Economics in Tamil PDF

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
nghUshjhuk;
 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhukhdJ tsUk; nghUshjhuk; (,uz;lhk; epiy nghUshjhuk;) vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshuhuk; tptrhaj;ij KJnfYk;ghff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; tptrhak; gUtf; fhw;wpd; #jhl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;>
1. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;
2. Fiwthd jyhtUkhdk;
3. tWik
4. Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
 ,e;jpa Njrpa tUkhdj;ij kj;jpa Gs;spay; epWtdk; (Indian statistical organization) fzf;fPL
nra;fpwJ.
 Mrpa tsh;r;rp tq;fp (Asian Bank)1966y; Mrpa ehLfspd; Njhopy; kw;Wk; KjyPl;L tsh;rr ; pf;F
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 btpnld;l; (Divided) gq;Fs; thq;fpa gq;Fjhuh;fs; ngWk; ,yhgj; njhif MFk;.
 Njrpa njhopy; tsh;rr ; p fofk;(NSIC) 1955 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf tptrhapfis ,ilj;jufh;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G
coth; re;ijahFk;. ,J 14-11-1999 Kjypy; kJiuapy; cs;s mz;zh efhpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 xU &gha; Nehl;L jtpu kw;w midj;J Nehl;;LfisAk; ntspapLtJ hprh;t; tq;fpahFk;.
 xU &gha; Nehl;il ntspapLtJ kj;jpa epjpaikr;rfk;. ,jpy; epjpj; Jiw nrayhpd; ifnahg;gk;
,Uf;Fk;.
 hprh;t; tq;fpapd; ,uz;lhtJml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l tq;fpfs; n\l;A+y;L tq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 tpiythrp Vw;wj;jpdhy; gyd; ngWgth;fs; fld; (Debtors)thq;fpath;fs; Mthh;.
 tpiythrp Fiwtjdhy; gyd; ngWgth;fs; fld; (Creditors) nfhLj;jth;fs; Mthh;.
Njrpa tUkhdk;
Njrpa tUkhdk; fzf;fPL Kiw:
1. cw;gj;jp Kiw
2. tUkhd Kiw
3. nryTKiw vd;w %d;W Kiwfspy; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa tUkhdk; fzf;fpLjypd; ,d;wpaikahik:

1. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;rr
; pia xg;gplTk;> gpw ehLfSld; xg;gplTk; cjTfpwJ.
2. jpl;lkpl cjtfpwJ.
3. gy;NtW Jiwfspd; epiyiag; gw;wp mwpa cjTfpJ.
4. tho;f;ifj; juj;ij mstpl cjTfpwJ.
Njrpa tUkhdk; (National Income)

Njrpa tUkhdk; vd;gJ Factor Pavant Total (m) Final Product Total my;yJ xU ehl;by; xh;
Mz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs;> gzpfs; ,tw;wpd;nkhj;j gz kjpg;ghFk;.
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp(Gross Domestic product):

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp vd;gJ xU ehl;by;> Xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;wk;
gzpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; gzkjpg;ghFk;).
epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (Net domestic product):

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapypUe;J Nja;khdj;ij fop;j;jhy; fpilg;gJ epfu cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpahFk;.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 1
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
NDP=GDP-Nja;khdk;
nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp (Gross National product):
1. nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp vd;gJ xU ehl;by; > xuhz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
gzpfspd; msthFk;.
2. ,jpy; ntspehl;bYs;s ek;ehl;L fk;ngzpfs; <l;ba ,yhgj;ijr; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
3. mNjNghy> ek; ehl;bYs;s ntspehl;L fk;ngdpfs; <l;ba ,yhgj;ij fopj;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
NDP = GDP+ ntspehl;L > cs;ehl;L epfu fhuzp
epfuNjrpa cw;gj;jp (Net National Product):

nkhj;j (NGP) Njrpa cw;gj;jpapypUe;J Nja;khdj;ijf; fopj;jhy; fpilg;gJ epfu Njrpa (NNP)
cw;gj;jp MFk;. Njrpa tUkhdk; vd;gJk; ,JNt MFk;.
NNP = GNP- Depreciation
jdpegh; tUkhdk; (Personal Income)

jdpegh;fs; Xuhz;by; ngWfpd;w tUkhdNk jdpegh; tUkhdkhFk;.
jyh tUkhdk; (Personal Income):

jyh tUkhdk; vd;gJ ehl;bd; Njrpa tUkhdj;ij ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifahy; tFj;jhy;
fpilg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ>
jyhtUkhdk; = Njrpa tUkhdk;/kf;fs; njhif
ehl;L tUkhd thpirfs;:

1. kuG thpir
2. jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l thpir
3. Gjpa thpirfs;
4. mz;ikf;fhy thpirfs; 1981 k; Mz;L mbg;gilapy; C.S.O nray;gLfpwJ.
 ejpahz;L Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; khh;r; 31 tiu vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ehl;L tUkhdk; fzf;fpLtjpy; cs;s Fiwfs;:

1. Gs;sp tptuk; rhpahff; fpilf;fg;ngwhik.
2. ,U Kiw fzf;fply;.
3. kf;fsplk; fzf;F itf;Fk; gof;fkpd;ik.
jpl;lk;
 1934 y; ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lkpl;l nghUshjhuk; vd;w E}iy = vk;.tp];Nt];tua;ah vOjpdhh;. ,JNt

,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lkpLjYf;F cUthd Kjy; Kaw;rpahFk;.
 ghk;Ng jpl;lk; Kk;igapy; 1943 y; vl;L njhopy; mjpgh;fs; Nrh;e;J> ,e;jpa nghUshjhu tsh;rr
; pf;fhd
jpl;lj;ij jPl;bdh;. ,JNt ghk;Ng jpl;lk; MFk;.
 fhe;jpa jpl;lj;ij tFj;jth; =khd; euhazd;.
 kf;fs; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jth; vk;.vd; uha;.
 ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpwF jpl;lFO (1950) cUthdJ. ,J ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jhy; cUthdJ.
 jpl;lf;fkp\d; xU jiyth;> xU Jizj;jiyth; kw;Wk; 7 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
1tJ jpl;lk; - 1951-56 –

tptrhaj;ij (ePh;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk;) ngUf;Fjy;
2tJ jpl;lk; - 1951-61 –
ngUe;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; fdufj; njhopy;fs; tsh;rr ; p>
Ntiytha;g;ig ngUf;Fjy;>
rkr;rPuhd nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; p.
3tJ jpl;lk; - 1961 -1966 –
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
tsh;rr ; p vd;w epiyia miljy;>

njhopy; kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ( Fwpg;ghf mbg;gilj;njhopy;fs;)
%d;whz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1966-67 Xuhz;L jpl;lq;fs;.
1967-68 (gRik Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ).
4tJ jpl;lk; - 1969-74 epiyahd tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; rhh;G (Growth, Stability & Selfreliance).
5tJ jpl;lk; - 1974-1979 “Vo;ikia tpul;Ljy;” (Karibi Hattao)
fpuhkj;jpy; mbg;gil fl;likg;G cUthf;Fjy;>
rkr;rPuhdnghUshjhu tsh;rr ; p>
Ntiytha;g;G.
Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1979-1980 murpay; epiyapd;ik fhuzkhf jpl;lk; vJTkpy;iy.
6tJjpl;lk; -1980-85
tWik xopg;G Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;Fjy;
nghUshjhuj; jw;rhh;G> Fiwe;jgl;r Njit jpl;lk; (MNP)
7tJ jpl;lk;- 1985-90
etPdkakhf;Fjy;> jw;rhh;G> Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; r%fePjp.
Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; 1990-91 murpay; epiyapd;ik fhuzkhf jpl;lk; 1991-92 vJTkpy;iy.
8tJ jpl;lk;- 1992-97
KONtiytha;g;ig cUthf;Fjy;>
kf;fs; njhifia fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;>
fy;yhikia ePf;Fjy;>
czTg;nghUspy; jd;dpiwT ngw;W Vw;Wkjp nra;Akstpw;F cghpia cz;lhf;Fjy;.
9tJ jpl;lk; 1997-2002
cw;gj;jp Jiwfspy;
Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fp> tWikia xopj;jy;>
tsh;rr ; p tPjj;ij mjpfg;glj;Jjy;>
mbg;gilj; Njitfis midtUf;Fk; toq;Fjy;>
kf;fs; njhifia fl;lg;gLj;Jjy; (Market Economy)
10tJ jpl;lk; 2002-2007
Vo;ik xopg;G>
fy;tpawptpy; NtWghl;il fisjy;>
kf;fs; njhif tsh;rr ; pia Fiwj;jy;>
fpuhk tsh;r;rp.
10tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;;:

1. 2007k; Mz;Lf;Fs; ehl;bd; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; ‘Ntshz; mwptpay; ikaq;fs;’ mikf;fg;gLk;.
2. tptrhak;> ghrdk;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;. Ntiytha;g;G> efh;Gw Nkk;ghL > fl;likg;G trjpfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; tsh;rr
; p Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L> Gjpa jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gLk;.
3. xU Nfhb ntwf;Nlh; jhpR epyk; ghrd epykhf khw;wg;gLk;.
4. ,uz;liuf; Nfhb tPLfSf;F kpd; ,izg;G toq;fg;gLk;.
5. midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; njhiyNgrp trjp.
6. fjh;> fpuhkj;njhopy; Mizak; Gduikf;fg;gLk;.
7. $Ljyhf 30>000 fpN;yh kPl;lh; neLQ;rhiyfs; mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. ghuj eph;khzj; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; gq;Nfw;G jPtpug;gLj;jg;gLk;.
9. ,e;j Mz;Lk; nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; p 7& Mfj; njhlUk;.
10. mDkpd; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; 40>000 nkfhthl; kpd;Dw;gj;jpf;F ,yf;F.
jpl;lf;FO
 jpl;lf;fkp\d; xU murpayikg;G rhuhj (Non statutory body) mikg;ghFk;.

 Mdhy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspg;gJ Njrpa tsh;r;rp kd;wf;FOthFk; (National
Development Council). ,t;tikg;G 1952 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J xU rl;lg;G+h;t mikg;ghFk; (Statutory
body).
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ,J Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;l efiy ghprPypj;J nray;gLj;j xg;Gjy; toq;FtJld; mt;tg;NghJ mjd;

nray;ghl;ilAk; Ma;T nra;fpwJ.
 elg;G 10tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; 1.04.2005ypUe;J nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,Jtiu 11 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fSk;> 7xuhz;L jpl;lq;fSk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jpl;lf;FOtpd; nghd;tpoh Mz;L (1950-51) - 2001-2002 Mz;L nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
jpl;lkply;
jpl;lkplypd; mtrpak;;:
1.Ntiyapd;ikia ePf;f
2. tWikia mfw;w
jpl;lkplypd; Nehf;fk;:
1.njspthd Fwpf;Nfhs;
2. ika jpl;l eph;thfk; jpwk;gl eph;thf nra;tjw;F
3. tsq;fis gq;fPL nra;a jpl;lkply; mtrpakhfpwJ.
jpl;lkply; njhiyNehf;F jpl;lkplNy (Long term plan)rpwe;jJ. ,j;njhiyNehf;F jpl;lkply; cah;e;j tsh;r;rp
tpfpjk; milaTk;> r%f ePjp fhf;fTk;> jw;rhh;Gilik> Ntiytha;g;G> GJik kak; Mfpatw;iw
cUthf;fTk; cjTk;.
jpl;lkpLjypd; tiffs;:
1. MizNahh; jpl;lkpLjy;(Planning by Direction)
2. J}z;ljypy; jpl;lkpLjy; (Planning by Induction)
3. epjpepiyr; rhh;e;J jpl;lkply;(Financial Planning)
4. ,aw;nghUs; rhh;e;J jpl;lkply; (Physical Planning)
5. ikaj; jpl;lk; (Centralised Planning)
6. guty;Kiw jpl;lk; (Decentralised Planning)
7. mjpfhuj;jpl;lk; (Authoritation Planning)
8. Idehfj; jpl;lk; (Dmocratic planning)
9. Roy; jpl;lk; (Rolling Plan)
10. tl;lhuj;jpl;lk; (Regional Planning)
Ntshz;ik
1.,e;jpah xU Ntshz;ik ehL. ehl;bYs;s nkhj;j njhopyhsh;fspy;65% Ngh; Ntshz;ikiar;
rhh;e;Js;sdh;.
2. nkhj;j (GDP) cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 24%.
3. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j Vw;Wkjpapy; Rkhh; 38% Ntshz;ikAk; mjidr; rhh;e;j -----------
4. Njrpa Ntshz;nfhs;if 1993 y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. jkpo;ehl;by; epy cr;rtuk;G msT 15 Vf;fh;fs; MFk;.
6. gRik Gul;rp:
 gRikg;Gul;rp vd;gJ tPhpauf tpijfs;> cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghjpa ePh;g;ghrd

trjp Nrh;j;J etPd; Kiwapy; gapy; Nkyhz;ik nra;J czT jhdpa cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
 gRikg;Gul;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpd; czT cw;gj;jp ngUksT mjpfhpj;jJ.
 Fwpg;ghf NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprpapd; cw;gj;jp Mr;rhpag;glj;jf;f tifapy; cah;e;jJ.
 gRikg; Gul;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1966 MFk;.
 gRikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; jpU.rp.Rg;ukzpak;
 gRikg; Gul;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jpl;lfhyk; jpl;l tpLKiw (1966-69)fhyk;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; mjpf tpisr;ry; ngw;w khepyq;fs; gQ;rha;> twpahdh> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfh
Nghd;w khepyq;fs;.
7. ntz;ikg; Gul;rp:
 ntz;ikg; Gul;rp vd;gJ ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

 ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; jpU.Fhpad;.
 njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1970.
 ,jd; %yk; cah;uf gRf;fs;(n[h;rp>Xq;Nfhy;> fhq;Nfak;) kw;Wk; vUikfs;(Kh;uh)Nghd;wit
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
8. ePyg;Gul;rp:
 ePyg;Gul;rp vd;gJ kPd;gpbj;jiy mjpfkhf;Ftjw;F njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

 ,e;jpahtpy; kPd; gpbj;jypy; Kjyplk; ngWk; khepyq;fs; Nfush> Nk.tq;fk;> Me;jpuh Nghd;witahFk;.
 kPd; Efh;tpy; Nk.tq;fk; Kjyplk; ngwfpwJ.
9. kQ;rs; gul;rp: - vz;nza; tpj;jf;fis mjpfk; gaphpl njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

10. gOg;Gg; Gul;rp:- - NfhJik cw;gj;jpia ngUf;f njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lk;.
11. fUg;Gg; Gul;rp:- ehl;bd; vhp vz;nza; tsq;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;J jw;rhh;ig miltJ>ngl;Nuhypy;
10% vj;jdhy; fye;J gad;gLj;JtJ.
epy cilik tuk;Gfs;

tptrhapfs; epyk; itj;jpUf;Fk;
msT(ntwf;Nlhpy;)
vy;iy epy tptrhap my;yJ kpfr;rpW tptrhap 0-1 ntwf;Nlh;

(Marginal Farmers)
1-2 ntwf;Nlh;
Fwtptrhap (Small Farmers)
2-4 ntwf;Nlh;
rpW tptrhap(Semi- Medium)
eLj;ju tptrhap(Medium Farmers)

4-10 ntwf;Nlh;
10ntwf;Nlh;
ngU tptrhap(Large Farmers)
Ntshz;ik fld;fs;
fld;tif kw;Wk; jpUg;gp fld; toq;fg;gLk; fhuzq;fs; fld; toq;Fgth;>

nrYj;Jk; fhyk; epWtdk;>tq;fp
1. FWfpa fhyfld;fs; tpij>cuk;>G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp NythNjtpf;fhuh;

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
(15 khjq;fSf;Fs;) fhy;eil jPtdk; thq;f> njhlf;fNtshz;ik

tpisnghUs;fis tpw;f $l;LwT fld;rq;fk;
$yp toq;f> ePjpkd;w
nryTfs; Kjypa
fhuzq;fSf;fhf
2. eLj;ju fhyf;fld;fs; fhy;eilfs;>fUtpfs; NythNjtpf;fhuh;fs;

(15khjq;fs; fhy;eilg; gz;iz cwtpdh;fs;>
5 tUlq;fs;) mikf;fTk;>fpzW ed;gh;fs;>njhlf;f
mikf;fTk;>fpzW Ntshz;ik
ntl;lTk; gOJ $l;LwT fld; rq;fk;
ghh;f;fTk; epyj;ij
mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
ghh;f;fTk; epyj;ij tzpf tq;fpfs;
mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf>
ePz;lfhyf; fld;fs; Gjpa epyk; thq;f> epyts tq;fpfs;

nghpa ve;jpuq;fs; (LDB)
thq;f>gioa flidj;
jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f>Nghd;w
fhuzq;fSf;fhf
,it %d;wpw;Fk; ------------- NABARD

fld; toq;f tq;fp gad;gLfpwJ.
tpiyf;nfhs;iffs; (Princing Policies)
Fiwe;j gl;r MjuT tpiy(MSP-Minimum support price):
tptrhapfspd; ePz;lfhy eyid fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Ntshz;ik nghUl;fSf;F juk; thhpahf

Fiwe;jgl;r MjuT tpiy murhy; Kd;$l;bNa eph;zapf;fg;gLk;.
rpy rkaq;fspy; kpf mjpf mstpy; ,g;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L tpl;lhYk; nghUl;fspd;
tpiy Fiwe;jgl;r MjuT tpiyapy; muNr ve;j msT Ntz;LkhdhYk; nghUs;fis nfhs;Kjy;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk;.
ACPC – Agriculture Cost and price commission ghpe;Jiw nra;fpwJ.
nfhs;Kjy; tpiy(Procurement price):

Efh;Nthh; eyid ghJfhg;gjw;fhf> tpiy mjpfhpf;Fk;nghOJ fl;lha nfhs;Kjy; %yk;
tpiyNaw;wk; Fiwf;fg;gLk; .Fiwe;j MjuT tpiyfisf; fhl;bYk; rw;wr; $Ljyhf nfhs;Kjy; nra;J
nfhs;Sk;.
Fiwe;j gl;r MjuT tpiyf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;gth;fs;(SCPC-Agriculture Cost and price Commission)
tpw;gid tpiyfs;(Issue Price):

,J nghJ tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf epaha tpiyf; filfs; nghJkf;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;w czT
jhdpaq;fSf;F eph;zapf;fg;gLk; tpiyahFk;.
tptrha tpiyf;FO
tptrha tpiyf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1965.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
,J Commission for Agricultural costs and prices (CACP) vd 1985y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
cuf;nfhs;ifahdJ 1977y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nehf;fk;:
1. tpiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
2. cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F tpiyapd;kPJ ek;gpf;if
3. nghJ gq;fPl;L Kiw
Gjpa Ntshz; tpijf; nfhs;if(1986):
,J nfhs;Kjy; tpiy>MjuT tpiy> epaha tpiy> Mfpatw;iw epiyepWj;;j

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lit MFk;.
Gjpa Ntshd; tpiyf; nfhs;if(1993);:
1. ,J Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; khdpak; toq;fTk;>

2. juq;Fd;wpa epyq;fis gad;ghl;bw;F nfhz;LtuTk;.
3. muR fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J $l;LwT rq;fq;fis tpLtpf;fTk;
4. ePh;g;ghrd trjpia nrk;ikg;gLj;jTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntshd; mq;fhb: Ntshd; mq;fhbia Kd;Ndw;w mtrpakhdit>
1. xOq;FKiw mq;fhbia cUthf;Fjy;.

2. rPuhd vilasit ifahSjy;.
3. juf;fl;Lg;ghL.
czTf; nfhs;if(1966):
czTf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk;.
1. czT cw;gj;jpapy; jw;rhh;Gilik miljy;.

2. czT cw;gj;jp> gq;fl
P ;by; rkepiyia vl;Ljy;.
3. rhpahd czTjhdpa gq;fPL.
nghJg;gq;fPl;L Kiw(PDS):
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l nghJg; gq;fPl;L Kiw 1992y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd; Nehf;fk;;
1. epaha tpiy
2. tpiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
3. cw;gj;jp KiwiaAk;>mq;fhb KiwiaAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
Ntiyapd;ik(UNEMPLOYMENT)
Ntiyapd;ikapd; tiffs;:
1. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; epyTk; Ntiyapd;ik.

2. gUtfhy Ntiyapd;ik (Seasonal Unemployment)
3. epue;ju Ntiyapd;ik (Parmament Unemployment)
4. kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik(Disguised Unemployment)
5. efh;g;Gw Ntiyapd;ik
6. njhopw;rhiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiyapd;ik
7. gbj;jthpilNa epyTk; Ntiyapd;ik

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
fy;tp trjp mjpfhpj;j msT Ntiytha;g;G trjpfs; ngUfhjJk;> ntWk; nghJf; fy;tp
gbj;jth;fSf;F Ntiy ju KbahjJk; ,jw;F fhuzq;fshFk;. ,tw;Wld; gbj;jth;fs; cly; ciog;G
Ntiyia nra;;aj; jaq;FtJk; xU Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhFk;.
mikg;Grhh; Ntiyapd;ik(Structural Unemployment)
8. Open Unemployment
gbj;jth;fSk;. njhopyhsh;fSk; (unskilled&skilled)NtiyNjlhky; ,Ug;gJ ,t;tifahFk;.

fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;J efuj;jpw;F NtiyNjb te;jth;fs; Ntiy fpilf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ,t;tifahFk;;
Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;;
1. kf;fs; njhif tpiuthff; ngUFjy;.

2. nghushjhu tsh;rr ; p tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
3. Ntiytha;g;Gf;F cjTk; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd fy;tp Kiw ,y;iy.
4. njhopy; tsh;rr
; p njhopy; EZf;f Kd;Ndw;wkpy;iy.
5. rhpahd Ntiytha;g;Gf; nfhs;if nray;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
,e;jpahtpd; Ntiyapz;ikiag; gw;wp Muha;e;j FOf;fs;:
1. lz;l;thyh fkpl;b(Duntwala Committee)

,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 26.58 kpy;ypad;/(1999-2000)egh;fs; Ntiytha;g;gpd;wp cs;sdh;.
2. gftjp fkpl;b (Bhagawathi Committee)
tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;:
 Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) – 1979

 National Rural Employment Programme(NREP) - 1980
 Integrated Rural Development Programme(IRDP) - 1980
 Rural landless employment Gurrantee Programme(RLEGP) – 1983
 Jawahar Rojgar Yojana(JRY) 1989 for Urban Areas – 1989
 Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY) 1989 for Urban Areas – 1989
 Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) – 1993
 Indian Awaas Youjana(IAY) – 1985
 Employment Assurance schem(EAS) – 1993
 Development of Woman and Children in Rural Area(DWCRA) - 1993-94
tWik - tiuaiw:
xUth; caph;tho;tjw;F Fiwe;j gl;r czthf efuj;jpy; tho;gtUf;F 2100 fNyhhpAk;. fpuhkj;jpy;
tho;gtUf;F 2400 fNyhhpAk; Njit.
,e;j msT fNyhhpfisj; jUfpw fiwe;jgl;r czTg; nghUl;fis thq;f khjj;jpw;F xU egUf;F
1993-94 Mk; Mz;by; fpuhkg;Guj;jpy; &.228 k; efh;g;Gwj;jpy; &.264.10k; Njitg;gLfpJ.
tWikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;;
1.tpiuthd kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp
2. Ntiytha;g;Gs;s kpff; FiwT
3. ngw;Nwhh;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfSf;F itj;Jtpl;L nry;Yk; fld;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
4. nghJf;fy;tp njhopw;fy;tpapy; rktha;g;gpd;ik
5. guk;giur; nrhj;J VJk; ,y;yhjj
6. kz;ly Vw;wj; jho;Tfs;
nghUshjhuj;jpd;(sectors)njhopy;rhh; gphpTfs;;
Kjy; epiyj; Jiw(primary Sector):
1. Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilfs; kw;Wk; mijr; rhh;e;j njhopy;fs;

2. fhL tsh;g;G
3. Ruq;fj; njhopy;
,uz;lhk; epiyj; Jiw (Secondary Sector):
1. Ruq;fk;>Ruq;fk; cw;gj;jp
2. njhopw;rhiy cw;gj;jp
%d;whk; epiyj;Jiw(Tertiary Sectror-Nritj;Jiw)
1. Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;G

2. tzpfk;>xl;ly;fs;
3. tq;fp kw;Wk; MAs; fhg;gL
P
4. tPl;Lkid tpw;wy;>FbapUg;Gfs; tpw;wy; Nghd;wd
5. ghJfhg;G gzp kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thfk;
6. rKjha> r%f kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l gzpfs;
njhopy;fs;
rpW njhopy;fs;(Small Scale Industries):
1. rpWnjhopy; mikg;Gila njhopy;fshfTk;> njhopw;rhiy rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfTk; &.1Nfhb Kjy;

5Nfhb tiu KjyPL(Capital Investment)nra;ag;gl;Ls;s njhopy;fNs rpWnjhopy; epWtdq;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd([Pd; 2003 tiuaiu)
2. rpWnjhopy;fSf;f 75tifahd njhopy;fs;(Subjects)xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; 675 tifahd
nghUl;fs; (ltems) xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ;([Pd; 2003 tiuaiw).
3. ,J mjpfk; NgUf;F Ntiytha;g;G mspf;Fk; JiwahFk;.
4 rpW njhopy;Jiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F SIDCO 1954 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 mgpj; `{ird; fkpl;b rpWnjhopy; Jiwg; gw;wp ghpe;Jiw nra;jJ.
6 khtl;l njhoy; ikaq;fs; 1978y; (DIC) xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; njhlq;fg;gl;L
rpWnjhopy;tsh;rr
; pf;F gy;NtW topfis nra;fpwJ.
eLj;ju njhopy;fs; (Medium Industries-[Pd; 2004 tiuaiw):
1 Nfhb -10 tiu njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; mjd; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; KjyPL nra;jy; vd;W rpWnjhopy; mikr;rfk;
tiwaWj;Js;sJ.
kpfr;rpW epWtdq;fs;(Tiny Industries):-

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
25 yl;rj;jpw;F Fiwthf KjypL nra;Js;s epWtdq;fs; MFk;.
Fbirj; njhopy; (cottage Industries):
1948 Mz;L njhopw;rhiy rl;lj;jpw;F cl;glhky;> njhopw;rhiy vdf; fUjKbahj xU ,lj;jpy;

KO NeukhfNth my;yJ gFjp NeukhfNth> xU FLk;gj;jpd; midj;J cWg;gpdh;fs; my;yJ
ngUk;ghd;ikahd cWg;gpdh;fspd; cjtpahy; ,aq;Fk; njhopy;fs; Fbirj; njhopy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
jPgn
; gl;b jahhpj;jy;> NjdP tsh;j;jy;> fw;G+uk;> CJtj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;wit ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp 1935y; ghuj hprh;t; rl;lk; %yk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J 1949y;
muRlikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
gzpfs;:
me;jpa nryhtzpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jfpwJ. kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F tq;fpahf
Tk;> Vn[d;ll
; hfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
,J murhq;f tq;fp vd;Dk;> tq;fpfspd; tq;fp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 1&gha;
Nehl;ilj; jtpu gpw midj;J &gha;fisAk; ,e;jp hprh;t; tq;fp ntspapLfpwJ.
&gha; Nehl;Lf;fs; mr;rbf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs; ehrpf;> Njth];>Ijuhghj;.
,Jtiu 20 Njrpa cilikahf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfs; cs;sd. tq;fpfs; Kjd;Kjypy;
1969y; Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;ld. jkpopehl;by; cUthd Kjy; tq;fp ,e;jpa Xth;rP];
tq;fp MFk;.
Kf;fpa Njjpfs;:
1. 1921y; ,e;jpa ,k;ghP pa;y tq;fp Jtf;fk;.

2. 1955y; ,e;jpa ,k;ghP pay; tq;fp Njrpakakhfp ghuj ];Nll; tq;fp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpNyNa gue;j fpisfisf; nfhz;l tq;fp.
3. 1956y; tq;fp epWtdr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
4. 1969y; 14 tq;fpfs; Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 1980y; 6 tq;fpfs; Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;lJ;
,jpy; epA+ Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpad; tq;fp. gQ;rhg; Ne\dy; tq;fpAl;d ,izf;fg;gl;ljhy; Njrpa
kakhf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfs; jw;nghOJ 19cs;sd.
kf;fs; njhif
kf;fs; njhif tsh;rr

; papd; %d;W epiyfs;:
1. Kjy; epiy
mjpf gpwg;G tPjk; kw;Wk; mjpf ,wg;G tPjk; nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp kpff; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;.
2. ,uz;lhk; epiy

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
epiyahd gpwg;G tPjk;> Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjk; nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp kpf mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;.,e;jpah jw;NghJ ,e;j epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. %d;whk; epiy
 Fiwe;j gpwg;G tPjk;> Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjk; nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhif xustpw;F
epiyahdjhf cs;sJ. mnkhpf;fh> u\;ah> gpuhd;]; Nghd;w Kd;Ndwpa ehLfs; ,e;j epiyapy; cs;sit.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 1Nfhbf;F Nky; kf;fs; njhifAs;s efuq;fs;23
 Njrpa kf;fs; njhif;f nfhs;if 1976y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb jpUkz taJ Mz;LfSf;F
21MfTk;> ngz;fSf;F 18MfTk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
 FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk; 1952y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fs; njhif ngUk; gphptpid tUlk; 1921.
 kf;fs; njhif Nfhl;ghl;il tiuaWj;jth; khy;J];.
 kf;fs; njhif tsh;rr ; pia jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;:
1. gpwg;G tpfpjk;
2. ,wg;G tpfpjk;
3. ,lg;ngah;T
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G:
 Kiwahd kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G 1881y; hpg;gd; gpuGthy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2001Mk; Mz;L fzf;nfLg;ghdJ 12tJ fzf;nfLg;ghFk;.
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gad;fs;;:

1. ruhrhp Mal;fhyk; fz;lwpa
2. Mz;>ngz; tpfpjk; fhz
3. fy;tp mwpT epiy fhz
4. kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp fhz
5. Cuf efh;g;Gw kf;fs;njhif mwptpg;G
kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

1. cah;e;j gpwg;G tpfpjk;
2. Fiwe;j ,wg;G tpfpjk;
3. vy;NyhUf;Fk; jpUkzk; vd;w czh;T
4. rKjha kugfs;
elg;Gg; nghUshjhuk;
cyfkakhf;fy;;:
cyfkakhf;fy; vd;gJ ek;ehl;L mq;fhbia vy;iyf;F mg;ghYk; tphptilar; nra;jy; cyfkakhf;fy;
vdg;gLk;.,jpy; Vw;Wkjp Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;fpwJ.
jhuhskakhf;fy;:
njhopy;Jiw epWtdq;fs; fpilf;Fk; %y tsq;fis nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;j cfe;j #oiy
cUthf;FtJ jhuhskakhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
jdpahh; kakhf;fy;:
eyptile;j njhopy; Jiwfis jdpahhplk; tpw;wy; MFk;.,it %d;Wk; Nrh;e;J LPG (Liberelisation
Privatisation ,Globalization)
GATT:
 Rq;fthp kw;Wk; thzpgk; njhlh;ghd nghJ xg;ge;jk;.1948k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. epiyahd gd;dhl;L
cwTfis jilaw;w thzpfj;jpd; %yk; tsur; nra;tJ ,jd; Nehf;fk;.
 ,jd; jiyikafk; n[dpth. ,J 1995 brk;gh;12y; WTO vd ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L
nray;gl;LtUfpwJ.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ,e;jpah ,jpy; 1994y; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ. ,jpy; jw;NghJ 146 ehLfs; cWg;gpdh;fshf cs;sd.
 thzpfk; njhlh;ghd Kuz;ghLfis xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; xd;W$b Ngr;R thh;j;ijfs; %yk;
jilfis mfw;wpdhh;fs;. ,J cUFNt khehL vdg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;g fhy fl;lj;jpy; GATTd; nray;ghL. nghUs;nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd lq;fy;
vz;zpdhh;. ,tUila Kd;nkhopNt lq;fy;
tiuT vdg;gLk;.
Nehf;fk;;:
1. cWg;gpdh; ehLfs; thzpfj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; jilfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
2. thzpfj; jilfs; Ngjq;fhl;lh Kiwapy; nray;gLj;jNtz;Lk;;
(Most Favoured Nations)
3. cs;ehl;L njhopy;fis ghJfhf;f Rq;fthp kl;LNk gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; cl;$Wfs;:
 TRIPS (Trade Related Intelectual Property Rights) ,J Ngl;lz;l; vd;Dk; fhg;Ghpik ngwj;jf;fJ.
 Ntshz; gaph; nghUl;fSf;Fk; caph;thOk; ,dk; gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
 TRIMA (Trade Related Investment Measures)
thzpf rkepiy:
 Vw;Wkjpfspd; kjpg;gpw;Fk;> ,wf;Fkjpfspd; kjpg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghL thzpfr;
rkepiy vdg;gLk;.
 ,wf;Fkjpiatpl Vw;Wkjp kpQ;rpdhy; thzpgr; rkepiy kpfj; vd;Wk;> ,w;fFkjpiatpl Vw;Wkjp
Fiwe;jhy; thzpfr rkepiy gw;whf;Fiw vd;Wk; $wg;glfpwJ.
IMF: International Monetary Fund(1944)
 ,jpy; 184 ehLfs; cWg;gpdh;fshf cs;sdh;.

 eph;thf ,af;Feh; Nfhh;];l; nfh`py;-n[h;kdp ehl;lth;.
 ,J cWg;G ehLfspd; nrYj;J rkepiyia rhpnra;a fld; toq;FfpwJ.
 ,J Fiwe;j fhy (Short term) flidNa toq;FfpwJ.
cyf tq;fp(World Bank)-1945
 ,jd; NtW ngah; IBRD MFk;.
 ,jpy; 155 ehLfs; cWg;gpdh;fshf cs;sdh;.
 cyf tq;fpapy; cWg;gpduhf ,lk;ngWtjw;F fl;lhak; IMF y; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gtuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J ePz;l fhy fld; toq;Fk; mikg;ghFk;.
 ,J Vio ehLfSf;Fk;> md;dpa nryhtzp ifapUg;G ,y;yhj ehLfSf;Fk; fld; toq;FfpwJ.
IDA - ,J jdpegh; tUkhdk; 1135 lhyUf;F Fiwthf cs;s ehLfSf;F 10 tUlq;fSf;F fld;
toq;FfpwJ.
IFC - ,J jdpahUf;F fld; toq;Fk; epWtdkhFk;.
MIGA - tsUk; ehLfspd; KjyPl;il mjpfhpf;f fld; toq;FfpwJ.
epjpapay; nghUshjhuk;(Public Finanace , Art 264-293):

,J kj;jpa murpw;Fk;> khepy murpw;fk; ,ilNaAs;s epjp gfph;itg; gw;wp $WfpwJ. ,e;jpa murpd;
tUtha;fs; ,uz;l gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. tUtha; tuTfs;
kj;jpa gl;baypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s midj;J JiwfSk; ,jd; tUthapdkhFk;.tUtha; tuTfspy; ,uz;L
,dq;fs; cs;sd.
(1) thpfspd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; tUtha;
(v.fh) tUkhd thp
epWtd thp
(2) thpapy;yhj gpw ,dq;fs;
(v.fh) gzk; mr;rpLjy;
,uapy;> tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tUtha;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
2.%yjd; tuTfs;(Capital Receipt)

(v.fh) cs;ehl;bd; ntspehl;bYk; fld; thq;Fjy;>
tuNtz;ba fld;fspd; tuT ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
Neub thp kiwKf thp

tUkhd thp (Income kjpg;Gf; $l;lg;gl;l
Tax) thp (VAT)
epWtd tUkhd thp jpUj;jg;gl;l kjpg;Gf;
(Corporation Tax) $l;lg;gl;l thp
nry;t thp (Wealth Tax) (MODVAT)
ed;nfhil thp (Gift tpw;gid thp(Sales
Tax) Tax)
kuz thp (Estate Duty) Rq;f thp(Customs
duty)
Maj;jPh;it (Excise
duty)
jw;NghJ Neub tUkhdj;jpw;Fk;. kiwKf tUkhdj;jpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; 38:61 kj;jpa murpw;F
Maj;jPh;tpypUe;Jjhd; mjpfgl;r tUtha; fpilf;fpwJ.
Nrit thpfs;:
,J gzpfs;> Rw;Wyh> jfty; njhlh;G. buhty; Vn[d;l;> jpUkd kz;lgq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
rh;tP]f
; spypUe;J ngwg;gLk; thpfs;.
MAT – Minimum Alternate Tax. ,J fk;ngdpfs; jdJ epfu yhgj;jpy; nrYj;Jk; thpahFk;.
VAT – kjpg;Gf; $l;lg;gl;l thp(Value Added Tax)1.04.2005y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ntspg;gilahd thptpjpg;G
cilaJ.,jid fzf;fpl Credit
Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. ,J tpw;gidahsUf;Fk;> thq;fgtUf;Fk; gad;jug;$baJ.
MODVAT : jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l kjpg;G $l;L thp (Modified Value Added Tax)
,J njhopw;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;Nthh; nrYj;jNtz;ba thp.
CENVAT: Central VAT, ,j MAj;jPh;it thpfspd; ntt;NtW tifia ePf;fp xNu thpahf t#ypf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fkpl;bfs;
1. nkfy;Nehgp]; fkpl;b - 1964 - epjpgfph;T gw;wpaJ.
2. `hrhhp fkpl;b - 1967 - njhopw;rhiy iyrd;];
3. jj; fkpl;b - 1969 - njhopw;rhiy iyrd;]; Ma;T nra;jy;.
4. Nf.vd;.uh[; fkpl;b - 1971 - Neub thp> fUg;Gg; gzk; kw;Wk; thp
Va;g;G gw;wpaJ.
5. gftjp fkpl;b - 1973 - Ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpid kw;Wk; nghJ
eyd;
6. Fkug;gh fkpl;b - 1979 - epyr; rPh;jpUj;jk;
7. Nfhh; fkpl;b - 1979 - tq;fpf; fld; mspj;jy;
8. vy;.Nf.[h fkpl;b - 1979 - kiwKf thp
9. rf;futh;j;jpfkpl;b - 1985 - Review of Monetary System
10. uh[hnry;iyahfkpl;b- 1991 - nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; gq;F tpw;gid
thp rPh;jpUj;jk;
11. eurpk;kd; fkpl;b - 1991 - Monitary Reforms
12. ky;N`hj;uh fkpl;b - 1993 - ,d;#ud;]; epWtdj;ij kW rPuikj;jy;
13. uq;fuh[d; fkpl;b - nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; gq;Ffis tpw;wy;
14. [hdfpuhkd; fkpl;b- tq;fp rPuikg;G

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
15. thQ;# fkpl;b - Neub thptpjpg;G
16. vd;.Nf.rpq; fkpl;b - me;epa Neub KjyPL
17. `Dke;juhq; fkpl;b- 1997 - cuq;fs; gw;wpaJ.
18. Xa;.gp.nul;b fkpl;b - 2001 - Neub tUkhd thpf;F tpsf;fkspj;jy;
19. Nfy;fh; fkpl;b - thprPuikg;G
20. v];.vd;.th;kh fkpl;b- 1999 - tzpf tq;fpapid rPuikj;jy;
gztPf;f ,ilntsp(Inflationary Gap)

gztpay; njhlh;ghd tiuaiwfs;:
gztPf;fk; (Inflation)vd;gJ gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; tpiy mjpfhpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk;.
1.muR nryTfs; mjpfhpj;jy;
2. gw;whf;Fiw epjpahf;fk;
3. thp Fiwj;jy;
4. Vw;Wkjpiatpl ,wf;Fkjp mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;
5. Nghh;
6. nghUl;fs; gw;whf;Fiw
7. cw;gj;jp jpwd; Fiwj;jy;
 kf;fsplk; nrytpLtjw;Fhpa tUkhdk; mjpfkpUe;J> mjw;Nfw;g mth;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspd;
msT Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; mr;#o;epiyNa gztPf;f ,lntspahFk;.
 mjhtJ xU ehl;L kf;fspd; nkhj;j tUkhdk; &.1000Nfhb vd;why; gztPf;f ,ilntsp
&.100NfhbahFk;.
 gpypg;]; tisNfhL (Philips Curve) vd;gJ> $yp (wage)mjpfhpg;gpw;Fk;> Ntiyapd;ik tpfpjj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.
 gzthl;lk; (Deflatioon)vd;gJ gztPf;fj;jpw;F gzj;jpw;F kjpg;G mjpfhpg;gij Fwpf;Fk;.
 gztPf;fj;jpdhy; khjr; rk;gsk; ngWNthh;> fld; nfhLj;jth;> njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh;
ghj;jpg;gilth;.
 gzthl;lj;jpdhy; tpahghhpfs;> cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;> fld; thq;fpath; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; ghjpg;gilth;.
 Njf;f tPf;fk;(Stagflation) vd;gJ gztPf;fKk; > Njf;fepiyAk; ,ize;j xU jd;ik
MFk;.,e;epiyapy; mjpf tpiyfSk; mjpf Ntiyapd;ikAk; epyTfpwJ.
 ,e;epiy ,e;jpahtpy; 1973> 1979-80fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 kW tPf;fk;(Reflation) vd;gJ nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J tpLgl ntspg;gilahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
gztPf;f eltbf;if MFk;.mjhtJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gztPf;fk; MFk;.
 nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia cUthf;fTk;>Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fTk; ,e;epiy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
$l;LwT mikg;G
$l;LwT mikg;Gfspy; ahh; Ntz;LkhdhYk; cWg;gpduhf Nruyhk;. ,e;jpa $l;LwTr; rl;lk; 1913Yk;>
jkpopehL $l;LwTr; rl;lk; 1983 nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
$l;LwT rq;fk; jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rpw;g;Gngw;Ws;sJ.
$l;LwT rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs; 25 Kjy; vj;jid Ngh; Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nruyhk;. Mdhy; jkpofj;jpy; 25
Ngh;tiu kl;LNk NruKbAk;.
$l;LwT rq;fj;jpy; xUtUf;F xU thf;FKiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
$l;Lwtpd; Nehf;fk;> xt;nthUtUk; midtUf;fhf> midtUk; xUtUf;fhf.
khepy jiyik $l;LwT tq;fp khepy $l;LwT tq;fp MFk;.
$l;LwT rq;fq;fSf;F muR tUkhdthp. gjpTf; fl;lzk;> Kj;jpiu thp Mfpa rYifis mspf;fpwJ.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
$l;Lwtpd; jj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; uhf;Nly;.

TITBITS
 ,e;jpa gq;Fr; re;ij 1887y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;J gq;Fr; re;ij 1773 Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 mfkjhghh;-Bostan of East vdg;gLfpwJ. ,j ehl;bNyNa mjpf E}w;ghiyfis nfhz;l efukhFk;.
 Kk;ig-Cottonopolis ,uz;lhtjhf mjpf E}w;ghiyfis nfhz;l efukhFk;.
 fhd;G+h; - tl ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; Kk;ig MFk;.
 Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - njd; ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;.
 nts;idj;jq;fk;- gUj;jp MFk;.
 Kjy; njhopy;rhiyfs; fzf;nfLg;G 1972
 nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; (PSU) 1991-1992 ypUe;J gq;Fs; tpw;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 SICK INDUSTRIES( eype;j njhopw;rhiyfs;0 fk;ngdp rl;lk; 1985 k; Mz;L %yk; ,jid
kWrPuikf;f cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpa muR nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; yhgk; <l;lypy; Kjyplk; tfpg;gJ ONGC.
rhpahd nghUj;jk;:
efu muR eph;thfk; - Nghyp];
khh;\y; - kdpj eyk;> Nghypthuk;
uhgpd;]; - fpilg;gUik> ];fhh;rpl;b
rhk;Nty;rd; - tsh;rr; p
];kpj; - gUg;nghUs; re;ij ,yf;fzk;
];kpj; - Kjyhspj;Jtk;
fPd;]; - fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuk;
fhh;y; khh;f;]; - rkTilikg; nghUshjhuk;
Efh;Nthh; vr;rk; - jFtpiy

jFtpiy - cz;ik tpiy
Efh;T - tpUg;gk; gw;wpa Ma;T
nkhj;j gad;ghL- ,Wjpg; gad;ghl;bd; $l;Lj;njhif
gjpyPl;L tpiy - Njit tpjp
jho;e;j uf nghUl;fs; - fp/g;gd; gz;lk;
Kw;Whpik - tpiyNgjk;
NjdPh;> fhg;gp - gjpyPl;L gz;lk;
ngUik jUk; nghUs;- ntg;sd; tpisT
khdpak; - cw;gj;jpf;F Cf;fk;
mspg;G epfo;r;rp - tpiykhw;wj;jpw;f xg;g khw;wk;
ePz;l fhy tpiy jPh;khdk; - mspg;gpd; Mjpf;fk;
FWfpafhy tpiy jPh;khdk; - Njitapd; nry;thf;F

tpw;Wj; jPh;f;Fk; tpiy - rkepiy tpiy
Ez;zpa nghUspay; - tpiy Nfhl;ghL
mspg;G - tpiyAld; ,ize;jJ
mspg;G tisNfhL - Left to right Nky; Nehf;fpaJ
rkepiy tpiy - Njit> mspg;G> rkk;
Njit tpjp - Fiwe;Jnry; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L t
tpjp
cw;gj;jpshd; - njhopy; KidNthh;
epyk; - tpiyapy;yh nfhil
,lh;ghLfs; - ,og;Gf; fhg;gL P
cw;gj;jp - njhopy;El;gj; njhlh;G
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Fiwe;Jnry;tpisT tpjp - Ntshz;Jiw

tise;Jnry; tpisT tpjp - njhopy; Jiw
khWk; nryT - nryT
khwhr; nryT - Nja;khdk;
ruhrhp nryT tisNfhL - ‘U’tbtk;
‘Nr’ tpd; mq;fhb - epiw NtiyAilik
rk KwpT nfhs;if - tUkhdKk;> Efh;Tk; rkk;
 cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jdp myF epWtdk; vdg;gLk;.

 tpw;NghUf;Fk; thq;FNthUf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nghl;b epiwT Nghl;b MFk;.
 J}a Nghl;bapy; vd;gJ Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mjpf msT nghUl;fs; thq;FjyhFk;.
 Njit tpjp vd;gJ Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mjpf msT nghUl;fs; thq;FjyhFk;.
 fpy;Nyhh; Kw;Whpik vd;gJ epWtdq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;J ,Uj;jy;.
 gq;Fkhh;f;nfl; vd;gJ fk;ngdpapd; gq;Ffis thq;fTk;> tpw;fTk; mZfNtz;ba ,lk;.
 Kk;igapy; ,e;jahtpy; nghpa gq;F khh;f;nfl; jyhy; tPjpapy; cs;sJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy; epA+ahh;f;fpd;
thy; ];BhPl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 hprh;t; tq;fp kw;w tq;fpfSf;F fld;jUk; NghJ tpjpf;Fk; tl;b tpfpjk; Ngq;f; Nul; vdg;gLk;.
 md;dpa nryhtzp: ntspehl;L ehzaq;fis Vw;Wkjp %yk; ngWtJ me;epar; nrythzp MFk;.
 Kw;Whpik (Monopoly) vd;gJ nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J tpw;Fk; KO chpikAk; xUtiur;
rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjhFk;.
 gztPf;fk;(Inflaion):cw;gj;jp nryT mjpfhpg;gjhy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fhky; gz;lj;jpd;--------------------------
---------------------------------------
,jpy; gzj;jpd; kjpg;G kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
 gzthl;lk;(Deflaion):cw;gj;jp nryT Fiwtjhy; gz;lj;jpd tpiyia Fiwg;gJ gztPf;fk;
vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; gzj;jpd; kjpg;G kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 Mf;l;uha; (Octroi)thp: xU khepy vy;iyf;Fs; xU thfdk; Eioa tpjpf;Fk; thpahFk;.
 Nfhh; nrf;lhh;: mbg;gil njhopy;fshd fduf ,ae;jpuqfs;> vz;nza; fpzWfs; Mifait
Nfhh;nrf;lhh; tif njhopy;fshFk;.
 gzj;jpd; kjpg;ig Fiwj;jy;: me;jpa gzkjpg;ig fUj;jpy;nfhz;L xU ehl;bd; gz kjpg;igf;
Fiwg;gJ gzj;jpd; kjpg;G Fiwj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,Jtiu ,e;jpahtpy; %d;W Kiw gzj;jpd; kjpg;G
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1949> 1966(,U Kiw).
 1954y; czT fyg;gl jilr;rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 1986y; Efh;Nthh; tpw;girr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 1987y Efh;Nthh; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
 1993 y; Efh;Nthh; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 xt;nthU tUlKk; khhr; 15k; ehs; Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;Gj; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
 fhe;jp[p Efh;Nthiu mg;ghtp Efh;Nthh; vd;W $wpdhh;.
 Efh;Nthh; ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij uhy;/g; Nelh;.
 Efh;Nthh; chpikfisg; gw;wp vOjpath; [hd; nfd;db.
 bf; tq;fp(TICC)1977k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 IFCI tq;fp 1948 k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ICICI tq;fp 1955 k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 NABARD,EXIM tq;fpfs; 1982k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ICICI tq;fpapdhy; jdpahh; Jiwf;F flDjtp mspj;j Kjy; tq;fpahFk;.
 UTI,IDBItq;fp 1964y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 IDBI tq;fp njhopy; tsh;rr

; p tq;fpfspd; jiyik tq;fp MFk;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 fhNrhiyapd; thopehs; 6 khjkhFk;.
 /gpf;rl; nlg;ghrpl; vd;gJ > Fiwe;jgl;rk; tq;fpapy; 46ehl;fs; gz ,Ug;G itg;gJ MFk;.
 nghJf; fhg;gl
P ;Lf; fofKk; khepy murk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk; ,lh;ghL 1:2 tpfpjkhFk;.
 ,e;jpa tq;fp epUkr; rl;lk; 1956 MFk;.
 gj;jpu xg;ge;j xOf;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; 1956.
 gq;F re;ijapd; Kjd;ik re;ij GJ ntspaPLfis ntspapLk;.,uz;lhk; re;ij jufh;fis

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 chpik ntspaPL vd;gJ gioa gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F Gjpa gq;Ffis tpw;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 fhis-gq;F gj;jpuq;fs; tpiy VWKfkhf ,Uf;ifapy; gq;Ffis thq;Fjy; (Bullish trend)
 fub-gq;F gj;jpuq;fs; tpiy tPo;r;rp milAk; epiyapy; gj;jpuq;fis Fiwe;j tpiyapy;

thq;Fgth;(Bearish Trend).
 fiykhd;- kpif kjpg;G NjLgth; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if cilath;fs;.gq;Ffis mjpf yhgj;jpw;F tpw;W

,yhgk; milgth;fs; ,t;tifiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs;.
 SEBI:,e;jpa gq;F re;ijia Nkw;ghh;it nra;Ak; mikg;G.
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gq;F re;ijfs; nkhj;jk; 21 MFk;.
 1932y; tzpg $l;lhd;ikr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.,jpy; ,uz;L kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;lth;

gq;Fngwyhk;.
 tq;fp $l;lhz;ik njhopypy; 10Ngh; Nruyhk;. gpw njhopy;fspy; 20 Ngh; tiu Nruyhk;.
 gpiuNtl; ypkpl;lby; 2 Kjy; 50 Ngh; tiu Nruyhk;.Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L ,af;Feh; ,Ug;gh;.
 g;gspf; ypkpl;lby; 7 Kjy; vt;tsT Ngh; Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nruyhk;. Fiwe;jJ 3 ,af;Feh; ,Ug;gh;.
 nghJf; $l;LwTf;F(Corporation)vLj;Jf;fhl;L nea;Ntyp ypf;idl; fhh;gNu\d; > hprh;t; tq;fp.
 kQ;rs; Nehl;B]; vd;gJ xU eghplk; gzk; ,y;iy vd;gij Fwpf;Fk; Mtzk;.
 njhopy; KidNthhpd; Cjpak; yhgkhFk;.
 Mh;bf;fps; M/g; mNrhrpNa\d; vd;gJ xU fk;ngdpapd; cs; fl;likg;igg;gw;wp $WtjhFk;.
 nghUj;jq;fs;:
cUtg;gad;ghL - Gjpjhf cUthf;fy;

,lg;gad;ghL - Nghf;Ftuj;J
fhyg;gad;ghL - gUtj;jpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; gz;lq;fis ghJfhj;J
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
cilik gad;ghL- nghUl;fspd; chpik khw;wk;.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Foe;ij ey fhg;gL P - MAs;fhg;gPL

,uapy; - gUkg; nghUl;fis ntFJ}uk; nfhzL nry;y
fg;gy; - gYthd nghUl;fs;> gUg;nghUl;f
ntFJ}uk; nfhz;Lnry;y cjTfpwJ.
thd;top - gUkd; Fiwe;j nghUl;fis tpiutpy;nfhz;L
nry;y.
topr;rlP ;L - yhhp epWtdk;
nfhLg;ghiz - gz;lfj;jpypUe;J nghUis vLf;f Miz
chpkk;.
fg;gy; urPJ - fg;gy; epWtdk;
jilfs;:
Ms;rhh; jil - cw;gj;jpahsuf;Fk;> Efh;NthUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
cs;s jil
,lj;jil - cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; Efh;NthUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
J}uk;
fhyj;jil - cw;gj;jpfhyj;jpw;Fk;> Efh;T fhyj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
jil
,lh;ghl;Lj;jil - ruf;Ffis ghJfhf;Fk; NghJ cz;lhFk;
Nrjj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; jil.
mwpTj; jil - Efh;Nthh; re;ij epytuk; njhpahky; cs;s
jil
epjpj;jil - epjpf; Fiwthy; Efh;NthUf;Fk; cw;gj;jpahs
Uf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; jil.
cUtg; gad;ghL -nla;yh;
nghUj;jq;fs;:
rl;lj;jpw;F kl;Lkhd jpl;l Mtzk; - thfdf; fhg;gL P
gzr;Rik fhg;gL P jpl;l Mtzk; - nfhs;isrhh; jpl;l
Mtzk;
fl;Lzh; ,lh; jpl;l Mtzk; - fly; rhh; jpl;l Mtzk;
jdpg;nghUl;fil(speciality Store) - Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs;
kl;LNk fpilf;Fk;.
 Jiwthhp gz;lfrhiy (Dpeartmental store)vd;gJ vy;yh nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; $l;L filahFk;.
 klq;Ff; fil vd;gJ xNu nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLk; filahFk;.
 jtid tpw;gid vd;gJ Kjy; jtiz nrYj;jpa clNd thq;fpath; nghUspd; chpikahsh;
Mfpwhh;.
nghUshjhuk; - tifAk; njhifAk;
 ehl;bd; cw;gj;jp ngUksTf;F nghJj;Jiw trk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ rkjh;kg; nghUshjhuk;(Socialistic
Economy)
 ehl;bd; cw;gj;jp ngUksTf;F jdpahh;Jiw trk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhuk;(Capitalistic Economy)
 ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpia nghJj;Jiw> jdpahh; Jiw ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J ftdpg;gNj fyg;Gg;
nghUshjhuk;(Mixed Economy)
 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; xU fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuk;.
 tsh;e;j ehLfs;: mnkhpf;fh> Ig;ghd;> n[h;kdp> fdlh> ,j;jhyp> u\;ah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];.
 tsUk; ehlfs;: ,e;jpah > ghfp];jhd;> rPdh> gq;fshNj\;> M];jpNuypah> gpNurpy;.
 tsUk; ehLfs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpahtpy; nghUshjhu mikg;Gfs;

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; epjpj;Jiw mikr;rfk;(Ministry of finance)ehl;bd; epjpf; nfhs;ifia (Fiscal Policy)KbT

nra;fpwJ.
 gl;n[l; vdg;gLk; Mz;L tuT nryT mwpf;ifNa ehl;bd; epjpf; nfhs;ifia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;
Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
 gl;n[l;Lf;F Ke;ija ehs; epjp mikr;rfk; Ke;ija epjp Mz;bd; nghUshjhu Ma;T mwpf;ifia
(Economic survery)ntspapLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; gzf;nfhs;ifia (Monetory Policy) ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa tq;fpahd ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp
KbT nra;fpwJ.
 ehl;bd; gzk; kw;Wk; fld; nfhs;ifia (Monetory and Credit Policy)MW khjj;Jf;F xU Kiw
hprh;t; tq;fp ntspapLfpwJ.
 xU &gha; Nehl;il kl;Lk; kj;jpa epjp mikr;rfk; ntspapl (kj;jpa epjpj;Jiwr; nrayhsh; mjpy;
ifnaOj;jpLfpwhh;) gpw &gha; Nehl;Lfis kj;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp ntspapLfpwJ.
 Ie;jhz;L jpl;l cUthf;fj;jpy; MNyhridfisf; $WtJ jpl;l Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpag; gzpahFk;.
 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fSf;F ,Wjp mq;fPfhuk; mspf;Fk; nghWg;G Njrpa tsh;rr ; pf; fTd;rpyplk; cs;sJ.
 kj;jpa murpd; thp tUthapy; ,Ue;J khepy muRf;F xjf;fNtz;ba epjp msit eph;zapg;gJ epjp
MizakhFk;.
 epjp Mizak; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s murpay; mikg;gpidr;
rhh;e;j epWtdk; MFk;.
 jpl;l Mizak; vd;gJ murpay; mikg;gpy; nrhy;yg;glhj>(Extra Constitutional)ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lhj>(Non Statutory)mikr;ruit jPh;khdj;jhy; kl;Lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;.
 gpujkUf;F nghUshjhu gpur;ridfspy; mwpTiu $Wk; nghUshjhu MNyhrid fTd;rpy; 2000y;
cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU mikg;ghFk;.
 ehl;bd; KjtPLfis gw;wp KbT nra;a KjyPl;L Mizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ehl;bd; Kf;fpag; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;> gpur;ridfs;> rPhj ; pUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;tjw;F
mt;tg;NghJ nghUshjhur; rPhj ; pUj;j MNyhridf; FOf;fs; nghUshjhu ty;Yeh;fs; jiyikapy;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nghUshjhur; rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridf; FOf;fs;

 jj; fkpl;b - njhopy; chpkf; nfhs;if
 eurpk;kk; fkpl;b - tq;fpj; Jiw rPh;jpUj;jk;
 fhl;fpy; FO- jiyik tq;fpj; jpl;lk;(Lead Bank Scheme)
 uh[; fkpl;b - Ntshz;ik tpisepy thp(Agriculture holding tax)
 jhug;G+j; fkpl;b - KjyPl;Lf; fzf;F khw;Wjy;(Capital Account Convertability)
 mkpj;`{ird; fkpl;b - rpW njhopy; Jiw(Small Scale Industries)
 kf[d; fkpl;b - rh;f;fiu Miyj;njhopy; gpur;idfs;
 `Dke; uhq; fkpl;b - cuj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
 rg;jhp\p fkpl;b - cs;ehl;L Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy tsh;r;rp
 mgp[pj; nrd; fkpl;b - ePzl fhy czTf;nfhs;if
 Nfh];thkp fkpl;b - njhopy;Jiw erpT(Industrial Sickness)
 mrpk;jh]; Fg;jh fkpl;b - kjpg;Gg; $l;L thp(Value Add Tax)
 <uhdp fkpl;b - fk;ngdp rl;l jpUj;jq;fs;
 jNt fkpl;b - mikg;G rhuh njhopyhsh; Xa;T+jpak; jpl;lk;
 v];.vy;.fG+h; fkpl;b - rpW njhopy; Jiwf;fhd fld; toq;fy; gpur;ridfs;
 Mh;.tp.Fg;jh fkpl;b - Ntshz;ikj;Jiw fld; gpur;rid
 ky;N`hj;jpuh fkpl;b - fhg;gPl;Lj;Jiw jdpahh;kakhf;fy;
 rJh;Ntjp fkpl;b - vz;nza; epWtdq;fspd; epjp epiyik
 kN\y;fh; fkpl;b - thfd vhpnghUs; nfhs;if
 Nfy;fh; fkpl;b - thpaikg;G nfhs;if
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 nfha;G+hpa fkpl;b - tq;fpapy; thbf;ifahsh;fs; Nrit Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 uhNf\; Nkhfd; fkpl;b - cs; fl;likg;G trjpfs;;.
 yf;j thyh fkpl;b - tWikf;Nfhl;L tiuaiw
 RNu\; nlz;Ly;fh; fkpl;b - tWikf; Nfhl;bw;fhd Gjpa tiuaiw
 fphpf; ghhpf; fkpl;b - ngl;Nuhypa nghUs; tpiu ephz; ak;
 gftjp fkp\d; - Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;(Unemployment)
 Kuhhp fkpl;b - kPd;tsj; Jiw gpur;ridfs;
 uh[h nry;iyah fkpl;b - thprPhj ; pUj;jk;.
 [h fkpl;b - Neub thp
Njrpa tUkhdk;
Gross Kom,estic Product (gDp),Gross National Product(GNP),Net National Product (NNP), National Income (NI)
 ehl;bDila Njrpa cw;gj;jp> Njrpa tUkhdj;NjhL njhlh;GilaitGDP,GNP,NNP Nghd;wit
MFk;.
 GDP vd;Dk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp xU ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; xU epjpahz;by; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mspf;fg;gl;l Nritfspd; kjpg;ghFk;.
 GNP vd;Dk; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;;gj;jp xU ehl;bduhy; xU epjp Mz;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mspf;fg;gl;l Nritfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;ghFk;.
 GNP vd;gJ GDP Ald; epfu ntspehl;L tUkhdj;ijf; $l;lf; fpilg;gjhFk;.
 NNP vd;gJ GNP y; ,Ue;J Nja;khdj;ij(Depreciation)fopf;ff; fpilg;gjhFk;.
 epfu Njrpa cw;gj;jp vdg;gLk; NNP- ia fhuzp tpiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mJNt Njrpa
tUkhdk;.(Mational Income)
 re;ij tpiyapy; NNP vd;gJ cw;gj;jp tpiyNahL khdpaj;ijf; $l;b kiwKf thpfisf; fopg;gjd;
%yk; fpilf;fpwJ.
 Njrpa tUkhdj;ij kf;fs; njhifahy; tFf;f fpilg;gJ jyh tUkhdk;(Per Capita Income)
 Njrpa tUkhdj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; %d;W gphpTfs;-Kjd;ik> ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiy
gphpTfshFk;.
 Kjd;ikg; gphptpy;(Primary Sector)Ntshz;ik> fhy;eiltsk;> tdj;Jiw.kPd;gpbj;jy;> Ruq;fk;
Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
 ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gphptpy;(secondary sector)njhopy;fs;> kpd;rhuk;> vhpthA> fl;Lkhdj;Jiw Nghd;wit
mlq;Fk;.
 gzpfs; Jiw(Service Sectro)vdg;gLk; %d;whk; epiy gphptpy; - tzpfk;. Nghf;Ftuj;J> tq;fp>
fhg;gPL>hpay; v];Nll; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa tUkhdk; fzf;fpLtjw;F 1999-2000-k; Mz;L mbg;gil Mz;lhff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa tUkhdk; xt;nthU epjp Mz;bw;Fk; kj;jpa Gs;spapay; epWtdj;jhy;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
epjpf;nfhs;ifAk; gl;n[l;Lk;
 ehl;bd; epjpf; nfhs;ifg;gb gl;n[l; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehl;Lf;F tuf;$ba gy;NtW tUkhdq;fs;
murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 266 tJ cWg;Gg;gb mike;Js;s jpus; epjpapy; tuT itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;jpa jpus;(Consolidated Fund of India)apy; ,Ue;J nrytspf;fg;gLk; gzk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjy;
ngw;W nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Mz;LNjhWk; ehl;bd; nryTf;fhd ghuhSkd;w xg;Gjiy ngwTk;> thptpjpg;gjw;fhd ghuhSkd;w
xg;Gjiyg; ngwTk; murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;l cWg;G 112-d; gb Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;if> epjpmir;;ruhy;
kf;fsitapy; jhf;fy;nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 gl;n[l;bd; gFjpapy;tUtha; topfSk; nrytpdq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gLgpwJ.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 gl;n[l;bd; thp tpjpg;G jPh;khdq;fs; epjpr; rl;lkhfTk;>(finance Act)Mz;L nrytpdj;jpw;fhd

ghuhSkd;w xg;Gjy; gz xJf;fPl;Lr; rl;lkhfTk;(Appropriation Act) ghuhSkd;w $l;lj; njhlhpd;NghJ
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 gl;n[l;bd; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nrytpdq;fs; jpl;l nrytpdk;>jpl;lk; ruhnrytpdk;> tsh;rr; p rhu nrytpdk;.
 tsh;rr ; p rhuh nrytpdq;fspy; fldf;fhf nrytplg;gLk; tl;b > ghJfhg;Gr; nryTfs;> khdpaq;fs;
Mfpa %d;Wk; mlq;Fk;.
 tsh;rr ; p rhuh nrytpdq;fspy; kpfg;nghpa nrythf ,Ug;gJ flDf;F nrYj;Jk; tl;bahFk;.
 nkhj;j nrytpdj;jpy; Rkhh;15% jpl;l nrytpdkhfTk;> 35% jpl;l ruhuh nrytpdkhfTk;> 40%
tsh;rr; p ruhuh nrytpdkhfTk; cs;sJ.
,Utif epjpfs;
 jpus;(consolidated Fund of India)mtrufhyepjp(Contingency fund of India)Mfpait ,Utif epjpfs;.
 jpus; epjpapy; ehl;bd; tUtha;fs; midj;jk; tuT itf;fg;gLk;.
 jpus; epjpapy; ,Ue;J nrytspf;fg;gLk; nrytpdq;fs; khdpaf; Nfhhpf;ifahf(Demands for
grant)kf;fsitapy; itf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 FbauRj; jiyth;> cr;r> cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; (,uz;lhtJ ml;;ltizapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l) Cjpa nrytpdq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Xl;nlLg;G elj;jj; Njit ,y;iy.
 Xl;nlLg;gpd;wp jpus; epjpapy; Neubahf Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nrytpdq;fisr; rhl;lg;gl;l
nrytpdq;fs;(Charged Expenditures)vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
 vjph;ghuhj mtru nryTfSf;F FbauRj; jiyth; mtrufhy epjpapy; ,Ue;J gzk; toq;Ffpwhh;.
 mtru fhy epjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l gzk; ghuhSkd;w jpus; epjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l kPs
mtrufhy epjpf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU &gha; tuTk; nryTk;
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; gl;n[l;by; muRf;F xU &gha; vg;gb tUfpwJ. xU &gha; vg;gb nrythfpwJ
vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU &gha; tuT (2012 13 gl;n[l;)
fld; kw;Wk; ,ju tUtha; - 29 igrh>
fhh;gNul; thp - 21 igrh>
tUkhd thp - 11 igrh>
Rq;f thp (Customs) - 10 igrh>
fyhy; thp (Excise duty) - 11 igrh>
fld; rhuh KjyPl;L tuT - 2 igrh>
Nrit kw;Wk; ,ju thpfs; - 7 igrh>
thprhuh tUtha; - 9 igrh>
xU &gha; nryT tptuk;(2012-13 gl;n[l;)
kj;jpaj; jpl;lr nryT - 22igrh>
fld;fSf;fhd tl;b - 18 igrh>
ghJfhg;Gr; nryTfs; - 11 igrh>
khdpaq;fs; - 10 igrh>
jpl;lk; rhuh ,ju nryTfs; - 11igrh>
thp tUthapy; ,Ue;J khepy muRf;F gq;F - 17 igrh>
khepy> A+dpad; gpuNjr jpl;lk; rhuh cjtp - 4 igrh>
khepy> A+dpad; gpuNjr jpl;l cjtp 7 igrh>
thpAk; newpAk;
 xUth; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpr;Rikia mtNu jhq;f Neh;e;jhy;> me;j thp Neh;Kf thp.
 xUth; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpr;Rikia kw;wtUf;F khw;w Kbe;jhy;> me;jthp kiwKf thp.
 tUkhd thp > nrhj;J thp> epythp> njhopy; thp Nghd;wit Neh;Kf thpfs; (Direct Taxes)
 Rq;f thp> fyhy; thp> tpw;gid thp> Nfspf;if thp Nghd;wit kiwKf thpfs;(Indirect Taxes)
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nghUl;fs; kPJ kj;jpa muR tpjpf;Fk; thp Rq;f thp(Customa Duty).
 cw;gj;jp kPJ kj;jpa muR tpjpf;Fk; thp fyhy; thp(Excise Duty)
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 tUkhd thp> Rq;f thp> fyhy; thp Nghd;wit kj;jpa muR tpjpf;Fk; thpfs;
 epythp(Land Revenue), njhopy; thp(Professional Tax),tpw;gid thp(Sales Tax) Nghd;wit khepy muR
tpjpf;Fk; thpfs;.
 Nfspf;if thp(Entertainment Tax) jpiug;glq;;fspd; kPJ khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 xU nghUSf;Nf ,UKiw thpfl;Lk; #oy; Vw;gLtijj;jtph;f;fNt kjpg;Gf; $l;L thp(Value Added
Tax-VAT) mwpKfkhdJ.
 kjpg;Gg; $l;L thpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ehL gpuhd;];.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf `hpahdh khepyk;jhd; kjpg;Gf; $l;L thpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
 2002-k; Mz;L khepy epjp mikr;rh;fs;khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbtpd;gb VAT nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; vl;L khepyq;fs;jtpu> gpw khepyq;fs; Vg;uy; 2005 Kjy; kjpg;Gf;$l;L thpia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpd.
 jkpo; ehl;by; [dthp 2007 Kjy; kjpg;Gf; $l;L thp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 tptrha tUkhdj;Jf;F thp tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; khepy murplk; cs;sJ.
 ,Jtiu rpy khepy muRfs; kl;LNk tptrha tUkhdj;Jf;F thp tpjpj;Js;sd.
 tptrha tUkdj;Jf;F thptpjpg;G Fwpj;J Muha 1972-y; Nf.vd;.uh[; fkpl;b mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 [h fkpl;n(1997) kw;Wk; nuf;fp fkpl;b (1991) Mfpait kiwKf thp tpjpg;G Fwpj;J Muha;e;jd.
 Neh;Kf thp Fwpj;J 1971 Muha;e;J fkpl;b - thd;R fkpl;b.
 Neh;Kf> kiwKf thpr;rhP j ; pUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;e;j fkpl;b lhf;lh; uh[h nry;iyah fkpl;b
(1991).
 Nlhgpd; thp vd;gJ rh;t Njr gz ghpkhw;wj;jpd;kPjdh thp.
 GST vdg;gLk; Goods and Services Tax (nghUs; kw;Wk; Nrit thp) - I tpiutpy; mKy;gLj;j kj;jpa
muR eltbf;if vLj;J tUfpwJ.
 GST I mwpKg;gLj;j murpay; rl;ljpUj;jk; Njit.
 CENVAT vdg;gLk; Central Value added Tax kj;jpa muR tpjpf;Fk; fyhy; thpf;fhd khw;W tbtkhFk;.
,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lkpLjy; tuyhW
 1934-y; vk;.tp];Nt];thua;ah ‘Planned Economy for India’ vd;w E}iy vOjdhh;.
 1938-y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];> NeU jiyikapy; Njrpa jpl;lf;FOit mike;jJ.
 ghk;Ng njhopyjpgh;fs; 8 Nguhy; 1944-y; ‘ghk;Ng jpl;lk;’ ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 fhe;jpa jpl;lk;>1944-y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fs; jpl;lj;ij> 1945-y; vk;.vd;.uha; ntspapl;lhh;.
 rh;Nthjah jpl;lj;ij 1950-y; n[agpufh\; ehuhazd; ntspapl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpah Fbaurhdgpd; 1950-y; khh;r; 15-y; kj;pa mikr;ruit jPh;khdj;pd; %yk; jpl;lf;fO
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpl;lf;FO murpay; rl;lk; rhuh mikg;G.
 jpl;lf;fO ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljy;y.
 gpujkh; jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytuhthh;.
 jpl;lFOtpd; Jizj;jiyth; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh; me;j];J cilath;.
 Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;ltiuit jpl;lf;FO cUthf;FfpwJ.
 Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fis mq;fPfhpf;Fk; mikg;G Njrpa tsh;r;rp fTd;rpy;.
 Njrpa tsh;r;rp fTd;rpy; 1952-k; Mz;L Mf];L 6-k; ehs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpa Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;> khepy Kjyikr;rh;fs; > epjpaikr;rh;fs; Jiz epiy MSeh;fs;
FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp elf;Fk; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fs; MfpNahh; Njrpa tsh;r;rp fTd;rpypd;
cWg;gpdh;fs;.
 gpujkNu Njrpa tsh;rr ; p fTd;rpypd; mYty; rhuh jiyth;.
 ehl;bd; tsq;fis kjPgg ; PL nra;jy;> jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> jpl;lq;fspd; Kd;Dhpikf;Nfw;g
tsq;fis gfph;e;jspf;fj; jPh;khdpj;jy; Mfpait jpl;lf;FOtpd; Kf;fpa gzpfs;.
 khepy Kjyikr;rh;> khepy jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytuhthh;.
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;
jpl;lKk; fhyKk;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1951-56

 ,uz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;- 1956-61
 %d;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1961-66
 ehd;fhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1969-74
 Ie;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1974-79
 Mwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1980-85
 Vohk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1985-90
 vl;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1992-97
 xd;gjhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 1997-2002
 gj;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; - 2002-2007
 gjpndhd;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk; - 2007-2012
 gd;dpuz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk; - 2012-2017
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspd; tsh;rr ; p tpfpjq;fs;
( - tpOf;fhl;by;)
jpl;lk; ,yf;F milag;gl;lJ
Kjy; 2.9% 3.6%

,uz;L 4.5% 4.3%
%d;W 5.6% 2.8%
ehd;F 5.7% 3.3%
Ie;J 4.4% 4.8%
MW 5.2% 6%
VO 5% 6%
vl;L 5.6% 6.8%
xd;gJ 6.5% 5.5%
gj;J 8% 7.8%
gjpndhd;W 9% 8.2% (vjph;ghh;g;G)

Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; - rpy Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
 Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; tptrhaj;jpw;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; - n`uhy;L Lkh; khjphp vdg;gLfpwJ.
 Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij ghjpj;j Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; mfjpfs; tUif> gztPf;fk;> czT
gw;whf;Fiw.
 ,uz;lhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; - nkfyNdhgpy; khjphp vdg;gLfpwJ.
 nkfyNdhgp]; khjphpapy; fduf njhopy; tsh;rr ; pf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 njhopy; nfhs;if ,uhz;lhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; NghJ (1956)
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 1956-k; Mz;L njhopw; nfhs;if> ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 1956-k; Mz;L njhopw; nfhs;if> njhopy; Jiwapy; nghJ epWtdq;fspd; xOq;ifAk;> rkjh;k
rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtijAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
 nkfyNdhgpy; khjphp>Nrhtpaj; /ng];LNkd; khjpjpia(1928) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;ij jw;rhh;Gs;s nghUshjhukhf cUthf;FtNj %d;whtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj;
jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;.
 %d;whtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;F rPdh Mf;fpukpg;G (1962) ,e;Njh - ghfp];jhd; Nghh;
(1965). fLk; twl;rp(1965-66) Mfpa %d;Wk; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;.
 %d;whtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Njhy;tpahy; 1966-69 jpl;l tpLKiw fhykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpl;l tpLKiw fhyj;jpy; xuhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 epiyahd tsh;r;rp (k) jd;dpiwit Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wk; ,uz;Lk; ehd;fhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj;
jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;.
ehd;fhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyj;jpy; tpiythrp 61%cah;e;jJ.
 gq;fshNj\; mfjpfspd; tUifAk; (1971) gUtkio ngha;j;jJk;> ehd;fhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij
ghjpj;j fhuzpfs;.
 Ie;jhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; - tWik xopg;Gk;> jd;dpiwtiljYk; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.
 Ie;jhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;r Njitf;fhd Njrpa jpl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 xd;gjhtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; tsh;rr ; pNahL $ba rKjha ePjp (Growth with Social
Justice)kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;.
 gjpndhd;whtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; cs;slf;fpa tsh;r;rp.(Inclusive Growth)
gjpndhd;whtJ Ie;J Mz;Lj; jpl;l Kbtpy; ehl;bd; vOj;jwpT
tpfpj;jij 8.5%Mf;f ,yf;F eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
hprh;t; tq;fpAk; gzf;nfhs;ifAk;
 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jiyik tq;fp RBI.
 jdpegh; fzf;F njhlq;f Kbahj tq;fp RBI.
 murhq;fj;jpd; tq;fp (Banker to the government) vdg;gLtNj RBI.
 kw;w tq;fpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy;> RBI filrp epiy fld; <Nthd; (Lender of Last
Resort)vdg;gLfpwJ.
 me;epa nryhtzpapd; ghJfhtyd; (Custodian of Foreign Exchange)fld;fspd;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jeh;(Controller of Credit)vd;gJk; RBI.
 RBI 1935-y; njhlq;fg;gl;L 1949-y; ehl;Llik Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

 RBI-d; jiyik ,lk; Kk;ig.
 RBI ntspapLk; &gha; Nehl;Lf;fspy; RBI fth;dhpd; Kj;jpiu ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;jpa &gha;f;fhd Gjpa milahsf; FwpaPL
,e;jpa &gha;f;fhd Gjpa milahsf; FwpaPl;il
kj;jpa mikr;ruit [Piy 15> 2010-y;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.me;jf; FwpaPl;il tbtikj;jth;
jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jtUk; fTfhj;jp I.I.b cjtpg;
NguhrphpaUkhd cjaFkhh; jh;kypq;fk;
vd;gtuhthh;.&ghit Fwpf;Fk; Njtehfhp vOj;J
kw;Wk; Ruppee vd;gjd; Kjy; vOj;jhd R
Mfpatw;iw ,izj;J Gjpa &gha; FwpaPL
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gjpa &gha; rpd;dj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; rkepiyf; Fwp ,e;jpa %tz;zf;
nfhbia epidT+l;LtNjhL ,e;jpah nghUshjhu
rkj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fp efh;tijAk; Fwpg;ghf
czh;j;JfpwJ.
tzpf tq;fpfs;

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 1881-y; njhlq;fg;gl;l Oudh Commercial Bank jhd; ,e;jpah;fshy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy; tzpf tq;fp.
 ,k;gPhpay; ghq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah 1920-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,k;gPhpay; ghq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah 1955-y; State Bank of India(SBI) vd;w ngahpy; Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 SBImjd; 7 rNfhju tq;fpfNshL Nrh;e;J nkhj;jk; 8 tq;fpfshf cs;sJ.
 1969-y; 14 tq;fpfSk; 1980-y; 6tq;fpfSk; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld.
 tq;fpfis Njrpakakhf;fpa ,e;jpa gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp.
 tq;fpfs; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ljpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tq;fpfis tptrhapfSf;F fld; toq;fr;
nra;tJ.
 Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfspdy; gQ;rhg; Ne\dy; tq;fp> epA+ Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpahTld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nrl;A+y;L tq;fp vd;gJ Reserve Bank of India(RBI) –d; ,uz;khtJ ml;ltizapy; ,lk; ngw;w tq;fp.
 Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs; -27.(8+14+6-1=27)
 Fiwe;j gl;rk; 5 yl;rk; KjyPL cs;s tq;fpfNs nrl;A+y;L tq;fpfshf KbAk;.
 tq;fpfspy; jdpegh; njhlq;Fk; fzf;f Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F (Savings Account)
 tq;fpfspy; epWtdq;fs; njhlq;Fk; fzf;F elg;Gf; fzf;F (Current Account)
 elg;Gf fzf;fpy; ,Ug;Gf;F Nky; gzk; vLf;Fk; trjp (Over Draft Facility) cz;L.
 thbf;ifahsh; fhNrhiyia Kjd;Kjyhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpa tq;fp Central Bank of India.
 ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;nghpa jdpahh; tq;fp ICICI.
tWikf;NfhL
 ,e;jpahtpy; tWikf;NfhL> xUth; ehnshd;Wf;F ngWk; fNyhhp mstpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 efh;g;Gwj;jpy; ehnshd;Wf;F 2>100 fNyhhpfSf;F Fiwthfg; ngWNthh; tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPo;
cs;Nshh; vd;ggLth;.
 fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; ehnshd;Wf;F 2>400 fNyhhpfSf;F Fiwthfg; ngWaNthh; tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPo;
cs;Nshh; vdg;gLth;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; tWikf;NfhL> fzf;fPl;bw;fhd Kiw yf;jthyh fkpl;bapd; ghpe;Jiug;gb mike;js;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPNo trpf;Fk; egh;fis mjpfk; nfhz;l khepyk; gPfhh;.
Ntiy
 mikg;G Ntiyapd;ik (Structural Unemployment)cw;gj;jp jpwd; Fiwtpdhy; tUtJ.
 ntspg;gil Ntiyapd;ik (Open Unemployment)gbj;j kw;Wk; gbf;fhj kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk;
Ntiyapd;ik.
 kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik (Disguised Unemployment) cw;gj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;ahky; xUth;
Ntiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.
 gUtfhy Ntiyapd;ik (Seasonal Unemployment) tptrhaj; Jiwapy; tUlk; KOtJk; Ntiy
,Ug;gjpy;iy Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,ilf;fhy Ntiyapd;ik (Intermittent Unemployment) xUth; xU gzpapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU
gzpf;F khWk;NghJ Vw;gLfpwJ.
 cuha;T Ntiyapd;ik (Frictional Unemployment) re;ij epytu khw;wj;jhy; Njit FiwT kw;Wk;
Gjpa njhopy;
El;g mwpKfk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpwJ.
 mikg;Gr; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; mikg;Gr; rhuh gzpfspy; ,Ug;gth;fs; 39.7 Nfhb
 2.8 Nfhb Ngh;fs; kl;Lk; mikg;Gr; rhh;e;j gzpapy; cs;sdh;.
 23.7 Nfhb Ngh; tptrhaj; Jiwapy; gzpapy; cs;sdh;.
 2001-k; Mz;L fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jKs;s gzpahsh;fs; 40.2 Nfhb.
 31.3Nfhb Ngh; Kf;fpa gzpfspYk; 8.9 Nfhb Ngh; tpspk;G epiy gzpfspYk; cs;sdh;.
 mikg;Gr; rhhe;j gzpapy; cs;sth;fspy; 17.8% ngz;fs;. nkhj;j ngz;fs; njhifapy; 25.6% Ngh;
gzpapy; cs;sdh;.
tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;
xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsh;rr ; pj; jpl;lk; (IRDP) 1978.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Ra Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fhd fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fSf;fhd gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; (TRYSEM )1979

Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; - 1980.
Cuf ngz;fs; kw;Wk; #oe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;(DWACRA)1982.
Cuf epykw;Nwhh; Ntiy tha;g;G cj;jputhjj; jpl;lk; -1983
,e;jpuh mth]; Nah[dh - 1985
[tfh; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh - 1989
gpujk ke;jphpapd; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh -1993
kpy;ypad; fpzWfs; jpl;lk;- 1996
fq;fh> fy;;ahd; Nah[dh - 1997
Rth;z n[ae;jp fpuhk Rtuh[;fh; Nah[dh - 1999.
ghuj; eph;khd; Nah[dh - 2005
Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;G cWjp rl;lk; 2006-k; Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhkg;Gw njhopyhsh;fSf;F tUlj;jpw;F 100 ehs; Ntiy toq;FtJ ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;.
Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; (MGNREGP)gpg;uthp 2> 2006 -k; Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lj;Jld; SGRY,NFFWP jpl;lq;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld.
kf;fs; njhif
 cyfpy; kf;fs; njhif kpFe;j ehL rPdh.
 cyfpy; kf;fs; njhif kpFe;j ,uz;lhtJ ehL ,e;jpah.
 khy;J}ypd; fUj;Jg;gb kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk; ngUf;fy; tpfpjj;jpy; mjpfhp;ffpwJ(Geometric
progression). czTg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp $l;ly; tpfpjj;jpy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ(Arthimatic Progression).
 Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;l Mz;L1872.
 ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G 10 tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw eilngWfpwJ.
 2011-k; Mz;L vLf;fg;gl;l nrd;r]; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd; vLf;fg;gl;l 7 tJ nrd;r];(1872-yy; ,Ue;J
15-tJ nrd;r];)
 ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; Fiwe;j khepyk; mUzhryg; gpuNjrk;(17)
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;jJ nly;yp.(11>297)
 ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; neUf;fk;: xU rJu fpN;yh kPl;lUf;F 382 Ngh; (2011nrd;r];):325Ngh; (2001
nrd;r];)
ghypd tpfpjk;
 100 Mz;fSf;F vt;tsT ngz;fs; cs;sdh; vd;gNj ghypd tpfpjk;.
 Mz;fistpl ngz;fs; mjpfKs;s khepyk; Nfush.(ghypd tpfpjk; - 1084)
 ghypd tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;s khepyk; `hpahdh.(ghypd tpfpjk;-877)
vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
 vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 7 taJf;F Nky; fzf;jfplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 74.04%
(2011nrd;nr];): 64.83%(2001 nrd;r];)
 vOj;jwpT tpfpjj;jpy; Kjyplk; gpbf;Fk; khepyk; Nfush (93.91%)
 vOj;jwpT tpfpjj;jpy; 2-tJ ,lj;ijg; gpbg;gJ yl;rj;jPT
(92.28%)
 vOj;jwpT tpfpjj;jpy; 3-tJ ,lj;ijg; gpbg;gj kpN]huk;(91.58%)
 2011-k; Mz;L nrd;r]; gb jkpopehL vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 80.33%
 Fiwthd vOj;jwpT tpfpjKs;s khepyq;fs; gPfhh; (63.82% kw;Wk; mUzhr;ryg;
gpuNjrk;(66.95%)
,,e;jpahtpd; r%f - nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; p kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;
 Cuf tsh;rr ; pf;fhf r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; 1952-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 1975-k; Mz;L kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> tWik xopg;Gf;fhfTk; 20 mk;r jpl;lk;
,e;jpu fhe;jpahy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 Cuf Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa epWtdk; 1977-k; Mz;L nfhz;ltug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 Ie;jhk; Ie;jhz;L jpl;l fhyj;jpy; (1974-79)Ntiyf;F czTj; jpl;lk; 1977-78-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

 Cuf njhopy; El;gj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lk; 1986-k; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; njhFjp Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;ljpd; fPo; njhFjp Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf xt;nthU
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;Fk; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F &.5Nfhb jug;gLfpwJ.(1Nfhb vd;gJ 2011-12 Kjy; 5Nfhb
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
 kfsph; ,ilNa mQ;ryf Nrkpg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf kfsph; rk;Ujp Nah[dh 1993-k; Mz;L
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 rf;rhh; ghuj; - gbf;Fk; ghujk; vd;W jpl;lk; ngz;fs; vOj;jwpT Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fspy;
2010-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 ngz;fspd; epiyia cah;j;Jtjw;fhf ghf;fpa ghy; fy;ahz; Nah[dh 1998-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 ngz;fSf;F fhg;gl P ;L ghJfhg;G jpl;lkhd uh[ uhN[];thp kfsph; fy;ahd; Nah[dh 1998-y;;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPNo trpf;Fk; kf;fSf;F fhg;gPl;Lg; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk; [d; gPkh Nah[dh 2000-
y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F 10 fpNyh jhdpaq;fs; toq;Fk; md;d G+h;d Nah[dh 1999-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 tWik Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; cs;s FLk;gq;fSf;F Fiwe;j tpiyapy; khjk; 35 fpNyh cah;T
jhdpaj;ij toq;f me;jpNahija md;d Nah[dh 2000-y; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 fpuhkg;Gw rhiy trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; gpujk ke;jphp fpuhk rjf; Nah[dh 2000-y;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 thy;kPfp mk;Ngj;fh; tPl;L trjp jpl;lk; efh; Gwq;fspy; Nrhp tPLfs; mikg;gjw;fhf 2001-y;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 fh;gg
; pzpg; ngz;fSf;F kUj;Jtg; ghpNrhjidf;F top nra;Ak; te;Nj khjuk; jpl;lk; 2004-y;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 fUTw;w jha;khh;fSf;F ghJfhg;gspf;Fk; [ddp Ruf;\h jpl;lk; 2005-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
gq;F th;j;jfk;
 xU epwtdk; KjtPl;il ngUf;fTk;> njhopiy tphpTg; gLj;jTk; fld; gj;jpuk;> gq;F gj;jpuq;fis
ntspapLfpwJ.
 xU epWtdj;jpd; fld; gj;jpuj;ij(Debentures)thq;fp itj;jpUg;gth;fs; me;epWtdj;jpw;F
fld; <e;jth;(Creditors) Mthh;.
 xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;F gj;jpuj;ij thq;fp itj;jpUg;gth;fs; me;epWtdj;jpw;F Kjyhspfshff;
(Owners)fUjg;gLth;.
 fld; gj;jpuk; itj;jpUg;gth; Mz;l NjhWk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia tl;bahfg; ngWth;.
 gq;F jhuh;> fk;ngdpapd; yhg > el;lj;Jf;F Vw;wthW Mz;L NjhWk; gyd; ngWthh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gq;f th;j;jfj;ij eph;tfpf;f 1992-y; SEBInjhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 SEBI- Security Exchange Board of India.
 BSI,Nifty Nghd;wit gq;F th;j;jff; FwpaPl;nlz;fs;.
 BSI- Bombay Sensitive Index vd;gJ Kk;ig gq;F th;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; FwpaPl;L vz;.
 Nifty vd;gJ Njrpag; gq;F th;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; FwpaPl;L vz;.
 Nifty- National Index Fifty
 ve;j epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffs; yhgj;jpy; nry;fpd;wdNth/ Kd;dpiyapy cs;sdNth> mit Blue
Chip fk;ngdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 BSI, 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Blue Chip fk;ngdpfspd; gq;Ffspd; epiyikiag; nghWj;J miktJ.
 Nifty, kf;fpakhd 50 Blue chip fk;ngdpfspd; gq;Ffspd; epiyikiag; nghWj;J miktJ.
 Njrpa gq;F th;j;jf epWtdKk; (NSI) Kk;igapNyNa cs;sJ.
 gq;F th;j;jf Jiwapy; Kk;igapy; Dalal Street, mnkhpf;fhtpd; Wall Street ,uz;Lk; Gfo;
ngw;wit.
 gq;fFr; re;ijapy; gq;Fspd; tpiy Fiwa Nghtjhf vz;zp gq;Ffis tpw;f Kay;gtiu fub
(Bear) vd;gh;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 gq;Fr; re;ijapy gq;Ffspd; tpiy Vwg; Nghtjhf vz;zp gq;Ffis thq;fpf; Ftpg;gth; fhis
(Bull)vdg;gLth;.
 gq;Ffis clDf;Fld; thq;fp tpw;gth; khd;(Stag) vdg;gLth;.
A+Nuh fud;]p
 INuhg;gpa A+dpad; ehLfs; kh];bhpf; xg;ge;jg;gb jq;fSf;F xNu ehza Kiwia Vw;gLj;j KbT
nra;jdh;;.
 INuhg;gpahtpd; nghJ ehzakhd A+Nuh 2000-y; Goffj;jpw;F te;jJ.
 INuhg;gpa A+dpad; ehLfspy; ,q;fpyhe;J> nld;khh;f;> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J Mfpad nghJ fud;]p Kiwapy;
Nrutpy;iy.
cyf tq;fpAk; gd;dhl;L gz epjpaKk;
 cyf tq;fp> gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; Mfpw ,uz;Lk; gpnul;ld; Tl; ,ul;ilah;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 cyf tq;fp> gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; Mfpatw;wpd; jiyikafq;fs; th\pq;ldpy; cs;sd.
 cyftq;fpapy; 186 ehLfSk;> gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpy; 185 ehLfSk; cWg;G ehLfshFk;.
 cyf tq;fp ePz;l fhy fld;fis toq;fp xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; pf;F cjtfpwJ.
 cyftq;fp IBRD,IDA,IFC,MIGA,ICSID vd Ie;J mq;fq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpak;> xU ehL nghUshjhu rpf;fypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ me;j ehl;Lf;F FWfpafhy
fld; toq;fp me;j ehl;il kPl;nlLf;fpwJ.
 cyf tq;fp> gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; Mfpatw;wpd; epjpahz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; Kjy; ehspy;
njhlq;Fk;.
 VNjDk; Xh; cyf ehl;bd; gzj;jpw;F rh;tNjr re;ijapy; Njit ngUFk; NghJ me;jg; gzj;ij
fldhf jUtJ cyf tq;fp . me;jg; gzj;ij tpw;gid nra;tJ gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; (Bank Lends and
the Fund sells)
 gd;dhl;L tzpf rkepiyiag; ghJfhg;gJk; cyf ehLfSf;fpilNa gz xj;Jiog;ig
Nkk;gLj;JtJ Mfpait gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jd; Kf;fpag; gzpfs;.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; ehzak; my;yJ mjd; KjyPl;L tsk;(Capital Resources) special drawing
Rights vdg;gLfpwJ.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; gzkhd SDR I fhfpjj; jq;fk;
(Paper gold)vd;fpNwhk;.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; xt;Nthh; cWg;G ehLk; jq;fs; xjf;fPl;Lf;F Vw;g gzk; mspj;J gd;dhl;L
epjpaj;jpd; KjyPl;L tsj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd;.
 gd;dhl;L gd epjpaj;jpy; mjpf xJf;fPL nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehLfspy; ,e;jpah 13 tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; nkhj;j xjf;fPl;by; ,e;jpahtpd; gq;fspg;G 1.9%
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; nfhs;if KbTfspy; thf;fspf;Fk; chpik mjd; cWg;G ehLfSf;F
mit nfhz;Ls;s xJf;fPl;ilg; nghUj;J mikfpJ.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jpd; cWg;G ehLfs; jq;fs; xJf;fPl;bw;fhd gzj;ij 25% epiyr;
nrhj;jhfTk;(Reserve assets)kPjj;ij jq;fs; ehl;Lg; gzkhfTk; toq;fyhk;.
 xt;nthU ehLk; jhd; nrYj;j Ntz;ba BOP(Balance of Payment)-f;F jdJ ehl;L ,Ug;gpy; cs;s
me;epa nryhtzp Nghf mjpfg;gbahd gzj;ij gd;dhl;L gz epjpaj;jplkpUe;J jq;fs; xjf;fPl;bw;F Vw;g
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
 gd;dhl;L gz epjpak; Mz;LNjhWk; cyf Nghl;b mwpf;ifia ntspapLfpwJ.
gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G
 cyfr; re;ijapYs;s gzq;fspd;kjpg;GfSf;F xg;g ek; gzj;jpd; kjpg;igf; Fiwg;gjw;F gzkjpg;G
Fiwg;G vd;W ngah;.
 gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nra;tjd; %yk; Vw;Wkjp ngUfp ,wf;Fkjp Fiwa tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ghjf tzpfr; rkepiyia rPhn ; ra;J rhjf tzpfr; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;j gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiu ehd;F Kiw gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nra;g;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 [Pd; 1949(30.5%)>[{d;1966(57%)> [{iy 1>1991(9 %)> [{iy3>1991(11%) Mfpa Mz;lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy;

gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kiwahf gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nr;ag;gl;lNghJ epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth; [hd;
khj;jha;(1949).
 ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nra;ag;gl;l NghJ epjpmikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;
rr;rpe;ju nrsj;hp(1966).
 ,e;jpahtpy; %d;whtJ kw;Wk; ehd;fhtJ Kiwahf gzkjpg;G Fiwg;G nra;ag;gl;l NghJ epjp
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;(1991)
 gzg; Gof;f xopg;G (Demonitization of Currency)vd;gJ fs;sr; re;ijia jLg;gjw;fhf mjpf
kjpg;Gs;s gzj;ij gzg; Gof;fj;jpypUe;J thg]; ngWtjhFk;.
rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs;

 2000-k; Mz;Lf;fhd Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nfhs;ifapy; rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyf; nfhs;if
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rpwg;G nghUlhjhu kz;lyr; rl;lk; Nk 2005-y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L gpg;uthp10> 2006Kjy;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.(SEZ ACT)
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fspd; tsh;rr ; pf;fhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fSf;F Rq;f kw;Wk;
fyhy; thpfspypUe;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpa Vw;Wkjp kz;lyq;fshf ,Ue;j 8,lq;fs; rpwg;G nghUshuhu
kz;lyq;fshf mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.
 fz;l;yh> #uj; (F[uhj;)> rhd;lh f;&]; (kfhuh\;l;uh)> nfhr;rpd; (Nfush)> nrd;id (jkpopehL)>
neha;lh (c.gp). /ghy;lh (Nkw;F tq;fhsk;)> tprhfg;gl;bdk; (Me;jpuh) Mfpa vl;Lk; ,e;jpahtpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;l rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fshFk;.
 gpd;te;j Mz;Lfspy; Nk;Yk; 20 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs; nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jd.
 NkYk; 105 rpwg;G nghushjhu kz;lyq;fSf;F nfhs;if hPjpahd mDkjp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fis cUthf;f kj;jpa > khepy murpd; ghy;NtW Jiw xg;Gjy;fSk;
xw;iwr;rhsu Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs; kj;jpa tpw;gid thpfspypUe;J tpyf;F ngWfpd;wd.
 2004-05 k; Mz;L rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fspd; topahf &gha; nra;ag;gl;l Vw;Wkjp ^gha;
22>500 Nfhbfisj; jhz;baJ.
 rpwg;G nghushjhu kz;lyq;fspd; tsh;rr ; p 2004-05 –k; Mz;by; 32%
MfTk; 2005-06-k; Mz;zlfspy; 23% MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
 ehL KOtJk; epWtg;gl;l 900-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fspy; %yk; 1>00>000-f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;Nlhh; (40 % ngz;fs;)Ntiytha;g;G ngw;wdh;.r
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fSf;F njhopyhsh; eyd; kw;Wk; RwWr; #oy; rl;lq;fspypUe;J kl;Lk;
tpyf;F fpilahJ.
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhf tptrha epyq;fs; murhq;fj;jhy;
ifafg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Nkw;F tq;fhsk; cs;spl;l gy khepyq;fspy; ngUk; vjph;g;G njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 lhlh epWtdk; jdJ ehNdh fhh; fk;ngdpia Nkw;f tq;fhsj;jpy; epWTtjw;F Vw;gl;l fLk;
vjph;g;gpd; fhuzkhf me;j fk;ngdpia F[uhj;jpy; epWtpaJ.
 rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs; ,e;jpahTf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; ntspehl;L gFjpfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
me;epa KjyPL
 jpl;lf;FO 11-k; Ie;jhz;L jpl;l fhyj;jpy; me;jpa KjyPl;il 15gpy;ypad; lhyuhf cah;j;j Ntz;Lk;
vdf; $wpAs;sJ.
 xd;gjhtJ jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; me;epa KjyPL 3.7 gpy;ypd; lhyhuhfTk; 10tJ jpl;l fhyj;jpy; (Kjy; 4
Mz;Lfspy;)5.4 gpy;ypad; lhyuhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
 ntspehl;L Kjypl;bd; ,uz;L tiffs; Neub KjyPL (Direct Investment) kw;Wk; epWtd;
KjyPL(Institutional Investment)MFk;.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu typikf;F epWtd KjyPl;il tpl Neub KjyPNl mjpfk; tpUk;gg;gLfpwJ.
gztPf;fk;
 nghUs;fspd; tpiy njhlh;e;J mjpfhpg;gjw;F gztPffk; vd;W ngah;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gztPf;f tpfpjk; nkhj;j tpiy FwpaPl;L vz;iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fz;f;fplg;gLfpwJ.
 gztPf;fj;;ij tpiy ce;jpa gztPf;fk; >(Cost Push Inflation)
Njit ,Og;G gztPf;fk;(Demand Pull inflation)vd ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
 Njit ,Og;G gztPf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;F fUg;G gzkK; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpf tsh;rr ; p kw;Wk; jpl;l rhuh
nryTfSk; fhuzkhFk;.
 rkPgj;jpy; murhq;f nrytpdq;fs; Cjpak; kw;Wk; khdpak; ngUksTf;F mjpfhpg;gJ Njit ,Og;G
gztPf;fj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
 fr;rh vz;nza; tpiy mjpfhpg;G tptrha cw;gj;jp FiwT Nghd;wit tpiy ce;jpa gztPf;fj;jpw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
 Njitia fl;LgLj;jpNah. cw;gj;jpia xOq;FgLj;jpNah murhq;fk; gztPf;fj;ij fl;LgLj;JfpwJ.
 murhq;f nrytpdq;fis Fiwj;jy;. thp kw;Wk; Nrkpg;gpd; %yk; epjp jpul;Ljy; fld; gj;jpuq;fis
Fiwj;jy; Nghd;wit gztPf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;;gLj;j murhq;fk; vLf;Fk; Kf;fpa eltbf;if MFk;.
 hprh;t; tq;fp Nghd;wtw;iw khw;wp mikj;J gztPf;fj;ij fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. hprh;t; tq;fpia
Fiwf;Fk;NghJ.
 CRR-tzpf tq;fpfs; -y; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba nlghrpl;.
 SLR-tzpf tq;fpfs;> jq;fs; jpdrhp nray;ghl;Lf;fhf itj;jpUf;Fk; gzk; kw;Wk; cldbahf
gzkhf;fj;jf;f gj;jpuq;fs;.
 CRR-ia Fiwg;gjd; %yk; tq;fpfspd; ifapUg;G gzk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.mjd; %yk; gztPf;fk;
fl;LgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ghlk; - 1nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;

‘2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G nghUspay; mwpQh;fshy; tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gl;l ghuk;ghpaNk nghUshjhur; rpe;jidahFk;.
kdpj mwptpd; midj;J epiyfisAk; ,jd; %yk; vspjhf mwpa KbAk; ’ vd;W Nguhrphpah; ngy; (Prof. Bell) $Wfpd;whh;.
`Pg;&]; nghUspay; rpe;jidfs;

cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd ehfhPfj;ij nfhz;lth;fs; `Pg;&];. ,th;fs; nghUspay; gpur;ridfs; gw;wp jdpj;J
ghh;ff
; tpy;iy. kjj;jpw;Fk;> xOf;fnewpfSf;FNk ,th;fs; kpf Kd;Dhpik nfhLj;jhh;fs;. Ntshz;ikf;F ,th;fs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. tl;b> tpiy> nrhj;Jhpik kw;Wk; Kw;Whpik Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa njspthd fUj;Jfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
`Pg;&]; ehfhPfk; Ntshz;ikiar; rhh;e;j Cufg; gpd;dzpiar; rhh;e;jJ. ‘coTj; njhopiyr; nra;gtd; kpifahd
czitg; ngWthd;’ vd;gJ ,th;fsJ gonkhopahFk;. VohtJ tUlk; epyj;ij rhFgb nra;akhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jhpR
epykhf tpl;LtpLth;. epyj;jpd; nrOikiag; kPsg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
[_g;sp tUlk; vd;gJ 50-tJ tUlkhFk;. 50 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwf epyj;ij thq;fpath;fs; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuUf;Nf
nfhLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ [_g;sp tUlj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;.
Nrgj; (The Sabbath)

‘Nrgj;’ vd;gJ thuhe;jpu tpLKiw. Xa;T kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rp epiwe;j ehshFk;. thu ,Wjp ehs; vd;gJ r%f
fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;.
[t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘,k;kf;fsplk; cUt topghL fhzg;gltpy;iy. flTs;fSf;F Nfhtpy;fs;
,y;iy’.
,ilf;fhy nghUshjhu rpe;jidfs;

; hd;b – Nehgpiy ifg;gw;wpa (1453 AD)
Nuhk; mur tPo;r;rpaile;j fhyj;jpypUe;J (476AD) JUf;fpah;fs; fhd;]l
fhyk; tiu ,ilf;fhykhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,ilf;fhy rKjhak; epyg; gz;iz Kiw (Feudal System) iar; rhh;e;jJ.
,ilf;fhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifAld; ,ize;J tho;e;jdh;.
tzpfthjk; (Mercantilism)

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
15-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 18-k; E}w;whz;Ltiu INuhg;gpa murhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; fUj;Jf;fSk;

nfhs;iffSk; tzpf thjk; vdg;gl;lJ. thzpgj;jpd; %yk; ehl;bd; nry;tj;ij cah;j;jKbAk; vd;W ek;gpdh; .
tzpfthjk; vd;gJ nghUspay; %yk; tYthd muir cUthf;FtNjahFk;.
mnyf;]hz;lh; fpNuapd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘tzpfthjj;jpdhpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahdJ Vw;Wkjpia mjpfhpj;jYk;>
,wf;Fkjpia Fiwj;jYk; MFk;.’
tzpfthjj;jpdhpd; $w;Wg;gb> thzpgNk kpf Kf;fpakhd njhopyhFk;. njhopy;> cw;gj;jpj; Jiwfs; ,uz;lhtJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Ntshz;ik kpff; Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
,aw;ifthjk; (Physiocrates)
gpuhd;R ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ,aw;ifthjk; vd;W ngah;. ,aw;ifthjk;
‘,aw;ifapd; tpjp’ ,aw;ifthjk; vd;gJ tzpfthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd gpuhd;R kf;fshy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpahFk;.
,aw;ifthjj;jpdh; ,aw;if epajpia cUthf;fpdh;. ,aw;if epajp vd;gJ flTshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,yl;rpaf;
nfhs;if (Ideal Order) vd;W fUjpdh;.
ehLfspd; nry;tKk;> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpAk; Mlk; Rkpj; mf;fiu nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Kjy; nghUshjhu
Kd;Ndw;w mwpQh; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. Nltpl; hpfhh;Nlh> nghUshjhu gq;fl P ;bd; gpur;ridfspy; Mh;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
kf;fs;-njhiff; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpa khy;j];. ehLfspd; nrOik gw;wpAk; tWik gw;wpAk; mwptjpy; Mh;tk;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. J.S. kpy;> jdpj;jd;ikapYk;> rkjh;kj;jpYk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th; nghUshjhu gq;fPl;by; r%f
rPhj
; pUj;jj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.
khh;f;fprpa nfhs;if (Karl Marx)

; ; (1818-1883) mwptpay; rkjh;kj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ‘th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lNk tuyhW MFk;’ vd;W fhh;y;
fhh;y; khh;f]
khh;f;]; fUJfpd;whh;. u\;ahtpYk;> rPdhtpYk;> rkjh;k muR cUthf khh;f;]pd; mwpTiufNs fhuzkhFk;.
nghUspay; tho;f;if vd;gJ khw;wKk; Kd;Ndw;wKk; nfhz;l xd;W vd;W J.A. Rk;gPl;lh; (1883-1993) fUJfpd;whh;.
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; Gj;jhf;fj;ij GidAk; njhopy; KidNthd; Kf;fpag; gq;F tFg;gjhff; fUJfpd;whh;.
fPd;rpd; Gul;rp (The Keynesian Revolution)

J.M. fPd;R Gjpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ijahf fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. 1920 kw;Wk; 1930k; Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu
ngUke;jj;jhy; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;neUf;fbapy; ,Ue;J kPs> murpd; gq;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;Wk;> Jzpfukhd epjpf; nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gjpa nfhs;if fPd;rpd;
nfhs;if mbg;gilapNyNa Njhd;wpajhFk;.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk;

(Economic growth and Development)
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia Mh;jh; Y}ap]; vd;gth; kf;fs; njhifapd; jyh cw;gj;jpapd; tsh;r;rp’ vd;W
tiuaWf;fpwhh;.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy; jdp eguJ gq;F mjpfhpg;gNjahFk;.
Nguhrphpah; Mh;jh; Y}ap]; vd;gtuJ fUj;Jg;gb nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahdJ %d;W tpjkhd fhuzpfspdhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mit:
1. nghUshjhu eltbf;if
2. mwpTj; jpwd; tsh;r;rp
3. %yjdj;jpd; tsh;r;rp
NtWtifahf $wpd;> ,k; %d;W fhuzpfSk; ciog;G> njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; %yjdj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,jNdhL
epyk; my;yJ tsq;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
nghJthf $wpd;> Vo;ik epiy. Ntiyapy;yh gpur;rpid> Vw;wj; jho;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Fiwg;gjhy; kl;LNk xU
ehlhdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; miltjhf fUjg;gLk;. ,y;iy vdpy;> jyh tUkhdk; ,uz;L klq;F mjpfhpj;jhYk; nghUshjhuk;
tsh;e;jJ vd $wKbahJ.
MfNt tsh;r;rp vd;gJ tho;fi ; f juj;jpd; cah;T rhh;e;jjhFk;. mjhtJ kf;fs; mjpf tUkhdk;> ey;y fy;tp
MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;if> rj;Js;s czT> tWikaw;w epiy> rktha;g;G epiy Mfpatw;iw ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ikf;Nfy; P. NjhlNuh kw;Wk; ];b/gd;. C. ];kpj; vd;Nghhpd; thf;Fg;gb Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ ‘gy ghpkhz Kiwfspy; Vw;gLk;
ngUk; khw;wq;fs; rKjha mikg;GfspYk; kf;fsJ kw;Wk; ehl;L epWtdq;fspd; ,ay;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;>
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Ntfk;> Vw;wj;jho;tpd; tPo;r;rp kw;Wk; tWik xopg;G Mfpatw;iw Fwpf;Fk;.
W.W. Nuh];Nlht; vd;gth; mnkhpf;fhit Nrh;e;j xU nghUspay; ,e;j Ie;J fl;lq;fis
1. goikahd rKjha mikg;G Kiw
2. khWk; epiyapy; cs;s rKjhak;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
3. nghUshjhu NknyO epiy

4. nghUshjhu Kjph;r;rpf;fhd nraY}f;fk;
5. nghJ kf;fspd; NgusT Efh;r;rpf; fhyk;.
goikahd rKjha mikg;G KiwahdJ ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fspdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,q;F nghUshjhu
gpd;jq;fpa epiy epyTk;. Vo;ikahd ehLfs; ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzk; MFk;.
khWk; epiyapy; cs;s rKjha mikg;gpy; nghUshjhu NknyO epiy cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; ghuk;ghpa
gof;ftof;fq;fspd; rf;jpfs; Fiwe;J nry;Yk;. Mdhy; nghUshjhu Cf;Ftpg;G ,Uf;Fk;. r%f fl;likg;Gf;fspYk;>
cUtq;fspYk; mbg;gil trjpfspYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLk;. ,e;j NknyO epiy mile;jTld;> epiyahd Ra tsh;r;rp
rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;.
rKjha NknyO epiy vd;gJ xU rKjhak; Ntshz;ikia jiyaha njhopyhf ,Ug;gij tpl;Ltpl;L mjw;F
khwhf njhopy;fis jiyaha Ntiy tha;g;ghf khw;wpf; nfhs;Sjiy Fwpf;Fk;.
NknyO epiyia rpy ehLfspy; ,uapy;Nt Jiw kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Jiwfspd; thapyhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;j NknyOepiyf;F gpd; nghUshjhukhdJ jd; epiwT mile;J KO tsh;r;rp epiyia vl;LfpwJ. ,e;j
epiyapy; muR rpy mbg;gil jPh;khdq;fis vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. cw;gj;jp tsq;fs; epiwthfTk;. nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp
mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy; me;ehl;L muR> ehl;bid tYg;glj;j (m) ghJfhf;f mtw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjh (m) kf;fspd;
eyd;fis cah;j;j gad;gLj;Jtjh vd KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
filrp epiyahdJ> kf;fspd; ngUk; msT Efh;r;rp epiy vdg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; nghJkf;fs; midj;J tifg;
nghUs;fisAk;> Fwpg;ghf mopahg; gz;lq;fshd fhh; Nghd;w trjpg; gz;lq;fisAk; Mlk;gu gz;lq;fisAk; ngUk;
mstpy; Efuj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;.
ghlk; - 2 kf;fs; njhif (POPULATION)

kf;fs;njhif – tpsf;fk; (Meaning)
kf;fs;njhif vd;gJ> xU ehl;by; (m) xU gFjpapy; thOk; xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahFk;.
kf;fs;njhifia jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfspd;

kf;fs;njhifia jPh;khdpf;Fk;. mbg;gil fhuzpfshtd
gpwg;G tPjk; (Birth rate)

gpwg;G tPj mjpfhpg;ghy;> kf;fs;njhifapYk; mjpfkhd ngUf;fj;ijNa fhzKbAk;.
gpwg;G tPjk; fPo;fhZk; fhuzpfSld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. jpUkz taJ
2. Foe;ij gpwg;G mjpfhpg;G
3. r%f gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs;
4. gbg;gwptpd;ik kw;Wk; gpwg;G fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfs; gw;wp mwpahik.
Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhf gpwg;G tPjk; cah;e;J> kf;fs; njhifahdJ ngUksTf;F mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
,wg;GtPjk; (Death Rate)

kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;F kw;nwhU fhuzk; Fiwthd ,wg;G tPjNkahFk;. grp> gl;bdp> rj;Js;s czt
fpilf;fhik> njhw;W Neha; Nghjpa kUj;Jt> Rfhjhu trjp FiwT Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,wg;G tPjk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
kWGwkhf Nehf;Fk;NghJ> rj;Js;s czT> J}a FbePh>; Nkk;gl;l kUj;Jt trjpfs;> Jg;GuT trjpfs;> njhw;W Neha;
xopg;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; tphpthf;fj;jhy; ,wg;G tPjkhdJ FiwtilfpwJ.
Fbg;ngah;r;rp (Migration)
ntsp Fbg; ngah;r;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ. cs; Fbg; ngah;r ;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhif
ngUf;fj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
kf;fs;njhif ntbg;ghdJ> mr;RWj;jf;$ba> mjpNtfkhd kf;fs;njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
ntbg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;
FLk;g eyk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fs;> FLk;gy eytho;T jpl;lq;fs;> kf;fs;njhif gw;wpa fUj;juq;Ffs; %yNk
,g;gpwg;G tPjj;ij Fiwf;f KbAk;.
2. Fiwthd ,wg;G tpjk;

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
kUj;Jt Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wKk;> Ml;nfhs;sp Neha;fshfpa> mk;ik> gpNsf;> ilgha;L Mfpa ePz;lfhy
Neha;fs; xope;Jtpl;l epiyapYk; kf;fs;njhif ngUff; fhuzq;fshFk;. Rj;jk;> Rfhjhu trjpfs;. Foe;ij gpwg;Gf;F Kd;>
Foe;ij gpwg;Gf;Fgpd; cs;s guhkhpg;Gf;fs;> Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G tPjj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
3. ,staJ jpUkzk;
,e;jpahtpy; ,s tajpNyNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa ngz;fspd; jpUkz
taJ 18 mf cs;sJ. ,J gpw ehLfNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ kpf FiwthdNj. kw;w ehLfspd; jpUkz tajhdJ 23 Kjy;
25 MFk;. ,jdhy; kfg;NgW fhyk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4. rKjha kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU jdp kdpjDk; fl;lhak; jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mJ xU
,d;wpaikahj r%f flikahFk;. $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; jdpeghpd; nghWg;Gf;fs; czug;gltpy;iy. khwhf nkhj;j egh;fspd;
rkepiyahd Efh;Tf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mNef kf;fspd; ‘xU FLk;gj;jpw;F xU Mz; Foe;ij’ vd;w
vjph;ghh;g;gpdhy; FLk;gj;jpd; msthdJ mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
5. tWik
tWikAk;> kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;F xU fhuzkhf cs;sJ. Foe;ijfs;> xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk;> tUkhdk;
<l;lf;$ba ngw;Nwhh;fSf;fhf NtiyfSf;Fr; nrd;W cjtp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. gs;spf;F nry;Yk; tajpy; Ntiyf;Fr;
nrd;W nghUs; <l;Ltjhy; Foe;ijfs; FLk;gj;jpd; nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwhh;fs;. $Ljyhf gpwf;fpd;w xt;nthU
Foe;ijfSk; tUkhdk; <l;Lk; cWg;gpdh;fshth;. ,J mth;fspd; FLk;g tUkhdj;jpw;F Jiz GhpAk;.
6. tho;ifj;juk;
kf;fs; njhifapy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; fy;tp mwpT mw;wth;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy; FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij
mth;fs; Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. rpwpa msthd FLk;gk; ey;y tho;f;if juj;ij mDgtpf;f cjTfpwJ vd;gJ
mth;fSf;F njhpahjnjhd;whFk;.
7. fy;tpawptpd;ik
fy;tpawptpd;ik mjpf tpfpjj;jpy; epytp tUtjhy;> kf;fs; NgusT mwpahikapy; ,Ue;Jf;nfhz;L %l r%f>
gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; kw;Wk; ,stajpy; jpUkzk;> Mz; Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nkhfq;fspdhy;
epiwe;Js;shh;fs;. ,jd; tpisthf kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk; cah;e;j tPjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kf;fs;njhif ntbg;G vt;thW nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia jil nra;f pwJ.

1. czTg; gw;whf;Fiw
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gjhy;> mjw;Nfw;w tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; rktpfpj tsh;r;rp
,y;iynadpy; fLikahd czTg; gw;whf;Fiw gpur;rpidia re;jpf;f Ntz;b NehpLk;.
2. cw;gj;jp nra;ahj Efh;Nthh; Rik

Foe;ijfSk; KjpNahUk; cw;gj;jpapy; xU gq;fpidAk; tfpf;fhky;> nghUs;fis kl;Lk; Efh;fpwhh;fs;. ,t;thwhf
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; KjpNahhpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ rj;JzT> kUe;Jtrjp> nghJ Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tpg;
Nghd;w mbg;gil Njitfs; ftdk; nrYj;jg;glhkNyNa ngUkstpy; fplf;fpd;wd.
3. jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L tUkhdk; Fiwjy;

tsUk; kf;fs;njhif jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; ruhrhp tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij jilr; nra;fpwJ.
4. Nrkpg;Gk; KjyPLk; Fiwjy;

kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp Nrkpg;igAk; kw;Wk; KjyPl;bd; jpwidAk; Fiwf;fpwJ.
5. %yjd Mf;fk; FiwT

,e;jpah Nghd;w tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;F %yjd Mf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;. %yjd Mf;fk;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk;
KjyPl;il rhh;e;Js;sJ. mjpfNtf kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ,k; %yjd Mf;fk; Vw;gl tha;g;gpy;iy. ,jd;
tpisthf Ntiyapd;ikAk;> FiwNtiytha;g;Gk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
6. Ntiyapd;ik (kw;Wk;) FiwNtiyAlik

tsUk; kf;fs; njhif Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lj;ij NkYk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. kf;fs;njhif tsUk;NghJ> ciog;Gk;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j mjpfhpf;Fk; ciog;G rf;jpia epyTk; gw;whf; Fiwahd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; KOikahf <h;j;Jf;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf epiwa kf;fs; Ntiyapy; mkh;j;jg;glhkYk;> Fiwthd Ntiyapy; mkh;j;jg;gl;Lk;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
7. kfsphpd; ciog;G tPzhjy;

mbf;fb Foe;ij ngUtjhy;> ePz;l fhyj;jpy;> cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; ngUksT kfspuhy; Ntiy nra;a
,aytpy;iy. ,jdhy; kdpjtsk; tPzhfpwJ.
8. ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; FiwT

kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fkhdJ ehl;LtUkhdk; kw;Wk; jdp egh; tUkhdj;ij ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; jukhdJ FiwfpwJ.
9. r%f ey jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ mjpf nryT

kUj;Jt guhkhpg;G> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> FLk;g eyd;> fy;tp> tPl;L trjp Nghd;w r%f nryTfspd; NjitahdJ
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
10. Ntshz;ikapy; gpd;jq;fpa epiy

Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fs; %ykhf Ntshz;ikapy; gy ntw;wpfukhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fis nra;jpUe;jhYk; tptrha
cw;gj;jpahdJ> kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rpNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ kpf Fiwthd epiyapNyNa ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
11. tsh;r;rpaw;w njhopy;epiyfs;

ngUk; kw;Wk; rpwpa njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Njitahd %yjdk; ngUkstpy; Njitg;gLk; NghJ ,e;jpa %yjd
Mf;f tPjNkh kpff; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ek; ehl;bd; njhopy; Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F xJf;fPL nra;a nghJ KjyPL
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy.
12. muR kPJ epjpr; Rik

r%f ey jpl;lq;fSf;fhfTk;> tWikia mfw;Wtjw;fhfTk; tsq;fisj; jpul;b tWikia mfw;Wtjw;F
epjpahf;fk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. J}a;ikahd FbePh; toq;Ftjw;Fk;> FbapUg;G trjp Vw;gLj;jp jUtjw;Fk; ey;y Rfhjhu
#o;epiyia cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> kUj;Jt trjp nra;JjUtjw;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij cah;j;jTk; ngUk; nghUs;
nryit mur Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topfs;

1. jk;gjpfspd; ghJfhg;G tPjk; (Couple Protection Rate - CPR)
,e;j tPjj;ij mjpfhpg;gjpdhy;> FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis ifahSk; jk;gjpfspd; tpfpjk; mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G tPjk; (Infant Mortality Rate - IMR)

,t;tPjk; NkYk; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; Foe;ijfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; ,wf;Fk;Nghj> nghJ kf;fs;
rpW FLk;g newpapid gpd;gw;w Cf;fkspf;Fk;.
3. ehL njhopy;kakhjy;
epyj;ij rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; kf;fs; njhif mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; Fbir kw;Wk; rpW
njhopy;fis> mjpfgl;r kf;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;gspg;gjw;fhf> tsur; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk; kw;Wk; fy;tpia mjpfhpj;jy;

fy;tp fw;w kf;fSf;F jq;fSila FLk;g mstpidg; gw;wp mjpfg; nghWg;G tha;e;j fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sdh;. mth;fs; rpW FLk;gj;jpd; ed;ikfisg; gw;wpAk;. FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis gad;gLj;Jtjpd; thapyhfTk;
FLk;g mstpid Fiwf;f KbAk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fis Ghpe;J nfhz;L nray;gLthh;f s;. ,J gpwg;G tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
5. fhyk; jho;j;jp jpUkzk; nra;jy;

fhyk; jho;j;jp jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F Cf;fkspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;r Mz;fspd; jpUkz taJ 21 kw;Wk;
ngz;fspd; taJ 18 vd;w taJ tuk;ig tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
6. rl;l hPjpahd eltbf;if

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk; xNu rkaj;jpy;> xUth; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhs;SjiyAk; (polygamy)
jilnra;a rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp mtw;iw mKYf;Ff; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;.
7. FLk;g ey jpl;lq;fs; (Family Planning)

kf;fs; njhifapd; mjpNtf tsh;r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,J xU Kf;fpakhd topKiwahFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; xU Njrpa
,af;fkhf cUntLf;f Ntz;Lk;. FLk;gj; eyjpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;tpia midtUk; ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwg;igf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> ntt;NtW topKiwfis nghJkf;fs; mwpar; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
khy;jrpd; kf;fs;njhiff; Nfhl;ghL

nghUspaywpQh; khy;jR mth;fs;> kf;fs; njhifapd; tsh;r;rpg; ngUf;fk;> czT cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;ijtpl
jhz;b tpQ;rpr; nry;yf; $Lk; vd;fpwhh;.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;il fPo;fhZk; %d;W $w;Wfspy; tpsf;fyhk;

1. kf;fs;njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tPjkhdJ> tho;tpd; mbg;gilj; Njitahd cztpd; fpilg;gsthy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
czT cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ kf;fs; njhifAk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2. kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk;> czT cw;gj;jpia tpl mjpNtf tsh;r;rp tPjj;jpy;> mjpfhpf;fpwJ. NtW tifahff; $wg;
Nghdhy;> kf;fl; njhif ngUf;f tPjj;jpYk;> czT cw;gj;jp ‘$l;ly; tPjj;jpYk;’ mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
3. fpilf;Fk; czTg; nghUs;fspd; mstpw;Nfw;g> ,aw;ifj; jilfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ifj; jilfs; Mfpa ,U Kiwfs;
%yk; kf;fs; njhifia epiyg;gLj;jyhk;.
kf;fs; njhifapd; msT> czT cw;gj;jpapd; fpilg;gsthy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Kjy; $w;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
cj;jk msTf;Nfhl;ghL
kf;fl;njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; mjd; tpisthf jyhtUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F kpilNa
cs;sj; njhlh;gpid cj;jk msTf; rpl;tpf;> Nfdd;> lhy;ld; kw;Wk; uhgpd;R Nghd;wth;fs; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpj;jhh;fs;.
jyh cw;gj;jp cr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s kf;fl; njhifNa cj;jk msT kf;fl;njhif vdyhk;. kf;fl;
njhifahdJ cj;jk msT cilajh ,y;iyah vd;gij fPo;f;fz;l tha;g;ghl;bd; %yk; mstplyhk;.
M=
,jpy;>
M – cw;gj;jpastpy; rhprkkw;w epiy (Mal-adjustment level of output)
A – cz;ikahd kf;fl;njhif
O – cj;jk msT kf;fl;njhif
M – g+[;[pakhf ,Ue;jhy;> nkhj;j kf;fl;njhif cj;jk msT kf;fl;njhiff;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
M – Neh; kiwahf ,Ue;jhy;> nkhj;j kf;fl;njhif cj;jk msT kf;fl; njhifiatpl
M- vjph;kiwahf ,Ue;jhy;> nkhj;j kf;fl;njhif cj; jk msT kf;fl; njhifiatpl
,f;Nfhl;ghL gpwg;G tPjj;jpw;Fk;> ,wg;G tPjj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwit tpsf;FfpwJ. gpwg;G tPjk; vd;gJ xU
tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fSf;F vj;jid Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,wg;G tPjk; vd;gJ xU tUlj;jpy; 1000
egh;fspy; vj;jid Ngh; ,wf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthf ,t;tpU tPjq;fspYk;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;W ,f;Nfhl;ghL $Wfpd;wj. kf;fl;njhif tsh;r;rpapy; %d;W epiyfs; cs;sjhf ,f;Nfhl;ghL
$Wfpd;wJ.
Kjy; epiy
cah;e;j gpwg;G tPjKk; ,wg;G tPjKk;
Kjy; epiyapy;> ehL Kd;Ndw;wk; Fiwe;J> gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Ntshz;ik kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;
njhopyhFk;. kpfTk; goikahd cw;gj;jp KiwfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j
epiyapy; gpwg;G> ,wg;G tPjq;fs; cah;thf ,Uf;Fk;. rj;jpy;yh czT> Rfhjhu trjpapd;ik> Nghjpa kUj;Jt trjpfs;
,y;yhik MfpaitNa mjpf ,wg;G tPjj;jpw;F fhuzq;fshFk;.
fy;tpawpT ,d;ik> FLk;g eyj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mwpahik. ,staj jpUkzk;> rKjha ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;
Mfpait gpwg;G tPjk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;. ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy;> mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;> mjpf ,wg;G
tPjj;ij rhpf;fl;Ltjhy;> kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp mjpfkhf ,y;iy.
,uz;lhk; epiy
cah;e;j gpwg;G tPjKk;> Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjKk;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
ehL Kd;NdWk; Nghj> njhopy; eltbf;iffs; mjpfhpj;J> mjpf Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ehl;L
tUkhdKk;> jyh tUkhdKk; mjpfhpj;J> kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; cah;fpwJ. ehlhdJ> cah;e;j gpwg;G tPjKk;> Fiwe;j
,wg;G tPjKk; nfhz;l ,uz;lhk; epiyia milfpwJ. cah;e;j mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf Nghjpa
kUj;Jt trjpfs; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd.
njhw;W Neha;fs;> caph; nfhs;sp Neha;fs; Kjypad xopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ey;y Rfhjhu trjpfs; ngUFfpd;wd.
mjdhy; Neha; guTk; Ntfk; Fiwe;J> ,wg;G tPjKk; Fiwfpd;wJ. khw;wj;jpw;fhd jaf;fk; fhuzkhfTk;> ePz;l ehisa
gof;f tof;fq;fshYk;> gpwg;G tPjk; cah;e;Nj fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt cah;e ;j gpwg;G tPjk;> Fiwe;j ,wg;G
tPjj;jpw;fpilNa NtWghL Njhd;WfpwJ. ,JNt kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp tPjk; mjpfkhff; fhuzkhfpwJ.
%d;whk; epiy
Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjKk;> Fiwe;j gpwg;G tPjKk;
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; fhuzkhf rKjha mikg;gpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Ntshz;ik rhh;e;j ehL njhopy;
kakhtjpy; Kidg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; Cufg; gFjpapypUe;J efh;Gwj;jpw;F ,lk;
ngaUfpwhh;fs;.
kf;fspd; kdg;ghd;ik khw;wkilfpwJ. fy;tpawpT fhuzkhf> cah;e;j tho;f;ifj; juj;jpw;F> rpW FLk;gNk
cfe;jJ vd;W czUfpwhh;fs;. vdNt gpwg;G tPjk; fzprkhff; FiwfpwJ. rpwe;j kUj;Jt trjpfs> njhw;W Neha;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> ey;y Rfhjhu trjpfs; Mfpatw;iw nray;gLj;Jtjhy; ,wg;G tPjk; FiwfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; gpwg;G> ,wg;G
tPjq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> kf;fs;njhif tshr;rp epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; xU ehl;bYs;s my;yJ tiuaWf;fg; gl;l xU gFjpapYs;s midj;J kf;fspd;
nghUshjhu> r%f> kw;Wk; kugpay; njhlh;ghd Gs;sp tptuq;fisj; jpul;LtJ kf;fs;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G vdg;gLk;.
,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs;njhif> 1872k; Mz;L fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; 1881y; fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ
Kjy; gj;J Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
kf;fs; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijAk;> gFjp thhpahf kf;fs;njhifg; gutypy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wj;ij mwpaTk;. kf;fs;
njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G mtrpakhfpwJ. nghUshjhu jpl;lkpLjYf;Fk;> r%f eyj; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kf;fs;
njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G gad;gLfpwJ.
kf;fs;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gad;fs;

kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;ghy;> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ,ay;gpid mwpa KbAk;. kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpdhy;
fPo;ff
; hZk; tptuq;fis mwpaKbfpwJ.
1. nkhj;j kf;fs;njhif
2. Mz; - ngz; tPjk;
3. Cuf> efh;g;Gw kf;fs;njhif
4. taJ ghFghL
5. kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp
6. fy;tpawpT epiy
7. efh; kakhjy;
8. njhopy; rhh; tiffs;
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij ehd;F epiyahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit ahtd:
kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp
fzf;nfLg;G rjtPjj;jpy; tsh;r;rpapd;jd;ik
tUlq;fs; Mz;Lf;F
1901 – 1921 0.19 kf;fs; njhifapd; Njf;f
epiy
1921 –1951 1.22 rPuhd tsh;r;rp
1951 –1981 2.14 tpiuthd cah; tsh;r;rp
1981 -
2001 1.80 Fiwtjw;fhd mwpFwpfs;
kf;fs;nfhs;if
tsUk; ehLfSs;> kf;fs; njhiff; nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpa Kjy; ehL ,e;jpahthFk;. NkYk; ,J 1952y; ehL
jOtpa mstpy; FLk;g ey jpl;lj;ijAk;> mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,wg;G> gpwg;G tPjq;fspd; Fiwg;gpy; xU Fwpg;gplj; jf;f
NtWghL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj kf;fs; njhif nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Njrpa kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if (2000)

‘Njitahd fUj;jil rhjdq;fs; toq;fpAk;> Rfhjhu fl;likg;G trjpfs;> Rfhjhu gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; %yk; Foe;ij guhkhpg;ig Nkk;gLj;JjNy Njrpa kf;f s;njhif nfhs;if (2000) apd; cldb
Nehf;fkhFk;.
nkhj;j nrOik fhyj;ij 2010f;Fs; khw;wp mikg;gjpy; Kf;fpa ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
2045k; Mz;bw;Fs; kf;fs;njhifia epiyg;gLj;JjNy ,f;nfhs;ifapd; ePz;lfhy Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njrpa kf;fs; njhif FOthdJ> gpujk ke;jphp> vy;yh khepyq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fs;> kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fshy;
jiyik jhq;fp njhlq;fg;gl;L> gpd; kWghprPyid nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Njrpa kf;fs; njhif FO Nghd;W> khepy mstpyhd FO> khepy Kjyikr;rh;fshy; jiyik jhq;fp
Jtf;fg;gl;L mNj Nehf;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ.
kf;fs; njhifia epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kiwfs;

xU epiyahd kf;fs; njhifia 2045-f;Fs; mila fPo;fz;l Kiwfis kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if $WfpwJ:
1. Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G tPjj;ij 1>00>000 Foe;ijfSf;F 30f;F fPo; Fiwj;jy;.
2. kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; ,wf;Fk; (maternal mortality rate) jha;khh;fs; tPjj;ij 1>00>000 Foe;ijfSf;F 100f;Fk; fPo;
(jha;khh;fs;) nfhz;L tUjy;.
3. cyf mstpy; Neha; jLg;G Kiw.
4. 80 rjtPj kfg;NgwhdJ> Kiwahd kUe;jfk;> kUj;Jtkid kw;Wk; kUj;Jt epWtdq;fspy; Kiwahd gapw;rpAila
gzpahsh;fs; %yk; eilngwr; nra;jy;.
ghlk; - 3 tWik kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik

(Poverty and Unemployment)
tiuaiw
1990-k; Mz;by; cyf tq;fpahdJ tWikia fPo;fz;lthW tiuaiur; nra;fpwJ ‘tWik vd;gj Fiwe;jgl;r
tho;f;if juj;ij mila Kbahj> jpwdw;w epiyia Fwpf;fpwJ.’ Nguhrphpah; lz;Nlfh; vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb (1981)
‘vg;gbahapDk; tWik vd;gJ NghJkhd tUkhdj;jpd; NjitNaahFk;.’
tWikapd; tiffs;
1. KOtWik
kf;fSf;F NghJkhd czT> cil> ciwtplk; ,y;yhj epiyia KOtWik epiy vd;fpNwhk;.
2. xg;gPl;L tWik
‘xg;gPl;L tWik’ vd;gJ kf;fspd; gy;NtW FOf;fspilNa (cah;ju> eLj;ju> Fiwthd tUkhdk; ngWgth;fs;)
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisNah (m) xNu FOtpdhpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisNah (m) gy ehLfspy; thOk;
kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis Fwpg;gjhFk;.
3. jw;fhypf tWik (m) Kw;wpa tWik (Temporary or Chronic Poverty)

,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; gUtkio FiwAk;NghJ> tptrhak; ngha;j;J> mjdhy; coth;fs; jw;fhypfkhd
Vo;ikepiyapy; coy;fpwhh;fs;. mNj epiyapy; mth;fs; ePz;lfhykhf thOk;NghJ me;epiyia Kw;wpa tWik (m)
mikg;G rhh;e;j tWik vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. Kjy; epiy tWik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tWik

Kjy; epiy tWik vd;gJ ‘FLk;gq;fspy; tho;f;if elj;j nkhj;j rk;ghj;jpaq;fisf; nfhz;L Fiwe;jgl;r>
mj;jpahtrpa> nghUs;fisf; $l thq;fKbahj> gw;whf;Fiwahd epiyia Fwpf;Fk;. ’
,uz;lhk; epiy tWik vd;gJ FLk;gq;fspd; rk;ghj;jpak;> tho;f;if elj;j NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mjd;
xU gFjpahdJ cgNahfkhd (m) cgNahfkw;w nryTfSf;fhf <h;f;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf kJ mUe;Jjy;> #jhl;lk;> kw;Wk;
jpwikaw;w FLk;g eph;thfk; Nghd;witfs; tPzhz nryTfSs; rpythFk;.
5. fpuhkg;Gw Vo;ik kw;Wk; efh;Gw Vo;ik

fpuhkq;fspy; thOk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd Vio kf;fs; epyq;fis nrhe;jkhf ngw;wpwhky;> tptrha jpdf;
$ypfshfNt Ntiyr; nra;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; $ypAk; kpf FiwNt> Mz;by; xU rpy khjq;fNs mth;fs; Ntiy
tha;g;igg; ngWfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; efh;Gwq;fspy; thOk; Vio kf;fs; ePz;l Neuk; cioj;J. kpf Fiwthd tUkhdj;ijNa
ngWfpwhh;fs;. ngUk;ghyhNdhh;> mq;fPfhuk; ngwhj kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwg;gb mikahj JiwfspNyNa Ntiyf;F
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
mkh;j;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; cg/Jiz Ntiyahl;fs; (subemployed) vdg;gLth;. cgNtiyahl;fs;

vdg;gLgth;fs; %d;W gphpitr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;.
1. KONeu Ntiy nra;a tpUg;gk; ,Ue;Jk;> gFjp Neu NtiyiaNa nra;gth;fs;.
2. FLk;g jiyth;> KO Neu Ntiy nra;Jk;> tWik Nfhl;bw;F Nky; jq;fSila FLk;gj;ij nfhz;LtUk; mstpw;F
NghJkhd tUkhdk; <l;ltpy;iy.
3. Nrhh;Tw;w gzpahl;fs;> Ntiy Njbr; nry;yhjth;fs;.
Vio Fbj;jdq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

(Characteristics of Poor Households)
gy ehLfspy; tWikahdJ> rhjp kw;Wk; ,d topghLk; (race) njhlh;GilaJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUk;> mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfspy; fUg;gpdj;jth;fSk; rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.
Fw;wq;fs;> cly; eyf;FiwT> Vio kf;fNshL nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;gpd;ik MfpaitAk; tWikNahLf;$l
njhlh;GilaitahFk;.
xU ehl;bd; Vo;ikepiy ,uz;L fhuzpfis nghWj;jJ

1. ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; ruhrhpepiy
2. ehl;L tUkhd gfph;tpy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;tpd; msT/epiy
tWikf;NfhL (Poverty Line)

tWikf;NfhL vd;gJ Fiwe;j gl;r tUkhdk;> Efh;T my;yJ nghJthf> gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpapid xU jdpegh;
ngWk; topapidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
vdNt muR nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk; nghOJ ‘Vo;ikapYk;> Vo;ikapy; cs;sth;fisANk’ fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
rj;JzT mbg;gilahd tWikf; NfhL mNef ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; tWik
jz;Nlfh; kw;Wk; ,uhj; mth;fspd; fzf;fl P ;bd;gb ehk; md;whlk; Fiwe;j msT 2250 fNyhhp msT czt
Efh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jz;Nlfh; kw;Wk; ,uhj; ,th;fspd; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1960-61 tpiyfspd;gb fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F Fiwe;j
mst &. 180 jdp egh; Mz;L tUkhdKk; efh;g;Gw kf;fSf;F Fiwe;j mst jdp egh; Mz;L tUkhdk; &. 270/- vdg;
ghpe;Jiu nra;Js;sdh;.
P.D. x[h (P.D. Ojha) vd;w ty;Yehpd; fUj;Jg;gb tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; coy;gth;fs; 1960-61 tpiyfspy; 52
rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ 1967-68 tpiyfspy; 70 rjtPjkhf cah;e;jJ.
B.S. kpd;fh]; vd;gth; fUj;Jg;gb jdpegh; Mz;L Efh;Tr; nryT Fiwe;jgl;rk; &.240/- vdf;fzf;fpl;lhh;. ,jd;gb
1968y; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Vwj;jho 50 rjtPjj;jpdh; (50.6 rjtPjk;) tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPNo tho;e;J te;Js;sdh;.
P.K. gujd; mth;fspd; Ma;Tg;gb 1960-61y; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;fo P ; 38% ,Ue;j fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; 1968-69y; 54%
cah;e;jJ.
khz;nlf;rpq; mFypthypah (1977). 1950y; 50 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;j fpuhkg;Gw Vo;ik 1960-61y; 40 rjtPukhff; Fiwe;J
gpd;dh; 1967-68y; 56.5 rjtPjkhf cah;e;jJ.
jpU. mFypthypah nryT msitf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L Vo;ikiaf; fzf;fpl;lhh;. 1960-61 tpiyfspy;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fSf;F &. 15/- vdTk; efh;g;Gwq;fSf;F &.20/- vdTk; efh;g;Gwq;fSf;F &.20/- vdTk; ,ijf; fzf;fpl;lhh;.
VohtJ epjpf;FO ePl;bf;fg;gl;l Vo;ikf;NfL (Agumented Poverty Line) vd;Dk; Gjpa fUj;ij gad;gLj;jpaJ.
,jpy; jdpahh; Efh;Tr; nryTld;> 1. cly; eyd; kw;Wk; FLk;g eyd; 2. FbePh; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; 3. fy;tp 4. fhty;Jiw>
rpiwj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iw eph;tfpj;jy; 5. rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
6. r%feyk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPjhd jdpegh; nghJr; nryTk; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Vo;ik my;yJ tWikf;fhz fhuzq;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; fpuhkg;Gw Vo;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
1. Ntiyapd;ikAk; Ntiyf; FiwTk;: ey;y kio rpy Mz;Lfspy; ,Ue;jhYk; $l tptrhaj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mz;L
KOtJk; Ntiy ngWtjpy;iy.
2. kf;fs; njhif mOj;jk;: kf;fs; njhif mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf Cjpa <l;Lk; xt;nthU egUf;Fk; mtiur; rhh;e;J
gyh; ,Ug;gjhy; mq;F kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik gpur;rpid epyTfpwJ.
3. ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikapy; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; kpfkpff; FiwNt MFk;. vdNt Ntshz;ikiar; rhh;e;Js;Nshhpy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; Vo;ik epiyapNyNa cyTfpd;wdh;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
4. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; Nghjpa msT nrhj;Jf;fis ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy> Fwpg;ghf epyk;. ,jw;F Kf;fpa
fhuzk; epyk; xU rpy FLk;gq;fs; trNk cs;sJ vdyhk;.
tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; (Poverty Alleviation Programme)

1. epyr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
khepy muRfs; epyrPh;jpUj;j rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjd; %ykhf epykw;w tptrhapfspd; nghUshjhu epiyikfis
Nkk;glr; nra;a toptFj;jd. (ck;.) [kpd;jhh;Kiw xopf;fg;gl;ljpdhy;> Ruz;ly; Kiwfs; rKjhaj;ij tpl;L ePf;fg;gl;ld.
2. [tfh; fpuhk; Ntiytha;g;Gjpl;lk;
(Jawahar Grama Sannidhi Yojana - JGSY)
,j;jpl;lk; 1999k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhFk; nrytpid kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khepyq;fisf;fpilNa 75:25 vd;w Kiwapy; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
3. ehl;L r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk;

(National Social Assistance Programme - NSAP)
,j;jpl;lk; Mf];L 15k; ehs; 1995-k; Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. E}W rjtPjk; ,;j;jpl;lj;ij ika muNr Vw;W elj;Jk;>
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %ykhf Viof; FLk;gj;jpdh;> taJ Kjph;e;Njhh;> tUkhdk; <l;Lk; FLk;gj; jiytid ,oe;j FLk;gj;jpdh;
kw;Wk; kfg;NgUfhy cjtp ngWNthh;> mjpf eyd;fs; ngWth;.
4. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj;jpl;lk;
(Employment Assurance Scheme - EAS)
,j;jpl;lk; 1993> mf;Nlhgh; 2 Kjy; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ehl;bYs;s tsh;r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
goq;Fbapdh; thof;$ba ghiytdq;fs;> goq;FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kiyg; gFjpfshfpa 1778 gpw;gl;l njhFg;Gfspy;
,j;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Ntiyapy;yh fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F $ypNtiyia Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jJ. Gjpa rk;g+uz fpuhk Ntiytha;g;G
jpl;lj;Jld;> Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; [tfh; fpuhk Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lKk; nrg;lk;gh; 2001y; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. gpujkhpd; Ntiytha;g;Gj;jpl;lk;
(Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana - PMGY)
,j;jpl;lkhdJ 2000 – 2001 epjpepiy mwpf;ifapd;NghJ> mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fPo; &.5000 Nfhb gzk;
xJf;fPLr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lk; Rfhjhuk;> mbg;gilf; fy;tp> FbePh;> tPl;L trjp> kw;Wk; fpuhkGwq;fspy; rhiy
mikj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
6. nghd;tpoh Mz;L Cuf jd; Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;

(Swarna Jayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana - SJSRY)
efh;Gw RaNtiytha;g;igAk;> kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw $yp Ntiy Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; rpwg;G jpl;lq;fshFk;. 1997-k;
Mz;L brk;gh; khjj;jpy; efh;Gw tWik xopg;G jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nray;gl;Lte;j Ke;ija jpl;lq;fis ,j;jpl;lkhdJ khw;wp
mikj;jJ. kj;jpa-khepy muRfSk; 75:25 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; jpl;lj;jpw;F Njitahd nryit Nkw; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
7. fpuhk xUq;fpize;j tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

(Integrated Rural Development Programme - IRDP)
1976-77-k; Mz;by; kj;jpa murpd; epjpepiy mwpf;ifapy; ,j;jpl;lk; Kjd; Kjyhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lk;
fpuhk kf;fSf;F cjtpr; nra;aTk;> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp eyd;fis> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfs; ngw;W gadiltijNa
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;lJ. 1978-79y; ,j;jpl;lkhdJ khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L mjd; mst tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; 2>300
njhFg;Gfspy; mjpy; 2000 njhFg;Gf;fspy; SFDA, DPAP kw;Wk; CADP ,j;jpl;lq;fs; nray;gl;ld. 1979-80y; $Ljyhf 300
njhFg;Gf;fs; ,j;jpl;lq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. 1980 mf;Nlhgh; 2-y; ehl;bd; vy;yh njhFg;GfSf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lk;
tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwpa kw;Wk; vy;iyepiy tptrhapfs; kl;Lkpy;yhky; ,j;jpl;lk; Fwpg;ghf tptrha njhopyhsh; kw;Wk;
epykw;w ciog;ghsh;fs; ,th;fNshLk; $l fpuhkg;Gw iftpidQh;fisAk; cs;slf;fp cs;sJ. ,J jdp egiuf;
fhl;bYk;> FLk;g eyj;jpw;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
Ntiyapd;ik
nghUs;: Ntiyapd;ik vd;gJ> njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; jFjpAk; tpUg;gKk; ,Ue;Jk;> Ntiy fpilf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ
MFk;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Ntiyapd;ik mstpLfs;
xU egh; xU ehisf;F 8 kzp Neuq;fs; Nghd;W xU tUlj;jpw;F 73 ehl;fSf;F Ntiyapy; epakdk;
nra;ag;gLtijNa Fwpg;gJ MFk;. vd;v];v];-y; 27tJ Rw;wpd;gb> Ntiyapd;ik mstpLfis %d;W tiffshf
gphpf;fyhk;.
1. nghJthd Kjd;ik epiy Ntiyapd;ik: tUlj;jpy; ghjpehl;fSf;F Nky; mjpfkhd egh;fs; Ntiyapy;yhj epiyapy;
,Ug;gijNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;.
2. thuhe;jpu epiy Ntiyapd;ik: thuj;jpw;F xU kzp Neuk;$l mjpfkhd egh;fSf;F Ntiy fpilf;fhikia Fwpf;Fk;.
3. jpdKk; Ntiyapd;ik epiy: thuj;jpy; xU ehs;. rpy ehl;fs; mjpfkhd egh;fSf;F Ntiyapy;yhikia Fwpf;Fk;.
Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. mjpf kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp
fle;j tUlq;fspy; ek;Kila kf;fs; njhif mjpfkhd mst cah;e;J cs;sjhy;> Ntiyapd;ikf;Fhpa
rpf;fy;fis NkYk; mjpfhpj;J cs;sJ. ek;Kila ehl;by; kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk; mjpkhtjhy;> Ntiyapd;ikapd; msT
mjpfkhfp fLikahd tpisTfis re;jpf;f NehpLk;.
2. NghJkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp tPjk; ,d;ik

,e;jpah xU tsh;e;J tUk; ehlhf ,Ue;jNghJk;> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp tPjk; kpfTk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. fhuzk;
nkhj;j; ciog;gpd; typikfSk; gad;glh fhuzk;. ,e;jpahtpy; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; NghJkhd mstpy; ,y;iy. ,jdhy;
$Ljyhd ciog;G rf;jpfis gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;F fhuzk; kf;fs; njhifapd; tsh;r;rpNa MFk;.
3. Ntshz;ik jtpu gpwJiwspy; Ntiy tha;g;G FiwT

,e;jpahtpy; tptrhaj; Jiwapy; kl;LNk NghJkhd Ntiytha;g;G cz;L. kw;w Jiwfspy; NghJkhd msTf;F
Ntiytha;g;G trjpfs; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
epykhdJ mjpfkhd kf;fs; tho;tjw;F gad;gLtjhy; kpfTk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; rf;jpahdJ Ntiyapy;yh
epiyapNyNa cs;sdh;. ,jw;F kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik vd;W ngah;.
4. gUtfhy Ntiy tha;g;G

,e;jpahtpy; tptrhaj;jpy; gUtfhy Ntiyapd;ik epyTfpwJ. gUtfhyk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpy; tptrhaj;
njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiyapy;yh epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
5. $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;G

,e;jpahtpy; $l;Lf;FLk;g Kiw ,Ug;gjhy; kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik mjpfKs;sJ. FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s midtUk;
jq;fSila FLk;g njhopypy; <Lgl;ldh;. Njitf;F mjpfkhf njhopyhsh;fs; jq;fSila FLk;g njhopypy;
mkh;j;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
6. ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;foj;jpypUe;J ngUfptUk; khzth;fs;

,e;jpag; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLk; ngUthhpahd gl;ljhhpfs; $Ljyhf ,Ug;gjhy; gbj;jth;fSf;F
Ntiyapd;ik mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa fy;tp Kiwapy; mjpfkhf nghwpapay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gg;
ghlq;fSf;F> fiyj;Jiw rhh;e;j ghlq;fisf; fhl;bYk; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; njhopy;Jiwapd;
gl;ljhhpfSf;F ,ilNa Ntiyapd;ik epyTfpwJ. NkYk; ekJ ehl;by; njhopy; fy;tpAk; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapNyNa
cs;sJ.
7. Fiwthd njhopy; tsh;r;rp

ekJ ehl;by; njhopy;Jiw NghJkhd msT tsh;r;rpailatpy;iy. njhopy;fspYk;> njhopyhsh;fspd;
Ntiytha;g;Gk; kpfTk; FiwNt. Ntshz;Jiwapy; cghpahf cs;s njhopyhsh;fis> njhopy;Jiwfspy; Ntiyf;F
vLj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; tptrhaj;jpy; kiwKf Ntiyapd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Ntiyapd;ik gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;T

1. KjyPl;L Kiwfspy; khw;wk; nra;jy;
Efh;Tg; gz;lq;fis cw;gj;jpr; nra;Ak; njhopw; rhiyfis mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Ntiyapy;yh njhopyhsh;fis
mjpfg;gbahf Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jjy; rhj;jpakhFk;.
2. nghpa epWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhf rpwpa epWtdq;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

nghpa njhopy; epWtdq;fisf; fhl;bYk; rpwpa epWtdq;fSf;F Neubahd mjpf KjyPL nra;ag;gLk;NghJ
Ntiytha;g;G Nehf;fKk;> cw;gj;jpapd; epiwTr; nra;ag;gLk;.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
,jdhy; mj;njhopy;fSf;F mjpf fld; trjp> chpkk;> Kiwahd fr;rhg; nghUs;fs; gfph;T> kw;Wk; ,juf;
nfhs;iffs; toq;fg;gLtjd;%yk; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp fzprkhd mstpy; xNu rPuhf mjpfhpf;ff;$Lk;.
3. njhopy;El;g Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridfis Njh;e;njLj;jy;

ciog;G rf;jpfis mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jk; fhyj;jpy;> njhopy; El;gq;fis Njh;e;njLj;jypd; %yk;
Ntiytha;g;gpd; Nehf;fj;ij KOikahf nray;gLj;j KbAk;. ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; #oYf;F eLj;jukhd njhopy;El;g
KiwNa Vw;wjhFk;.
4. rpWefuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkGwq;fspy; Gjpa tsh;r;rp ikaq;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

xt;nthU jpl;lq;fspd; mDgtKk;> mjpf kf;fs; njhif cs;s khefu ikaq;fs; mjpfkhd KjyPLfis
ngWfpd;wd vd;gijNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MfNt rpWefuq;fspd; tsh;r;rpahdJ> Gjpa tsh;r;rp ikaq;fis tUq;fhyj;jpy;
tsh;j;jpl cjTk;. rpwpa njhopy;fspd; $l;likg;G> epWtg;gLtjd; %yk; Ntiy tha;g;G kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nefpo;Tj;
jd;ikia mspj;jpLk;.
5. Ntiytha;g;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rYiffs;

murpd; rYiffs; kw;Wk; Cf;fj;njhif jpl;lq;fshdJ rpwpa kw;Wk; nghpa njhopyfSf;F cr;rkhd
cw;gj;jpasit mjpfhpf;f cjTfpwJ. NkYk; ,J %yjd tsq;fis mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.
mjpfkhd Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F murpd; rYiffs; kw;Wk; murpd; Cf;fj; njhiffNs mbg;gil
fhuzq;fshf cs;sd.
6. fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; Gj;jhf;fk;

ek; ehl;bd; fy;tpKiwapy; njhopy;fy;tp gl;lk; ngWtJ kl;LNk kpfg;nghpa Fiwahf cs;sJ. gbj;jth;fspilNa
Ntiyapd;ik mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; fy;tp Kiwapy; Gj;jhf;fk; nra;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhd Njitahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mg;gb nra;tjd; %yk; mjpfg;gbahd Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;fKbAk;. ekJ ehl;bd; fy;tp nfhs;ifapd; Kiwapy;
khw;wk; NjitgLfpwJ.
7. fpuhkGwq;fspd; Fiw NtiyAlik

vd;.v];.v]; tptuq;fspd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; Fiw NtiyAlik rw;W mjpfkhfNt cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; 2
Nfhbf;FNky; FiwNtiyAlik kf;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; $Ljyhf Ntiynra;Ak; jahuhf cs;sdh;. fpuhkg;Gw
Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;FtJ murpd; flikahf cs;sJ. ,j;jifa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;ftpl;lhy;> fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjw;F tha;g;gpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; epykw;w
njhopyhsh;fs; rpwpa kw;Wk; filepiy tptrhapfs; Ntiytha;g;ig ,of;f NehpLk; mj;jpahtrpakhd eltbf;iffs;
vLj;jhy;jhd; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; Ntiytha;g;Gfis mjpfhpf;f KbAk;. ,jdhy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Ntiytha;g;gpd; %yk;
tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. NkYk; tWikapd; msTk; Fiwa tha;g;G cs;sJ.
bghUshjhu«
x® m¿Kf«
 cHt®fŸ, bjhêyhs®fŸ gâahs®fŸ M»nah® g§fh‰¿ eh£o‹ tUkhd¤ij¥ bgU¡F»wh®fŸ. vdnt
jh‹, Ïij eh£L tUthŒ v‹»nwh«.
 jåahf xUtU¡F k£L« »il¡F« tUkhd¤ij¤ jåeg® tUkhd« v‹W brhš»nwh«.

 Áy® tUkhd« brŒa Ïayhj ãiyæš cŸsd®. mt®fS¡F« czÎ, cil, ÅL ngh‹wt‰iw tH§f
nt©L«. muR Ït®fS¡F« njitfis tH§F»wJ. Ïjdhš, midtU« mtut®¡F¤ njit¥gL«
mo¥gil trÂfis¥ bgW»wh®fŸ. Ïij eh« g»®Î v‹»nwh«.
 1) c‰g¤Â, 2) Ef®¢Á, 3) g»®Î M»a _‹W« bghUshjhu¤Â‹ mo¥gilfshf mikªJŸsd.
 k¡fŸ rªijæš bghUŸfis th§»¤ j§fë‹ njitfis ãiwÎ brŒJ bfhŸtijna eh« Ef®¢Á v‹W
F¿¥ÃL»nwh«.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 njitfŸ bgUf¥bgUf c‰g¤Â, Ef®¢Á, g»®Î elto¡iffS« bgU»¡bfh©nl brš»‹w‹. Ïijna

bghUshjhu ts®¢Á v‹W miH¡»nwh«.
 ekJ eh£oš bghUshjhu¤Â‰fhf m¿P® mk®¤Âahbr‹ nehgš gçÁid¥ bg‰WŸsh®.
bghUshjhu«
c‰g¤Â¡fhuâfŸ
 Ml«°ä¤ bghUëaè‹ jªij vd miH¡f¥gL»wh®.
 ‚bghUëaš v‹gJ bršt¤ij¥ g‰¿a xU m¿éaš‛ v‹gJ Ml«°ä¤Â‹ tiuaiwahF«.
 ‚éU¥g§fnshL«, »il¥ gUikÍŸs kh‰W têfëš ga‹gl¤j¡f rhjd§fnshL« bjhl®òŸs kåj
elto¡iffis¥ g‰¿ gæY»‹w m¿éaš bghUëayhF«‛ v‹gJ Ïyadš uhÃ‹° mt®fë‹
tiuaiwahF«.
 c‰g¤Â v‹gJ kåj‹, ts§fis kh‰¿ mik¤J kåj¤ njitfis ó®¤Â brŒÍ« Kiw MF«.
 g©l§fŸ, gâfë‹ msit¥ bghW¤nj xU eh£o‹ eh£L tUkhd« mikÍ«.
 ãy«, ciH¥ò, _yjd« k‰W« bjhêyik¥ò M»ait g©l§fS«, gâfS« c‰g¤Â brŒa¥
ga‹gLtÂdhš mit c‰g¤Â¡ fhuâfŸ vd¥gL»‹wd.
 c‰g¤Âahsç‹ neh¡f« Fiwªj bryéš mÂf yhg« bgw nt©L« v‹gnj MF«.
 rhjhuzkhf ãy« v‹whš óäia¡ F¿¡F«. bghUëaèš kåjdhš cUth¡f¥glhj mid¤J¥
bghU£fS« ãy« v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ.
 fh‰W, Nça xë, óä, fhLfŸ, MWfŸ k‰W« fåk ts§fŸ M»a mid¤J« ãy« vd¥gL«.
 k‰w fhuâfël« fhz¥glhj Áy Áw¥Ãašòfis¡ bfh©lJ ãy«.
 ãyK«, ciH¥ò« c©ik¡ fhuâfŸ.
 c‰g¤Â¡ fhuâahd ciH¥Ã‰f më¡f¥gL« btFkÂ Tè MF«.
 Ml«°ä¤ ntiy¥ gF¥ò Kiwia jdJ ‚ehLfë‹ bršt«‛ v‹w üèš m¿Kf¥gL¤ÂÍŸsh®. F©^Á
jahç¥gij cjhuzkhf¡ T¿ÍŸsh®.
 Ml«°ä¤ F©^Á jahç¥ig, 18 c£ÃçÎfshf¥ Ãç¤J és¡»ÍŸsh®.

 bghJthf _yjd« v‹gJ bršt¤ij¡ F¿¡F«. bghUëaèš _yjd« v‹gJ bršt¤ij nkY« c‰g¤Â
brŒÂl kåj Ka‰Áfshš cUth¡f¥g£l bršt« MF«. ÏaªÂu§fŸ, fUéfŸ, Ïil¥bghU£fŸ, f£ol«
bjhê‰rhiyahf ÏUªjhš mJ _yjd« MF«. Å£L cgnahf¤Â‰fhf ÏUªjhš mj _yjd« MfhJ.
 c‰g¤Â¡ fhuâahd _yjd¤Â‰F më¡f¥gL« btFkÂ t£o MF«.
 kåjdhš cUth¡f¥g£l f£ol§fŸ, ÏaªÂu§fŸ Ûjhd _yjd« gUk¥bghUŸ _yjd«.
 gz toéš mšyJ gz kh‰W¥ g¤Âu§fshf cŸs KjÄLfŸ gz _yjd«

 fšé, gæ‰Á k‰W« clš ey¤Â‰fhf brŒa¥gL« KjÄL kåj _yjd«.
 ãy¤ij¥ nghynt _yjdK« ciH¥Ã‹¿ Ïa§fhJ.
 _yjd« M¡fKilaJ Vbdåš mJ tUthia¡ bfhL¡»wJ.
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 ãy«, ciH¥ò k‰W« _yjd¤ij rçahd mséš Ïiz¤J c‰g¤Â Kiwia xU§»iz¤J
Ïl®ghLfis V‰w xU bjhêyik¥ò vd¥gL»wJ.
 bjhêš Kidnth® rKjha kh‰w« fhQ« Kidt® vd miH¡f¥gL»wh®.
 Kj‹ik¤Jiw, Ïu©lh« Jiw rh®ò¤Jiw, g©iz¤ bjhêyhs®fŸ taèš ntiy brŒ»wh®fŸ.
 bjhê‰rhiy gâahs®fŸ g©l§fis c‰g¤Â brŒ»wh®fŸ. kU¤Jt®fŸ, MÁça®fŸ, t§»¥
gâahs®fŸ, ngh¡Ftu¤J Jiw bjhêyhs®fŸ j§fŸ gâfis brŒ»wh®fŸ.
 Kj‹ik, Ïu©lh« k‰W« rh®ò¤Jiw _ykhf brašgLtJ ‘c‰g¤Â r§»è’.
 xU rKjha¤Â‹ Kj‹ik¤Jiw Ïa‰if¥ bghUŸfis Kj‹ik¥ bghUŸfshf kh‰W»‹wd®. Ïªj¤
Jiw czÎ c‰g¤Â k‰W« _y¥bghUŸfis¡ bfh©ljhš Kj‹ik c‰g¤Â vd¥gL»wJ.
 bgU«ghyhd bghU£fŸ, bjhê‰rhiyfS¡F _y¥bghU£fshf és§F»‹wd. étrha«, Û‹Ão¤jš,
td¤Jiw, Ru§f¤bjhêš, fš cil¤jš ngh‹w bjhêšfŸ Ïªj Jiwia¢ rh®ªjit.
 étrha¤ bjhêš ÏªÂahé‹ äf mÂfkhdjhfÎ«, K¡»akhd bjhêyhfÎ« és§F»wJ.
 c‰g¤Âahs®fë‹ _y¥bghU£fis cgnah»¡f¤j¡f bghU£fshf kh‰W»wJ, c‰g¤Â Jiw vdÎ«
miH¡f¥gL»wJ. _y¥bghU£fŸ ÏWÂ ãiy¥ bghUshfÎ« miu ÏWÂ ãiy¥bghUshfÎ«
kh‰w¥gL»wJ.
 cnyhf¤ bjhêš, cU¡fhiyfŸ, berÎ¤ Jiw, Ïurhad k‰W« bgh¿æaš bjhê‰rhiyfŸ, f¥gš f£L«
bjhê‰rhiyfŸ Kjèait Ïªj¤ Jiwia¢ rh®ªj bjhêšfŸ.
 rh®ò¤Jiw nrit¤Jiw MF«. Ïªj¤ Jiw bghJ k¡fS¡F«, tâf¤ Jiw¡F« nritfis
tH§F»wJ. fh¥ÕL, t§»¤Jiw, clš ey«, ngh¡Ftu¤J, bjhiy¤bjhl®ò Ášyiu k‰W« bkh¤j
éahghu«, nfë¡if M»ait Ï¤Jiwia¢ rh®ªjit.
 bgU«ghyhd ts®ªj ehLfëš mÂf rjé»j bjhêyhs®fŸ rh®ò¤Jiwæš j§fis <LgL¤Â¡
bfhŸ»wh®fŸ. mbkç¡fhéš 80 rjé»j k¡fŸ rh®ò¤Jiw cyf ehLfëš äfÎ« K¡»akhd Jiwahf
rh®ò¤Jiw és§F»wJ.
kÂ¥ÕL
rçahd éil jUf
1. bghUshjhu« v‹gJ r_f m¿éaš MF«.
2. c‰g¤Â fhuâfŸ eh‹F tif¥gL«.
3. ciH¥ig ciH¥ghsçl« ÏUªJ Ãç¡f KoahJ.
4. bghJthf _yjd« v‹gJ gz«
5. bjhêš Kidnth® v¥nghJ« brŒtJ ò¤jh¡f¥gâ
6. KjY¡F më¡f¥gL« CÂa« t£o
7. fšéæš brŒa¥gL« KjÄL kåj _yjd« vd¥gL«.
8. c‰g¤Â fhuâahd ciH¥Ã‰F më¡f¥gL« btFkÂ Tè MF«.
9. mbkç¡fhéš 80% ¡F mÂfkhd ciH¥ghs®fŸ rh®ò¤Jiwia¢ nr®ªjt®fŸ.
10. ntsh©ik Kj‹ik Jiwia¢ rh®ªjJ.
bghUshjhu«
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
gz«, nrä¥ò k‰W« KjÄL

 gz« xU Ïilp£L¡ fUé
 kÂ¥Ã‹ msÎnfhš
 kÂ¥Ã‹ ãiyfŸ
 vÂ®fhy brY¤Jif
 jäœeh£oš f‹åahFkç kht£l¤Âš cŸs MušthŒbkhê v‹D« gFÂæš cy»‹ äf¥ bgça fh‰whiy
ãWtd« cŸsJ.
bghUëaš
njitÍ« më¥ò«
 njit v‹gJ th§F« k¡fëläUªJ vGtjhF«. mt®fŸ Ef®nth® vd¥gLt®.
 më¥ò c‰g¤Âahs®fëläUªJ vG»wJ. xU F¿¥Ã£l éiyæš é‰gid¡F më¡f¥gL« g©l¤Â‹
msnt më¥ò vd¥gL«.
 MšÃuL kh®‘è‹ T‰W¥go ãiwa¥ g©l§fis é‰f nt©Lkhæ‹ éiy Fiwthf ÏU¡f nt©L«.
 m›thW éiy Fiwthf ÏUªjhšjh‹ m¥g©l¤ij¥ gyU« th§Ft®.
rkãiy éiy
 Ï¡fhy¤Âš më¥ò ãiyahdJ. vdnt njit cau më¥ò cauhj fhuz¤jhš éiy caU«.
 njit Fiwªjhš éiy FiwÍ«. vdnt m§fho¡fhy¤Âš njitna éiyæid Ô®khå¡F«
fhuâahF«.
 më¥ò Á¿J k£Lnk khWtjhš njit ca®Î xU ÁWéiy ca®itÍ«, (m§fho¡ fhy¤ij él Fiwthd
ca®Î) njit¡FiwÎ ÁWéiyFiwitÍ« (m§fho¡ fhy¤ij él Fiwthd FiwÎ) c©lh¡F»wJ.
jpl;lf; FO:
 Kjy; ,e;jpa jpl;lf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L khh;r; 1950.
 Kjd; Kjypy; jpl;lf;FOit cUthf;fpath; [t`h;yhy; NeU Mthh;
 jpl;lf;FO murpayikg;G gb Vw;gl;lJ my;y. ,J xU Advisory Body MFk;
 jpl;lf;FO Kjy; 5-Mz;L jpl;lj;ij jahhpj;j Mz;L 1951.
jpl;lf;FOtpd; mikg;G:
 jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiyth; gpujk mikr;rh;.
 ,jw;F xU Jizj; jiytUk; cz;L.
 ehd;F Ngh; KONeu cWg;gpdh;fs;.
gpw cWg;gpdh;fs;:
jpl;l mikr;rh;:
ghJfhg;G mikr;rh;
epjp mikr;rh;
jpl;lf;FOtpd; Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. Njrpa tUkhdk; kw;Wk; jdpegh; tUkhdj;ij ngUf;Fjy;.
2. czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT miljy; kw;Wk; njhopy; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp
3. njhopy; kw;Wk; fduf njhopy;fs; tsh;r;rpailjy;.
4. Ntiy tha;g;G ngUf;Fjy;.
5. nry;tq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fspy; Vw;wj;jho;T fistJ.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
6. jd;dpiwT miljy;
7. Vo;ik mfw;Wjy;
8. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tpiythrpfis fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUj;jy;.
jw;Nghija jpl;lf;FO mikg;G:

jiyth;: gpujkh; lhf;lh;. kd;Nkhfd;rpq; Jizj;jiyth;: nghUshjhu epGzh; Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia.
nrayhsh;: Sudha Pillai
jpl;lf; FOtpy; cs;s gphpTfs;:

1. Agriculture
2. Communication, IT & Information
3. Decentralized planning, Panchayati Raj and Special Area Programme (Including Western Ghat Secretariat)
4. Development Policy & Perspective Planning
5. Environment & Forests (Including Climate Change Cell)
6. Financial Resources.
7. Health, Family Welfare & Nutrition
8. Housing and Urban Affairs (including Home Affairs Cell)
9. Human Resources Development
10. Industries
11. Infrastructure
12. International Economics
13. International Relations Cell
14. Labour, Employment & Manpower
15. Minerals
16. Minority Cell
17. Plan Coordination and Management
18. Power & Energy
19. Project Appraisal & Management
20. Rural Development
21. Science & Technology
22. Social Justice and Social Welfare
23. Socio-Economic Research
24. State Plans (Including Island Development Authority Cell)
25. Transport and Tourism
26. Village and Small Enterprises
27. Voluntary Action Cell
28. Water Resources Division
29. Women & Child Development Programme
30. Evaluation Organization.
National Knowledge Commission:

Njrpa mwpTrhh; Mizak;;:
 jpl;lf; FOtpd; fPo; ,J mike;Js;sJ
 ,J 8.6.2005y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;:
1. rhk;gpl;Nuhlh
2. lhf;lh; mNrhf; fq;Fyp
3. Nguhrphpah; gp. gyuhk;
4. lhf;lh; n[ae;jp Nfh\;
5. jPgf; ehah;
6. ee;jd; epNyfhdp
7. R[hjh uhkJiu
Nehf;Ff; $Wfs;:
 21Mk; E}w;whz;by; mwpT rthy;fisr; re;jpf;fTk;> rpwe;j kz;lyj;ij cUthf;fTk; ,e;jpah mwpT Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
Kd;Ndwpg; Nghl;bapl Ntz;Lk;.
 S & T Muha;r;rp $lq;fspy; mwpT tsh;j;jy;
 mwpT> nrhj;Jhpik rhh;ej ; Ntshz;ik eph;thfq;fis tsh;j;jy;
 Njhl;lf;fiyapYk;> njhopw;rhiyfspYk; mwpit tsh;j;jy;
 muir xU rpwg;ghd> njspthd nghWg;Gs;sjhf cUthf;f Kbe;j msT mwpit gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fSf;F Nrit
nra;J mwpit gfph;e;J r%fj;jpd; yhgj;ij $l;Ljy;.
Fwpf;Nfhs;:
 mwpT mbg;gilapyhd r%fj;ij cUthf;FtJ.
1. jw;Nghija mwpT kw;Wk; gs;spf; fy;tpapy; tsh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L tUjy;.
2. Gjpa mwpTf; nfhs;ifia cUthf;Fjy;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 2009y; Jtq;fg;gl;l jpl;lf; FOtpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; ,g; gphpT AADHAAR (,jd; nghUs; foundation my;yJ support MFk;)
ml;ilia toq;FfpwJ. ,jd; jiyth; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh; epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;. ,jd; Kjy; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija jiyth; Nandan
Nilekani Mthh;.
 ,jw;fhd njhopy;El;g mYtyfk; ngq;fShpy; cs;sJ.
 AADHAAR: milahs ml;il Kjd; Kjypy; kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy; cs;s Njk;gpsp vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; 29.9.2010 md;W gpujkh;
kd;Nkhfd; rpq; kw;Wk; Nrhdpah fhe;jp MfpNahuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gb xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; ika murpdhy;
12 ,yf;f vz; toq;fg;gLk;.
5 Mz;L jpl;lq;fs;
 1 tJ jpl;lk; : Ntshz;ik
 2 tJ jpl;lk; : njhopw;rhiyfs;
 3 tJ jpl;lk; : cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
 4 tJ jpl;lk; : Area Development
 5 tJ jpl;lk; : Economic Empowerment of weaker sections.
 6 tJ jpl;lk; : Vo;ikia mfw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;.
 7 tJ jpl;lk; : czT> Ntiy> cw;gj;jp
 8 tJ jpl;lk; : kdpj ts Nkk;ghL
 9 tJ jpl;lk; : Growth equity and social justice
 10 tJ jpl;lk; : jdp egh; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; juk; cah;j;Jjy;
 11 tJ jpl;lk; : Inclusive Growth
 12 tJ jpl;lk; : Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth.
Kjy; 5 Mz;L jpl;lk;:

jpl;lf;fhyk; 1.4.1951 Kjy; 31.3.1956 tiu
 Kjd;ik Fwpf;Nfhs; - Ntshz;ik ghrdtrjpfis kw;Wk; kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug; gphptpid kw;Wk; cyfg; Nghhpdhy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu jho;Tfis ePf;Fjy;.
 rhprk tsh;r;rp mjd; %yk; Njrpa tUkhdj;ij cah;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij cah;j;Jjy; mbg;gilapy;
Kjy; Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lk;.
 Harrod-Damer vd;w mwpQhpd; khjphpj; jpl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Nkl;^h; miz> gf;uh eq;fy; kw;Wk; `puhFl; Mfpa mizfs; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 5 ,lq;fspy; Indian Institute of Technology cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gy;fiyf; fof khd;af; FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

jpl;lf; fhyk; 1.4.1956 Kjy; 31.3.1961 tiu
 ehL Nrhryp\j;ij Nehf;fp eilNghl itj;j jpl;lk;.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kd; tiuT Nguhrphpah; Mahalanobis vd;gtuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nghJj; Jiwfs; %yk; fduf njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,urhad njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthf;FtJ.
 kpFe;j mstpy; Ntiy tha;g;G ngUf;Fjy;.
 nry;tq;fis gfph;e;jspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;L ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; nray;gl;lJ.
 el;G ehLfspypUe;J fld; ngw;W gpyha;> Jh;f;fhg+h;
&h;f;Nfyh vd;w %d;W ,lq;fspy; ,Uk;G> v/F njhopw;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 1.4.1957y; Decimal Coinage Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1957y; N`hkp ghgh jiyikapy; Atomic Energy Commission cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Intensive Agricultural Development Programmed 1960y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j; jpl;lk; Kjd; Kjypy; 7 ,lq;fspy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; jQ;rht+hpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 eph;zapf;fg;gl;l tsh;r;rp Fwp 4.5% apid tpl tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 4.21% vd Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ.
%d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;:

jpl;lf; fhyk – 1.4.1961 Kjy; 31.3.1966 tiu
 jw;rhh;Gk; jd;dhf;fj;jpwDk; nfhz;l rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtJ %d;whk; jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
 rkcilik rKjhak; cUthf;fNtz;Lnkd;w vz;zk; tYg;ngw;wjhy;> tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cah;j;JtJk; r%fj;jpd;
midj;Jg; gphpT kf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;gspg;gJk Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 Kjy; Kiwahf tUq;fhyq;fspy; jpl;lq;fspd; epjpahf;fj;jy; may;ehl;L cjtpapd; gq;fpidf; Fiwf;f Vw;Wkjpfis
mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;J cUthfpaJ.
 ,j;jpl;lk; 1962 ,e;jpah; - rPdg;Nghh; kw;Wk; 1965-y; ,e;jpa – ghfp];jhd; Nghh; vd ,uz;L Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT mila Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; czT nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;a Ntz;lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhspd;
,yl;rpak; vl;lg;gltpy;iy.
 rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiyfs; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;g fy;tp epiyaq;fs; Jtf;fg;gl;ld.
 ehl;by; gztPf;fj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. rPd Mf;fpukpg;gpd; tpisthf ekJ ghJfhg;G nryT cah;ej ; J. Kd;Ndw;w jpl;lq;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. jpl;lk; ghJfhg;G rhh;ej
; jpl;lkhf kWcUg;ngw;wJ.
Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;:
 31.3.1966 cld; Kbtile;j %d;whtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jjhy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Njf;f epiyapdhy;
Mz;L jpl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
 gztPf;fkpy;yhj epahakhd tsh;r;rp tPjq;fisg; ngw;W tsh;e;J tUk; rKjhaj;ij tYg;gLj;JtJ ,e;j Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
 %d;W Mz;L jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.4.1966 – 31.3.1967
1.4.1967 – 31.3.1968
1.4.1968 – 31.3.1969
 1966-k; Mz;L gz kjpg;G Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mz;L jpl;lq;fis Plan Holidays vd;Wk; $Wth;.
 KjypU Mz;Lfs; tpUk;GksT jpl;lr; nray;ghL epiwthf ,y;yhkypUg;gpDk; %d;whtJ Mz;L rKjhaj;ij ca;ar; nra;J
ehd;fhk; jpl;lj;jpw;F top tFj;jJ.
 1967y; 10 mk;r jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;:

jpl;lf; fhyk; - 1.4.1969 Kjy; 31.3.1974 tiu
 rkj;JtKk; r%fePjp fhj;jYk; $ba nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tsur; nra;tJ ehd;fhk; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l fhy tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahf eype;j gphptpdUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
nry;tf;Ftpg;G jLf;fg;gl;L tUkhdk; rkkhfg; gq;fplg;gl;L> Vw;wj;jho;Tfis mfw;WtJ Kf;fpankd Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
 1971 Njh;jiy tWikia xopg;Nghk; (Garibi Hatao) vd;w ngU Kof;fj;Jld; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp re;jpj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; :

jpl;lfhyk; - 1.4.1974 Kjy; 31.3.1979 tiu Kjd;ik Fwpf;Nfhs;.
 tWik xopj;jy; kw;Wk; jd;dpiwT miljy;.
 tWikia xopg;Nghk; (Garibi Hatao) vd;w ngU Kof;fj;Jld; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhyj;jpy; Ie;jhk; jpl;lk; njhlq;fpaJ.
 [djh murhq;fk; Ml;rp nghWg;Ngw;wJk; ,j;jpl;lk; Kbtila Xuhz;bw;F Kd; ,j;jpl;lj;ij epWj;jptpl;lJ.
 1.7.1975 Mk; Mz;L 20 mk;r jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Basic Objective: to improve the quality of life of the poor and the under-privileged population of the country.
20 mk;r jpl;lq;fs; :
Attack on Rural Poverty
Strategy for Rainfed Agriculture
Better Use of Irrigation Water
Bigger Harvest
Enforcement of Land Reforms
Special Programmes for Rural Labour
Clean Drinking Water
Health for All
Two Child Norm
Expansion of Education
Justice to Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes
Equality for Women
New Opportunities for Youth
Housing for the People
Improvement of Slums
New Strategy for forestry
Protection of the Environment
Concern for the Consumer
Energy for the Villages
A Responsive Administration
gpw Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; njhopy; tsh;r;rpapy; jd;dpiwT miljy;.
 tpiythrpfis fl;Lg;glj;Jjy;
 FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jjy;
 Vw;Wkjpfis mjpfhpj;jy;
 Ntiy tha;g;Gfis ngUf;Fjy;
 kz;lyq;fSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj; jho;Tfis rhp nra;jy;.
 nghJj; Jiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
 rKjhaj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; cs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tfis mfw;Wjy;.
 cw;gj;jpAld; $ba Ntiytha;g;G
 Fiwe;jgl;r Njitfshd Kjd;ikf; fy;tp> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l FbePh;> kUj;Jt trjp> Cl;lr;rj;J czT> fpuhk rhiyfs;>
kpd;rhu trjp> tPlw;w njhopyhsh;fSf;F gl;lh epyk; toq;Fjy;.
 epahakhd $yp
 kz;lyq;fSf;fpilNayhd r%f> nghUshjhu Vw;wj; jho;Tfis ePf;Fjy;.
 1976 Mk; Mz;L epjp mikr;rh; ciuapy; xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
MwhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
jpl;l fhyk; 1.4.1980 Kjy; 31.3.1985 tiu
 ika murpy; Ml;rpf;F te;j [djh murhq;fk; 5-tJ jpl;lj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l 5 Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf 4-tJ Mz;bNyNa
epWj;jp tpl;lJ. mjd;gb 5tJ jpl;l fhyk; 1978-y; Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1.4.1978 Kjy; Rolling Plan vdg;gLk; jpl;lj;ij [djh murhq;fk; Jtf;fpaJ.
 ,j;jpl;lk; Xuhz;L fhyk; kl;LNk eilngw;wJ.
 mjd;gb ,j;jpl;lk; 30.3.1979 tiu eilngw;wJ gpd; te;j fhq;fpu]; murhq;fk; ,j;jpl;lj;ij epWj;jptpl;L MwhtJ Ie;jhz;L
jpl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 mjd;gb ,j;jpl;lk; 1.4.1980 Kjy; 31.3.1985 tiu eilngw;wJ.
 ,e;j 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tWik kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ikia xopj;jy; MFk;.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; rf;jpf;F (Energy) mjpf epjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;r;rp miljy;> cw;gj;jp ngUf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd Mjhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;>
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gq;fspy; jd;dpiwTld; $ba etPdkhf;Fjy;.
 tWik kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Fiwj;jy;.
 Fiwe;jgl;r Njit jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if juk cah;j;Jjy;.
 tl;lhu NtWghLfis njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp %yk; mfw;Wjy;.
 kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
 tsh;r;rp gzpapy; midj;J ju kf;fisAk; <LgLj;Jjy;.
 jpl;l fhy ,Wjpapy; 64% rpw;W}h;fs; kpd;rhu trjpiag; ngw;wd.
VohtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 5.00 rjtPjk; vd jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; GDP Gross Domestic Product tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 5.6
rjtPjkhf cah;e;jJ.
Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 czT cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf tsh;r;rp
 Ntiy tha;g;G ngUf;Fjy;
 jd;dpiwT tsh;r;rp
 etPdg;gLj;Jjy;
 r%f ePjp
gpw Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;

 jd;dpiwT $ba nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp
 r%f ePjpAld; $ba rKjha mikg;G
 rKjha nghUshjhu Vw;wj; jho;Tfis mfw;Wjy;.
 Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT miljy;.
 Vw;Wkjpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp nghUs;fSf;F khw;W Vw;ghL.
 Rw;Wg; Gw #oy; kw;Wk; khRf; fl;Lg;ghL
 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Cuf epykw;Nwhh; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk; Mfpait ,ize;J
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; 3 Mz;Lfspy; jpl;lf; Fwpf;Nfhis va;jpl Kbatpy;iy. mjw;F fhuzk; Nkhrkhd
jl;gntg;gepiyfshFk;. Mdhy; gpe;jpa Mz;Lfspy; jl;gntg;g epiy rPuile;jJ. czTg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhd rpwg;Gg;
jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,yf;Ffs; va;jg;ngw;wd vd;w tifapy; Vohk; jpl;lk; ntw;wpaile;jJ vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. Vohk; jpl;lk; 1990,y; KbTw;wJ.
mLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; vl;lhk; jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;nkhopTfs; murpd; ghprPyidapy; ,Ue;jd. vl;lhk; jpl;lk; 1992y; KO
cUg;ngw;wJ.
Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;
 1990-91 kw;Wk; 1991-92 Mz;bw;F Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; r%f khw;wk; kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;gpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1991-92 Mk; Mz;L fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah cyfr; re;ijapy; Eioaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
vl;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; Mz;L tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 5.6 rjtPjk; vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mJ 6.8 rjtPjkhf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
 ,j;jpl;lk; Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; Balance of Payments kw;Wk; Inflation Position Nkhrkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jikahy; gy;NtW Kf;fpa
KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 Njitahd Ntiy tha;g;gpid cUthf;Fjy;.
 kf;fs; njhif tpfpjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
 mbg;gil fy;tp mspj;jy;.
 mbg;gil Rfhjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l FbePh; toq;Fjy;.
 ehl;bd; cs; $l;likg;G trjpfshd Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhiy njhlh;G> ghrdk;> rf;jp Nghd;wit typikAld; $ba tsh;r;rp
Mfpait MFk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; nray;ghLfs;
1. Faster Economic Growth
2. Faster Growth of Manufacturing Sector and Agriculture and Allied Sector.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
3. Significant growth rates in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit and significant reduction in the central govt.
fiscal deficit.
,j;jpl;lj;ij ghjpj;j fhuzpfs;

1. Lack of mobilisation of adequate resources due to deterioration in the balance of current revenues.
2. Erosion in the contribution of State Electricity Boards and Stare Road Transport Corporations.
3. Negative opening balance.
4. Mounting non-plan expenditure and short falls in the collection of small savings.
xd;gjhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; mile;J 50 Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;jjhy; nghd;tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
 jdpahh; kakhf;fy; Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Vio kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;
 mbg;gil trjp ngUf;Fjy;> Ntshz;ik %yjdk; cah;j;Jjy;> khfhz Ntw;Wik mfw;Wjy; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahf
nfhz;L 9tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,j;jpl;lk; Growth with Equality and Justice vd;w mbg;gilAld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1. fpuhk Gwq;fspy; Ntiy tha;gG ; ngUf;Fjy; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; epyTk; tWikia xopj;jy;.
2. tpiythrpia fl;Lg;ghLld; itj;jpUj;jy;.
3. Rj;jkhd FbePh; kw;Wk; mbg;gil Rfhjhu trjp mbg;gil fy;tp Nghd;wit toq;Fjy;.
4. kf;fs; njhif fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
5. ngz;fs; typik kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpAs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; gpd; jq;fpa kf;fis Kd;Ndw;wk; milar; nra;jy;.
6. Cuhl;rpfs;> $l;LwT kw;Wk jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfspy; midj;J kf;fisAk; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;jy; MFk;.
7. ,j; jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; 6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiu cl;gl;l midj;j Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;g fy;tp toq;Fk; Nehf;fj;njhL rh;t rpf; \h
mgpahd; vd;w jpl;lk; nfhz;l tug;gl;lJ. (,jd; xU fl;lkhf ngz;fs; fy;tpf;fhf Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidalaya Yojana vd;w jpl;lk;
2004 ,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ)
gj;jhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;

 ,j;jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy; ruhrhp jdpegh; tUkhdk; tUk; gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,U klq;fhf cah;j;j jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 tWik Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPo; cs;s kf;fspy; 20 rjtPjj;ij 2007f;Fs; mbg;gil fy;tp gbj;jth; tpfpjj;ij 72 rjtPjkhf 2007-
f;Fs; cah;j;Jjy; Nghd;wit MFk;.
11tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;

jpl;lf; fhyk; 1.4.2007 Kjy; 31.3.2012 tiu tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tWik:
 ,j; jpl;lf;fhyj;jpy; nkhj;j cs; ehl;L cw;gj;jpia 8 Kjy; 10 rjtPjk; ngUf;FtJ vd;Wk; 10 rjtPj cw;gj;jpia epiyg;
ngwr; nra;J jyh tUkhdj;ij 12tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lfhykhd 2016 – 2017j;jpy ,ul;bg;ghf;FtJ.
 Ntshd;ik cw;gj;jpia Mz;bw;F 4 rjtPjk; ngUf;FtJ.
 70 kpy;ypad; Gjpa Ntiy tha;g;ig cUthf;Fjy;.
 gbj;j ,isQh;fSf;fhd Ntiyapd;ikia 5 rjtPjj;jpw;F Fiwj;jy;.
 tWikf;fhd Gs;sptptu vz;zpy; 10 rjtPjk; Fiwj;jy;.
 njhopy; El;gk; ,y;yhj njhopyhsh;fspd; $ypia 20 rjtPjk; cah;j;Jjy;.
fy;tp:
 Muk;g fy;tp epiyaj;jpw;F Nky; nry;yhj Foe;ij tpfpjk; 52.2% 2011-12 f;Fs; 20% rjtPjk; Fiwj;jy;.
 7 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l fy;tp fw;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; tpfpjj;ij 85% j;jpw;F nfhz;L tUjy;.
Rfhjhuk; :
 Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G tpfpjj;ij 28 MfTk; gpurtj;jpd; kPjhd ,wg;gpid 1000 f;F 1 vdTk Fiwj;jy;.
 nkhj;j fUt+U tpfpjj;ij 2.1 Mf Fiwj;jy;.
 2009f;Fs; midtUf;Fk; Rj;jkhd FbePh; toq;Fjy;
 Cl;lr; rj;J ,y;yhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; tpfpjj;ij 50 rjtPjkhf Fiwj;jy;.
 ,uj;j Nrhif Vw;gLk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; kfsph; tpfpjj;ij 50 rjtPjk; Fiwj;jy;.
kfsph; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; :

 Mz; ngz; ghy; tpfpjj;ij 2011-12w;Fs; 935 vd cah;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; 2016-2017f;Fs; 950 vd cah;j;Jjy;.
 Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; 33 rjtPj xJf;fPl;bid cWjp nra;jy;.
cs; fl;likg;G :
 midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; kpd;trjp nra;J jUjy;.
 500 kf;fs; njhif cila kiy tho; kf;fs; cs;s fpuhkq;fs; my;yJ 1000 kf;fs; njhif cila fpuhkq;fSf;F
2009w;Fs; rhiy trjp nra;J jUjy;.
 etk;gh; 2007f;Fs; midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; njhiyg; Ngrp trjp nra;J jUjy; kw;Wk; 2012f;Fs; midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk;
,d;lh;nel; trjp nra;J jUjy;.

,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; :
 tdk; kw;Wk; kuq;fs; 5 rjtPjk; cah;j;Jjy;
 cyf Rfhjhu epiyak; eph;zapj;jthW J}a;ikahd fhw;W mspj;jy;.
12tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :

,e;jpahtpd; tuT nryT fzf;F
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gphpT 112-y; ,e;jpa Mz;L epjp epiy vd;w thh;j;ij fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Budget vd;w thh;j;ij fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; epiy mwpf;if Mh;.Nf. rz;Kfk; nrl;bahh; vd;gth; (1947-48) rkh;gpj;jhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; epjp Mz;L Vg;uy; 1 Mk; Njjp Kjy; 31 khh;r;R tiu MFk;. ,J ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; epjpahz;L MFk;.
 gpuhd;R ehl;bd; epjpahz;L 1 rdthp Kjy; 31 brk;gh; tiu MFk;.
 mnkhpf;fhtpd; epjpahz;L 1 [{iy Kjy; [_d; tiu MFk;.

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,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;

 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhukhdJ tsUk; nghUshjhuk; (,uz;lhk; epiy nghUshjhuk;) vd

Njrpa tUkhdk; fzf;fpLjypd; ,d;wpaikahik:

Njrpa tUkhdk; (National Income)

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp(Gross Domestic product):

epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (Net domestic product):

epfuNjrpa cw;gj;jp (Net National Product):

jdpegh; tUkhdk; (Personal Income)

jyh tUkhdk; (Personal Income):

ehl;L tUkhd thpirfs;:

ehl;L tUkhdk; fzf;fpLtjpy; cs;s Fiwfs;:

 1934 y; ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lkpl;l nghUshjhuk; vd;w E}iy = vk;.tp];Nt];tua;ah vOjpdhh;. ,JNt

1tJ jpl;lk; - 1951-56 –

tsh;rr ; p vd;w epiyia miljy;>

10tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;;:

 jpl;lf;fkp\d; xU murpayikg;G rhuhj (Non statutory body) mikg;ghFk;.

 ,J Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;l efiy ghprPypj;J nray;gLj;j xg;Gjy; toq;FtJld; mt;tg;NghJ mjd;

 gRikg;Gul;rp vd;gJ tPhpauf tpijfs;> cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghjpa ePh;g;ghrd

Compiled by Rex Christopher 4

 ntz;ikg; Gul;rp vd;gJ ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

 ePyg;Gul;rp vd;gJ kPd;gpbj;jiy mjpfkhf;Ftjw;F njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

9. kQ;rs; gul;rp: - vz;nza; tpj;jf;fis mjpfk; gaphpl njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

epy cilik tuk;Gfs;

vy;iy epy tptrhap my;yJ kpfr;rpW tptrhap 0-1 ntwf;Nlh;

eLj;ju tptrhap(Medium Farmers)

fld;tif kw;Wk; jpUg;gp fld; toq;fg;gLk; fhuzq;fs; fld; toq;Fgth;>

1. FWfpa fhyfld;fs; tpij>cuk;>G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp NythNjtpf;fhuh;

(15 khjq;fSf;Fs;) fhy;eil jPtdk; thq;f> njhlf;fNtshz;ik

2. eLj;ju fhyf;fld;fs; fhy;eilfs;>fUtpfs; NythNjtpf;fhuh;fs;

ePz;lfhyf; fld;fs; Gjpa epyk; thq;f> epyts tq;fpfs;

,it %d;wpw;Fk; ------------- NABARD

tpiyf;nfhs;iffs; (Princing Policies)

Fiwe;j gl;r MjuT tpiy(MSP-Minimum support price):

tptrhapfspd; ePz;lfhy eyid fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Ntshz;ik nghUl;fSf;F juk; thhpahf

nfhs;Kjy; tpiy(Procurement price):

tpw;gid tpiyfs;(Issue Price):

Compiled by Rex Christopher 6

,J Commission for Agricultural costs and prices (CACP) vd 1985y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.

cuf;nfhs;ifahdJ 1977y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Gjpa Ntshz; tpijf; nfhs;if(1986):

,J nfhs;Kjy; tpiy>MjuT tpiy> epaha tpiy> Mfpatw;iw epiyepWj;;j

Gjpa Ntshd; tpiyf; nfhs;if(1993);:

1. ,J Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; khdpak; toq;fTk;>

Ntshd; mq;fhb: Ntshd; mq;fhbia Kd;Ndw;w mtrpakhdit>

1. xOq;FKiw mq;fhbia cUthf;Fjy;.

czTf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk;.

1. czT cw;gj;jpapy; jw;rhh;Gilik miljy;.

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l nghJg; gq;fPl;L Kiw 1992y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; epyTk; Ntiyapd;ik.

Compiled by Rex Christopher 7

mikg;Grhh; Ntiyapd;ik(Structural Unemployment)

gbj;jth;fSk;. njhopyhsh;fSk; (unskilled&skilled)NtiyNjlhky; ,Ug;gJ ,t;tifahFk;.

1. kf;fs; njhif tpiuthff; ngUFjy;.

,e;jpahtpd; Ntiyapz;ikiag; gw;wp Muha;e;j FOf;fs;:

1. lz;l;thyh fkpl;b(Duntwala Committee)

tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;:

 Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) – 1979

1.tpiuthd kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp

2. Ntiytha;g;Gs;s kpff; FiwT

3. ngw;Nwhh;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfSf;F itj;Jtpl;L nry;Yk; fld;.

Compiled by Rex Christopher 8

4. nghJf;fy;tp njhopw;fy;tpapy; rktha;g;gpd;ik

5. guk;giur; nrhj;J VJk; ,y;yhjj