FLOYD OSCILLATOR (a) increase (b) decrease (b) a gain around the feedback loop

(c) not change of one-third

TRUE OR FALSE (c) a phase shift around the
3. In Figure 16–14, if the is feedback loop of 0°
T 1. Two categories of decreased, the feedback (d) a gain around the feedback loop
oscillators are feedback and attenuation will of less than 1
relaxation. (a) increase
F 2. A feedback oscillator (b) decrease 3. A second condition for oscillation
uses only negative feedback. (c) not change is
F 3. Positive feedback is (a) no gain around the feedback
never used in an oscillator. 4. If the capacitors in Figure 16–14 loop
T 4. The net phase shift are increased to the frequency of (b) a gain of 1 around the feedback
around the oscillator feedback loop oscillation will loop
must be zero. (a) increase (c) the attenuation of the feedback
F 5. The voltage gain around (b) decrease circuit must be one-third
the closed feedback loop must be (c) not change (d) the feedback circuit must be
greater than 1 to sustain capacitive
oscillations. 5. In order to increase in Figure 16– 4. In a certain oscillator, The
T 6. For start-up, the loop 30, must attenuation of the feedback circuit
gain must be greater than 1. (a) increase must be
T 7. A Wien-bridge oscillator (b) decrease (a) 1
uses an RC circuit in the positive (c) not change (b) 0.01
feedback loop. 6. If the capacitor in Figure 16–30 (c) 10
T 8. The phase-shift oscillator opens, the frequency of oscillation (d) 0.02
utilizes RC circuits. will 5. For an oscillator to properly start,
F 9. The twin-T oscillator (a) increase the gain around the feedback loop
contains an LC feedback circuit. (b) decrease must initially be
T 10. Colpitts, Clapp, Hartley, (c) not change (a) 1
and Armstrong are examples of LC (b) less than 1
oscillators. 7. If the value of in Figure 16–32 is (c) greater than 1
F 11. The crystal oscillator is decreased, the peak value of the (d) equal to B
based on the photoelectric effect. sawtooth output will 6. Wien-bridge oscillators are based
T 12. A relaxation oscillator (a) increase on
uses no positive feedback. (b) decrease (a) positive feedback
F 13. Most relaxation c) not change (b) negative feedback
oscillators produce sinusoidal 8. If the diode in Figure 16–40 (c) the piezoelectric effect
outputs. opens, the duty cycle will (d) high gain
F 14. VCO stands for (a) increase
variable-capacitance oscillator. (b) decrease 7. In a Wien-bridge oscillator, if the
T 15. The 555 timer can be (c) not change resistances in the positive feedback
used as an oscillator. circuit are decreased, the
SELF-TEST frequency
MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. An oscillator differs from an (a) decreases
amplifier because the oscillator (b) increases
1. If and are increased to in Figure (a) has more gain (c) remains the same
16–12, the frequency of oscillation (b) requires no input signal
will (c) requires no dc supply 8. The Wien-bridge oscillator’s
(a) increase (b) decrease (d) always has the same output positive feedback circuit is
(c) not change (a) an RL circuit
2. If the feedback potentiometer is 2. One condition for oscillation is (b) an LC circuit
adjusted to a higher value, the (a) a phase shift around the (c) a voltage divider
voltage gain in Figure 16–12 will feedback loop of 180° (d) a lead-lag circuit

9. A phase-shift oscillator has
(a) three RC circuits
(b) three LC circuits
(c) a T-type circuit
(d) a -type circuit
10. Colpitts, Clapp, and Hartley are
names that refer to
(a) types of RC oscillators
(b) inventors of the transistor
(c) types of LC oscillators
(d) types of filters
11. The main feature of a crystal
oscillator is
(a) economy
(b) reliability
(c) stability
(d) high frequency
12. An oscillator whose frequency is
changed by a variable dc voltage is
known as
(a) a crystal oscillator
(b) a VCO
(c) an Armstrong oscillator
(d) a piezoelectric device
13. The operation of a relaxation
oscillator is based on
(a) the charging and discharging of
a capacitor
(b) a highly selective resonant circuit
(c) a very stable supply voltage
(d) low power consumption
14. Which one of the following is
not an input or output of the 555
timer?
(a) Threshold
(b) Control voltage
(c) Clock
(d) Trigger
(e) Discharge
(f) Reset
BASIC PROBLEMS (The Oscillator)
1.What type of input is required for
an oscillator?
ANS: An oscillator requires no input
(other than dc power).
source resistance, of the JFET is
2. What are the basic components when oscillations are stable.
of an oscillator circuit? ANS: 2.34 kΩ
3. If the voltage gain of the amplifier 10. Find the frequency of oscillation
portion of an oscillator is 75, what for the Wien-bridge oscillator in
must be the attenuation Figure 16–58
of the feedback circuit to sustain the
oscillation?
ANS: 1 /75 = 0.0133
4. Generally describe the change
required in the oscillator of Problem
3 in order for oscillation to
11. What value of is required in
begin when the power is initially
Figure 16–59? What is fr?
turned on.
5. A certain lead-lag circuit has a
resonant frequency of 3.5 kHz.
What is the rms output voltage
if an input signal with a frequency ANS: 136 kΩ, 628Hz
equal to and with an rms value of
2.2 V is applied to the Oscillators with LC Feedback
input? Circuits
ANS: 733 mV
12. Calculate the frequency of
6. Calculate the resonant frequency oscillation for each circuit in Figure
of a lead-lag circuit with the 16–60 and identify the type of
following values: oscillator. Assume in each case
And
7. Determine the necessary value of
in Figure 16–57 so that the circuit
will oscillate. Neglect
the forward resistance of the zener
diodes. (Hint: The total gain of the
circuit must be 3 when
13. Determine what the gain of the
the zener diodes are conducting.)
amplifier stage must be in Figure
ANS: 50 kΩ
16–61 in order to have sustained
oscillation.
8. Explain the purpose of in R Figure
16–57.
ANS: 10
ANS:
Relaxation Oscillators
9. For the Wien-bridge oscillator in
14. What type of signal does the
Figure 16–58, calculate the setting
circuit in Figure 16–62 produce?
for assuming the internal drain-
Determine the frequency of the
output.
D. 0º
Answer: Option B
15. Show how to change the
4. Which of the following
frequency of oscillation in Figure
improvements is (are) a
16–62 to 10 kHz. result of the negative
ANS: Change R1 to 3.54kΩ feedback in a circuit?
16. Determine the amplitude and Lower output
frequency of the output voltage in A.
impedance
Figure 16–63. Use 1 V as the
forward PUT voltage. B. Reduced noise

C. More linear operation

17. Modify the sawtooth generator
in Figure 16–63 so that its peak-to- D. All of the above
peak output is 4 V Answer: Option D
INDIABIX: OSCILLATOR 5. This circuit is a ________
1. Calculate the value of C1 = C2 for oscillator.
the Wien bridge oscillator to
operate at a frequency of 20 kHz.
Assume R1 = R2 = 50 k and R3 =
3R4 = 600 ?

A. phase-shift
ANS:R4=65.8kΩ,R5=47kΩ A. 1.59 pF
B. Wien bridge
18. A certain sawtooth generator
B. 15.9 pF
has the following parameter values: C. Colpitts
C = 0.001 mF. Determine its peak- C. 159 pF
D. Hartley
to-peak output voltage if the period
is 10 ms. VIN = 3 V, R = 4.7 kΩ D. 1.59 nF Answer: Option A
Answer: Option C 6. Refer to the given figure. The
2. resonant frequency is controlled
19. What are the two comparator Only the condition A = by
reference voltages in a 555 timer ________ must be satisfied
when for self-sustained oscillations
ANS: 3.33V, 6.67V to result.
20. Determine the frequency of A. 0
oscillation for the 555 astable
B. –1
oscillator in Figure 16–64.
C. 1
21. To what value must be changed
A. C3 and L1.
in Figure 16–64 to achieve a D. None of the above
frequency of 25 kHz? Answer: Option C B. C2, C4, C5, and L1.
ANS: 0.0076µF 3. At what phase shift is the
22. In an astable 555 configuration, C. C3, C4, C5, and L1.
magnitude of A at its
the external resistor What must maximum in the Nyquist D. C3, C4, C5, and L2.
equal to produce a duty cycle of 75 plot?
Answer: Option C
percent? A. 90º

B. 180º
7. Refer to this figure. Determine
C. 270º the resonant frequency.
 A. A
10. The attenuation of the three-
section RC feedback phase-shift Phase shift between
B.
oscillator is input and output signals

A. 1/9. Both A and the phase

C. shift between input and
B. 1/30. output signals
C. 1/3. D. None of the above
D. 1/29. Answer: Option C
A. 123.4 kHz Answer: Option D

B. 61.7 kHz 14. What is the minimum

11. Referring to this figure, frequency at which a crystal will
C. 45.94 kHz calculate the voltage gain oscillate?
without feedback for the A. seventh harmonic
D. 23.1 kHz
following circuit values: RD = 4 k
Answer: Option C , RS = 1 k , RF = 15 k , and B. third harmonic
gm = 5000 μS.
C. fundamental
8. The feedback signal in a(n)
D. second harmonic
________ oscillator is derived
from an inductive voltage Answer: Option C
divider in the LC circuit.
A. Hartley
15. An amplifier with a gain of –500
B. Armstrong and a feedback of = –0.1 has
a gain change of 15% due to
C. Colpitts A. –20.0 temperature. Calculate the
Answer: Option A change in gain of the feedback
B. –21.5
amplifier.
C. –23.5 A. 0.2%
9. Given gm = 5000 S, rd = 40 k
, R = 10 k , and A = 35. D. –25.5 B. 0.3%
Determine the value of RD for
Answer: Option A
oscillator operation at 1 kHz. C. 0.4%

D. 0.5%
Answer: Option B
12. For a phase-shift oscillator, the
16. The feedback signal in a(n)
gain of the amplifier stage must
________ oscillator is derived
be greater than ________.
from a capacitive voltage
A. 19 divider in the LC circuit.

B. 29 A. Hartley

C. 30 B. Armstrong

D. 1 C. Colpitts
A. 8.05 k
Answer: Option B Answer: Option C
B. 8.48 k

C. 10.8 k 13. Which of the following is (are) 17. Refer to this figure. This circuit
the determining factor(s) of the is
D. 12.3 k
stability of a feedback
Answer: Option B amplifier?
 23. A circuit that can change the
frequency of oscillation with an
application of a dc voltage is
sometimes called
a voltage-controlled
A.
oscillator.

B. a crystal oscillator.
A. –11.2
A. a sine-wave oscillator. C. a Hartley oscillator.
B. –8.57
a monostable D. an astable multivibrator.
B.
multivibrator. C. –6.75
Answer: Option A
an astable D. –3.25
C.
multivibrator. Answer: Option B
21. Refer to this figure. Calculate 24. In order to start up, a feedback
D. a VCO. oscillator requires
the resonant frequency.
Answer: Option C negative feedback less
A.
than 1.

18 This circuit is a ________ positive feedback

B.
. oscillator. greater than 1.

unity feedback equal to

C.
1.

D. no feedback.
Answer: Option B

A. phase-shift A. 1.126 kHz

25. This circuit is a ________
B. Wien bridge B. 6.17 kHz oscillator.

C. Colpitts C. 23.9 MHz

D. Hartley D. 14.1 MHz
Answer: Option B Answer: Option B

19. Sinusoidal oscillators operate 22. Which of the following is

with ________ feedback. required for oscillation?
A. Positive A. phase-shift
A. A>1
B. Negative B. Wien bridge
The phase shift around
Answer: Option A B. the feedback network C. Colpitts
must be 180º.
D. Hartley
Both A > 1 and the Answer: Option C
20. Referring to this figure, phase shift around the
calculate the voltage gain with C. 26. Refer to this figure. If
feedback network must C1 increases in value, the
the feedback for the following be 180º.
circuit values: RD = 4 k , RS = resonant frequency will
1 k , RF = 15 k , and gm = D. None of the above
5000 μS.
Answer: Option C
 30. What is the ratio of the output
impedance with series
feedback to that without 33. Refer to this figure. Determine
feedback? the frequency of oscillation, if
any.
A. 1

B. 1+ A

C. A
A. increase. D. A
B. decrease. Answer: Option B
A. 131 Hz
C. remain the same. 31. Refer to the given figure. This B. 262 Hz
Answer: Option B circuit is known as
C. 2.62 kHz

27. What is the ratio of the input D. None

impedance with series Answer: Option A
feedback to that without
feedback?

A. 34. Referring to this figure,

1+ A calculate the amplification gain
where the op-amp gain (A) is
B. A 200,000, R1 = 1.5 k , and R2=
A. a Clapp oscillator.
400 .
C. B. an Armstrong oscillator.

D. 1 C. a Colpitts oscillator.
Answer: Option A
D. a Hartley oscillator.
Answer: Option D
28. The amplifier is unstable if the
Nyquist curve plotted encloses
(encircles) the –1 point, and it is 32. Refer to the given figure. This
circuit is known as A. 4.25
stable otherwise.
A. True B. 4.50

B. False C. 4.75
Answer: Option A D. 5.00
Answer: Option C
29. Which of the following
oscillators is (are) tuned
oscillators?
35. Referring to this figure,
A. Colpitts calculate the voltage gain with
feedback Avf.
B. Hartley
A. a Clapp oscillator.
C. Crystal
B. an Armstrong oscillator.
D. All of the above
Answer: Option D C. a Colpitts oscillator.

D. a Hartley oscillator.
Answer: Option C
 D. 769.23
Answer: Option D

39. Determine the voltage gain

with feedback for a voltage- A. 1560.34 Hz
series feedback having A = –
100, R1 = 15 k , Ro = 20 k , B. 3120.70 Hz

and a feedback of = –0.25. C. 4681.07 Hz

A. –4.85
A. 3.85
D. 6241.37 Hz
B. –4.20
B. –3.85 Answer: Option A
C. –4.17
C. –9.09
D. –4.00 43. What is the total phase shift
D. 9.09
Answer: Option C requirement, around the
36. One condition for positive Answer: Option B feedback loop, for a phase-shift
feedback is that the phase shift oscillator?
around the feedback loop must A. 90°
be ________°.
40 Calculate the resonant frequency B. 180°
A. 0
. of this Wien bridge oscillator if
B. 90 R1 = 25 k , R2 = 40 k , C1 = C. 270°
0.001 F, and C2 = 0.002 F.
C. 180 D. 360°
Answer: Option D
D. 45
Answer: Option A
44. An input signal is needed for an
oscillator to start.
A. True
37. At what phase shift is the A. 1560.3 Hz
magnitude of A at its B. False
B. 1779.4 Hz
minimum in the Nyquist plot? Answer: Option B
A. 90º C. 3120.7 Hz

B. 180º D. 3558.8 Hz 45. Referring to this figure,

Answer: Option D calculate the amplification gain
C. 270º with feedback for the following
41 The Nyquist plot combines the circuit values: R1 = 80 k , R2=
D. 0º 20 k , Ro = 10 k , RD = 61 k ,
. two Bode plots of gain versus
Answer: Option D frequency and phase shift versus and gm = 4000 μS.
frequency on a single plot.
A. True
38. Determine the output
impedance with feedback for a B. False
voltage-series feedback having
Answer: Option A
A = –100, R1 = 15 k , Ro = 20 k
, and a feedback of =–
0.25. 42. Calculate the resonant A. –4.36
A. 0.2 k frequency of this oscillator.
B. –4.25
B. 392.16
C. –6.35
C. 1.82 k
 54. Which of the following
D. –20.85 C. Less than 29
improvements is (are) a result
Answer: Option A of the negative feedback in a
D. Any value
46. The lead-lag circuit in the Wien- circuit?
bridge oscillator has a resonant Answer: Option B
A. Higher input impedance
frequency at which the
attenuation is
Better stabilized voltage
50. At series resonance, the B.
A. 1/2. gain
impedance of a crystal is
B. 1/4. A. minimum. Improved frequency
C.
response
C. 1/3. B. maximum.
D. All of the above
D. 1/5. C. equal. Answer: Option D
Answer: Option C
D. zero.
Answer: Option A
47. The start-up gain of an 55.Refer to the given figure. This
oscillator must be ________ 51. For frequencies up to 1 MHz, circuit is known as
one. the ________ is the most
widely used type of sinusoidal
A. equal to
RC oscillator.
B. less than A. Wien-bridge

C. greater than B. phase-shift

Answer: Option C
C. twin-T
Answer: Option A A. a Clapp oscillator.
48. Refer to this figure. What is the B. an Armstrong oscillator.
duty cycle, if any?
52. The twin-T oscillator C. a Colpitts oscillator.
produces a ________
response. D. a Hartley oscillator.
A. low-pass Answer: Option A
56.In the Wien bridge oscillator,
B. high-pass which of the following is (are)
frequency-determining
C. band-pass
components?
D. band-stop A. R1 and R2
Answer: Option D
A. 16.3% B. C1 and C2

B. 54.5% C. R1, R2, C1, and C2

C. 86.9% 53. What is the typical value of D. None of the above

quality factor for crystal
D. none Answer: Option C
oscillators?
Answer: Option B A. 20,000
57. Determine the input
B. 1000 impedance with feedback for a
49. In the IC phase-shift oscillator, voltage-series feedback having
what should the ratio of C. 100
A = –100, R1 = 15 k , Ro = 20 k
feedback resistor Rf to R1 be?
D. 10 , and a feedback of =–
A. Zero 0.25.
Answer: Option A
B. Greater than –29 A. 110 k
 B. 290 k C. Increase the size of R1. A. a sine wave.

C. 390 k Connect a diode in B. a triangle wave.

D.
parallel with R1.
D. 510 k C. a square wave.
Answer: Option D
Answer: Option C
D. pure dc.
61 Calculate the fr of a lead-lag
. network if R1 = R2 = 6.8 k , and Answer: Option B
58. A certain oscillator has a tap on C1 = C2 = 0.05 F.
the inductor in the tank circuit. A. 468 Hz
This oscillator is probably 65. The frequency distortion arising
B. 4.68 kHz because of varying amplifier
A. a Colpitts oscillator.
gain with frequency is
C. 46.8 kHz considerably reduced in a
B. a Clapp oscillator.
negative-voltage feedback
C. a crystal oscillator. D. 468 kHz amplifier circuit.
Answer: Option A A. True
D. a Hartley oscillator.
Answer: Option D B. False
62. Which of the following is (are) Answer: Option A
feedback?
59. At parallel resonance, the A. Voltage-series FILL IN THE BLANKS
impedance of a crystal is 1. An amplifier is stable if the
A. minimum. B. Voltage-shunt
absolute magnitude of A is
C. Current-series ________.
B. maximum.
A.
C. equal. D. All of the above
Answer: Option D B. less than 1
D. zero.
C. greater than 1
Answer: Option B
63. What is the relationship D. None of the above
between the series and parallel
Answer: Option B
60 Refer to this figure. Assuming it is resonant frequencies of a
. configured as an oscillator and if quartz crystal?
you desired to reduce the duty to A. They are equal.
less than 50%, the following 2. ________ is a frequency-
circuit change would need to be determining component in a
Parallel resonant
made. unijunction oscillator.
frequency is
B. approximately 1 kHz A. Total resistance
higher than series
resonant frequency. B. Total capacitance

Series resonant C. Intrinsic stand-off ratio

frequency is
C. approximately 1 kHz D. All of the above
higher than parallel Answer: Option D
resonant frequency.

D. none of the above 3. In the Colpitts oscillator, the

Answer: Option B elements X1 and X2 are
________ and X3 is a(n)
________.
A. Reduce the size of R1.
64. An op-amp integrator has a
B. Reduce the size of R2. square-wave input. The output
should be
 A. Zero
10. In the Barkhausen criterion, the
B. A negative value loop gain A is equal to
________.
C. A positive value
A.
D. Undefined
B. 200,000
Answer: Option A

A. inductors, capacitor C. 0

B. capacitors, inductor D. 1
7. Positive feedback results in Answer: Option D
C. capacitors, resistor ________.
A. decreased voltage gain
D. inductors, resistor
B. increased voltage gain 11. Negative feedback results in
Answer: Option B
________.
C. oscillation in the circuit A. decreased voltage gain
4. In a Hartley oscillator, the D. None of the above B. increased voltage gain
elements X1 and X2 are
________ and X3 is a(n) Answer: Option C
Explanation: C. oscillation in the circuit
________.
D. None of the above

8. In the Wien bridge oscillator with Answer: Option A

R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C, a ratio
of R3 to R4 will provide sufficient
loop gain for the circuit to 12.
With feedback, , the overall
oscillate.
gain of the circuit is reduced by
a factor ________ where A is
A. inductors, capacitor the gain without the feedback.
A.
B. capacitors, inductor

C. capacitors, resistor B. A

D. inductors, resistor C. A
A. 0
Answer: Option A
B. 0.5 D. 1+ A
Answer: Option D
C. 1
5. A feedback amplifier has a
________ upper 3-dB D. 2
frequency and a ________ 13. Series-feedback connections
lower 3-dB frequency Answer: Option D
tend to ________ the input
compared to an amplifier resistance. Shunt feedback
without feedback. connections tend to ________
9. In the phase-shift oscillator, the the input resistance.
A. smaller, higher
operating frequency is
determined by ________. A. decrease, increase
B. higher, smaller
A. resistance only B. increase, decrease
C. smaller, smaller
B. capacitance only C. increase, increase
D. higher, higher
Answer: Option B C. LC combinations D. decrease, decrease

D. RC combinations Answer: Option B

6. What is the gain at the origin of
the Nyquist plot? Answer: Option D
14. In practice, A is made ________ amplifier without feedback.
C. medium
and the system is started
A. the same
oscillating by amplifying noise D. high
voltage, which is always B. less
present. Answer: Option D

A. greater than 1 C. more

B. smaller than 1 D. None of the above 23. In the Colpitts oscillator, the
frequency is determined by
Answer: Option C
C. equal to 1 ________ .
A. resistance only
D. None of the above
19. The parallel-resonant
Answer: Option A B. inductance only
impedance of a crystal
oscillator is ________.
C. capacitance only
A. very low
15. Voltage feedback connections both inductance and a
tend to ________ the output D.
B. low capacitance
impedance. Current feedback
connections tend to ________ Answer: Option D
C. medium
the output impedance.
D. very high
A. decrease, increase
24. Typically, a unijunction
Answer: Option D
B. increase, decrease transistor has a stand-off ratio
from ________ to ________.
C. increase, increase A. 0.0, 0.2
20. In a Nyquist plot, as the
D. decrease, decrease frequency increases, the phase
B. 0.2, 0.4
shift between input and output
Answer: Option A signals ________.
16. In the phase-shift oscillator, the C. 0.4, 0.6
gain of the amplifier stage must A. remains the same
D. 0.6, 0.8
be ________.
B. decreases
Answer: Option C
A. 0
C. increases
B. less than 29
D. None of the above 25. Crystal oscillators are used
C. greater than 29 whenever a(n) ________ level
Answer: Option C
of stability is required.
D. 21. At the series-resonant
frequency, the amount of A. lower
Answer: Option C positive feedback is ________.
B. average
A. very large
17. The series-resonant impedance C. greater
B. large
of a crystal oscillator is
D. None of the above
________. C. small
Answer: Option C
A. very low
D. very small
B. low Answer: Option A TRUE OR FALSE
1. The feedback network in a
C. medium Colpitts oscillator contains two
series capacitors and a parallel
D. very high 22. Since the crystal losses
inductor.
represented by R are small, the
Answer: Option A equivalent crystal Q (quality A. True
factor) is ________.
B. False
A. very low
18. An amplifier with negative Answer: Option A
feedback has ________ B. low
bandwidth than (as) the
2. The positive feedback voltage 1. c. Between 0° and 290°
in an oscillator has no net d. The same as the input
A. True
phase shift. voltage
A. True B. False 5. A coupling circuit is a
Answer: Option A a. Lag circuit
B. False
b. Lead circuit
Answer: Option A c. Lead-lag circuit
9. The feedback signal in a Hartley d. Resonant circuit
oscillator is derived from an
3. Crystal oscillators are inductive voltage in the tank 6. A lead circuit has a phase angle
inherently unstable. circuit.
that is
A. True A. True a. Between 0° and 190°
b. Greater than 90°
B. False B. False
c. Between 0° and 290°
Answer: Option B Answer: Option A
d. The same as the input voltage

7. A Wien-bridge oscillator uses

4. For a Wien-bridge oscillator, 10. In the astable mode, a 555 a. Positive feedback
resonance occurs when timer is connected as a free- b. Negative feedback
Vout/Vin = 1. running relaxation oscillator. c. Both types of feedback
A. True A. True d. An LC tank circuit

B. False B. False 8. Initially, the loop gain of a Wien

Answer: Option B Answer: Option A bridge is
a. 0
MALVINO c. Low
5. LC feedback elements are Self-Test b. 1
normally used in oscillators 1. An oscillator always needs an d. High
for frequencies greater amplifi er with
than 1 MHz.
a. Positive feedback 9. A Wien bridge is sometimes
A. True b. Negative feedback called a
c. Both types of feedback a. Notch filter
B. False
d. An LC tank circuit b. Twin-T oscillator
Answer: Option A c. Phase shifter
6. The frequency in a VCO
2. The voltage that starts an d. Wheatstone bridge
can be varied with a DC
voltage. oscillator is caused by
a. Ripple from the power supply 10. To vary the frequency of a Wien
A. True
b. Noise voltage in resistors bridge, you can vary
B. False c. The input signal from a a. One resistor
generator c. Three resistors
Answer: Option A
d. Positive feedback b. Two resistors
d. One capacitor
7. Oscillators operate on negative 3. The Wien-bridge oscillator is
feedback. useful 11. The phase-shift oscillator
A. True a. At low frequencies usually has
b. At high frequencies a. Two lead or lag circuits
B. False c. With LC tank circuits b. Three lead or lag circuits
Answer: Option B d. At small input signals c. A lead-lag circuit
4. A lag circuit has a phase angle d. A twin-T filter
that is
8. The start-up gain of an a. Between 0° and 190° 12. For oscillations to start in a
oscillator must be greater than b. Greater than 90° circuit, the loop gain must be
greater than 1 when the phase a. Armstrong c. UTP decreases
shift around the loop is b. Clapp d. Timing capacitance increases
a. 90° c. Colpitts
c. 270° d. Hartley 27. The output waveform of a 555
b. 180° timer is
d. 360° 20. The material that has the a. Sinusoidal
piezoelectric eff ect is b. Triangular
13. The most widely used LC a. Quartz c. Rectangular
oscillator is the b. Rochelle salts d. Elliptical
a. Armstrong c. Tourmaline 28. The quantity that remains
c. Colpitts d. All the above constant in a pulse-width modulator
b. Clapp is
d. Hartley 21. Crystals have a very a. Pulse width
a. Low Q b. Period
14. Heavy feedback in an LC b. High Q c. Duty cycle
oscillator c. Small inductance d. Space
a. Prevents the circuit from starting d. Large resistance
b. Causes saturation and cutoff 29. The quantity that remains
c. Produces maximum output 22. The series and parallel resonant constant in a pulse-position
voltage frequencies of a crystal are modulator is
d. Means that B is small a. Very close together a. Pulse width
b. Very far apart b. Period
15. When Q decreases in a Colpitts c. Equal c. Duty cycle
oscillator, the frequency of d. Low frequencies d. Space
oscillation
a. Decreases 23. The kind of oscillator found in 30. When a PLL is locked on the
b. Remains the same an electronic wristwatch is the input frequency, the VCO
c. Increases a. Armstrong frequency
d. Becomes erratic b. Clapp a. Is less than f0
c. Colpitts b. Is greater than f0
16. Link coupling refers to d. Quartz crystal c. Equals f0
a. Capacitive coupling d. Equals fin
b. Transformer coupling 24. A monostable 555 timer has
c. Resistive coupling the following number of stable 31. The bandwidth of the low-pass
d. Power coupling states: fi lter in a PLL determines the
a. 0 a. Capture range
17. The Hartley oscillator uses c. 2 b. Lock range
a. Negative feedback b. 1 c. Free-running frequency
b. Two inductors d. 3 d. Phase diff erence
c. A tungsten lamp
d. A tickler coil 25. An astable 555 timer has the 32. The output frequency of the
following number of stable states: XR-2206 can be varied with
18. To vary the frequency of an LC a. 0 a. An external resistor
oscillator, you can vary c. 2 b. An external capacitor
a. One resistor b. 1 c. An external voltage
b. Two resistors d. 3 d. Any of the above
c. Three resistors 33. FSK is a method of controlling
d. One capacitor 26. The pulse width from a oneshot the output
multivibrator increases a. Functions
19. Of the following oscillators, the when the b. Amplitude
one with the most stable frequency a. Supply voltage increases c. Frequency
is the b. Timing resistor decreases d. Phase