with respect to z we get,
dFM 4 fM GM 2 d
x v2 (1 x)v1
2
dz D 2 dz
4 fM GM 2 dv dv dx
2 x v2 (1 x)v1 x 2 (1 x) 1 v12
D 2 M 2
dz dz dz
dv dx
2
4 fM GM dv
( xv1 xv12 ) x 2 (1 x) 1 v12
D dz dz dz
dFM 4 fM GM 2 (v1 xv12 ) dv2 dv dx
M x (1 x) 1 v12
dz D (v1 xv12 ) dz dz dz (viii)
Now, variation of specific volume v with respect to z is due to pressure.
Therefore,
dFM 4 fMGM 2 dv2 dP dv1 dP dx
M x dP dz (1 x) dP dz v12 dz
dz D
Pressure gradient due to acceleration
dP duM WM
uM M uM
dz acc dz M A
duM d WM WM d 1 1 WM dA
dz dz MA A dz M A2 M dz
duM WM WM d WM dA
uM M xv2 (1 x)v1 2
dz A A dz A M dz (ix)
dv dx GM 2
dv dA
GM 2 x 2 (1 x) 1 v12 (v1 x v12 )
dz dz dz A dz
dv dp dv dp dx GM 2 dA
GM 2 x 2 (1 x) 1 v12 (v1 xv12 )
dp dz dp dz dz A dz
Now combining three pressure gradients terms we get,
When there is too much flashing then
x x(h, p )
dx x
dx |P dh |h dp
dh P
dx dx dh dx dp
|P |h
dz dh dz dp dz
So , by substituting we get,
g sin 4 fMGM 2 dx dh dx dh G 2 dA
v12 |P GM 2 v12 |P (v1 xv12 )
dp v1 xv12 D dh dz dh dz A dz
dz total 4 fMGM 2 dv2 dv 4 fGM 2 v12 dx dv dv dx
1 x (1 x) 1 |h GM 2 x 2 (1 x) 1 v12 |h
D dp dP D dp dp dp dp
dx 1
Now, where h12 molal enthalpy of vapourisation
dh h12
For horizontal evaporator gravity pressure gradient is absent, then,
4 fMGM 2 v12 dh dh v dh GM 2 dA
GM 2 12 (v1 xv12 )
dP D h12 dz dz h12 dz A dz
dz total 4 fMGM 2 dv2 dv 4 fMGM 2 v12 dx dv dv dx
1 x (1 x ) 1 |h GM 2 x 2 (1 x) 1 v12 |h
D dp dp D dp dP dP dP
As derived in chapter‐5,
dp 2 fTP G 2 dx g sin
v1 xv12 G 2v12
dz D dz v1 xv12
or
dp g sin
L L
2 fTP G 2
0 dz
v xv dz G v kdz
2
dz dz
v1 xv12
1 12 12
D 0
2
2 fTP G 2f G 2
g sin dz
v1 L TP v12 kzdz G 2 v12 kdz
D D v1 xv12
2 fTP G 2 2 f G2 x g sin L v12
v1 L TP v12 L G 2 vn kL ln 1 x
D D 2 xv12 v1
4. Saturated water at a rate of 300 kg/hr (m2) enters the bottom of a vertical evaporator tube 2.5 cm
diameter and 2.0 m long. The tube receives a heat flux of 2x105 BTU/hr ft2 and there are no heat losses.
Calculate the pressure drop for inlet pressures of 350 psia. Assume homogeneous flow with a constant
friction factor of 0.005.
Assume homogeneous flow theory, proceed similarly as problem 1
Equating rate of heat addition /unit length to heat flux,
dqe
D heat flux
dz
dqe d dh D D 4
W h (For constant W)
dz dz dz w D GD
2
G
4
For small pressure changes h h1 xh12
xh2 1 x h1
h h1
x dx 1 dh 1 4 4
h12 or , dx dz
dz h12 dz h12 GD h12GD
dP 2 fG
2
dx g cos
v1 xv12 G 2v12
dz D dz v1 xv12
dp
Neglecting , area change, flashing, compressibility effects
dz
g cos dx
L
dp
L
2f G 2 L
G 2 v12 dz
L
p dz TP v1 xv12 dz v1 xv12 0
dz
0
dz D 0 0
dx
2 2 L L L
2 fTP G v1 2 f G v12 dz
D
L TP
D
0
xdz g cos
v xv12
0 1
G 2 v12 dz
0
dz
4 4
x zc x z
hG 2GD h12GD
C=0 from B Cs
4 L2 G 2 v12 4
L L
2 fTP G 2 v1 2 fTP G 2 dz
g cos
h12GD 0
P v12 dz
D D h12GD 2 0 v
4
1 z
h12GD
v 4 L g cos Gh12 v12 L 4 L
2
2 fTP G 2 v1 L 2 L v12
fTP G G 12 ln 1
D D h12 h12 D 4 v12 Gh12 D
B u
v12 1.3064 ft 2 / lb vl 0.01912 ft 2 / lb h12 794.7 p 1.02 psi
lb
p small compared to pressure , so assumption of constant fluid properties justified.
Check for compressibility effects and confirm exit steam is not superheated.
4 z
xe 0.605
Gh12 D
For compressibility & flashing effects x x h, p
x
0 x 0
p h
x
At x 0.6
p
v xvg 1 x vl v vl x vg vl
x vg vl vl v
vl x
g l v v x v v
xvlg vl p h p h p h p
g l
v x vg
vlg x
p h p h p h
5 An air‐water mixture flows through a circular pipe of cross‐section A1. It has a nozzle of cross‐
section A2 at the centre. The pressure at the upstream, throat and downstream sections are p1,
p2 and p3 respectively. Assuming incompressible homogeneous flow, derive the following
equations where G is the mass flux and ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of water and air respectively:
G 2 A1 A1 1
p1 p2 1 1 x 1
1 A2 A2 2
2
G 2 A1 1
p1 p3 1 1 x 1
2 1 A2 2
Clearly state any additional assumptions made
Chapter 6
Problem 1 Air‐water at individual mass flow rates of 50kg/hr flow through a 3 cm diameter pipe at 270 C
and 1.2 atm pressure. What is the overall volumetric flux. If the drift flux is 3m/s, what are the average
velocities of the phases ?
Solution :
W1 W2 50 kg / hr T 27 0 C
P 1.2 atm
A 0.03
2
4
1 1000 kg / m3
j21 3 u2 j …. (1)
W1
u1 ……..(2)
1 A 1
W2
u2 ..….(3)
2 A
Q1 Q2 W1 W
j j1 j2 2
A A 1 A 2 A
3 u2 j ….(4)
From equations (3) and (4), find and u2 . Substitute in equation (2) to find u1
Problem 2 Show that drift flux is independent of the motion of the observer during concurrent flow of
two fluids .
Solution :
Let fluids 1 and 2 move at velocities u1 and u2. Let the observer move at velocity u in direction of fluid
motion.
Therefore, fluid velocity is observed by observer = u2 ' u2 u
u1 ' u1 u
Problem 3
Solution :
j2 j21 j2 j21
1
j j2 j
j21 j2 j ……..(1)
dj21
j
d
dj21
u .n. 1 u . 1
n 1 n
d
n
u 1 1 n
1
For flooding, curve of eqn(1) is tangent to curve of eqn (2).
dj dj
21 . 21 1
d 1 d 2
n
ju 1 . 1 1
n
1
Or,
Condition for flooding
j1 j
j2 21 y mx c
1 1
j1 j j j21
Problem 4
j
1
n
2
For what value of n will be linear? How does drift velocity of ‘2’ depends on ?
u
Solution:
j
n0 1 j2 u
2 0
For
u
Now,
j
u 2 2 u
Drift velocity of component 2 = terminal velocity .
u2 const f
Thus,
Or, u2
0
j2 j21 u u
C0 0
j j
Chapter 7
Problem1: Derive the expression to estimate pressure drop for flow of boiling water in straight pipes
(no area change in pipe) where the water enters the pipe under saturated conditions and water and
steam flows under stratified conditions.
dp 1 d
g sin 1 1 2 FW 1 FW 2 W1u1 W2u2
dz A dz
dp dp dp
= ….. (7.27)
dz g dz f dz acc
The frictional pressure gradient can be expressed in terms of two phase multiplier as:
dp
f
dz TP
2 lo
dp
dz f lo
dp 4
or , w
dz FTP D
dp
2 lo .
dz Flo
3
2 lo . wlo
A
4 1 G2
2 lo . f lo .
D 2 l
2 2 G2
lo f lo .
D l
2 G2
. f lo . 2 lo
D l
dp
L L
2 G2
dz f lo . 2lo dz
0
dz FTP 0
D l
2 f lo G 2 L 1 2
L
lo dz
D l L 0
Since quality increases linearly with distance (derivation below), x=0 at z=0 and
dp 2 floG 2 L 1 2
L x
0 dz f D l x 0 lo dz
TP
Let be the heat flux. Therefore the rate of heat addition per unit length is
dqe
D
dz
From energy equation
dqe d
W h
dz dz
dh D
or ,
dz W
dh
And h h1 xh12 Or, h12
dx p
Now,
dx dx dh
.
dz dh dz
1 dh
.
dh dz
dx
D
Wh12
D 4
DGh12
D 2Gh12
4
dx
From the aforementioned expression of , it is clear that quality increases linearly with distance.
dz
The acceleration pressure gradient can be expressed a:
1 d
W1u1 W2u2
A dz
1 d W12 W2 2
A dz 1 A1 2 A2
1 d W 1 x W 2 x 2
2 2
A dz 1 1 A 2 A
2
A dz 1 1 2
d 1 x x2
2
G 2
dz 1 1 2
L
1 d
W1u1 W2u2 .dz
0
A dz
L d 1 x 2 x 2
G 2
dz
0 dz 1 1 2
L
1 x 2 x2
G
2
1 1 2 0
Substituting the expressions for individual components of pressure gradient, the pressure drop for
length L is
L
1 d
dp
L L
w .S L
W u W2u2 1 1 2 g sin
P dz A dz 1 1
0
dz 0
A 0
0
L
2 flo .G 2 L 1 2
x
1 x 2 x2 L
lo
1 1 2 dz
2
dz G g sin
D l x 0 1 1 2 0
0
Problem 2. Two incompressible fluids are flowing under separated flow through a nozzle in horizontal
orientation. Express the pressure drop of the two phase system PT .P in terms of P1 and P2 , the
pressure drop encountered by either of the fluids if they would be flowing alone through the nozzle.
Solution: For separated flow the momentum balance equation for flow of the individual components
per unit volume under steady state condition can be written as:
du1 dp
1u1 b1 f1 ...........(i )
dz dz
du dp
2u2 2 b2 f 2 ...........(ii )
dz dz
P
.
T 2
P
1
Since the two component separated flow is accelerated rapidly through nozzle, body force and
frictional components can be neglected as compared to inertia term. Thus
From eqn (1)
dp du
1u1 1
dz dz
And from eqn (2)
dp du
2u2 2
dz dz
dp du du
or 1u1 1 2u2 2
dz dz dz
Or on integration,
12u12 22u22
or PT . P
2 1 2 2
Now if either of fluid flows alone through the nozzle,
1 G12 2
P1 And P2 1 G2
2 1 2 2
1 G12
P1 2 1
(1 ) 2 ..........(iii )
PT . P 1 G12
2 (1 ) 2 1
1 G22
P2 2 2
2 ..........(iv)
PT . P 1 G22
2 2 2
From equation (iii) we get
P1
(1 ) 2
PT . P
1/ 2
P1
or (1 ) ..........(v)
PT .P
And from equation (iv) we get
P2
2
PT . P
1/ 2
P2
or ..........(vi )
PT .P
Adding equation (v) and equation (vi) we get
1/ 2 1/ 2
P1 P1
(1 )
PT .P PT .P
(P1 )1/ 2 (P2 )1/ 2
or 1
(PT .P )1/ 2
or (P1 )1/ 2 (P2 )1/ 2 PT .P
1/ 2
Problem 3 Develop the separate cylinders model for stratified gas‐liquid flow assuming turbulent flow
and a constant friction factor for both phases.
Solution: Let gas flow in a cylinder of effective radius rg and liquid flow in a cylinder of effective radius
rl
2 2
rg rl
2
1 2
ro ro
f g g jg
2
jg
2
dp dp fg 1
g
dz dz g rg ro 5/ 2
Where f g is the constant friction factor for the gas phase
dp
dz 1
g 2 5/ 2
dp
dz gasonly
or
1
5/ 2
g 2
Similarly
1
l 2
1 5 / 2
or
2/5
1 12
l
2/5
1
2/5
1
Thus 2 1 2
g , l
2/5
1
2/5
1
Therefore, 2 1 2
g l
2/5
1
2/5
1
Or 2 1
2
g l
Problem 4
For flow through a packed bed of spheres with diameter‘d’ and void fraction , deduce the values of
f f f1 fs f2
and and using the Carman‐Kozeny equation for the frictional pressure drop
during viscous flow through void space between the solid
p 180 f j fo 1
2
z F d2 3
j is the fluid flux relative to the particles and is the liquid fraction in the3 solid‐liquid system.
fo
Subscripts f and s refer to the fluid and solid respectively.
Solution:
In one dimensional form the momentum equation per unit volume of individual phase is
u1 u p
1 u1 1 b 1 f1
t z z
u2 u p
2 u2 2 b2 f 2
t z z
Now, for steady state condition
u1 u
0, 2 0,
t t
u1 u
If we neglect the inertial effect then u1 0 and u2 2 0
z z
If we neglect body force then
b1 0 and b2 0
Then from momentum equation we get,
p p
f1 F f 2 ………(1)
z z
The force f 2 on particles is made up of two parts, one due to fluid , f 21 and the other due to the
f 22 particles .
.
Thus
f 2 f 21 f 22
But force f1 on fluid is only due to particle
So, f1 f12
Therefore, from equation (1) we get
f j fo 1
2
180 f j fo 1
2
f 2 f 21 f 22 3 ……….(3)
d2
1 f12
f12
F21 equivalent of f 21 per unit volume of whole flow
f 21
=
1 f 21
180 f j fo 1
2
.
1 d2 3
180 f j fo 1
d2 2
Now, from equation (3) we get
f 22 f 2 f 21
180 f j fo 1 180 f j fo 1
2
.
d2 3 d2 2
180 f j fo 1 2
2 2
d2 3
180 f j fo 1
3
d2
180 f j fo 1
d2 3
Problem 4 Using the results of the previous problem, deduce the fluid flux necessary to cause
fluidization in a bed with void fraction and estimate the pressure gradient through the bed in this
case.
Solution:
In a fluidized bed particle are supported by an upward flow of fluid around them and inter particle force
are negligible. Mathematically
f 22 0
For steady state flow, neglecting the inertial term, the momentum equation per unit volume of the
individual phase becomes,
p
b1 f1 0 ……….(1)
z
p
And b 2 f 2 0 …. (2)
z
where b1 1 g , b2 2 g
f j fo 1
2
f1 f12 180
d2 3
180 f j fo 1
f 2 f 21
d2 2
Therefore eqns (1) and (2) become,
j 1
2
p
1 g 180 f 2 fo . = 0 ….(3)
z d 3
dp j 1
2 g 180 f 2 fo . 2 0 ….(4)
dz d
Subtracting eqn (2) from equation (1) we get
180 f j fo 1 1
2 1 g . 2 1
d2
d 2 g 2 1 3
or , j fo .
180 f 1
And from equation (1) we get,
p
b1 f1
z
180 f j fo 1
2
1 g
d2 3
180 f 1 d 2 g 2 1 3
2
1 g . . .
d2 3 180 f 1
1 g 1 2 1
g 1 1 2 1 1
g 1 1 2 1 1
g 1 1 2
Applying Lockhart Martinelli assumption to annular flow
Dl
2
2
Al D
1 4 l
A 2 D
D
4 (1)
or
2
D
1 (2)
Dl
Substituting the value of in eqn (1) we get:
2( n 2) n 5
D Dl
1
l
2 n2
(3)
Dl D
Chapter 8
Problem 1 : Air water mixture flows in a 3m long 5cm diameter pipe and discharges at 94.7 psia.
Assume bubbly flow under turbulent conditions at 270c, calculate inlet pressure for a volumetric flow of
Jl=0.15 m/s and Jg=4.5 m/s at atmospheric pressure & temperature.
Solution : j21 U gj
j2 j21
1
jTP j2
j2
(1)
j1 j2 U gj
As per changes down the pipe, j2 will change
pa
Assuming isothermal expansion, j2 ( j2 ) | pa (2)
p
Check for sonic flow ‐‐‐‐‐> con. Choking
Then pexit patm
dp du2 du
Acc. G2 G1 1
dz acc dz dz
j1 j
u2 , u1 from equation (1) in equation U1 U2 2
1
U 2 j1 j2 U gj
j1 j2 U 2 j
U1 j1
j1 U 2 j
Only j2 changes down duct
dU g dj2 du1 dj2 j1
dz dz dz dz j1 U gj
dp j1 dj2
G G
dz acc j1 U 2 j dz
2 1
dj
For small intervals, 2 found by differentiating eqn. (2)
dz
dj2 pa dp
( j2 ) pa 2
dz p dz
dp j1 pa dp
G2 G1 ( j2 ) pa 2
dz acc j1 U 2 j p dz
Friction
dp 2 fTP G j
dz f D
fTP 0.005
G 1 j1 2 j2
j j1 j2
dp
g 2 ( ) 1
dz g
dp 2 fTP Gj / D g 2 (1 ) 1
dz pa
1 G2 G1 j1 /( j1 U 2 j )( j2 ) pa 2
p
dp
a2 for a 2 1 ve
dz acc
Flow supersonic
Not permissible.
Pexit adjust until choking is reached & a 1
Condition of choking
j1
Pc2 Pa ( j2 ) Pa G2 G1
j1 U 2 j
Problem 2 : For annular flow pattern (Gas Core + Liquid film), deduce fn( ) for l2 fn ( )
Solution: Annular flow can be analyzed by separated flow model.
A very simple model of separated flow can be developed by assuming that the two phase flow, without
interaction, in two horizontal separate cylinders and that the areas of the cross sections of these
cylinders add up to the cross‐sectional area of the actual pipe. The pressure drop in each of the
imagined cylinder is the same as in the actual flow, is due to frictional effects only, and is calculated
from single phase flow theory.
Therefore,
dp dp dp
dz FTP dz liquid cylinder dz gas cylinder
Al Dl2 cross‐sectional area of liquid cylinder
4
Ag Dg2 cross‐sectional area of gas cylinder
4
Where Al Ag A cross‐sectional area of main cylinder
and are the shape factor.
A D 2 , D Diameter of main cylinder
4
Now
dp
dz f ,liquid cylinder
2C fl
lU l2
Dl
2
2C fl W
l l
Dl Al l
2C fl lWl 2
Dl Al2 l2
2C fl Wl 2
Dl Al2 l
2 W2
K Re l n 2 l
Dl Al l
lU l Dl
Now Re l
l
Now Wl lU l Al
Wl
lU l
Al
Wl Dl
Re l
l Al
2 Wl Dl Wl 2
n
dp
k 2
dz liquid cylinder Dl l Al Al l
2 Wl 2 n .Dl n
.k . n
Dl l .( Al ) 2 n .l
2 Wl 2 n .Dl n
.k . 2 n
. Dl2
Dl 2n
. l .
2 n
.
l
n
4
2 n n
2kWl l n 2 n 1 4 2 n
.Dl
2 n
. l
4
2 n n
2kWl l n 2 n 5
.Dl
2 n
. l
4
dp
dz
Now l
2 FT . P
dp
dz
Fl
dp 2 G 2 (1 x 2 )
or . f .
dz Fl D l l
2 W2
k Rel n 2l W
, G (1 x) l
D A l A
2 G (1 x) W2
n
Wl
k . 2l G (1 x) A
D l A l
n
2 Wl D Wl 2
.k . .
D l Al A2 l
2 Wl 2 n .D n
.k . 2 n n
D A .l .l
2 Wl 2 n ln n
.k . .D
D 2 2 n l
D
4
2n n
2k .Wl l n 1 4 2 n
D
2 n
l
4
2n n
2k .Wl l n 5
D
2 n
l
4
dp
dz
l2
FT . P .
dp
dz
Fl
dp
dz liquid cylinder
dp
dz
Fl
2 n n
2 k Wl l n 2 .Dln 5
2 n
l
4
2 n n
2 k Wl l .Dln 5
2 n
l
4
n 5
D
l
2 n2
. l
D
A
Al
1
2
1
A
1
1
2
Problem 3 Estimate the rise velocity of air bubbles in H2O for equivalent radius of 0.25, 1.5, 0.85 cm
7g0 d981
l 1g / cc, l 0.01 poise e / sc2m
y ncm .
given
Solution: All the bubbles lie in the Stokes region
d g b g / b
1 2
U
18
611624.72 d 2 m / s
3.823 m / s r 0.125 cm
15.29 m / s 0.25 cm
550.46 m / s 1.5 cm
176.76 m / s 0.85 cm
Problem 4 Find relation between Q1 and Q2 for flooding in a pipe of radius 25 cm assuming bubbly
u 1 .5 m / s
flow with n=2 and
Solution:
For Flooding Condition,
.n 1 1 1
n
u
1
2
1 1 1
2
or , 1.5
1
or , 3 11 2
or , 3 1 2 3
1
or ,
3
j21 u 1
n
0.0478
3.14
A 0.5 0.19625
2
4
Q Aj21
2
C0 Q1 Q2
Q1 0.0054 0.4226Q2 0
Problem 5 :
What is the velocity of sound in a hydrogen‐water mixture at 6894.7KPa, 210C, and with mean density
640.7 kg/m3? Repeat the problem with the pressure as 3.44KPa and the radius of the bubble as 1 mm.
Solution :
Mean density =640.7 kg/m3
g f
640.7
2
f 1000 kg / m3
g 281.4 kg / m3
Taking 0.5
The velocity of sound in bubbly mixture can be calculated from the following equation.
1
C2
g 1 f 1
2 2
g Cg f Cf
C f Cg ; g f
The above case be approximated as
Cg
C 1
f 2
1 g
Now, C g2 rg RT for a rapid compress
R 8.314 Jmol 1 K 1
T 294 K
rg 1.4 for diatomic H 2 gas
Cg2 1.4 8.314 294
Cg 58.49
Cg 58.49
C 1
1
f 2
1000 2
At low pressure the sonic velocity can be obtained by following equation
1
Cg 2 2
C 1
3PR0 4
1
f 2
1 g
70 103 N / m
P 3.44 KPa
Rb 103 m
C 61.64m / s
Problem 6 :
In a 10 cms diameter Counter current flow bubble column, it was observed that flooding occurred for
the following mass fluxes of carbon dioxide and water in (Kg/hr/m2)
0.25
g
u 1.18
f
0.1909m / s
Now, j21 u 1
n
j21 j2 j
j2 j u 1
n
Again,
j2 j u 1
n
PM 101.325 44
Now, 2 1.823kg / m3
RT 8.314 294
We have G2 185.7 Kg / m2 hr
185.7 m3
j2
1.823 3600 m 2 .s
0.0282m3 / m 2 .s
73305
Similarly, j1 0.0203m3 / m 2 .s
1000 3600
j 0.0485m3 / m2 s
Now, j2 j 1 u
n
After solving this equation we get,
0.1412
Now, we know that at flooding point,
dj21 j21 j2
d
j21 u 1
n
dj21
u n 1 1
n 1 n
d
n n
u 1 1
1
u 1 1 n
n 1
j21 j2 dj21
d
dj
j21 j2 21
d
dj
j21 21 j2
d
j2 u 1 u 1 1 n
n n 1
n
u 1 1
1 n
1
u 1
n
n 1 1 n
j2 u 1
1
j2 u 2 n 1
n 1
dj21
j1 j21 1
d
u 1 1 u 1 1 n
n n 1
u 1 u 1 1 n
n n
u 1 1 n
n
u 1 1 n
n
So, far 0.1412
j2 0.1909 0.1412 1.53 1 0.1412
2 1.531
5.4406 103 m3 / m 2 .s
G2 35.70kg / m 2 .hr
Similarly,
j1 0.11856m3 / m 2 .s
G1 426834.35 Kg / m 2 .hr
So , far other cases theoretical mass fluxes are shown in table
G1
426834.35 389878.22 338020.6
kg / m .hr
2
G2
kg / m .hr
2
35.70 47.429 68.56
Problem 7:
A contain silicone fluid has a viscosity of 5000 CP a surface tension of 21 dynes/cm, and a density of 1
g/cm3
. What is the rise velocity of slug – flow bubble in stationary liquid in vertical pipes with diameters 0.25
cm, 1.2 cm, 12.5 cm, and 24 cm.
Solution :
f 5000CP 21 dynes / cm f 1gm / cm3
Neglecting gas density in comparison to liquid density
Eotvos number
gD 2 f g gD 2 f
N EO 2.916 3.37
Inverse viscosity
D2 g f g f
1
2
Nf
f
D g
1
3 2 2
f
f
0.0782 2
5000 102
Archimedes No.
21 2 1
3 1 3
2 f 2
N Ar 1.229 103
50 980
1 2 2
f g 2 2
Properly group,
1
Y 661375.66
N Ar 2
Now,
For, 0.25 cm diameter pipe
K1 0.345
1 1
u K1 f 2 gD f 2
5.4cm / s
Diameter
0.25 1.2 12.5 24
d cm
Eotvos
NEO 2.9167 67.2 7.2917 103 26880
Problem 8 :
When a long bubble rises in a tube closed at the bottom, the value of j ahead of the bubble is not zero
because of expansion of the gas in the hydrostatic pressure gradient . A bubble 0.00016 m3 in volume
is injected into a column of water 30.5 m high in a 0.0254 m pipe. If the temperature is 210 C and the
pipes is closed at the bottom and open to the atmosphere at the top, how long does it take after
release before the bubble breaks the surface.
Solution :
Bubble volume = 0.000lbm3
Ltube =30.5 m
D=0.0254m
Now, initially when bubble rises from bottom of the liquid column,
D 3.14 0.0254
2
Tube volume
Where film thickness
D 2
2
0.315
D
Now, considering a single bubble rises through a stationary water column from bottom to the upward
direction. When it gets a long shape after rising certain height we can write :
Bubble volume D 2
2
LTB
Tube volume D LTB LIS
For one unit cell,
film thickness is very small in comparison to D
LTB
0.315
L
LTB 0.315 30.5 9.6075m
Column
Neglecting gas density.
Eotvos No.
gD 2 f 90.3224
N EO
D g
1
3 2 2
1.267 104
f
Nf
f
3 1
2 f 2
N Ar 1
187082.86
f 2g 2
1
Y 2
2.857 1011 m 10
N Ar
0.01 N f
0.345
3.37 N EO
K1 0.345 1 e
1 e m
0.3198
u 15.95cm / s
So, time take for bubble to break
9.6075 102
S
15.95
60.23
1min 23s
Problem 9 :
What is the minimum tube size in which large bubbles of air will rise in stationary water as 300 C
a) On earth b) in a spaceship for which ‘g’=0.003048cm/s2
Solution : Bubble will not rise when there is surface tension dominating effect
N EO 3.37
i.e. gD 2 f g
3.37
2
On earth, g=980cm/s
Neglecting g
gD 2 f
3.37
3.37
D2
g
3.37 70
D2
980
D 0.49cm
On space, g 0.003048cm / s
2
gD 2 f
3.37
3.37 70
D2
0.003048
D 278.19cm
So, minimum tube size on earth = 0.49cm
Minimum tube size on space=278.19cm
Problem 10 :
A liquid metals 300dynes / cm; f 5 g / cm 3 , 0.02 poise fills a 0.0095 m diameter
horizontal pipe. It is derived to blow gas through the pipe to the metal and solidify it as a uniform film
0.0127cm thick on the walls. What gas flow rate should be used ?
Solution :
The available flow area for gas in the tube
2
2
0.95
Ab D 3.14 0.0127 0.671cm 2
2 2
D2
3.14 0.952
Area of tube A= 0.708cm 2
4 4
vb A 0.708
1.0558
j Ab 0.671
j 0.947
vb
2 0.02 2.80 107
2
f
D f 0.95 5 300
From figure
j f
3.2 103
j 48cm / s
vb 48 1.0558 50.64cm / s
Qg 35.90cm3 / s
Chapter 10
1. Discuss a commonly used technique for measuring volume average void fraction of a flowing
vapor‐liquid mixture? What are the drawbacks of the technique?
Quick closing value technique
Drawbacks –
i) Finite Time required to close down the values. This may cause changes in system
hydrodynamics.
ii) Finite Time required to bring system back to steady state. So not possible for a continuous
operating plant.
ii) Not suitable for transient measurements.
2. How can area average and chordal average measurements of void fraction be converted to
volume average values?
Area average measurements of void fraction is the volume average value for infinitesimal length
of the test section. So several area average values at different axial lengths gives the volume
average value. When void fraction does not vary with length (fuliy developed flows), both are
equal.
Chordal average value is connected to area average value either by mathematical manipulation
or by the use of multiple beams.
3. Why does one need to know the voidage profile in addition to the average void fraction of a gas‐
liquid mixture?
Voidage profile gives an estimate of the distribution of voids in the flow passage. This
adequately describes the structures of the flow field and identifies sites of active transport and
reactions.
4. What are the drawbacks of photographic methods of flow pattern estimation?
Refer to section 10.3, part 1
5. Suggest a suitable arrangement (shown diagrammatically) of the conductivity probes for
distinguishing between (a)bubbly and annular flow in vertical pipes, (b) plug and slug flow in
horizontal pipes, (c) stratified and annular flow in horizontal pipes,
The probe signal for bubbly and annular flow are as follows
6. State any three limitations of the radiation attenuation technique for estimation of void fraction
and suggest ways of minimizing them.
Refer to section 10.2.1
7. State any two limitations of the conductivity probe technique for gas‐liquid systems.
i) Needs a priori knowledgeof flow pattern
ii) Does not work for gas continuous patterns
8. State the principle and the specific application of (a) infra red absorption method (b)
Electromagnetic flow metering technique for estimation of void fraction.
a) IR absorption technique based on the differential amount of absorption of IR ray by the two
phases. Specifically suitable for high void fraction flows.
b) Electromagnetic flow metering based on principle of independent measurement of average
jL
liquid velocity (u L ) from which can be calculated as (1 ) for low quality flows.
uL
Specific application for liquid metal system.
9. For measurement of two phase pressure drop when are gas filled lines preferred to liquid filled
ones?
For low offset value at zero p
10. What are the advantages of liquid filled lines in general?
Less chances of gas ingress since liquid tends to meet the manometer lines and pumping action
is less severe since it is incompressible.
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of differential pressure transducer over absolute
ones?
Refer to text, page
12. Define liquid holdup for gas‐liquid systems.
Refer to chap 4
13. Discuss briefly the different ways of expressing liquid holdup and one conventional technique to
measure each of them.
Refer to chap 4
14. With the help of a schematic (i) show the location of the different probes and (ii) mention the
characteristics of the probe signals which distinguish between the following gas‐liquid flow
patterns: wavy annular and bubbly in vertical flow (b) churn and bubbly in vertical flow
(b)
15. How can the following methods be used for flow pattern detectors:
Average pressure gradient (b) transient pressure signal
Refer to section 10.3 subsection 3
16. (ii) State a suitable technique to measure the in‐situ composition of two phase flow under the
following conditions: (a) High quality steam water flow (b) water content of margarine
a) Infra red absorption
b) Microwave absorption
17. Discuss the PSDF analysis for flow pattern identification. What are the different PSDFs obtained
for gas‐liquid two phase flow in vertical tubes.
Refer to section 10.3 subsection 3
18. What are the problems of using differential pressure transducers for measurement of pressure
drop in two phase system.
i) All problems associated with ambiguity in tapping line content as discussed for manometers
ii) Slight fluctuations due to rig vibration can alter readings
iii) Pressure smaller than offset cannot be measured
19. How can we measure the void fraction during sodium liquid / vapor flow?
Electromagnetic flow metering
20. Discuss the acoustic method of void fraction measurement and state its problems.
Refer to section 10.2.7