EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

Experiment 1

Study of the Transmission Line Models

Objective:
 To study the characteristics of a transmission line at no-load and full-load.
 To construct the models of short, medium and long transmission lines and evaluate their
performance in terms of voltage regulation, transmission efficiency etc.

Introduction:
Electric power has three major areas of interest:
a) Power generation
b) Power transmission
c) Power utilization
The experiment is concerned with the transmission of power between a source (power generator) and
a remotely located load (power utilization).

Theory:
A transmission line has four parameters R, L, C and G distributed uniformly along the whole length
of the line. The resistance, R and inductance, L form the series impedance. The capacitance, C and
conductance, G existing between conductors and/or neutral form shunt paths throughout the length of
the line. Depending on the length of the line, transmission lines are classified as
I. Short transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is less than 80 km, it is usually
considered as a short transmission line. Due to small length, the shunt paths can be neglected.
The short transmission line model is shown below.

IS Z = zl
IR

+ +
Gen. VS VR Load
- -

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

where, r = series resistance per unit length (m) per phase;

L = inductance per unit length (m) per phase;
z = r + j  L = series impedance per unit length (m) per phase;
l = length of the transmission line;
II. Medium transmission line: When the length of the transmission line is between 80 km and 240
km, it is considered as a medium transmission line.
Medium length line (nominal-  ) model:

IS Z = zl
IR

+ Y Y +
Gen. VS 2 2 Load
VR
- -

where, Y = yl = j  C l = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral

y = shunt admittance per unit length (m) per phase to neutral
C = shunt capacitance per unit length (m) per phase;
III. Long transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is more than 240 km, it is
considered as a long transmission line.
Long line (equivalent-  ) model:

IS Z sinh  l
l IR
+
Y Y +
Gen. VS 2 2 Load
VR
-
-

l
tanh( )
Y Y 2
where,  and  = zy = propagation constant.
2 2 l
( )
2

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

Typical arrangement of a double line three phase transmission line is shown in Fig. 1.

18/
a c/

10/

b/
21/
b

10/

c a/
18/

Fig. 1: Typical arrangement of conductors of a parallel-circuit three phase line

The transmission line parameters are
r = 0.0962  /km at 50 Hz
L = 6.13 x 10-7 H/m per phase
C = 6.3462 x 10-12 F/m per phase to neutral
We will use these values to model a l = 208 km transmission line using short, medium and long
transmission line model.
Note: The ratio of the actual transmission line and simulated model parameters are
Voltage ratio : 500
Current ratio : 1000
Power ratio : 500000

Procedure:
1. Calculate the circuit parameters of the above-mentioned transmission line using short and
medium line models.
Table 1: Parameters of the transmission line models
Type of the model Series resistance, R Series reactance, X Shunt admittance, Y
Short line
Medium length line
2. Construct the equivalent circuit of the transmission line using short line model as shown in
Fig. 2.

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

A R+jX A
IS IR

230V-50 Hz VS V V VR Load

Fig. 2: Equivalent circuit of transmission line using short line model

Use load of 400  . Measure the voltages of source and load end voltages and currents at no-
load and full-load conditions. Calculate the values of line voltage drop, voltage regulation,
line loss, transmission efficiency and sending end power factor.
Table 2: Data for short line model
Loading VS IS Sending VR IR Receiving Voltage Voltage Line Efficiency
condition end p. f. end p. f. drop regulation loss
No-load

Full-load
3. Repeat step 2 for medium length model keeping the same load current obtained in the short
line model.
Table 3: Data for medium-length line model
Loading VS IS Sending VR IR Receiving Voltage Voltage Line Efficiency
condition end p. f. end p. f. drop regulation loss
No-load

Full-load

Report:
1. Analytically calculate the voltage regulation, line loss, efficiency and sending end power
factor using short and medium-length line model for the full-load value of VR, IR and
receiving end p. f. measured in the experiment. Compare the results of your analysis with the
values obtained from the experimental measurements.
2. Calculate the voltage regulation, line loss, efficiency and sending end power factor for the
same load using long transmission line model.

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

3. Give comparison of the voltage regulation obtained using the three different models? What is
the limitation of modeling a long transmission line using a short line model?

Reference:
1. Power System Analysis – John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Jr.

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