>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : AslB_
z] : M\ k^
]BV  M\ k^, >tV|  M\ k^

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

M\ k^

]BV - M\ k^

 ,e;jpah nghJthf jhJg; nghUl;fspy; 1. cV M\^

tskpFe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;  ,Uk;G> nrk;G> khq;fdPR> ghf;irl;
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; kw;Wk; jq;fk; Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf;
jhkpuk; (Copper) MFk;. ,e;jpahitg; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;TNyhf
nghWj;j tiuapy; cNyhfj; fdpkq;fis NkYk; ,Utifahfg;
jhJf;fspy; ,Uk;G> ghf;irl;> gphpf;fyhk;. mit
khq;fdPR Mfpatw;iw ngUkstpy;  ,Uk;G rhh;e;j fdpkq;fs;
ngw;Ws;sJ. nrk;G> jq;fk;> fhhPak;>  ,Uk;G rhuhj fdpkq;fs;
Jj;jehfk; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l DA V> DA VV>
msT ngw;Ws;sJ. mNyhfj; M\^ M\^
jhJf;fspy; ikf;fh> Rz;zhk;G ,t;tif ,Uk;G rhuhj
Mfpad mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fdpkq;fspy; fdpkq;fspy;
 ,e;jpahtpy; vhpnghUl;fspd; epiy ,Uk;G cs;slf;fp ,Uk;G fyf;fhky;
mt;tsT rhjfkhf ,y;iy. apUe;jhy; ,Uk;G cs;stw;iw
 jhJg;nghUl;fs; njhopw;rhiyfspd; rhh;e;j fdpkq;fs; ,Uk;G rhuhj
itl;lkpd;fs; (Vitamins of Industry) vd;fpNwhk;. fdpkq;fs;
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; v.fh: ,Uk;G> vd;fpNwhk;.
,aw;ifapd; md;gspg;G vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg; khq;fdPR> v.fh. jq;fk;>
gLfpd;wd. ,Uk;gpd; fdpkq;fspy; epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l;> nts;sp> nrk;G>
khf;dill; kw;Wk; N`kill; Mfpa lq;];ld; ghf;irl;
,uz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; Nghd;wit MFk;. Nghd;witahFk;.
fpilf;fpwJ. N`kill;by; 68 rjtPj DA V> M\^
,Uk;Gk;> khf;dill;by; 30 rjtPj DA>Vm (Iron Ore)
,Uk;Gk; cs;sJ.  ,Uk;G ehfhPfj;jpd; KJnfYk;G vd
 fdpk tsq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mit 1. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs; 2. cNyhf  ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;G
ky;yhj fdpkq;fs; mjpfsT ntl;b vLf;fhky; cs;sJ.

 AslB_
cyfpd; nkhj;j ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;gpy;  khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; xhprh
20% ,Uk;gj;jhJ ,e;jpahtpy; Kjyplj;ijAk;> fh;ehlfh
mike;Js;sJ. ,uz;lhkplj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 jukhd ,Uk;Gj;jhJ xhprhtpy;  cyfpd; cw;gj;jpapy; 20
BVV, V, \X rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjhf
khtl;lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ. fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

DA>Vm D DA VV> M\^

V
gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh ,U khepyq;fSk;
 ,J mYkpdpak; jhJthFk; (ore)
,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy; 75 rjtPj
kpd;dhw;gFg;G Kiwapy;jhd;
,Uk;Gj;jhJit mspf;fpd;wd. vdNt
cNyhfj;ij jdpikg;gLj;j KbAk;.
,itapuz;ilAk; ,e;jpa ,Uk;Gj;jhJ mYkpdpak; rpypNfl; epiwe;j
glyk; vd;W Fwpg;ghh;. ghiwfs; rpijTWtjhy; cUthFk;
 kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Jh;f;> Nyrhd cNyhfNk mYkpdpak;
g];jhh; khtl;lq;fspYk;> rj;jP];fhpy; MFk;.
cs;s nua;G+hpYk;> jkpofj;jpy; Nryk;  mYkpdpa cUf;Fj; njhopy;
(fQ;rhiy) kw;Wk; kJiuapYk;> Fiwe;j tpiyapy; kpFe;jsT
fh;ehlfhtpy; Fj;uKf; kw;Wk; ghgh kpd;rf;jp fhzg;gLk; gFjpfspNyNa
Gjyhd; Fd;WfspYk; ,Uk;gj;jhJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLfpwJ.  tpkhdf; fl;Lkhdj; njhopYf;F kpf
 rh;tNj re;ijapy; ,e;jpa Kf;fpaj; Njit ghf;irl; MFk;.
,Uk;Gj;jhJtpw;F ey;y tha;g;Gfs; V zD \VW^
cs;sd fhuzk; mjd; juNk MFk;. 1. xhprh 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,e;jpah ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy;
3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 4. F[uhj;
cyfstpy; 7-k; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
5. kfhuh\;buh 6. gPfhh;
\V
KtMB cz g^
 ,Uk;G v‡Fj; njhopYf;F mbg;gil
1. Nfush - My;tha;
ahdJ khq;fdPR MFk;. khq;fdPR
2. jkpofk; - Nkl;^h;
fye;Js;s ,Uk;G kpfTk; fbdkhd
 ,J xU ey;y vspjpy; flj;Jk;
jhFk;.
flj;jpahfTk;> kpf NyrhfTk;
 khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
,Ug;gjhYk;> mjpfstpy; njhopw;
Ie;jhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;W cs;sJ.
rhiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 khq;fdPR ,Ug;gpy; ,e;jpah
u\;ahtpw;F mLj;j ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

 AslB_
>D ]BVs_ c^ >Vt ^
 fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s Nfhyhh; jq;f 1. uh[];jhd; - Nfj;hp> Nfhjhhpah
tay; 1871 Kjy; jq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpar;
2. gPfhh; - rpq;Gk;> nkhrghdp> uhf;fh;
Ruq;fkhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,JNt
Njhgd
cyfpd; kpf Mokhd jq;fr;
3. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - fk;kk;> `hrd;
Ruq;fkhFk;. ,j;Jld; n`l;b
4. fh;ehlfh - rpj;uJh;fh
Ruq;fKk;> fh;ehlfhtpd; nua;r;#h;
khtl;lj;jpy; jq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpar; 2. cVt_V> M\^
Ruq;fkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. 1. ikf;fh 2. Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mde;jG+h; 3. [pg;rk; 4. nghl;lhrpak;
khtl;lj;jpy; xU jq;fr; Ruq;fk; \V
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;  ,it kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhg;
jq;f ,Ug;G Rkhh; 66700 fpNyh nghUshf ,Ug;gjhy;> kpd; nghUl;fs;
MFk;. jw;NghJ jq;fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpwJ. cyfpy;
Mz;LNjhWk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 60
k^ rjtPjk; gq;fspf;fpwJ.
 fhhPak; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfj; jhJf;fisg;  cyfpNyNa mjpf ,Ug;Gf; nfhz;l
gphpj;njLf;Fk; NghJ fpilg;gNj ,e;jpah cyf ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy;
nts;sp MFk;. Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 ,uh[];jhdpy; cs;s rhthh; (Zawar  cyfpd; 90 rjtPjk; ikf;fh
mines) Ruq;fNk nts;spapd; Kf;fpa cw;gj;jpia ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
Ruq;fkhFk;.  ,e;jpahtpy; %d;W tifahd ikf;fh
>VtD fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit>
 ,e;jpah jhkpu cw;gj;jpapy; 1. nts;is ikf;fh (White Mica)
gw;whf;FiwahfNt cs;sJ. 2. fWg;G ikf;fh (Black Mica)
 jhkpuk; rpwe;j ntg;gf;flj;jpahfTk;> 3. Mk;gh; ikf;fh (Amber Mica)
kpd; flj;jpahfTk; ,aw;ifapy;  ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLk; kw;nwhU cNyhfkhFk;. Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 kpd;fUtpfs; jahhpg;G  gPfhhpy; fah> `rhhpghf;> Kq;fh; Mfpa
njhopw;rhiyfspy; jhkpuk; ngUk; ,lq;fspYk;> gPfhhpd; fphpj; Ruq;fk;>
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. jhkpuk; kw;w Nfhjh;gh Ruq;fk; Mfpa Ruq;fq;fspy;
cNyhfq;fSld; Nrh;e;J fyg;G ikf;fh cw;gj;jp kpFe;Js;sJ.
cNyhfk; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.  Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ney;Y}h;
gFjpapd; Mj;kg+h; kw;Wk; f^h;

 AslB_

Ruq;fq;fspy; gr;ir ikf;fh Nlhyikl; 90% Nlhyikl;>

fpilf;fpwJ. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
 jkpofj;jpy; Nryk;> ePyfphp gFjpfspy; rl;B];fh;> xbrh>
fpilf;fpwJ. F[uhj;> fh;ehlfh>
 ,uh[];jhdpy; gpy;thuh> M[;kPh;> Nkw;F tq;fk;
n[a;g;G+h;> cja;G+h; gFjpfspy; ikf;fh M];ng];lh]; ,uh[];jhd;> Me;jpu
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh
cVt_V M\ ^ [pg;rk; ,uh[];jhd;> [k;K
Rz;zhk;G Me;jpuh> ,uh[];jhd;> kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> fpuhigl; fhy`ghz;b>
F[uhj;> rl;B];fh; Nghyd;fph;> gh`y;G+h;
(gPfhh;)
••••••


 AslB_

>tV|  M\ k^

M\ 3 kV VD

1. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;
2. mNyhff; fdpkq;fs;
3. fdpk vhpnghUl;fs;
>tVK^ cV M\^
M\^ \Vk^
,Uk;Gj;jhJ Nryk;> ehkf;fy;>
jpUtz;zhkiy
nrk;G Nryk;> ePyfphp>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu
ghf;irl; Nryk;> ePyfphp>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> NtY}h;>
kJiu> jUkGhp>
tpOg;Guk;
FNuhikl; Nryk;> ehkf;fy;> jpUr;rp
>tw]_ M\^ c^ ^ kw;Wk; <NuhL
igiul; tpOg;Guk;
,aw;ifapYs;s xU %yfk; my;yJ gy
>tVK^ V M\^
%yfq;fspd; $l;Lg; nghUshdJ jhJg;
M\^ \Vk^
nghUs; my;yJ fdpkk; vdg;gLk;.
Rz;zhk;G tpUJefh;> J}j;Jf;Fb>
>tw]_ V|D xB M\ jpUney;Ntyp
k^ fy; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>
1. cztpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cg;G fhQ;rpGuk;> Nryk;
2. ngd;rpy; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLk; ikf;fh jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>
fpuhigl; Mfpait jkpo;ehl;by; gutpf; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
,uhkehjGuk;
fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fdpktsq;fshFk;.


 AslB_

khf;dirl; Nryk;> ehkf;fy;> >tVK^ M\

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL V^
];Baill; NtY}h;> flY}H> M\^ \Vk^
Nfhak;Gj;J}H> Nryk;> ngl;Nuhypak; jpUth&h; (gdq;Fb)> ehp
jpUr;rp kzk;> (fhtphp nly;lh
cg;G nrd;id> J}j;Jf;Fb> gFjp)
flY}h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> ypf;idl; flY}h; (nea;Ntyp)
jpUth&h;.


 AslB_

DA >VtD, ~BD, m>VD

 fUk;nghd; vdg;gLk; ,Uk;G  tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; khkz;^h;>
,d;wpaikahjJ. njhOte;jhq;fy;> xbahe;jq;fy;
 Nryk; ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy; fQ;r kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;
kiyg; gFjpapy; 5 mLf;Ffshf Njh;thid tl;lk; mUkzY}Uf;F
,Uk;Gj; jhJf;fs; cs;sd. ,it (iky; njd;Nkw;Nf cs;s kq;fhk;
kpfr; rpwe;j juk; cilait kiyg; gFjpfspYk; nghd;khdh
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; nfhLkiyapYk;
vd;w ,lj;jpYk;> jpUney;Ntyp
,Uk;Gj;jhJ cs;sJ.
khtl;lk; ehq;FNehpiar; Nrh;e;j
 jkpo;ehl;by; nkhj;jk; 14 ld; ,Uk;Gj;
Kd;wj;jha;g;G> mk;ghrKj;jpuk;>
jhJ ,Uf;Fk; vd kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
gl;ld; fhL rpw;W}hpYk;> kzpKj;jhW
jkpo;ehl;L ,Uk;G fdpkj;jpy; ruhrhp
35% ,Uk;G kl;LNk cs;sJ. fhy;tha; gFjpfspYk; ,it
 NkYk; gphpj;njLf;f Kbahj fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
khf;dill; vd;w fdpkj;ij cilaJ. V
Mdhy; 18% kl;LNk ,Uk;gpypUe;J  mYkpdpaj;jhJ jkpo;ehl;by;
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhj;jk; 16.7 kpy;ypad; ld; ghf;irl;
>D ,Uf;Fk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphpf;F tlNkw;Nf  Nryk; khtl;lk; Nrh;tuhad;
cs;s taehl;Lg; gFjpapy; kl;LNk kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad; rpfuk;
cs;sJ. 1785-apNyNa INuhg;gpa jq;f Vw;fhl;Lg; gFjpapYs;s Nrhof;fhL>
Ntl;ilia ,q;F njhlq;fpdhh;. ePyfphp khtl;lk; Nfhj;jfphpiar;
1875-y; My;gh FO> Njtyh> ge;jY}h; Rw;wpYk;> cjfkz;lyj;jpw;Fk;
gFjpfspy; nghd;idj; NjbaJ. Fd;D}Uf;Fk; ,ilapYk;> cjf
1879-1981-f;Fs; Kg;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kz;lyj;ijr; Rw;wpYk;> jpz;Lf;fy;
FOf;;fs; ,yz;ld; khefhpypUe;J khtl;lk; godp kiyapYs;s rpwpa
jUtpf;fg;gl;l nghpa ve;jpuq;fSld;
Fd;WfspYk; kw;Wk; Nrhof;fhl;bYk;
nghd;Ntl;il Mbdh;.
fpilf;fpwJ.
 1935-y; M];jpNuypahtpypUe;J
,t;tplq;fisg; ghh;itapl;L jhk];
zVtBD
jpdhhp jahhpj;j Fwpg;igf; nfhz;L  ,Uk;G> epf;fy; ,tw;Wld; Nrh;e;J
taehl;L nghd; ngUf;Fj; Jiw gy fyg;Gfspy; fpilf;fpwJ. Nryk;
KbTf;F te;jJ. khtl;lk; rpj;jh; NfhapYf;Ff;
fpof;Nf fQ;rkiyapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp>
ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; Vuahkq;fyk;>
Vkhyrp> nrl;b


 ghisak;> ghkhe;j ghisak;> Njhl;b
ahej;jk; Kjypag; gFjpfspy; jkpo;
ehl;by; FNuhkpak; fpilf;fpwJ.
 fpl;lj;jl;l 30>000 ld; msT
FNuhkpak; msTf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
W_
 Nryk; khtl;lk; jhj;ijaq;fhh;
Ngl;il> %q;fpy;gl;b> fWg;G+h;>
nts;is fy;gl;b> kh%yg;gd;gl;b
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
_\
 ,J ill;lhdpa cNyhf fdpkk;>
nts;is tz;zj; jahhpg;gpYk; ug;gh;>
fz;zhb> nts;is ik> ypNdhypak;>
fhfpjj; jahhpg;gpYk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; kzthsf;
Fwpr;rp> ,ypGuk;> J}j;Jf;Fb> khtl;lk;>
itg;ghW> fy;yhW fopKfg;gFjpfs;>
Ntg;glNyhilf; flw;fiu Mfpag;
gFjpfspYk; fpilf;fpwJ.
\VV
 rptg;G> gOg;G> fpspg;gr;ir> kQ;rs;
fye;j gOg;G Kjypa epwq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; rpwpjsT
NjhhpaKk; ANudpaKk; $l
cs;sjhy; mZrf;jpf;F kpFjpAk;
gad;glf;$baJ.
 jh;kGhp khtl;lk; rhky;ghl;bw;F
njw;NfAs;s nrz;gfkiy mbthuj;jpy;
,f;fdpkk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
\V
 ‘V V[” vdg;gLk; ,jpy;
xd;gJ tiffs; cs;sd. thndhypf;
AslB_
Foha;> kpd; jhq;fpfs;> ild
Nkhf;fs;> Nkhl;lhh;fs;> $iuj;jsk;>
tz;zg;G+r;R> gpsh];bf; jahhpg;G
kw;Wk; cilahj fz;zhb jahhpg;gpy;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 jkpofj;jpy; ikf;fh Nryk; jpUr;rp>
<NuhL> Nfhit> kJiu> ePyfphp>
jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkhp> NtY}h;
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
D
 mNyhfq;fspNyNa kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLtJ ,Jjhd;. [pg;rk; gpsh];lh;
M‡g; ghhp]; nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ.
 rpnkz;l;> cuk;> fe;jfk; jahhpf;fTk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; nguk;gY}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb> jpUney;Ntyp Nfhak;
Gj;J}h; khtl;lq;fspYk; ,J kpFjp
ahff; fpilf;fpwJ.
zkV
 ,J vq;Fk; kype;J fplf;Fk;
fdpkkhFk;. ntq;fr; nrk;ky;> gbf;fy;>
rPdpf;fy; vd;W gy ngah;ngWk;.
 KO tsh;r;rpaile;j gbfq;fs;
thndhypf; fUtp> je;jpf; fUtp>
fk;gpapy;yhj je;jp Kjypatw;wpy;
mjph;T fUtpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mofpa tz;zKs;s gbfq;fs;
kzpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;
,J fz;zhb> rpypf;fhJ}s;> th;zg;
G+r;R> Nrhg;G jahhpg;G Mfpatw;wpYk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,J fbfhuj;jpYk; gad;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> Nryk;>

 AslB_

ehkf;fy;> <NuhL> jpUts;@h;  ,J Rkhh; 500 r.fp.kP gug;gpy; gutp

khtl;lq;fspy; ,J fpilf;fpd;wJ. As;sJ. ,J xU Kf;fpakhd nlh;\php
VDA _ fhy epyf;fhp tayhFk;. cNyhfk;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpakhd fdpk jahhpf;Fk; FNuhkpak; gad;gLfpwJ.
tskhf ,Uf;fpwJ. A W
 rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpd;w
 Kf;fpakhd epyf;fhpg; gLiffs;
,f;fy; nguk;gY}h;> f&h;>
flY}hpypUe;J Rkhh; 40 fp.kP
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Nryk;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
njhiytpy; mike;Js;sd.
jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
 flY}h; kzw; ghiwapy; Rkhh; 40 kP
ngUksT fpilf;fpwJ.
cA Moj;jpy; gOg;G epyf;fhp fpilf;fpwJ.
 flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; cg;G Mh;gP\pad; Cw;Wfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
fpilf;fpwJ. Ntjhuz;ak;> J}j;Jf; epyf;fhpia ntl;b vLg;gjpy;
Fb gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf cg;G gpur;rid Vw;gLfpwJ.
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.  Mz;L cw;gj;jp 12 kpy;ypad; ld;
 ,e;jpahtpd; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; fshFk;. jkpo;ehl;bd; rf;jp kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij cu cw;gj;jpahFk; gOg;G epyf;fhpapd;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. gq;F mjpfstpy; cs;sJ.
 #hpa ntg;gj;jpdhy; Mtpahf;Fk; VoBD
Kiwapy; cg;G jahhpf;fg;  jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphpg; gLifapy;
gad;gLfpwJ.
ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fpwJ.
o  1984-k; Mz;L Kjy; fhtphpg;
 ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lk;
gFjpfspy; vz;nza;f; fpzWfs;
jhd; ngUkstpy; ypf;idl; ntl;b
Njhz;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,Jtiu
naLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
gOg;G epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; 9% jkpo; 100f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpzWfs;
ehl;bypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. Njhz;lg;gl;Ltpl;ld.
 jkpo;ehl;by; fdpkts cw;gj;jpapd;  ehpkzk;> Nfhtpy; fsg;ghy;> mbaf;fh
kjpg;gpy; ghjpasT gOg;G epyf;fhp kq;fyk;> fkyhGuk;> Gtdfphp Mfpa
apypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. ypf;idl;bd; gFjpfspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
,Ug;G Rkhh; 2500 kpy;ypad;  gdq;Fb vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU
ld;fshFk;. ngl;Nuhypa Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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