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  • The Development of Surveying Instrument

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    The document summarizes the development of key surveying instruments over time, including their inventors and years of invention. Key developments include the telescope in the early 1600s, improvements to crosshairs and eyepieces in the 1600s-1800s, the introduction of bubbles and circles for more precise readings in the 1600s-1900s, and major improvements to the theodolite from the 100s AD to the early 1900s such as adding screw microscopes, analytic microscopes, and other optical and mechanical upgrades. The modern theodolite features cylindrical azimuth axes, inner focusing lenses, coincidence reading bubbles, tripods without clamping screws, and other precision instruments.

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    The document summarizes the development of key surveying instruments over time, including their inventors and years of invention. Key developments include the telescope in the early 1600s, improvements to crosshairs and eyepieces in the 1600s-1800s, the introduction of bubbles and circles for more precise readings in the 1600s-1900s, and major improvements to the theodolite from the 100s AD to the early 1900s such as adding screw microscopes, analytic microscopes, and other optical and mechanical upgrades. The modern theodolite features cylindrical azimuth axes, inner focusing lenses, coincidence reading bubbles, tripods without clamping screws, and other precision instruments.

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    3 views3 pages

    The Development of Surveying Instrument

    Uploaded by

    Pym Saclauso
    The document summarizes the development of key surveying instruments over time, including their inventors and years of invention. Key developments include the telescope in the early 1600s, improvements to crosshairs and eyepieces in the 1600s-1800s, the introduction of bubbles and circles for more precise readings in the 1600s-1900s, and major improvements to the theodolite from the 100s AD to the early 1900s such as adding screw microscopes, analytic microscopes, and other optical and mechanical upgrades. The modern theodolite features cylindrical azimuth axes, inner focusing lenses, coincidence reading bubbles, tripods without clamping screws, and other precision instruments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Development of Surveying Instrument

    Inventions Inventor Year Remarks

    Telescope Hans Lipperhey 1608 Improvement upright


    Galileo Galilei 1609 image
    J. Kepler 1611

    Cross-hair (reticules) Generini 1630 Eyepiece diopter


    Gascoigne 1640 Cross hair

    Objective Moon Hall 1729 Achromatic

    Eyepieces Huygens 1684


    Ramsden 1783
    Kellner 1849

    Bubbles tubes Thevenot 1662 Revolving tube


    Sturm 1715 Coincidence reading
    Amsler-Laffon 1857
    Wild 1908
    Circular bubbles Mayer 1770 Improvements
    Mollenkopf 1904

    Reading devices Clavius 1593 Vernier


    Ramsden 1780 Microscope
    Ramsden Screw microscope
    Wild 1918 Optical micrometer
    Circle graduation Hooke 1684 Half automatic
    Hidley 1760 Graduation machine
    Ramsden 1763 Graduation machine
    Reichenbach 1803 Copying method
    Oertling 1840 Automatic machine
    Heyde 1895
    Theodolitte Heron 100 b. Char
    Sisson 1730
    Ramsden 1735 with screw microscope
    Reichenbach 1804 Analytic microscope
    Wild 1923 Many improvements
    The Development of Surveying Instrument
    The most important common features of the new types of theodolites are :

    — Cylindrical azimuth axis

    — Inner focusing lens

    — Coincidence reading bubble

    — Tripods without clamping screws

    — Parallel-glassplate micrometer

    — Mean-reading optical micrometers

    — Graduated circles made of glass.

    Other optical and mechanical improvements introduced are :

    — Optical plummet

    — Better optics for one thing by coating optical surfaces

    — Invar subtense bar

    — High precision tacheometers with self-reducing optical wedge system for distance and height
    difference measurements

    — Self-levelling levels

    — Automatic index for vertical circle reading

    — Gyrotheodolites

    — Digital circle reading

    — Electronic tacheometers

    — Levels with a rotating laser beam.


    The Development of Surveying Instrument

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