CHAPTER 8

External Flows

8.1
B B C
A A
separated
flow

C A-B: favorable
A-B: favorable B-C: unfavorable D
B-C: unfavorable A-D: favorable
A-C: favorable C-D: undefined

VD 5 × 1.51 × 10 −5
8.2 Re = 5 = . ∴D= = 3.78 × 10 −5 m.
ν 20
inviscid no separation inviscid
flow flow separated
region
viscous flow
near sphere boundary layer
near surface

8.3
separation separation

wake

8.4
boundary
separated layer
region

building wake
inviscid
flow

8.5 (C)

8.6 (C)

162
 VD 0.8 × 0.008
8.7 ( B) Re = = = 4880.
ν 1.31 × 10−6

VD .8
8.8 5= ∴ V = 5ν / D. a) V = 5 × 1.22 × 10 −5 / = .000915 fps.
ν 12
.8 .8
b) V = 5×.388 × 10 −5 / = .000291 fps. c) V = 5 × 1.6 × 10 −4 / = 0.012 fps.
12 12

VD 20 × D
8.9 Re = = −5
= 13.25 × 10 5 D.
ν 1.51 × 10
a) Re = 13.25 × 10 5 × 6 = 7 .9 × 10 6 . ∴Separated flow.
b) Re = 13.25 × 10 ×.06 = 7 .9 × 10 .
5 4
∴Separated flow.
c) Re = 13.25 × 10 5 ×.006 = 7950. ∴Separated flow.

1
 1 − 1  = 1 πp
FD = ∫ − = 0 ∫ ( 1 − r ) 2πrdr = p 0 2π 
2
8.10 pdA p A p 
back back
 2 4  2 0
Afront 0

1 1
Bernoulli: p∞ + ρV∞2 = p 0 . ∴ p0 = × 1.21 × 20 2 = 242 Pa.
2 2
1
∴ FD = π ( 242) = 380 N
2
FD 2 × 380
CD = = 2 2
= 0.5
ρV 2 A 1.21 × 20 × π × 1
1
2

8.11 Ftotal = Fbottom + Ftop = 20 000×.3× .3 + 10 000 ×.3×.3 = 2700 N.

Flift = 2700 cos 10 o = 2659 N
Fdrag = 2700 sin 10 o = 469 N
FL 2 × 2659
CL = = 2
= 2.36
1
ρV A2 1000 × 5 ×. 3 × . 3
2

FD 2 × 469
CD = = 2
= 0.417
1
ρV 2 A 1000 × 5 ×. 3×.3
2

Lw
8.12 Fl = p l Al = 26 000 × Lw. Fu = p u A u = 8000 × = 4015 Lw
2 cos 5 o
FL = Fl cos 5 o − Fu cos 10 o = 21 950 Lw
FD = Fl sin 5 o − Fu sin 10 o = 1569 Lw

163
 FL 2 × 21 950 Lw
CL = = 2
= 0.25
1
ρV 2 A .3119 × 750 Lw
2

FD 2 × 1569Lw
CD = = 2
= 0.0179
1
ρV 2 A . 3119 × 750 Lw
2

V × .1
8.13 If C D = 1.0 for a sphere, Re = 100 (see Fig. 8.8). ∴ = 100 , V = 1000ν .
ν
1
a) V = 1000 × 1.46 × 10 −5 =.0146 m / s. ∴ FD = × 1.22×.0146 2 π ×.05 2 × 1.0
2
= 3.25 × 10 −7 N .
1.46 × 10 −5 1
b) V = 1000 × = 0.798 m / s. ∴ FD = × (.015 × 1.22) ×.798 2 π ×.05 2 × 1.0
.015 × 1.22 2
= 4 .58 × 10 −5 N .
1
c) V = 1000 × 1.31 × 10 −6 =.00131 m /s. ∴ FD = × 1000 ×.00131 2 π ×.05 2 × 1.0
2
= 6.74 × 10 −6 N .

VD 6 × .5
8.14 a) Re = = −5
= 2 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0 .45 from Fig. 8.8.
ν 1.5 × 10
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 6 2 × π ×.25 2 ×. 45 = 1.94 N.
2 2
15 ×.5
b) Re = = 5 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0.2 from Fig. 8.8.
1.5 × 10 −5
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 15 2 × π ×.25 2 ×.2 = 5. 4 N.
2 2

8.15 (B) Assume a large Reynolds number so that CD = 0.2. Then

2
1 1  80 × 1000 
F = ρV 2 ACD = × 1.23 ×   × π × 52 × 0.2 = 4770 N.
2 2  3600 

8.16 (D) Assume a Reynolds number of 105 . Then CD = 1.2.

1 1
F = ρV 2 ACD . ∴ 60 = ×1.23 × 40 2 × 4 × D × 1.2. ∴ D = 0.0041 m.
2 2
VD 40 × 0.0041
Re = = = 1.64 × 105. ∴ CD = 1.2. The assumption was OK.
ν − 6
10

164
8.17 The velocities associated with the two Re's are
Re 1 ν 3 × 10 5 × 1.5 × 10 −5
V1 = = = 101 m / s,
D .0445
Re 2 ν 6 × 10 4 × 1.5 × 10 −5
V2 = = = 20 m /s.
D .0445
The drag, between these two velocities, is reduced by a factor of 2.5
[(C )
D high ]
= 0.5 and (C D ) low = 0.2 . Thus, between 20 m/s and 100 m/s the drag is
reduced by a factor of 2.5. This would significantly lengthen the flight of the
ball.

2
1 1 2
8.18 a) FD = ρ V 2 ACD . ∴ 0.5 = ×.00238V 2π ×   CD . ∴V 2 CD = 4810.
2 2  12 
VD V × 4 / 12
Re = = = 2080V . Try C D = .5: V = 98 fps, Re = 2 × 10 5 .
ν 1.6 × 10 −4
Try C D =.4: V = 110 fps, Re = 2.3 × 10 5 .
2
1 2
b) C D = 0.2: 0.5 = ×.00238V 2 π ×   ×.2. ∴V = 155 fps.
2  12 

1 V × .2
8.19 4 .2 = × 1000V 2π ×.1 2 C D . ∴ V 2C D = 0.267 . Re = −6
= 2 × 10 5 V .
2 10
Try C D = 0.5: ∴ V = 0.73 m /s. Re = 1.46 × 10 . ∴ OK.
5

VD 40 × 2
8.20 Re = = − 5 = 5.3 × 10 .
6
∴ CD = 0.7 . (This is extrapolated from
ν . × 10
15
1
Fig. 8.8.) ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 40 2 × ( 2 × 60) ×.7 = 81 900 N.
2
M = 81 900 × 30 = 2.46 × 106 N ⋅ m.

25× .05
8.21 a) Re 1 = −5
= 1.2 × 10 5 . Re 2 = 1.8 × 10 5 . Re 3 = 2.4 × 10 5 . Assume a
1.08 × 10
rough cylinder (the air is highly turbulent).
∴ (C D ) 1 = 0.7 , ( CD ) 2 = 0.8 , (C D ) 3 = 0.9 .
1
∴ FD = × 1.45 × 25 2 (.05 × 10×.7 +.075 × 15 ×.8 +.1 × 20 ×.9 ) = 1380 N .
2
1
M= × 1.45 × 25 2 (.05 × 10 ×.7 × 40 +.075 × 15× .8 × 27.5 +.1 × 20×.9 × 10) = 25 700 N ⋅ m.
2
25 ×.05
b) Re 1 = = 7 .6 × 10 4 . Re 2 = 1.14 × 10 5 , Re 3 = 1.5 × 10 5 .
1.65 × 10 −5

165
 101
∴ (CD ) 1 =.8 , (CD ) 2 =.7 , (CD ) 3 =.8. ρ = = 1.17 kg / m 3 .
.287 × 308
1
∴ FD = × 1.17 × 25 2 (.05 × 10×.8+.075 × 15 ×.7 +.1 × 20×.8) = 1020 N .
2
1
M= × 1.17 × 25 2 (.05 × 10×.8 × 40 +.075 × 15 ×.7 × 27 .5+ .1 × 20 ×.8 × 10) = 19 600 N ⋅ m.
2

8.22 Atmospheric air is turbulent. ∴Use the "rough" curve. ∴ C D = 0 .7 .

1 V × 2000 / V 2
FD = 10 = × .00238V 2 × 6 D×.7 . ∴ 2000 = V 2 D. 10 5 = .
2 1.6 × 10 −4
ρ 0.0024  2
∴ pmin = U ∞2 − vo2  = 30 − 1042  = −11.8 psf.
2   2  
∴ V 2 D = 2370. ∴ V = 148 fps. D = 0.108'.

8.23 Since the air cannot flow around the bottom, we

imagine the structure to be mirrored as shown. Then
L / D = 40 / 5 = 8. ∴ C D = 0.66C D∞ .
VD min 30 × 2
Re min = = −5
= 4 × 10 6 . ∴ C D = 1.0×.66 = .66.
ν 1.5 × 10
1 2 2 +8 
∴ FD = × 1.22 × 30 ×  × 20 ×.66 = 36 000 N .
2  2 

8.24 FB + FD = FW . FB

4 1 4 FD
9810 × π r 3 + × 1000V 2π r 2 CD = 9810× 7.82 × π r 3 .
3 2 3
V × 2r
Re = −6
= 2 × 10 6 Vr . ∴V 2C D = 178 r W
10

a) r =.05 m. ∴ Re = 105V , V 2C D = 8.9. Assume a smooth sphere.

Try CD =.5: ∴V = 4.22 m / s. Re = 4.22 × 10 5 . This is too large for Re.
Try CD =.2: ∴ V = 6.67 m / s. Re = 6.67 × 10 5 . OK.
b) r =.025 m. Re = 5 × 104 V , V 2C D = 4.45.
Try CD =.2: V = 4.72 m / s. Re = 2.4 × 10 5 . OK.
c) r =.005 m. Re = 10 4V , V 2C D = 0.89.
Try C D =.5: V = 1.33 m / s. Re = 1.33 × 104 . OK.
d) r =.001 m. Re = 2 × 10 3V , V 2 CD = 0178
. .
Try C D =.4: V = 0.67 m / s. Re = 1.33 × 10 3 . OK.

166
 3 2 3
4  10  1  10  4  10 
8.25 FB + FD = FW . .077 × π   + × .00238V 2π   CD = 62.4S π   .
3  12  2  12  3  12 
V × 10/12
Re = = 5.2 × 103V . ∴1 + .0139V 2 CD = 810 S
−4
1.6 ×10
a) S =.005. V 2C D = 219. Assume atmospheric turbulence, i.e., rough.
Try CD =.4: V = 23.4 fps. Re = 1.2 × 10 5 . ∴ CD =. 3. V = 27 fps.
b) S =.02. V 2 CD = 1090. Try CD =.4: V = 52 fps . Re = 2.7 × 10 5 . ∴ OK.
c) S = 1.0. V 2C D = 58 200. Try C D =. 4: V = 381 fps .

8.26 6 in
Assume a 180 lb, 6' sky diver, with components 6 in 8 in. dia.
as shown. If V is quite large, then Re > 2 × 105 . 18 in
FD = FW . 3 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft

1  1 1 18 4 
×.00238V 2 2 × 3 × × 1.0×.7 + 2 × 2.5 × × 1.0 ×.7 + × 2.5 × 1.0 + π ×   ×.4  = 180.
2  2 2 12  12  
We used data from Table 8.1. ∴V = 140 fps.

1
8.27 From Table 8.2 CD = 0.35. FD = × 1.22V 2 × 3.2 × 0.35 =.683V 2 .
2
2
80 × 1000  80 × 1000
a) FD =.683 ×   = 337 N. & = 337
∴W = 7500 W or 10 Hp.
 3600  3600
b) V = 25 m / s. FD =.683 × 25 2 = 427 N. ∴ W & = 427 × 25 = 10 700 W or 14.3 Hp .

c)V = 27 .8 m / s. FD =.683 × 27.8 2 = 527 N. ∴W& = 527 × 27 .8 = 14 700 W or 19.6 Hp.

1 1.1 m
8.28 1.2 FD = 1.1 × 400. FD = ρV 2 AC D . C D = 1.1 FD
2
1.2 m
1
1.2 × × 1.22V 2 × ( 2 × 3) × 1.1 = 1.1 × 400. FW Fx
2 Fy
∴V = 9.5 m / s.

VD ( 40 000 / 3600)0.6
8.29 Re = = = 4. 42 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0.35 from Fig. 8.8.
ν 1.51 × 10 -5
1 1
a) FD = ρV 2 AC D = × 1.204 × ( 40 000 / 3600) 2 × 0.6 × 6 × 0. 35 = 93.6 N
2 2
b) FD = 93.6 × 0.68 = 63.7 N where L / D = 6 / 0.6 = 10.
c) FD = 93.6 × 0.76 = 71.1 N where we can use L / D = 20 since only one end is
free. The ground acts like the mid-section of a 12-m-long cylinder.

167
8.30 a) Curled up, she makes an approximate sphere of about 1.2 m in diameter (just
a guess!). Assume a rough sphere at large Re. From Fig. 8.8, C D = 0.4:
1
FD = ρV 2 AC D
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21 × V 2π × 0.6 2 × 0.4. ∴V = 53.7 m /s.
2
53.7 × 1.2
Check Re: Re = = 4.27 × 10 6 . ∴ OK.
1.51 × 10 −5
1
b) FD = ρV 2 ACD . From Table 8.2, CD = 1.4:
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 121. × V 2π × 4 2 × 1.4. ∴ V = 4.29 m / s.
2
4.29 × 8
Check Re: Re = − 5 = 2.27 × 10 .
6
Should be larger but the velocity
. × 10
151
should be close.
1
c) FD = ρV 2 ACD
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21 ×V 2π × 12 × 1.4. ∴V = 17.2 m/s.
2
17.2 × 1
Check Re: Re = − 5 = 114
. × 10 6 . This should be greater than 107 for
. × 10
151
C D to be acceptable. Hence, the velocity is approximate.

8.31 With the deflector the drag coefficient is 0.76 rather than 0.96. The required
power (directly related to fuel consumed) is reduced by the ratio of 0.76/0.96.
The cost per year without the deflector is
Cost = (200 000/1.2) × 0.25 = $41,667.
With the deflector it is
Cost = 41,667 × 0.76/0.96 = $32,986.
The savings is $41.667 − 32,986 = $8,800.

1 1
8.32 FD = ρV 2 ACD = × .00238 × 882 × (6 × 2) × 1.1 = 122 lb.
2 2
& = F × V = 122 × 88 = 10 ,700 ft - lb or 19.5 Hp.
W D
sec

1 1
8.33 FD = ρV 2 ACD = × 1.22 × (27.8 × 1.6) 2 × π ×.052 × 11
. = 10.43 N.
2 2
W& = FD × V × 2 = 10.43 × ( 27.8 × 1.6) × 2 = 226 W or 1.24 Hp .

168
 ( 2 + 0. 3)
8.34 The projected area is × 4 = 4 .6 m 2 .
2
1 1
FD = ρV 2 AC D = × 1.18 × 20 2 × 4 .6 × 0.4 = 434 N.
2 2
Since there are two free ends, we use Table 8.1 with L / D = 4 / 1.15 = 3.47 , and
approximate the force as
FD = 434 × 0.62 = 269 N .

8.35 The net force acting up is (use absolute pressure)

4 4 120
Fup = π ×0.43 × 1.21 × 9.8 − 0.5 − π × 0.43 × 9.8 = 2.16 N
3 3 2.077 × 293
From a force triangle (2.16 N up and FD to the right), we see that
tan α = Fup / FD .
a) FD = 2.16 /tan 80 o = 0.381.
1
0.381 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.4 2 × 0.2. ∴V = 2.50 m / s.
2
2.5 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1. 33 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10
1
0.381 = × 1.21V 2 π × 0.4 2 × 0.5. ∴V = 1.58 m / s
2
b) FD = 2.16 /tan 70 o = 0.786.
1
0.786 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.4 2 × 0.2. ∴V = 3.60 m / s.
2
3.6 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.9 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10
1
0.786 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.4 2 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.27 m / s
2
c) FD = 2.16 / tan 60 o = 1.25.
1
1.25 = × 1.21V 2 π × 0.4 2 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.86 m / s.
2
2.86 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.5 × 10 5 . ∴OK.
1.51 × 10
d) FD = 2.16 / tan 50 o = 1.81.
1
1.81 = × 1.21V 2π × 0. 4 2 × 0.5. ∴V = 3.45 m / s.
2
3.45 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = = 1.8 × 105. Close, but OK.
−5
1.51 × 10

8.36 Assume each section of the tree is a cylinder. The average diameter of the tree is
1 m. The top doesn't have a blunt end around which the air flows, however,

169
 the bottom does; so assume L / D = (5 / 2) × 2 = 5. So, use a factor of 0.62 from
Table 8.1 to multiply the drag coefficient. The force acts near the centroid of the
triangular area, one-third the way up. Finally,
F × d = 5000
1 2  5 
 2 × 1.21V ( 5) × 0. 4 × 0.62  ×  3 + 0.6 = 5000. V = 54.2 m / s.

8.37 Power to move the sign:

1
FDV = ρV 2 AC D × V
2
1
= × 1.21 × 11.11 2 × 0.72 × 1.1 × 11.11 = 657 J /s.
2
This power comes from the engine:
657 = ( 12 000 × 1000)m
& × 0 .3 . ∴ m& = 1.825 × 10 −4 kg /s.
Assuming the density of gas to be 900 kg/m3 ,
1000
1825
. × 10 − 4 × 10 × 3600 × 6 × 52 × × 0.30 = $683
900

8.38 The power expended is FD × V . V = ( 25 × 88 / 60) / 3.281 = 11.18 m / s

1 1
× 121
. × 1118
. 3 × 0.56 × CD = × 121
. × V 3 × 0.4 × CD × 0.8
2 2
∴V = 13.47 m / s or 30.1 mph.

1 1
8.39 W& = 40 × 746η = FD × V = ρV 2 AC D × V = ρACDV 3 .
2 2
1
∴ 40 × 746×.9 = × 122
. × 3 × 0.35V 3 . ∴V = 34.7 m / s or 125 km / hr .
2

VD 4 × 0.02 fD f × 0.02
8.40 (C) Re = = = 5000. ∴ St = 0.21 = = .
ν −
1.6 ×10 5 V 4
V 4 m/s
∴ f = 42 Hz (cycles/second). distance = = = 0.095 m/cycle.
f 42 cycles/s

V × .003
8.41 40 < Re < 10 000. 40< < 10 000. ∴ 0.2<V < 50 m/s.
1.5 ×10 −5
f × .003
St = 0.12 = . ∴ f low = 8 Hz.
.2
f ×.003
St =.21 = . ∴ f lhigh = 3500 Hz.
50
The vortices could be heard over most of the range.

170
 VD 6D
8.42 40 > = . ∴ D < 8.13 × 10−5 ft.
ν −
1.22 × 10 5

VD 6D
10 000 < = . ∴ D > 0.020 ft or 0.24".
ν . × 10 −5
122

f × D 0.2 ×.1
8.43 From Fig. 8.9, Re is related to St. St = = .
V V
VD V ×.1
Re = = − 5 . Try St =.21: V = 0.095 m / s. ∴ Re = 630.
ν . × 10
15
This is acceptable. ∴V = 0.095 m / s.

fD .002 × 2 VD V × 2
8.44 St = = . Re = = −6 . Use Fig. 8.9.
V V ν 10
Try St = 0.21: V = .0191 m / s. Re = 38 × 103 . ∴ OK.

8.45 Let St = 0.21 for the wind imposed vorticies. When this frequency equals the
natural frequency, or one of its odd harmonics, resonance occurs:
f = T / ρL2 d 2 π
0.21 × 10
= 30 000/7850L2 × 0.0162 × π . ∴ L = 0.525 m
0.016
Consider the third and fifth harmonics:
f = 3 T / ρL2 d 2π . ∴ L = 1.56 m.
f = 5 T / ρL2 d 2π . ∴ L = 2.62 m.

8.46 (C) By reducing the separated flow area, the pressure in that area increases
thereby reducing that part of the drag due to pressure.

Fig. 8.8
Table 8.1
88 × 6 / 12 5 1 2  6
8.47 Re = = 2.8 × 10 . FD = ×.00238 × 88 × 1.0 ×.8 ×  6 ×  = 22 lb.
1.6 × 10 −4
2  12 
The coefficient 1.0 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.8 from Table 8.1.
W& = FD × V = 22 × 88 = 1946 ft - lb / sec or 3.5 Hp.

(C D ) streamlined = 0.035. ∴ FD = 0.77 lb. & = 67 .8 ft - lb or 0.12 Hp.

W
sec

VD 3 ×.08 1
8.48 Re = = −5
= 16 000. ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 32 × (0.08 × 2 ) × 1.2 × .78 = 0822
. N
ν 1.5 × 10 2
The coefficient 1.2 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.78 from Table 8.1.
− 0.24
(C D )streamlined =.35. ∴ FD = 0.24 N. ∴ % reduction = 0.822 0.822
× 100 = 70.8%

171
 VD 2 × 0.8
8.49 Re = = = 1.6 × 10 6 . ∴ CD = 0.45 from Fig. 8.8.
ν 10 −6
L 4
= = 5. ∴ CD = 0.62 × 0.45 = 0.28.
D 0.8
Because only one end is free, we double the length.
1 1
FD = ρV 2 ACD = × 1000 × 2 2 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.28 = 900 N .
2 2
If streamlined, C D = 0.03 × 0.62 = 0.0186.
1
∴ FD = × 1000 × 2 2 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.0186 = 60 N.
2

8.50 V = 50 × 1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m /s.

Assume the ends to not be free. ∴Use C D from Fig. 8.8.
13.9 × 0.02
Re = −5
= 1.85 × 10 4 . ∴ CD = 1.2. (C D ) streamline d = 0.3
1.5 × 10
W& = F × V = 1 ρV 3 AC = 1 × 1.2 × 13.9 3 × 0.02 × 20 × 1.2 = 773 W or 1.04 Hp.
D D
2 2
& 1
W streamlined = × 1.2 × 13.9 3 × 0.02 × 20 × 0.3 = 193 W or 0.26 Hp
2

13.9 × 0.3
8.51 V = 50 × 1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m / s. Re = = 2.8 × 10 5 . ∴ CD = 0.4
1.5 × 10 −5
We assumed a head diameter of 0.3 m and used the rough sphere curve.
1
FD = × 12
. × 13.9 2 (π × 0.3 2 / 4) × 0.4 = 3.3 N .
2
1
FD = × 12
. × 13.9 2 (π × 0.3 2 / 4) × 0.035 = 0.29 N .
2

p∞ − p v 150 000 − 1670

8.52 σ = . 0.7 = where p ∞ = γ h + patm = 150 000 Pa.
1 1
ρV 2
× 1000V 2
2 2
∴ V = 20.6 m / s.

FL 200 000
8.53 CL = = = 0.69. ∴α ≅ 3 .
o
1 1
ρV 2 A × 1000 × 12 2 ×.4 × 10
2 2
FD
CD = .0165 = . ∴ FD = 4800 N .
1
× 1000 × 12 ×.4 × 10
2
2

172
 ( 9810×.4 + 101 000) − 1670
σ crit =.75 >? = 143
. . ∴No cavitation.
1
× 1000 × 12 2
2

FL 50 000
8.54 CL = = = 105
. . ∴ α = 7.3 .
o
1 1 16
ρV 2 A × 1.94 × 35 ×
2
× 30
2 2 12
FD
CD = .027 = . ∴ FD = 1280 lb.
1 16
× 194
. × 35 × 2
× 30
2 12
62.4 × 16 / 12 + 2117 −.25 × 144
. >?
σ crit = 16 = 182
. . ∴No cavitation.
1
× 1.94 × 35 2
2

20 ×.8
8.55 p ∞ = 9810 × 5 + 101 000 = 150 000 Pa. p v = 1670 Pa. Re = -6
= 16 × 10 6 .
10
150 000 − 1670
σ = = 0.74. ∴ CD = C D ( 0)(1 + σ ) =.3(1+.74 ) =.52
1
× 1000 × 20 2
2
1 1
∴ FD = ρV 2 AC D = × 1000 × 20 2 × π ×.4 2 ×.52 = 52 000 N.
2 2
Note: We retain 2 sig. figures since C D is known to only 2 sig. nos.

8.56 For a 6° angle of attack we find from Table 8.4 C L = 0.95.

1 1
FL = ρV 2 AC L = × 1000 × 152 × 4 × 0.4 L ×.95 = 12 000 × 9.8.
2 2
∴ L = 0.69 m.

4 400
8.57 ΣF = ma. a) 400 − 9810 ×π ×.2 3 = a. ∴ a = 1.75 m /s 2 .
3 9.81
4 400 1 4
b) 400 − 9810 × π ×.2 3 =  3 2
+ × 1000 × π ×.2  a. ∴ a = 1.24 m /s .
3  9.81 2 3 

F
8.58 F = ma 1 = 1000 × 1.2 × V
− a 1. ∴ a1 = . m a = 0.2 × 1000 −V .
1200 −V
F F
F = ( m + m a )a 2 . ∴ a 2 = = . a 2 is true acceleration.
1200 −V + 200 −V 1400 −V
F F
−
a − a1
∴ % error = 2 × 100 = 1400 −V 1200 −V × 100 = 16.7%.
a2 F
1400 −V

173
 FL
8.59 (B) From Fig. 8.12a CL = 1.1. CL = .
1
2
ρV 2cL
2W 2 ×1200 × 9.81
∴V 2 = = = 1088. ∴ V = 33.0 m/s.
ρ cLCL 1.23 × 16 × 1.1
FL 1000 × 9.81
8.60 CL = = = 0. 496. ∴ α = 3.2 o . C D =.0065.
1 1
ρV 2 A ×.412 × 80 2 × 15
2 2
1
& = F V =  ×.412 × 80 2 × 15 ×.0065 × 80 = 10 300 W or 13.8 Hp.
W D
2 

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.61 a) C L = 122
. = . ∴ V = 34.5 m / s.
1
× 1.22 × V 2 × 20
2
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
b) (C L ) max = 1.72 = . ∴ V = 50 m / s. (at 10 000 m)
1
×.412 × V 2 × 20
2
1
c) W& = FDV =  ×.412 × 80 2 × 20×.0065 × 80 = 13 700 W or 18.4 Hp
2 
where we found C D as follows:
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
(C L ) cruise = 1 =.67 . ∴ C D =.0065 , from Fig. 8.12.
×.412 × 80 × 20
2

2
18.4
∴Power = = 40.9 Hp.
0.45

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.62 C L = 122
. = . ∴ V = 38.0 m / s.
1
× 1007
. × V × 20
2
2

1500 × 9.81 + 3000 0.275

8.63 (C L ) cruise =
1
= 0.275. ∴ CD = = 0.0057.
× 1.007 × 80 × 20
2 48
2
∴W& = F V = 1 × 1.007 × 80 3 × 20 × 0.0057 = 29 400 W or 39.4 Hp
D
2
39.4 − 18. 4
% change = × 100 = 114% increase
18.4
The increased power is due to the increase in air density.

174
 1500 × 9.81 + 9000
8.64 C L = 122
. = . ∴ V = 39.9 m / s.
1
× 1.22 × V 2 × 20
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.65 C L = 172
. = . ∴V = 69.8 m / s.
1
× 122
. × V × 60 × 8
2
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.66 a) C L = 172
. = . ∴V = 75.2 m / s.
1
× 105
. × V × 60 × 8
2
2
75.2 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 7.77% increase
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  1013
. 
b) C L = 172
. = . ∴ V = 62.6 m / s  ρ = = 1515
. kg / m 3 
1  .287 × 233 
× 1515
. V 2 × 60 × 8
2
62.6 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = −10.3%
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  101.3 
c) C L = 172
. = . ∴V = 73.7 m / s  ρ = = 1.093 kg / m 3 
1  .287 × 323 
× 1093
. V 2 × 60 × 8
2
73.7 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 5.63% increase
69.8

8.67 For a conventional airfoil assume C L / C D = 47.6 at C L = 0.3.

m × 9.81
0 .3 = . ∴ m = 2.38 × 10 6 kg
1
× 0.526 × 222 2 × 200 × 30
2
W& = F V = 1 × 0.526 × 222 3 × 200 × 30 × 0. 3 = 490 000 W or 657 Hp
D
2 47.6

v v
v  ∂V v v v ∇p 2
v
8.68 ∇× + (V ⋅ ∇ )V + − ν∇ V  = 0.
 ∂t ρ 
v v v
v ∂V ∂ v v ∂ω v ∇p 1 v v
∇× = (∇ × V ) = . ∇× = ∇ × ∇ p = 0.
∂t ∂t ∂t ρ ρ
v v v v 2v
∇ × ( ∇ V ) = ∇ ( ∇ × V ) = ∇ ω (we have interchanged derivatives)
2 2

v v v v v 1 v 2 v v v  1 v v 2 v v v
∇ ×  (V ⋅ ∇ )V  = ∇ ×  ∇V − V × ( ∇ × V ) = ( ∇ × ∇V ) − ∇ × (V × ω )
2  2
v v v v v v v v v v v v
= V (∇ ⋅ ω ) − ω (∇ ⋅ V ) + (V ⋅ ∇ )ω − (ω ⋅ ∇)V

175
 ∂ψ v v v v v v v v v v v
x = L, u = U. ∴ = U . = (V ⋅ ∇ )ω − (ω ⋅ ∇ )V where ∇ ⋅ ω = ∇ ⋅ (∇ × V ) = 0.
∂y
v
∂ω v v v v v v v
There results: + (V ⋅ ∇ )ω − (ω ⋅ ∇ )V − ν∇ 2ω = 0.
∂t
v
Dω v v v v
This is written as = (ω ⋅ ∇ )V + ν∇ 2ω .
Dt

∂ω x ∂ω x ∂ω x ∂ω x ∂u ∂u ∂u
8.69 x-comp: +u +v +w =ωx +ω y +ω z + ν∇ 2ω x
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
y-comp:
∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂v ∂v ∂v  ∂ 2ω y ∂ 2ω y ∂ 2ω y 
+u +v +w =ωx + ωy +ω z + ν  + + 
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x
2
∂y 2 ∂z 2 
z-comp:
∂ω z ∂ω ∂ω z ∂ω z ∂w ∂w ∂w  ∂ 2ω z ∂ 2ω z ∂ 2ω z 
+u z +v +w = ωx + ωy +ω z + ν + + 
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 

∂ w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
8.70 ωx = − = 0. ω y = − = 0. ω z = − ≠ 0.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Dω z v v 2 Dω z 2
= (ω ⋅ ∇ ) w + ν ∇ ω z ; ∴ = ν∇ ωz .
DT Dt

Dω z
If viscous effects are negligible, then = 0.
Dt

Thus, for a planer flow, ω z = const if viscous effects are negligible.

v v  ∂w ∂v   ∂u ∂w   ∂v ∂u $
8.71 a) ∇ × V =  −  $i +  −  $j +  −  k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
∂φ
= 10 x. ∴φ = 5 x 2 + f ( y )
∂x
∂φ ∂f
= = 20 y. ∴ f = 10y 2 + C. Let C = 0. ∴ φ = 5 x 2 + 10 y 2
∂y ∂y
v v
b) ∇ × V = 0 $i + 0 $j + ( 8 − 8 ) k$ = 0. ∴irrotational
∂φ ∂φ ∂f ∂f
= 8 y. ∴ φ = 8 xy + f ( y , z ) . = 8x + = 8 x. ∴ = 0 and f = f ( z ).
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂φ df
= = −6z. ∴ f = −3 z 2 + C. Let C = 0.
∂z dz

176
 ∴ φ = 8xy − 3 z 2
 − y 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −1/2 2x −x 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −1/2 2 y 
v v  
c) ∇ × V = 0i$ + 0 $j +  2 − 2  k$ = 0. ∴irrotational
 x +y
2 2
x +y
2 2

 
∂φ x
= . ∴φ = x + y + f ( y )
2 2

∂x x +y
2 2

∂φ 1 2 2 −1/ 2 ∂f y ∂f
= (x + y ) 2y + = . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y 2 ∂y x +y
2 2 ∂y
∴φ = x2 + y 2
v v  − y( 2x ) − x(2 y )  $
d) ∇ × V = 0i$ + 0 $j +  2 − 2 2 2 
k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ( x + y 2 2
) ( x + y ) 
∂φ x 1
= . ∴ φ = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) + f ( y )
∂x x 2 + y 2 2
∂φ y 1 2y ∂f ∂f
= 2 = + . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y x + y 2 2
2 x +y 2
∂y ∂y
∴ φ = ln x 2 + y 2

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
8.72 + = 0. This requires two conditions on x and two on y.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ψ y=h
At x = −L, u = U . ∴ = U. y
∂y U x
∂ψ
At x = L , u = U . ∴ = U. y=0
∂y x = −L

At y = − h, ψ = 0.
At y = h, ψ =U × h. (See Example 8.9).
The boundary conditions are stated as:
∂ψ ∂ψ
( − L, y ) = U , ( L, y ) = U , ψ ( x ,−h) = 0, ψ ( x , h) = 2Uh.
∂y ∂y

∂ψ ∂ψ df
8.73 u= = 100. ∴ψ = 100 y + f ( x ). v = − =− = 50. ∴ f = −50 x + C.
∂y ∂x dx
∴ ψ ( x , y ) = 100y − 50x. (We usually let C = 0.)
∂φ ∂φ df
u= = 100. ∴ φ = 100x + f ( y ). v = = = 50. ∴ f = 50 y + C.
∂x ∂y dy
∴ φ( x, y ) = 100 x + 50 y.

177
8.74 a) ψ = 40θ .
1 ∂  ∂ψ  1  ∂ 2ψ  1 ∂ 1 ∂ 
b)   + − = ( 40) +  − (0 ) = 0.
r ∂r  ∂θ  r  ∂θ∂r  r ∂r r  ∂θ 
∴It is incompressible since the above continuity equation is satisfied.
Note: The continuity equation is found in Table 5.1.
∂φ 1 ∂ψ 40
c) = = . ∴φ = 40lnr + f (θ )
∂r r ∂θ r
∂φ ∂f ∂ψ
= = −r = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂θ ∂θ ∂r
∴φ = 40ln r
40 ∂v r 40  40 
d) v r = , vθ = 0. ar = v r =  −  = −10.
r ∂r r  r2 
∴ r = 5.43 m

∂ψ 2y ∂φ y
8.75 u= = 20 2 = . ∴ φ = −40 tan −1 + f ( y ).
∂y x +y 2
∂x x
∂φ 40 / x ∂f 40 x ∂f 2x
v= =− + =− 2 + = −20 2 . ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y 1+ y /x 2 2
∂y x +y 2
∂y x + y2
−1 y
φ = −40 tan .
x

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ
8.76 a) + = 0. = 10 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 ( 2 x).
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x
∂ 2ψ
= 20 y ( x 2 − y 2 ) −2 −80 x 2 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −3
∂x 2
∂ψ
= 10 − 10( x 2 + y 2 ) −1 + 10 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 ( 2y ).
∂y
∂ 2ψ
2
= 20 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 +40 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 − 80 y 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −3 .
∂y
∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ 20 y 80 x 2 y 60 y 80 y 3
∴ 2 + = − + −
∂x ∂y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3
80 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 80 x 2 y 80 y 3 80x 2 y + 80 y 3 − 80 x 2 y − 80 y 3
= − 2 − = = 0.
(x 2 + y 2 ) 3 (x + y 2 ) 3 (x 2 + y 2 )3 (x 2 + y 2 ) 3
10 r sin θ 10
b) In polar coord: ψ ( r ,θ ) = 10 r sin θ − 2
= 10r sin θ − sin θ .
r r
1 ∂ψ  10  ∂φ  10 
=  10 − 2  cos θ = . ∴ φ =  10 +  cos θ + f (θ ).
r ∂θ  r  ∂r  r

178
 1 ∂φ 1 df  10  ∂ψ 10 df
= −  10 + 2  sin θ = − = −10sin θ − 2 sin θ . = 0. f = C .
r ∂θ r dθ  r  ∂r r dθ
1 10 x
∴ φ = 10 r +  cos θ or φ ( x , y ) = 10x + 2 ,
 r  x + y2
where we let r cos θ = x and r 2 = x 2 + y 2 .
∂ψ
c) Along the x-axis, v = − = 0 where we let y = 0 in part (a) and
∂x
∂ψ 10 20 y 2 10
u= = 10 − 2 + 2 = 10 − 2 with y = 0.
∂y x +y 2
(x + y ) 2 2
x
∂u ∂p  10   20  ∂p
Euler’s Eq: ρu = − . ∴ ρ 10 − 2   3  = − .
∂x ∂x  x  x  ∂x
 200 200   50 100 
∴ p = ∫ ρ  5 − 3  dx = ρ  − 4 + 2  + C. C = 50 000.
 x x   x x 
 100 50 
= 1000 2 − 4  + 50 000 Pa. (Could have used Bernoulli!)
x x 
10
d) Let u = 0: 0 = 10 − 2 . ∴ x = ±1. ∴ Stag pts: (1, 0), (−1, 0)
x

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂  10 x  ∂  10 y  ( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10 x( 2 x
8.77 a) + = 10 + 2 +  =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x  x + y 2  ∂y  x 2 + y 2  (x 2 + y 2 )2
( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10y (2 y ) 10 x 2 + 10y 2 − 20x 2 + 10x 2 + 10 y 2 − 20 y 2
+ = = 0.
( x 2 + y 2 )2 (x 2 + y 2 ) 2
b) Polar coord: φ = 10 r cos θ + 5ln r 2 . (See Eq. 8.5.14.)
∂φ 10 r 1 ∂ψ
= 10 cos θ + 2 = . ∴ψ = 10r sin θ + 10θ + f ( r )
∂r r r ∂θ
1 ∂φ ∂ψ df
= −10sin θ = − = −10sin θ − . ∴ f = C . ∴ψ = 10r sin θ + 10θ .
r ∂θ ∂r dr
−1 y
∴ ψ ( x , y ) = 10y + 10 tan .
x
∂φ 10 y
c) v = = 2 . Along x-axis (y = 0) v = 0.
∂y x + y 2
∂φ 10 x 10
u= = 10 + 2 . Along x-axis u = 10 + .
∂x x +y 2
x
V2 p V2 p
Bernoulli: + + gz = ∞ + ∞ + gz ∞ (assume z = z ∞ )
2 ρ 2 ρ
( 10 + 10 / x) 2 p 10 2 100 000 2 1 
+ = + . ∴ p = 100 − 50 + 2  kPa .
2 ρ 2 ρ x x 

179
 10
d) u = 0: 0 = 10 +
. ∴ x = −1. ∴Stag pt: (−1, 0)
x
∂v ∂v ∂u ∂u  10   10 
e) a y = v +u = 0 on x − axis. ax = u +v =  10 +   − 2 .
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y  x  x 
 10  2
∴ ax ( −2,0) = (10 − 5)  −  = −12.5 m/s .
 4

∂ψ y 2 5 y3 1
8.78 u ( x, y ) = y − 5 y 2 = . ∴ψ = − + C . ∴ψ = (3 y 2 − 10 y 3 ).
∂y 2 3 6
.2 .2
0.2 2 0.2 3
q = ∫ udy = ∫ ( y − 5 y 2 ) dy = −5 = 6.667 × 10− 3 m 2 / s.
0 0
2 3
1
ψ 2 − ψ 1 = ( 3 × 0.2 2 − 10 × 0.2 3 ) − 0 = 6.667 × 10− 3 m 2 / s.
6
∂u
ω=− = −1 + 10 y ≠ 0. ∴φ doesn’t exist.
∂y

5π 5 y
8.79 ψ = 30y + θ = 30r sin θ + θ . 30 fps
2π 2 = 5π/2
1 ∂ψ 5
a) v r = = 30 cos θ + = 0. =0 x
r ∂θ 2r
5
At θ = π , = 30. ∴ rs = 0.0833' .
2 rs
Stag. pt: ( −1" ,0 ).

5π π 5π
b) At θ = π , r =.0833, ψ s = = 30 r sin + .
2 2 22
∴ r = y inter = .0119 ft.
5π 5π 5π
c) q = U × H = ∆ψ . ∴ 30 H = . ∴H = . Thickness = 2 H = ft or 1.257".
2 60 30
5
d) v r ( 1, π ) = 30 cos π + = −30 + 2.5 = −27 .5. ∴ u = 27 .5 fps.
2

π π 1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 /2 1 /2
8.80 φ= l n ( x + 1) 2 + y − l n ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 + 10 x = ln ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
2π 2π 4
1
−
4
[ ]
ln ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 + 10x.
1 1
[2( x + 1)] [ 2( x − 1)]
∂φ 4 4 1 1
u= = − + 10 = − + 10. v = 0 if y = 0.
∂x y =0 ( x + 1) 2
( x − 1) 2
2( x + 1) 2( x − 1)

180
 1 1 2
At the stagnation point, u = 0. ∴ − + 10 = 0. ∴ 2 = 20.
2( x + 1) 2( x − 1) x −1
∴ x 2 = 1.1. ∴ x = ±1.049 m. ∴ oval length = 2 × 1.049 = 2.098 m.
π
All the flow from the source goes to the sink, i.e., π m 2 /s, or m 2 / s for y > 0.
2
1 1 y (0, h)
( 2) ( −2)
∂φ 1
u( y ) = = 4 2 − 4 + 10 = + 10.
∂x x = 0 1 + y 1+y 2
1 + y2 x

h 1  π π
−1
q = ∫ + 10 dy = . ∴ tan h + 10h = .

0  1+ y
2  2 2

h = 0.143 m so that thickness = 2h = 0.286 m.
The minimum pressure occurs on the oval surface at (0,h).
1
There u = + 10 = 10.98 m /s.
1+.143 2
V 2 p V∞2 p ∞ 10.98 2 p 10 2 10 000
Bernoulli: + = + . + = + .
2 ρ 2 ρ 2 1000 2 1000
∴ p min = −280 Pa.

2π −2π 1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 /2 1 /2
8.81 φ= l n ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 + l n ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 + 2x = ln ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
2π 2π 2
1
[ ]
− ln ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 + 2x.
2
1 1
2( x + 1) 2( x − 1)
∂φ 2 2 y y
u= = − + 2. v = −
∂x ( x + 1) + y
2 2 2
( x − 1) + y 3 2
( x − 1) + y 2
( x − 1) 2 + y 2
1 1
Along the x-axis (y = 0), v = 0 and u = − + 2.
x+ 1 x −1
1 1
Set u = 0: − = 2 , or x 2 = 2. ∴ x = ± 2 .
x −1 x+1
Stag. pts.: ( 2 ,0), ( − 2 ,0).
1 1
u ( 4 ,0 ) = − + 2 = 1.867 m / s. v( −4 ,0) = 0.
−4 + 1 −4 − 1
1 −1 4 4
u ( 0, 4) = − + 2 = 2.118 m / s. v(0 ,4 ) = − = 0.
1+4 2
1+4 2
1+ 4 2
1 + 42

2π 2π
8.82 φ= ln[ x 2 + ( y − 1) 2 ]1/2 + ln[ x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 ]1/2
2π 2π
1 1
= ln[ x 2 + ( y − 1) 2 ] + ln[ x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 ].
2 2

181
 ∂φ x x y
u= = 2 2 + 2 .
∂x x + ( y − 1) x + ( y + 1) 2
∂φ y−1 y +1
v= = 2 2 + . x
∂y x + ( y − 1) x + ( y − 1) 2
2

At (0, 0) u = 0 and v = 0. At (1, 1)

2 2 1 1
v = 0 + 2 2 = = 0.4 m/s. u = 2 + 2 2 = 1.2 m/s.
2 +1 5 1 2 +1
v
∴V = 12 . i$ + 0.4 $j m / s.

2π 2π
8.83 φ= ln[( y − 1) 2 + x 2 ]1/2 + ln[( y + 1) 2 + x 2 ]1/2 + U ∞ x.
2π 2π
1 1
= ln[( y − 1) 2 + x 2 ] + ln[( y + 1) 2 + x 2 ] + U ∞ x.
2 2
a) Stag. pts. May occur on x-axis, y =0. y
∂φ x x
u= = 2 + + 10.
∂x y =0 1 + x 1+ x2 x

∴ x 2 + 0.2 x + 1 = 0. ∴no stagnation points exist on the x-axis.

(They do exist away from the x-axis.)

h
1
Along the y-axis: u( y) = 10. q = ∫ udy = ( 2π ) = π m2 / s.
0
2
h

∴ π = ∫ 10dy = 10 h. ∴ h = 0.314 m.
0

2x y
b) u = 2 + 1. ∴ x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0. ∴ x = −1 m.
1+ x
Stag. pt.: (−1, 0) x
Along the y-axis: u = 1.0. ∴ π = 1 × h. ∴ h = 3.14 m.

2x
c) u = 2 + 0.2. ∴ x 2 + 10 x + 1 = 0. ∴ x = −9.90, − 0.10 m.
1+ x
Stag. pts.: (−9.9, 0) , (−0.1, 0).
Along the y-axis: u = 0.2. ∴π = 0.2 h. ∴ h = 15.71 m.

60
8.84 φ= cos θ + 8 r cos θ .
r
∂φ 60  60 
a) v r = = − 2 cos θ + 8 cosθ =  8 − 2  cosθ .
∂r r  r 
At the cylinder surface v r = 0 for all θ. Hence,

182
 60
= 8. ∴ rc = 2.739 m
rc2
U 2∞ 82
b) Bernoulli: ∆p = ρ = 1000 = 32 000 Pa or 32 kPa
2 2
1 ∂φ 60
c) vθ = = − 2 sin θ − 8 sin θ .
r ∂θ r
At r = rc , vθ = −8 sin θ − 8 sin θ = −16 sin θ
2
v 90 o 16 2
d) ∆p = ρ = 1000 = 128 000 Pa or 128 kPa
2 2

4π 20π
8.85 ψ= θ+ ln r = 2θ + 10 ln r
2π 2π
At ( x , y ) = ( 0 ,1), ( r ,θ ) = (1 , π / 2).
1 ∂ψ 1
v r (1 , π / 2) = = (2 ) = 2.
r ∂θ 1
∂ψ 10
vθ (1 , π / 2) = − =− = −10.
∂r 1
2 −10 y
v r ( 1.7 , π / 4 ) = = 1.18 , vθ (1.7 , π / 4 ) = = −5.88
1.7 1.7
2 −10 x
v r ( 3.2 ,0) = = 0.625 , vθ ( 3.2 ,0) = = 3.125
3 .2 3 .2
2 −10
v r (6 ,−π / 4) = = 0. 333 , vθ (6 ,−π / 4 ) = = −1.67 , etc.
6 6
Note: We scaled the radius at each 45° increment to find r.

2 10
b) v r = and vθ = − . From Table 5.1 (use the l.h.s. of
r r
momentum)
Dv r v θ2 ∂v v2 2 2 100 104
ar = + = v r r − θ =  − 2  − 3 = −
Dt r ∂r r r r  r 1
= −104 m / s 2
Dvθ v r vθ ∂v vv 2  10  2( −10)
aθ = + = vr θ + r θ =  2  + = 0.
Dt r ∂r r rr  r3
v
∴ a( 0,1) = ( −104 ,0 ) m / s 2

183
 10
c) v r ( 14.14 , π / 4 ) = 2 / 14.14 = 0.1414 , vθ (14.14 , π / 4 ) = − = −0.707
14.14
v r ( 0.1, π / 2) = 2 / 0.1 = 20, vθ (0.1, π / 2) = −10 / 0.1 = −100.
20 000 0.1414 2 + 0.707 2 p 20 2 + 100 2
Bernoulli: + = + . ∴ p = 13 760 Pa
1.2 2 1.2 2
We used ρ air = 1.2 kg / m 3 at standard conditions.

40 10 m/s
8.86 Along the y-axis v r = 0 and vθ = −10 − .
r2
π 40
We have set θ = in Eq. 8.5.27. rc = = 2.
2 10
40
b) v r = 10 cos θ − 2 cos θ . ( −4 ,3 ) ⇒ (5 ,126.9 o ). 20 m/s
r
40
vθ = −10 sin θ − 2 sin θ . ∴ v r = −6.96 m /s , vθ = −9.28 m / s.
r
c) Use Eq. 8.5.28: p = p 0 − 2ρU ∞2 sin 2 α
π /2 p90
p(α)
∫ p cos α rc dαL − p90 × 2 rc L. p90 = p 0 − 2 ρU ∞ .
2
Drag =
−π /2
α dα
π /2

= 2 ∫ ( p 0 − 2ρU ∞2 sin 2 α ) cos α rc Ldα − p 90 × 2 rc L

0
π /2
 sin 3 α  8
= 2 rc L p 0 sin α − 2 ρU 2∞
 3 0  [ ]
− p0 − 2 ρU 2∞ 2rc L = rc LρU 2∞ .
3
Drag ( 8 / 3) rc LρU 2∞ 8
CD = = = = 2.667.
1 1 3
ρU ∞ A
2
ρU ∞ 2 rc L
2

2 2

µ −x
8.87 v r = U ∞ cos θ − 2
cos θ . Let U ∞ = 4 , µ = rc2U ∞ = 1 2 × 4 = 4.
r
4
For θ = π , v r = −4 + 2 .
r x = −1
∂ψ µ sin θ  4
b) vθ = − = −U ∞ sin θ − =  −4 − 2  sin θ = −8 sin θ .
∂r rc2
 1  − vr

V∞2 vθ2 42 8 2 sin 2 θ

c) pc = p ∞ + ρ −ρ = 50 000 + 1000 × − 1000 .
2 2 2 2
∴ pc = 58 − 32 sin 2 θ kPa.

184
 π /2

d) Drag = 2 ∫ ( 58 − 32 sin 2 α ) cos α × 1 × 1dα − 26 × 2 × 1

0

 1 
= 2 58 − 32   − 52 = 42.7 kN. (See the figure in Problem 8.86c.)
  3 

Γ 1000
8.88 On the cylinder vθ = −2U ∞ sin θ − = −60sin θ − , where we have
2π rc 2π × 3.651
µ 400
Used rc = = = 3.651 ft.
U∞ 30
If
 x −6 x −6 x +6 x +6 
u ( x, y ) = −.0318  + + + 
 ( x − 6) + ( y − 2) ( x − 6)2 + ( y + 2) 2 ( x + 6)2 + (y − 2)2 (x + 6)2 + (y + 2)2 
2 2

∴θ = 227o , 313o.
Stag. pts.: (3.651 ft, 227°) , (3.651 ft, 313°).

Max. pressure occurs on the cylinder at a stagnation pt.:

ρ 0.0024  2
∴ pmax = U ∞2 − vo2  = 30 − 02  = 1.08 psf.
2   2  
Min. pressure occurs at the top of the cylinder where θ = 90 o and the velocity is:
Γ 1000
v90 = −2U ∞ sin θ − = −2 × 30 − = 104 fps
2π ro 2π × 3.651
ρ 0.0024  2
∴ pmin = U ∞2 − vo2  = 30 − 1042  = −11.8 psf.
2   2  

Γ
8.89 vθ = −2 × 20 sin θ − . For one stag. pt.: vθ = 0 at θ = 270 o :
2π ×. 4
Γ
0 = −2 × 20 sin 270 o − . ∴ Γ = 2 × 20 × 2π ×.4 = 100.5 m 2 / s.
2 π × .4
Γ 100.5
Γ = 2πrc2ω . ∴ ω = 2
= 2
= 100 rad /s. (See Example 8.12.)
2πrc 2 π × .4
Min. pressure occurs where vθ is max, i.e., θ = π / 2. There
100.5
vθ = −2 × 20 × 1 − = 80 m /s.
2 π × .4
V2 v2 20 2 80 2
∴ p min = p∞ + ∞ ρ − θ ρ = 0 + × 1.22 − × 1.22 = −3660 Pa.
2 2 2 2

185
8.90 Γ = 2πrc2ω = 2π × .6 2 × 120 × 2π / 60 = 28.42 m 2 / s. µ = rc2U =.6 2 × 3 = 1.08 m 3 / s.
28.42
∴ vθ = −2 × 3 sin θ − . ∴ sin θ = −1256. . Impossible. ∴Stag. pt. is off the
2π ×.6
cylinder at θ = 270 o , but r > rc . From Eq. 8.5.29,
∂ψ µ Γ 1.08 28.42
vθ = − = −U ∞ sin θ − 2 sin θ − = − 3( − 1) − 2 ( − 1) − = 0.
∂r r 2πr r 2πr
1.08 4.523
∴3+ 2 = . ∴ r 2 − 1.508 r + 0.36 = 0. ∴ r = 1.21 m.
r r
28.42
Stag. pt.: (1.21, 270°). ( vθ ) 90o = −2 × 3 − = −1354
. m / s.
2π ×.6
 32 13.54 2 
Min. pressure occurs at θ = 90o , at r = rc : pmin =  − 1.22 = − 106 Pa.
2 2 
 32 154
. 2
Max. pressure occurs at θ = 270o , at r = rc : pmax =  − . = − 4.04 Pa.
 122
2 2 

8.91 At 15,000 ft, ρ =.0015 slug / ft 3 .

Lift = ρU ∞ ΓL =.0015 × 350 × 15 ,000 × 60 = 472,000 lb .

8.92 Place four sources as shown. Then, with q = 2π for each: y

x−2 x+2 x−2

u( x , y ) = + +
( x − 2) + ( y − 2)
2 2
( x + 2) + ( y − 2)
2 2
( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 x
x+2
+
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2

y−2 y+2 y−2 y+2

v( x, y ) = + + +
( x − 2) + ( y − 2)
2 2
( x − 2) + ( y + 2)
2 2
( x + 2) + ( y − 2)
2 2
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2

y
(6, 2)
8.93 Place four sources with q = 0.2 m 2 / s, as shown. x

 x− 6 x−6 x+ 6 x+6 
u( x , y ) = −.0318  + + + 2 
 ( x − 6 ) + ( y − 2) ( x − 6) + ( y + 2) ( x + 6 ) + ( y − 2) ( x + 6 ) + ( y + 2) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 y−2 y−2 y+2 y+2 

v( x, y ) = −.0318  + + + 2
 ( x − 6) + ( y − 2) ( x + 6) + ( y − 2) ( x − 6) + ( y + 2) ( x + 6) + ( y + 2 ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

q −.2
where = = −.0318.
2π 2π

186
 −2 −2 10 10 
At (4,3) u( 4 , 3) = −.0318 + + + = 0.00922 m / s.
 4 + 1 4 + 25 100 + 1 100 + 25 
 1 1 5 5 
v( 4 ,3) = −.0318  + + + = −0.01343 m /s.
 4 + 1 100 + 1 4 + 25 100 + 25 

U ∞ xT
8.94 Re crit = . ∴ x T = 6 × 10 5 ν / 300 = 2000ν .
ν
a) ν = 1.56 × 10 −4 ft 2 / sec. ∴ x T = 2000 × 1.56 × 10 −4 = 0.312' or 3.74"
µ
b) ν = = 2.1 × 10 −4 ft 2 / sec. ∴ x T = 2000 × 2.1 × 10 −4 = 0.42' or 5.04"
ρ
c) ν = 3.47 × 10 −4 ft 2 /sec. ∴ x T = 2000 × 3.47 × 10 −4 = 0.694' or 8.33"

8.95 a) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 × 10 −5 . ∴ x T = 0.453 m.

b) Use Re crit = 10 6 = 10 x T / 1.51 × 10 −5 . ∴ xT = 1.51 m.
c) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 × 10 −5 . ∴ xT = 0.453 m .
d) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 × 10 −5 . ∴ xT = 0.453 m .
e) Re = 6 × 104 = 10 xgrowth /1.51× 10 −5. ∴ xgrowth = 0.091 m or 9.1 cm .
Note: A rough plate, high free-stream disturbances, or a vibrated smooth plate
all experience transition at the lower Re crit .

8.96 a) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 − 6 . ∴ xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm.

b) Use Re crit = 10 6 = 10 x T / 10 −6 . ∴ xT = 0.1 m or 10 cm.
c) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 − 6 . ∴ xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm .
d) Use Re crit = 3 × 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 − 6 . ∴ xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm .
e) p ( x ) = 20 000 − 2 × 1000 × 102 sin 2 (x /2)

U∞ × 2 U∞ × 2
8.97 Re crit = 6 × 10 5 = . For a wind tunnel: 6 × 10 5 = .
ν 1.5 × 10 −5
∴U ∞ = 4.5 m / s.
U∞ × 2
For a water channel: 6 × 10 5 = . ∴U ∞ = 0 .3 m / s .
10 −6

8.98 The x-coordinate is measured along the cylinder surface as shown in Fig. 8.19.
The pressure distribution (see solution 8.86) on the surface is
p = p 0 − 2ρU ∞2 sin 2 α where rcα = x (α is zero at the stagnation point). Then
p ( x ) = 20 000 − 2 × 1000 × 102 sin 2 (x /2)
= 20 − 200 sin 2 ( x / 2) kPa
The velocity U(x) at the edge of the b.l. is U(x) on the cylinder wall:

187
 vθ ( r = 2) = −10 sin θ − 10 sin θ = −20 sin(π − α ) = 20 sin α
∴ U ( x ) = 20 sin( x / 2)

8.99 U( x) = vθ at rc = 1. vθ = 8 sin α . ∴U( x) = 8 sin x since x = α rc .

p( x) = 58 − 32 sin 2 α = 58 − 32 sin 2 x kPa

8.100 The height h above the plate is h( x) = mx +.4. .1 = m × 2+.4 ∴ m = −.15

2.4
∴ h( x) = 0 .4 −.15 x. Continuity: 6 ×.4 = U ( x )h . ∴U ( x ) = or
0.4 − .15 x
16
U ( x) = .
2.67 − x
∂u ∂p dp 16 16
Euler’s Eqn: ρu =− . ∴ =ρ
∂x ∂x dx 2.67 − x ( 2.67 − x) 2
256
= .
(2.67 − x ) 3

δ ∂ δ δ ∂ δ
8.101 a) m& top = m& out − m& in = ∫ ρ udy + ∫ ρudydx − ∫ ρudy = ∫ ρudydx
0 ∂x 0 0 ∂x 0
dp
b) Σ Fx = pδ − τ 0 dx + ( p + ) dδ − ( p + dp )(δ + d δ )
2
= −τ 0 dx − δ dp + higher order terms
δ ∂δ 2 δ ∂ δ 
& out − mom
mom & in − mom
& top = ∫ ρ u 2 dy + ∫ ρ u dydx − ∫ ρ u dy − U ( x )  ∫ ρ udydx 
2
0 ∂x 0 0  ∂x 0 
∂δ  ∂δ 
= ∫ ρ u 2
dydx − U ( x )  ∫ ρ udydx 
∂x 0  ∂x 0 
 3×4 3 42 y 3  dδ
= 4 − −5
y + −  .
 2 × 4.65 ×1.5 × 10 × 3 2 4.65 × (1.5 × 10 × 3)  dx
2 4 5 2

δ δ
dp d d
8.102 τ 0 = −δ + U ( x) ∫ ρudy − ∫ ρu 2dy
dx dx 0 dx 0
dU   d δ
δ δ
dp d
dx dx ∫0 dx  ∫0 ∫
2
= −δ + ρuUdy −  ρudy − ρu dy
 dx 0

df  dfg δ
dg 
where we have used g = − f .  Here U = g , f = ∫ ρudy.
dx dx dx  0 
dp d δ dU δ
dx dx ∫0 dx ∫0
∴ τ 0 = −δ + ρu(U − u )dy − ρ udy. ( ρ = const. )

188
 dp ρ d 2 dU dU 1δ  1
δ
8.103 =− U = − ρU = −ρ  ∫ Udy  where U = ∫ Udy.
dx 2 dx dx dx δ 0  δ 0
 dU  1 δ  d dU
δ

 ∫ Udy  + ρ (θU 2 ) − ρ
dx ∫0
∴τ 0 = −δ  −ρ udy
 dx  δ 0   dx
d dU δ d dU
= ρ (θ U 2 ) + ρ
dx ∫
dx 0
(U − u )dy = ρ (θU 2 ) + ρ
dx dx
Uδ d .

dU d δ
dx ∫0
8.104 If dp / dx = 0 then = 0 and τ 0 = ρ u(U ∞ − u )dy .
dx
δ
d δ 2 πy  πy  2 d  2δ
πy y  d  2δ δ 
τ0 =ρ ∫
dx 0
U ∞ sin  1 − sin  dy = ρU ∞
2δ  2δ   −
dx  π
cos −  = ρU ∞2
2δ 2  0

dx  π
− 
2
∂u π
τ0 =µ = µU ∞ cos 0.
∂y y =0
2δ
π dδ ν νx
∴ µU ∞ =.137 ρU ∞2 . ∴δdδ = 11.5 dx. ∴ δ = 4.79 .
2δ dx U∞ U∞
π 1 U∞ U∞
b) τ 0 = µU ∞ = 0. 328µU ∞ .
2 4.79 νx νx
∂u ∂  πy U∞  ∂  a   ax −3 /2  a ∂v
c) =U∞ sin  = U∞ sin  = U ∞−  cos =− .
∂x ∂x  2 × 4 .79 νx  ∂x  x  2  x ∂y
δ
.164 y U ∞  U∞  δ
U∞  U∞  
∴ v = ∫ U ∞ 3/2 cos .328 y  dy = ∫ .0316U ∞ cos  .189  y dy.
0
x ν  νx  0
ν  ν  

y d δ 2 y y y
8.105 u = U ∞ . τ0 =ρ ∫ U ∞  1 −  dy U
δ dx 0 δ δ
d 2 δ δ  1 2 dδ
=ρ U ∞  −  = ρU ∞ . δ u = Uy/ δ
dx  2 3 6 dx

∂u U U 1 dδ ν
τ0 =µ = µ ∞ . ∴ µ ∞ = ρU ∞2 . ∴ δ dδ = 6 dx
∂y δ δ 6 dx U∞
ν νx U∞
∴ δ 2 = 12 x. δ ( x) = 3.46 . τ 0 = 0.289µU ∞ .
U∞ U∞ νx
5 − 3.46
%error in δ ( x) = × 100 = 30.8% low.
5

189
 .332 −. 289
%error in τ 0 ( x) = × 100 = 13% low.
. 332

d 
δ /6 δ /2
2 y  y 2 y 1  y 1
8.106 τ 0 =  ∫ ρ 3U ∞  1 − 3  dy + ∫ ρU ∞  +   1 − −  dy
dx  0 δ δ δ /6
δ 3 δ 3

2  
δ
 y 2  y
+ ∫ ρU ∞2  +  1 − −  dy 
δ /2
 3δ 3   3δ 3  
d 3U ∞ dδ
= ρU ∞2 (0.1358δ ) = µ . ∴δ = 22.08 µ / ρU ∞ .
dx δ dx
 6.65 v 
Thus, δ ( x ) = 6.65 vx / U ∞ , τ0 ( x) = 0.1358ρU ∞2   = 0.451ρU ∞2 Re −x 1/ 2 .
 2 U∞ x 
6.65 − 5 0.451 − 0.332
%error for δ = × 100 = 33%. %error for τ 0 = × 100 = 36%
5 0.332

8.107 Continuity from entrance to x: U 0 H = 2∫ u( y )dy + U( x )( H − 2δ ).

0
δ δ

Write U ( x )δ = U ( x )∫ dy = ∫ U( x )dy. Then, continuity provides

0 0
δ δ

U 0 H = 2 ∫ ( u − U )dy + UH = UH − 2∫ (U − u)dy
0 0
U0 H
= UH − 2Uδ d . ∴ U(x ) = .
H − 2δ d
If we were to move the walls out a distance δ d ( x ), then U ( x) would be constant
[ ]
since ( H − 2δ d ) + 2δ d would be constant; then U ( x ) = U 0 . For a square wind
tunnel, displace one wall outward 4δ d for dp / dx = 0 .

8.108 The given velocity profile is that used in Example 8.13. There we found
δ = 5.48 νx / U ∞ = 5.48 10 −6 x / 10 = 0.00173 x = 0 .00173 3 = 0.003 m.
Assume the streamline is outside the b.l. Continuity is then
. 003
 2y y2 
10 × 0.02 = ∫ 10 −  dy + ( h−.003 )10
0  .003 .003 2 
= 0.02 + 10h − 0 .03. ∴ h = 0 .021 m or 2.1 cm
1 . 003  20 y 10 y 2  1
δd = ∫  10 − + 2
 dy = [.03−.03+.01] = 0 .001 m
10 0  .003 .003  10
h − 2 = 2.1 − 2 = 0.1 cm or 0.001 m.
The streamline moves away from the wall a distance δ d .

190
8.109 From Prob. 8.107 we found that we should displace the one wall outward 4δ d .
From the definition of δ d :
4 δ 20 y 10 y 2   δ 4
h( x) = 4δ d = ∫ 
10 0 
10 −
δ
+
δ 
2
 dy = 4  δ − δ +  = δ
 3 3
4  1.86 × 10 −5 x / 10 
= 5 . 48 = 0.00735 x m
3  160 /(.287 × 303) 
We used δ ( x ) found in Example 8.13, ρ = p / RT , and ν = µ / ρ.

δ
 3 y 1 y3  1  3 y 1 y3  3 1
8.110 a) u = U ∞  −
2δ 2δ  3
. δ d =
U∞ ∫0 ∞  2 δ + 2 δ 3  dy = δ − 4 δ + 8 δ = .375δ .
U  1 −

νx νx
From Eq. 8.6.16, δ d =.375 × 4 .65 = 1.74 . %error = 1.2%.
U∞ U∞
1 δ 2  3 y 1 y3  3 y 1 y3
θ = 2 ∫ U∞  − 1 − +  dy = 0 .139δ .
U∞ 0  2 δ 2 δ 3  2δ 2δ3
νx νx .648− .644
∴θ =.139 × 4 .65 = 0.648 . %error = × 100 = 0 .62%
U∞ U∞ .644
δ
 y y2   2y y 2  δ
b) u = U ∞  2 − 2  . See Example 8.13. δ d = ∫  1 − + 2  dy = δ − δ + = δ / 3 .
 δ δ  0 
δ δ  3
5.48 νx νx 1.83 − 1.72
∴δ d = = 1.83 . %error = × 100 = 6 .4%.
3 U∞ U∞ 1.72
δ
 y y 2  y y2  1 4 2 2 1
θ = ∫  2 − 2   1 − 2 + 2  dy = δ − δ − δ + δ + δ − δ =.1333δ .
0
δ δ  δ δ  3 3 4 4 5
νx νx .731− .644
∴θ = .1333 × 5.48 = 0.731 . %error = × 100 = 13.5% .
U∞ U∞ .644
δ πy 2δ νx

c) δ d = ∫  1 − sin  dy = δ − = 0.363δ . See Problem 8.104. δ = 4.79 .
0 2δ  π U∞
νx νx 1.74 − 1.72
∴δ d = 0.363 × 4.79 = 1.74 . %error = × 100 = 1.2%
U∞ U∞ 1.72
δ δ
πy  πy   2δ πy y  δ 2δ
θ = ∫ sin  1 − sin  dy =  − cos − + sin− term = − + = 0.137δ .
0
2δ  2δ   π 2δ 2 0 2 π
νx νx .654 −.644
∴θ = .137 × 4 .79 = 0.654 . %error = × 100 = 1.6%.
U∞ U∞ .644

191
 1/2
νx  1.6 × 10 −4 × 20 
8.111 a) δ = 4.65 = 4.65  = 0.0759 ft .
U∞  12 
1 /2
ν  1.6 × 10 −4 
b) τ 0 =.323ρU 2
∞ =.323×.0024 × 12 2   = 9.11 × 10 −5 psf.
xU ∞  20 × 12 
1 ν
c) Drag = ρU ∞2 × 20× 15 × 1.29
2 LU∞
1/2
1  1.6 × 10−4

= × .0024 ×12 2 × 300 × 1.29   = 0.0546 lb.
2  20 × 12
 
−4
1.6 × 10 × 10 ∂u  3y 3 y 3  dδ
d) δ x= 10 = 4.65 = 0.0416 ft. = U ∞ − 2 +  .
12 ∂x  2δ 2δ 4  dx
∂u  3y 3 y 3  4.65 1.6 × 10 − 4
∴ = 12  − +  = −27 .9 y + 16140 y 3 .
∂x  .2 ×.0416
2
.2 ×.0416 4  2 10 × 12
δ
∂u 27.9 16140
∴v = ∫ − dy = ×.0416 2 − ×.0416 4 = 0.0121 fps.
0
∂x 2 4

1/ 2
νx  15
. × 10−5 × 6
8.112 a) δ = 4.65 = 4.65  = 0.0221 m.
U∞  4 
1/ 2
ν  . × 10 −5 
2 15
b) τ 0 = 0.323ρU 2
∞ =.323 × 122
. ×4   = 0.00498 Pa.
xU ∞  6 ×4 
1/ 2
1 v 1  15
. × 10 −5 
c) Drag = ρU ∞2 Lw × 1.29 = × 122
. × 4 2 × 6 × 5 × 129
.   = 0.299 N.
2 LU ∞ 2  6 ×4 
∂u  3y 3 y3  dδ
d) = U ∞ − 2 + 
∂x  2δ 2 δ 4  dx
 3×4 3 42 y 3  dδ
= 4 − −5
y +  .
 2 × 4.65 ×1.5 × 10 × 3
2 2 4.654 × (1.5 × 10−5 × 3) 2  dx
∂u . × 10−5 1
∴ = 4[ − 6166 y + 2.53 × 10 y ]
4.65 15
7 3
= −641
. y + 2.63 × 105 y 3 .
∂x 2 4 3
δ
∂u 64.1 2.63 × 105
∴v = ∫ − dy = ×.01562 − ×.0156 4 = 0.00391 m / s,
0
∂x 2 4
. × 10 −5 × 3
15
where δ x=3 = 4.65 =.01560 m.
4

192
 1 /2
νx  1.5 × 10 −5 × 2  ν
8.113 a) δ = 5 = 5  = 0.00866 m. Use τ 0 =.332ρU ∞2 .
U∞  10  xU ∞
L
1.5 × 10 −5 2
Drag = ∫ τ 0 wdx =.332 × 1.22 × 10 2 × 4 = 0.561 N .
0
10 1 /2
.2
 1.5 × 10 −5 
b) δ =.38 × 2  = 0.0453 m.
 10 × 2 
.2 .2
1  ν  1  1.5 × 10 − 5 
Drag = ρU ∞2 Lw×.074  = × 1.22 × 10 2 × 2 × 4 ×.074  = 2.15 N.
2  U ∞L 2  10 × 2 

.2 .2
 1.5 × 10 −5  1  1.5 × 10 −5 
8.114 a) δ =.38 × 6  = 0.0949 m. τ 0 = × 1.22 × 20 ×.059
2

 20 × 6  2  20 × 6 
= .6 Pa.
.2 .2
 10 − 6  1  10 −6 
b) δ =.38 × 6  = 0.0552 m. τ 0 = × 1000 × 20 ×.059
2

 20 × 6  2  20 × 6 
= 286 Pa.

∂u 1 ∂u 1
8.115 u( y = δ ) = U ∞ . = U ∞ y −6 /7 δ −1/7 . = U / δ.
∂y 7 ∂y y =δ
7 ∞
∂u
should be zero. Thus, this condition is not satisfied.
∂y y =δ

∂u 1 1
τ0 =µ = µ U ∞ δ −1/7 = ∞. Thus, this is unacceptable and
∂y y =0
7 0

∂u y
at, and near, the wall is not valid.
∂y U

 3 y 1 y3  cubic
u = U∞  − . u
2δ 2δ3 u turb (power-law)
1 /7
 y
u = U∞   .
 δ

8.116 a) Drag =
1   1.58 × 10 −4 
.2
 1.58 × 10 −4  
×.0024 × 20 × ( 12 × 15) .074
2
 − 1060   = 0.31 lb.
2   20 × 12   20 × 12  

193
 b) Drag =
1   1.58 × 10 −4 
.2
 1.58 × 10 −4  
×.0024 × 20 2 × ( 12 × 15) .074  − 1700   = 0.27 lb.
2   20 × 12   20 × 12  
c) Drag =
1   1.58 × 10 −4 
.2
 1.58 × 10 −4  
×.0024 × 20 × ( 12 × 15) .074
2
 − 2080   = 0.25 lb.
2   20 × 12   20 × 12  

1   10 −6 
.2
 10 −6  
8.117 a) Drag = × 1000 × 1.2 × ( 1 × 2) .074
2
 − 1060    = 5.21 N.
2   1 .2 × 1   1.2 × 1 

1   10 −6 
.2
 10 −6  
b) Drag = × 1000 × 1.2 × ( 1 × 2 ).074 
2
 − 1700   = 4.44 N.
2   1.2 × 1  1.2 × 1  

1   10 −6 
.2
 10 −6  
c) Drag = × 1000 × 1.2 × ( 1 × 2) .074
2
 − 2080   = 3.99 N .
2   1 .2 × 1   1.2 × 1 

.2
1000  1.5 × 10 -5 
8.118 U ∞ = 60 = 16.67 m / s. δ =.38 × 100 000  = 235 m.
3600  16.67 × 10 5 
1 1   1.5 × 10 −5  
.2

τ 0 = ρU ∞ c f = × 1.22 × 16.67 × .059

2 2
  = 0.0618 Pa.
2 2   16.67 × 10 5  
1 1 . 455
b) τ 0 = ρU ∞2 c f = × 1.22 × 16.67 2 2
= 0.151 Pa.
2 2   16.67 × 10  
5

ln .06 
  1.5 × 10 −5  
.151 16.67 .351δ
∴ uτ = =.351 m / s. ∴ = 2.44 ln + 7.4. ∴ δ = 585 m.
1.22 .351 1.5 × 10 − 5
∂p
Both (a) and (b) are in error, however, (b) is more accurate. < 0.
∂x

uτ δ ν 5 × 1.5 × 10 −5
8.119 a) 5 = (See Fig. 8.24 b). ∴ δ ν = = 2.14 × 10 −4 m.
ν .351
δ . 15 δ
1 µτ  y uτ δ y
b) δ d =
U∞ 0 ∫ (U ∞ − u )dy =
U∞ δν ∫  2.5 − 2.44 ln  dy +
δ ∫
U ∞ .15δ
−3.74 ln dy
δ
. 15δ = 87 . 8 δ =585
uτ   y   y  
= 2.5(.15δ − δ ν ) − 2. 44 yln − y  −3.74 yln − y  
U∞   δ   δ  
δv 87 . 8

.351
= [ 219 + 620−.008 + 2188 − 951] = 43.7 m.
16.67
Note: We cannot use zero as a lower limit since the ln-profile does not go to the

194
 wall. Hence, we use δ ν ; the lower limit provides a negligible
contribution to the integral.

.455
8.120 a) Use Eq. 8.6.40: c f = 2
= 0.00212.
  300 × 20  
 ln .06 1.58 × 10 −4  
 
1 1 .229
b) τ 0 = ρU ∞2 c f = ×.0024 × 300 2 ×.00212 = 0.229 psf. uτ = = 9.77 fps.
2 2 .0024
5ν
c) δ ν = = 5 × 1.58 × 10 −4 / 9.77 = 8.09 × 10 − 5 ft .
uτ
300 9.77δ
d) = 2.44ln −4
+ 7 .4 . ∴δ = 0.228 ft.
9.77 1.58 × 10

1 1 .455
8.121 a) τ 0 = ρU ∞2 c f = × 1000 × 10 2 2
= 110 Pa.
2 2   10 × 3  
ln .06 10 −6  
 
110 5ν 5 × 10 − 6
∴ uτ = =.332 m / s. ∴δ ν = = = 1.51 × 10 −5 m.
1000 uτ .332
b) u = 5 uτ = 5× .332 = 1.66 m / s.
c) y =.15δ . — Do part (d) first! ∴ y =.15×.0333 = 0.005 m.
10 .332δ
d) = 2.44ln + 7 .4 . ∴ δ = 0.0333 m.
.332 10 −6

.523
8.122 Assume flat plates with dp / dx = 0. C f = 2 =.00163.
  10 × 100  
ln .06 10− 6  
 
1
∴Drag = 2 × × 1000 × 10 2 × 10 × 100×.00163 = 163 000 N.
2
To find δ max we need uτ .
1 .455 70.9
τ0 = × 1000 × 10 2 2
= 70.9 Pa. ∴ uτ = = 0.266 m / s.
2   10 × 100   1000
ln .06 10 −6  
 
10 .266δ
= 2.44 ln + 7 .4 . ∴δ max = 0.89 m.
.266 10 −6

UL 15 × 600
8.123 a) Assume a flat plate of width πD. Re = = = 6 × 108.
ν −
1.5 × 10 5

195
 1 1
drag = C f ρU 2 Lπ D = 0.073(6 ×108 )−1/5 × × 1.2 ×152 ×600 × π × 100 = 32600 N
2 2
power = FD × U = 32600 × 15 = 489000 W or 655 hp or 164 hp/engine .

p 100
b) ρ helium = = = 0.167 kg/m3 .
RT 2.077 × 288
FB = Wair − Whelium = ∆ρ × V = (1.2 − 0.167) × 9.8 × π × 502 × 600/2 = 2.38 ×107
payload = FB − W = 23.8 ×106 − 9.8 × 1.2 ×10 6 = 12 × 106 N

∂ψ ∂u ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ ∂u ∂ 2 ψ ∂ 2 u ∂ 3ψ
8.124 u = , = , v=− , = , = .
∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 3
Substitute into Eq. 8.6.45 (with dp / dx = 0):
∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 3ψ
− = ν .
∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y 2 ∂y 3

8.125 We also have

∂ψ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂η ∂ 2ψ ∂ ( ∂ψ / ∂y ) ∂φ ∂ ( ∂ψ / ∂y ) ∂η
= + , = +
∂x ∂φ ∂x ∂η ∂x ∂x∂y ∂φ ∂x ∂η ∂x
y
Recognizing that ∂φ / ∂x = 1, ∂φ / ∂y = 0 , ∂η / ∂x = − U ∞ / ν x 3 , and
2
∂ψ U ∞ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ y U ∞ ∂ψ
∂η / ∂y = U ∞ / νx , = , = −
∂y νφ ∂η ∂x ∂φ 2 ν x 3 ∂η
∂ 2ψ U ∞ ∂ 2ψ 1 U ∞ ∂ψ U ∞ ∂ 2ψ  y U ∞ 
= - + − 
∂ x∂ y νφ ∂φ∂η 2 νφ 3 ∂η νφ ∂η 2  2 νφ 3 
∂ 2ψ U ∞ ∂ 2ψ  U ∞  ∂ 3ψ U ∞ ∂ 3ψ U∞
=  , =
∂y 2 νφ ∂η 2  νφ  ∂y 3 νφ ∂η 3 νφ
Equation 8.6.47 then becomes, using U ∞ / νφ = η / y ,
η ∂ψ  η ∂ 2ψ η ∂ψ η 2 ∂ 2ψ   ∂ψ η ∂ψ   η 2  ∂ 2ψ
 − −  −  −  
y ∂η  y ∂φ∂η 2yx ∂η 2 yx ∂η 2   ∂φ 2x ∂η   y 2  ∂η 2
U η ∂ 3ψ
=ν ∞
ν x y ∂η 3
Multiply by y 2 /η 2 and Eq. 8.6.49 results:
2
1  ∂ψ  ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 3ψ U∞
−   + − =ν
2φ  ∂η  ∂φ∂η ∂η ∂φ ∂η 2 ∂η 3 νφ

196
 ∂ψ dF ∂η U∞
8.126 u = = U ∞νx = U ∞νx F' (η) = U ∞ F' (η).
∂y dη ∂ y νx
We used Eq. 8.6.50 and Eqs. 8.6.48.
∂ψ ∂ 1 U ∞ν ∂F ∂η
v= −
∂x
=−
∂x
( )
U ∞ν x F = −
2 x
F − U ∞νx
∂η ∂x
1 U ∞ν U ∞  1 − 3/2 
=− F − U ∞ ν x F' y − x 
2 x ν  2 
1 U∞ ν y U ∞ U ∞ν 1 U∞ ν
=− F+ F' = (ηF'− F ).
2 x 2 νx x 2 x

8.127 The results are shown in Table 8.5.

1.5 × 10 −5
8.128 a) τ 0 = 0.332 × 1.22 × 5 2
= 0.0124 Pa.
2×5
. × 10−5 × 2
15
b) δ = 5 = 0.0122 m.
5
νU ∞  1  1.5 × 10 −5 × 5
c) v max = (ηF'− F ) = ×.8605 = 0.00527 m / s.
x 2  2
max
δ δ δ
dF dF vx
d) Q = ∫ udy = ∫ U ∞ dy = ∫ U ∞ dη
0 0
dη 0
dη U∞
νx 1.5 × 10 −5 × 2
= U∞ [ F(δ ) − F( 0)] = 5 × 3.28 = 0.04 m 2 / s / m
U∞ 5

1.6 × 10 −4
8.129 a) τ 0 =.332×.0024 × 15 2 = 2.39 × 10 −4 psf.
6 × 15
1.6 × 10 −4 × 6
b) δ = 5 = 0.04 ft.
15
νU ∞  1  1.6 × 10 − 4 × 15
c) v max = (ηF' −F ) = ×.8605 = 0.0172 fps.
x 2  6
max
δ
νx 1.6 × 10 −4 × 6
d) Q = ∫ udy = U ∞ F(δ ) = 15 × 3.28 = 0.394 ft 2 / sec / ft.
0
U∞ 15

8.130 At x = 2m, Re = 5 × 2/10-6 = 107 . ∴Assume turbulent from the leading edge.
1 0.455
a) τ 0 = ρU ∞2
2 (ln 0.06 Re x ) 2

197
 1 0.455
= × 1000 × 5 2 = 32.1 Pa
2 ( ln 0.06 × 10 7 ) 2
b) uτ = τ 0 / ρ = 32.1 / 1000 = 0.1792 m / s
5 0.1792δ
= 2.44 ln + 7 .4 . ∴δ = 0.0248 m or 24.8 mm
0.1792 10 −6
c) Use the 1/7 the power-law equation:
0 . 0248

∫ 5(y / 0.0248)
1 /7
Q= dy = 0.109 m 3 / s / m
0

8.131 From Table 8.5 we would select η = 6:

νx 1.5 × 10−5 × 2
a) δ = 6 =6 = 0.0147 m
U∞ 5
νx 15.8 × 10−5 × 6
b) δ = 6 =6 = 0.047 ft or 0.57 in.
U∞ 15

8.132 From Table 8.5 we interpolate for F' = 0.5 to be

0.5 − 0.3298
η= ( 2 − 1) + 1 = 1.57
0.6298 − 0.3298
5
=y . ∴ y = 0.00385 m or 3.85 mm
1.5 × 10 −5 × 2
νU ∞  1  1.5 × 10 −5 × 5
v=  ( η F ' − F ) = ( 0.207 ) = 0.00127 m / s
x  2 2
∂u ∂v  −5
ν 2 1.5 × 10
τ = µ +  = F " ρU 2
∞ = 0.291(1.2)5 = 0.011 Pa
 ∂ y ∂x  xU ∞ 2 × 5

8.133 y v y v=0
v=0

U u>U
v v v
y=δ y=δ

(a) (b) (c)

If v = 0 at y = 10δ and v > 0 at y = δ , then ∂v / ∂y < 0 and continuity demands that

∂ u / ∂ x > 0. The u component, for y > δ must then be greater than U , as shown
in (b); there should be a slight “overshoot”. Also, consider the control volume of
(c) where the lower boundary is just above y = δ . If v = 0 at large y , say
y = 10δ , then continuity demands that u out the right area be greater than
U : an “overshoot”. It is not reasonable to assume that v = const as in (a);

198
 reality would demand a profile such as that sketched in (b). The overshoot
would be quite small and is neglected in boundary layer theory.

 3 y 1 y3  y U
8.134 u = U ∞  − 
2δ 2δ3 cubic

For the Blasius profile: see Table 8.5. Blasius

(This is only a sketch. The student is encouraged
to draw the profiles to scale.)

8.135 y y inviscid y y
profile
low velocity
outside b.l. backflow
2U∞ separation
streamline

A B C D
zero velocity
gradient

∂p
8.136 A: < 0. (favorable)
∂x y D
∂p
B: ≅ 0. C
∂x E B
∂p δD δ
C: > 0. (unfavorable) C δΒ δ δ
A
∂x E Α

∂p
D: > 0.
∂x
∂p
E: < 0.
∂x

199