Effective height of column

Height between points of contraflexure of the buckled column

End conditions

1 The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at least as deep
as the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration

2 The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which are
shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration.It simulates a
semi-fixed condition.

3 The end of the column is connected to member which,while not specifically designed to provide
restraint to rotation of the column,still provides some nominal restraint.It simulates a hinged end
condition.

4 The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation. It simulates free
end of a cantilever in an unbraced structure.

Value of β for unbraced column

End End condition at bottom

condition at
top 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.8 0.9
2 0.8 0.85 0.95
3 0.9 0.95 1

Value of β for braced column

End
condition at End condition at bottom
top 1 2 3
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
3 1.6 1.8 0
4 2.2 0 0

Minimum Eccentricity

emin >= l/500 + D/30

l Unsupported length of column in mm

D Lateral dimension in the direction under consideration in mm

Short column
When emin does not exceed 0.05D,column can be designed by following equation

Pu 0.4fcuAc+0.67*fyAsc

if p is percentage of steel in column section then,

Ag bD

Ac Ag-pAg/100
Asc pAg/100

Therefore,

Pu/fcubD 0.4+(p/100fcu)*(0.67fy - 0.4fcu)

Reinforcement requirement

1 Minimum reinforcement 0.8% to 2% of cross sectional area

2 Min. bars in circular columns shall be 6
3 Spacing of longitudinal bars shall not exceed 300mm
4 If the spacing of longitudinal bars exceeds 75mm, provide ties to bind the bars
5 Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than one-fourth of the dia. Of largest longitudinal bar.
6 Pitch(centre to centre distance) of ties should not exceed:
the least lateral dimension of column
16 times smallest dia. Of lonitudinal bars
48 times dia. Of lateral ties

Short column under axial load and uniaxial bending

Pu-Mu graph
1 Compression control region : Entire section under compression
2 Tension control region : Part of section under tension
3 Minimum eccentricity region
Design & Construction of design chart

Design

Percentage of reinforcement
Material properties p/fcu
Fcu 30 N/mm2
Fy 460 N/mm2 Pu/(fcu*b*d)
w(con) 25 KN/m3
Esteel 200000 N/mm2 Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)
Member Properties
Moment carrying capacity about shorter dimension
Clear height of column 4.5 m Moment carrying capacity about Larger dimension
Smaller dimension of col 0.7 m
Larger Dimension of col 1m Mx/Mux
End Condition My/Muy
b 1
Effective height 4.5 m Design Load
Le/Ll 6.4285714286 Short column P/Puz
Coefficient of effective cover 0.125
Effective Cover to reinforcement 0.0875 m Alpha

Loads Check for biaxial bending

Factored load = 1633 KN

Column Interaction

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Pu/Fcubd
0.6
Cr 1
Min. Eccentricities 0.5
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension 0.02 m 0.4
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension 0.02 m
0.3

Moments 0.2
Min. Eccentric Moment about least dimension 32.66 KNm
0.1
Min. Eccentric Moment about largeset dimension 32.66 KNm
Actual Moment about least dimension 572 KNm 0
Actual Moment about bigger dimension 816.5 KNm 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Mu/Fcubd2
 Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel 0.002001

Percentage of steel 1.5 %
p/fcu 0.05
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

Design tensile strength of Steel 400.2 N/mm2

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.54741

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.0273705

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 1.1

Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) 0.384468
a 9.691263
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) 0.442841
Area of stress block(A) 11534.05 mm2
Percentage of steel 1.5 %

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level 0.0029042553
Stress in top steel 400.2
Strain at Bottom level 0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel 119.14893617
Stress in top Concrete 13.38
Stress in bottom concrete 3.6887369851

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.5100382211

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.0474156344

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.875

Percentage of steel 1.5 %
Strain at top level 0.003
Stress in top steel 400.2
Stress in top Concrete 13.38

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.411705

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.079104375

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress 0.4

Percentage of steel 1.5 %
Stress in tensile steel 160.08 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.0008004
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.712143

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.3130565003

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.1035071807

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel 1.5 %

Stress in tensile steel 400.2 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.002001
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.556717

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.19707311

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.1275765

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel 1.5 %

Stress in tensile steel 400.2 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.004001
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.408279

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.1436354

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.12230958

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel 1.5 %
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.25
Strain in top steel 0.00175
Stress in top steel 350

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.099205
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.10471688

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel 1.5 %

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.07033125

Unbraced Column design

Design

Percentage of reinforcement
Material properties p/fcu
Fcu 25 N/mm2
Fy 415 N/mm2 Pu/(fcu*b*d)
w(con) 24 KN/m3
Esteel 200000 N/mm2 Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)
Member Properties
Moment carrying capacity around shorter dimension
Clear height 2.9999940155 m Moment carrying capacity around Largest dimension
Width 0.1499996984 m
Length 0.1499996984 m Mx/Mux
End Condition 1 My/Muy
b 1.2
Effective height 2.5499949132 m Design Load
Le/Ll 17.000000275 Selender column P/Puz
Coefficient of effective cover 0.1
Effective Cover to reinforcement 0.0149999698 m Alpha

Loads Check for biaxial bending

Factored load
1.4dl + 1.6LL #VALUE! KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Cr 0.833333327
Min. Eccentricities
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension 0.00749998 m
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension 0.00749998 m
Moments
Min. Eccentric Moment around least dimension #VALUE! KNm
Min. Eccentric Moment around largeset dimension #VALUE! KNm
Actual Moment around least dimension #VALUE! KNm
Actual Moment around largest dimension #VALUE! KNm

Column Interaction Chart

0.7

Pu/Fcubd
0.6

0.5
Design Curve
0.4
Design
Pu/fcubd
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Mu/Fcubd2

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel 0.00180525

Percentage of steel 2%
p/fcu 0.08
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

Design tensile strength of Steel 361.05 N/mm2

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.61352

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 1.1

Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) 0.384468
a 8.076053
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) 0.442841
Area of stress block(A) 1441.753 mm2
Percentage of steel 2%

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level 0.0029787234
Stress in top steel 361.05
Strain at Bottom level 0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel 119.14893617
Stress in top Concrete 11.15
Stress in bottom concrete 3.0739474876

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.5708581668

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.0593876549

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.9

Percentage of steel 2%
Strain at top level 0.0031111111
Stress in top steel 361.05
Stress in top Concrete 11.15

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.46396

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.0966784

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress 0.4

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 144.42 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.0007221
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.746074

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.3507787222

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.1300241384

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.00180525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.593751

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.20929053

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.16783075

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel 0.00380525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.431197

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.15077083

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.16352244

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel 2%
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.25
Strain in top steel 0.0021
Stress in top steel 361.05

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.08554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.149392

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel 2%

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.115536

Data for design curve

Material properties
Fcu 25 N/mm2
Fy 415 N/mm2
w(con) 24 KN/m3
Esteel 200000 N/mm2

Max. strain in steel 0.00180525

Percentage of steel 2%
p/fcu 0.08
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

Design tensile strength of Steel 361.05 N/mm2

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.61352

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 1.1

Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) 0.384468
a 8.076053
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) 0.442841
Area of stress block(A) 17301.07 mm2
Percentage of steel 2%

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr 0.0032765957

Strain at top level 0.0032765957
Stress in top steel 0
Strain at Bottom level 0.0005957447
Stress in Bottom steel 0
Stress in top Concrete 1.338
Stress in bottom concrete -6.738052512

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.4024683464

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.0085155656

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 1

Percentage of steel 2%
Strain at top level 0.0035
Stress in top steel 0
Stress in top Concrete 1.338

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.35554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.02801

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress 0.4

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) #DIV/0!

Pu/(fcu*b*d) #DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0!

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) #DIV/0!

Pu/(fcu*b*d) #DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0!

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel 2%
Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) #DIV/0!

Pu/(fcu*b*d) #DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0!

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel 2%
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) 0.25
Strain in top steel 0.0035
Stress in top steel 0

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.08554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.03341

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel 2%

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0

Derivation of basic equations

Case : 1 e<=emin

Pu 0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)Asc

0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)*pbD/100

Pu/(fcubD) 0.446+(p/100fcu)*(fsc-0.446fcu)
Mu/fcubD2 0.05pu/fcubD
Case : 2 Neutral axis lies outside the section
 1.5 %
0.05

0.0777619

0.0984715

Moment carrying capacity about shorter dimension 2067.9012 KNm

Moment carrying capacity about Larger dimension 1447.5309 KNm

0.276609
0.564064

13072.5 KN
0.124919

0.8406729 Design is ok

Column Interaction Chart

Pu/Fcubd

0.6

0.5

0.4
Design Curve
0.3 Design Pu/fcubd

0.2

0.1

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Mu/Fcubd2
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Pu/(fcu*b*d) p/fcu Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.0273705 0.54741 0.05 0.077762

0.0474156 0.5100382 0.05 0.077762
0.0791044 0.411705 0.05 0.077762
0.1035072 0.3130565 0.05 0.077762
0.1275765 0.1970731 0.05 0.077762
0.1223096 0.1436354 0.05 0.077762
0.0703313 0 0.05 0.077762

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) from Pu/fcubd Pu/Fcubd Mu/Fcubd

0 0.070331
Pu/Fcubd = 0.077762 0.143635 0.12231
Mu/fcubd^2 = 0.098471 0.197073 0.127576
0.313057 0.103507
0.411705 0.079104
0.510038 0.047416
0.54741 0.027371

0.143635 0.12231
0 0.070331
 T Nos
2 % 0 #DIV/0!
0.08

#VALUE!

#REF!

Moment carrying capacity around shorter dimension #REF! KNm

Moment carrying capacity around Largest dimension #REF! KNm

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

393.1859 KN
#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Pu/(fcu*b*d) p/fcu Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676 0.61352 0.08 #VALUE!

0.0593877 0.5708582 0.08 #VALUE!
0.0966784 0.46396 0.08 #VALUE!
0.1300241 0.3507787 0.08 #VALUE!
0.1678308 0.2092905 0.08 #VALUE!
0.1635224 0.1507708 0.08 #VALUE!
0.115536 0 0.08 #VALUE!
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Pu/(fcu*b*d) p/fcu Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676 0.61352 0.666667 0

0.0085156 0.4024683 0.666667 0
0.02801 0.35554 0.666667 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.666667 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.666667 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.666667 0
0 0 0.666667 0