wfYdal m%dlD;fhys iqúfYaIs NdId ,CIK

wdOqksl lÓldpd¾h je,súg fidr; ysñ

bkaÿ wd¾h NdId .Khg jefgk W;a;r Ndr;fha foaYSh NdId .Khg wh;a ish¨ u NdId
hq. ;=kla Tiafia j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'

1' m%d.a bkaÿ wd¾h hq.h

2' uOH hq.h
3' kQ;k hq.h
jYfhks' fuhska m%d.a bkaÿ wd¾h hq.h jYfhka .efkkafka l%s' mQ' 1800 isg l%s' mQ' 600
olajd rpkd jQ R.a" hcq¾" iduka yd w:¾jka hk fõo .%ka: yd Bg wh;a n%dyauK" WmksIoa yd
wdrKHl hq.j, rpkd jQ .%ka:" rdudhkh uydNdr;h wdÈ ùr ldjH" mdKsks" m;[ac,S jeks
jHdlrK{hskaf.a lD;s yd ld,sodi" wYajf>daI" oKaã" ud>" Ndrù" NÜà wd§ka úiska rpkd lrk
,o YDx.drd;aul ldjHhka wh;a fõ' ful< Ndú; jQ NdIdj jQfha l%ufhka ÈhqKq jQ zzwd¾h
NdIdjZZ fyj;a zzixialD; NdIdjhs'ZZ th zzffoùZZ fyj;a Wiia l=,j, isáhjqka Ndú; l< NdIdj
úh' fuys Wiia l=, f,i ye¢kajQfha n%dyauK yd CI;%sh jxYslfhdah' tfy;a CI;s%h jxYhg
wh;aj isá rcjre" mqfrdays; nuqKka jeks whg muKla ixialD; NdIdj l:d lsÍfï whs;sh
;snqKs' CI;s%h jxYsl w. fufyishg mjd ixialD; NdIdj l:d lsÍu ;ykï úh' Bg fya;= jQfha
ffjÈl iudch ;=< ldka;dj my;a l=,fhys ,d ie,l+ ksidh' uOHu hq.hg l%s' mQ' 600 isg l%s'
j' 900 olajd ld,h ;=< Ndr;fha ,shjqKq fi,a,sms" ySkhdk yd uydhdk nqÿoyfï foaYs; fm<"
wgqjd fmd;a o" merKs ffck iQ;% o" fY!rfiaks" uydrdIaá% wdÈ m%dlD; NdId Wmfhda.S lrf.k
rÑ; kdgH .%ka: o wh;a fõ' kQ;k hq.hg m%dlD; NdIdjkaf.a m%Njfhka we;s jQ yskaÈ" jx."
urdá" .=crdá" W¾ÿ" wdÈh wh;a fõ' ta wkqj j¾;udkfha Ndú; fndfyda NdIdjkaf.a ud;D NdIdj
uOHu hq.hg wh;a m%dlD; NdIdjkaf.ka m%Njh jQ nj lsj yelsh'
wmf.a m%ia;=;hg yiqjk wfYdal m%dlD;h l%s' mQ' 3 jk ish jfia uOHu Nd.fha § muK
wdrïN úh' Ndr;fha rc meñKs O¾udfYdal uydêrdchka úiska msysgqjk ,o Ys,d ,sm sj, NdIdj
o m%dlD; NdId ,CIK orK fyhska zzwfYdal m%lD;ZZ hehs jHjydr flf¾' wfYdal m%dlD;h o
m%Odk fldgia y;rls'1 tkï(-

1' jhU È. .Kh

2' ksß; È. .Kh
3' fmrÈ. .Kh
4' uOH .Kh
hkqfjks' fuhska jhU È. .Khg IdynYa.¾" ukafiard ,sms o" ksß; È. .Khg .s¾kd¾
,sms o" fmrÈ. .Khg fO!,s" fc!.v ,sms o" uOH .Khg nd¾yQ;a" rEmakd: ,sms o wh;ah'
fïjdhska rdcH NdIdjg wh;a jQfha ksß; È. .Khg wh;a jQ .s¾kd¾ ,smsh' wfYdal m%dlD;h ;=<
ta ta foaYj,g wod<j hï hï fjkialï ;snqK;a ;;ald,Sk Ndr;Sh iudcfha NdIdj fuh úh'
fï NdIdj zzud.ë m%dlD;hZZ hkqfjka o y÷kajk nj we;euqkaf.a u;hhs'2 iuyr m`äjre my;
i|yka ms<sfj,g o fï Ys,d ,sms j¾.SlrKh lr;s'3
1' mxcdî foaYSh Ys,d ,sms

2' mQ¾j Ndr;Sh Ys,d ,sms

3' mYaÑu Ndr;Sh Ys,d ,sms

jYfhks' fuhska mxcdí ,sms ixialD; NdIdjg;a mQ¾j Ndr;Sh ,sms yd mYaÑu Ndr;Sh ,sms
iïmQ¾Kfhka u md,s NdIdjg;a iudklula olajhs' wfYdal rcq úiska ,shjk ,o ,sms w;r
wkqYdikd ,sms fyj;a zzwd{d ,smsZZ ^hï hï jHjia:d mkjñka msysgqjk ,o ,sms& yd zzO¾u ,smsZZ
^uyckhdg O¾udkqYdikh msKsi ,shjQ ,sms& jYfhka fojeoEreïh' tfiau m¾j;hkays ,shjk
,o ,sms zzffY, f,aLkZZ fyj;a zzYs,d ,smsZZ yd .,a lKq kxjd tys ,shjk ,o ,sms zzia;ïN ,smsZZ
fyj;a zzgeï ,smsZZ jYfhka o fojeoEreïh'

wfYdal fi,a,smsj, wl=re j¾. folla oelsh yelsh' tkï LfrdaIaÀ yd n%dyañ wCIr
jYfhks' idudkH jHydrhg wkqj wl=re ,shkafka ol=fKa isg jug jqj;a LfrdaIaÀ wCIr
,sùfïÈ jfï isg ol=Kg ,sùfï l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lr we;' NdId b;sydih wdrïNfha § fuu
l%u fõoh Ndr;h mqrd jHdma;j mej;=K w;r miqld,Skj n%dyaó wCIr ,sùfï myiqj ksid
fndfyda fofkla tu l%uh fhdod .;ay' LfrdaIaÀ wCIrhkaf.a wdrïNh jQfha zieuálaZ wCIr
l%uhla jQ zwe.ñlaZ wCIr ud,dfjka hehs fidhdf.k we;' fuhg hqfrdamSh m`äjre wd¾hhka"
wßhdfkd md,s" bkafg%d md,s" BidkÈ. md,s" W;=re È. md,s hk kï jHjydr lr;s' fuys
úfYaI;ajh jkafka §¾> wl=re fkdue;sùuhs' LfrdaIaÀ NdIdfjka ,shjqKq ,sms olakg we;af;a
w,am jYfhks' Idynia.¾ys yd ukafIard .,alKqj,o" uhsiq¾ ,sms lsysmhl o tlS wCIr oelsh
yelsh' Idynia.¾ msysgd ;snqfKa bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr Èidjg nrjh' kef.kysr m%foaYj,
ckhd §¾>dCIr Ndú; fkdl< nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ' fï m%foaYfha § fidhd.kakd ,o
LfrdIaÀ NdIdfjka ,shjqKq Oïumohla we;' tys .d:d lsysmhla fufia oelaúh yelsh'4

wrNO ksLuO - hqc: nqO YYfk

Oqk: upqfkd fik k,.r n l=[re

wksp j; i>r - Wmo jh Oñfkd

Wmð;s ksreCO;s - f;I WjIfud iqfNd
 wm%uÿ wu;mo - m%uÿ uqpqfkd mo
wm%u; k óh;s - fh mu; h: u:

fuu .d:d ;=fkka m<uq .d:dj zzwdrN: kslaLu: hq[ac; nqoaOidifkZZ hkakhs' fojk
.d:dj zzwksÉpd j; ixLdrdZZ wdÈ .d:djhs' ;=kajekak zzwmamudfod wu;moxZZ hkakhs' .d:d ;=k
foi ne,Sfï§ md,s .d:dj,g jvd fjkia jQ l%u lsym
s hla u olakg ,efnk nj lsj yelsh'
fhÈhhq;= uym%dK wl=r fjkqjg fjk;a uym%dK wl=rla oeóu ^wrNO ksLuO - wdrN:
kslaLu:& ne¢ wl=re lsisu ;ekl olakg fkd,eîu" ^wksp" Wmo" Oñfkd - wksÉpd" Wmamdo"
Oïñfkd& md,sfhys we;s oka;c ziZ ldrh fjkqjg ;d¨c" uQ¾Oc ziZ ldr folu fh§u" ^YYfk"
f;I" WjIfud - idifk" f;ix" jQmifud& wkqYajdrh fkdfh§u ^fik" k,.r" wu;mo -
fikx" k,d.drx" wu;mox& ne¢ wCIrh fjkqjg rldrdxYh iys; wl=re fh§u ^wm%uÿ" wm%u; -
wmamudfod" wmamu;a;d& wdÈ fjkialï fmkajd Èh yelsh'

n%dyaó fydaäh uyd n%yauhd úiska ueõ ksid tu ku fhdod we;s nj merKs Ndr;Shhkaf.a
úYajdihhs' tfia u ffck iQ;%hla jk zziujdhx.ZZ iQ;%fha n%dyaó fydaähg zzudhqhdlaLrZZ
^ud;DldCIr& hk ku § tys wl=re 46 la we;s nj lsh;a' wdpd¾h wNhfoaj Y+Íka úiska tfia
olajk ,o n%dyaó wCIr jkafka

w" wd" b" B" W" W!" t" ft" T" T! " wx" w#"

l" L" ." >" X"

p" P" c" CO" ["

g" G" v" V" K"

;" :" o" O" k"

m" M" n" N" u"

h" r" , " j" i" I" y" <" CI

hkqfjks'5 fuu wCIrud,dj ixialD; wCIrud,djg fnfyúka iómlula olajhs' fuys

wCIr 47 la olakg ,efnk neúka z<Z ldrh bj;a l<hq;= hehs zzwNhfoaj iQßyQZZ mji;s' tfy;a
zzwdpd¾h nHq,¾ZZ kï m`äjrhd olajkafka zzCIZZ hkak bj;a l< hq;= njhs' flfia kuq;a wfYdal
Ys,d f,aLkhkays fï wCIr folu Ndú;d fkdùu u; fï iïnkaOfhka hï hï .eg¨ wfYdal
Ys,d f,aLk ,shjk ld, jljdkqfõ o ;sfnkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' LfrdaIaÀ wCIr o n%dyaó
fydaäfhka ì÷Kq NdIdjla hehs nHq,¾ m`äjrhdf.a woyihs' Ydia;%dpd¾h à' úu,dkkao uy;df.a
woyi jkafka LfrdaIaÀ wCIr l%s' mQ" 4 jk ishjfia isg ls%' j' 4 jk ishji olajd ld,fha
bkaÈhdfõ jhU È. jHdma; jQ njh' fuu ÈYdfjys wd¾hfhda uq,ska meñK ckdjdi ìyslr .;a
nj b;sydi f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'6

wfYdal Ys,d f,aLkhkays NdId ,CIK ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sfï § by;ska i|yka lrkakg
fhÿKq tla tla ÈYdjkag wkqj l%ufõo ;=kla Ndú; lr ;sfí' ta ta m<d;aj,g .e,fmk
NdIdjlska fi,a,sms fyda geï ,sms ,shjd ;sfí' Ndr;fha úúO ÈYdjkays l:dl< NdIdj yd ,sÅ;
NdIdfõ fjkialï olakg ,efí' nqÿrcdKka jykafia o fkdfhla ÈYdjkays ;u O¾uh foaYkd
lsÍfï § ta ta ÈYdjkag .e,fmk mßÈ foaYkd l< nj lshfõ' md;%h i|yd fh§ we;s m;a;"
mdh" fmdK" wdÈ jHjydr ;sîfuka ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ' wfYdal rcqf.a fi,a,sms fyda geï,smsj,
olakg ,efnk NdId ,CIK w;r .s¾kd¾ ,sms" fO!,s ,sms yd IdyndYa.¾ ,sms hk m%foaYj,ska
fidhd.kakd ,o ,sms jeo.;a fõ' tlS ,smsj,g wkqj NdId ,CIKj, o fjkialï olakg ,efí'
óg wu;rj W;=re ls¾ldiays fc!.v ,sms" ysud,h wdikakfha ;snQ Ld,ais kñka ye¢kafjk ,sms"
È,a,s" w,yndoa" ndN% wdos fkdfhla ÈYdjkays ;sî fidhd.kakd ,o ish¨ ,sms by;ska i|yka l<
NdId ,CIK Wmfhda.s lrf.k ,shjd ;sfí'

.s¾kd¾ ,sms

.s¾kd¾ ,sms md,s NdIdjg iudklula olajhs' tajdfhys fjkialï olakg ,efnkafka iq¿
jYfhks' tys olakg ,efnk tla NdId ,CIKhla jkafka ixhqla; j¾.dka; wl=re fjkqjg
wkqYajdrh fhdod ;sîuhs'7

X- .x.d- .å.d

[- wxkuk;d- w[a[ukid

k- Wmyx;s- Wmyka;s

K- w;mdIxv- w;a;mdiKafv

u- Oxu- Oïu

iuyr ;ekl §¾>dCIrfhda y%iaj fj;s'

N=hr;s - N+fhdr;s

;;- ;:d
,ðfk- rdfck

kShHdiq" r[af[da" n%dyauK wdÈ Yío fjkqjg f[hdiq" rdf[d" ndïNk hk jpk fndfyda
fihska olakg ,efí' tfiau jHjydr md,s NdIdfõ olakg fkd,efnk wyqxiq" máúOdk wdÈ
m%fhd.hka o olakg ,efí'

fO!,s ,sms

wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk fndfydauhla ,shjd we;af;a fuu ,sms j¾.fhks' fuys NdIdj ud.ê
m%dlD;hg iudk fõ' tuksidu úúO NdId ,CIK o oelsh yelsh'

 zrZ ldrh fjkqjg z,Z ldrh fh§u"

rdcd ,dcd rcq

mqfr mqf, fmr

uhqrd ucq,d fudKre

 ixfhda. wl=rej, fofjks wl=r muKla Ndú; lsÍu

wÜG wG wg

mÉPd mPd miqj

foajdkïmshiai foajdkïmshi foajdkïms;siai

 oka;c ziZ ldrh fkdfhdod uQ¾Oc zIZ ldrh yd ;d¨c zYZ ldrh fnfyúka fh§u
mshoiaisfkd mshoIsfk m%sh oel=ï we;s
i;iyiaix I;IyfY ,CIhla
iqiaiqid IqIqId fiajd lsÍu
 uQ¾Oc zKZ ldrh fkdfh§u
mdKdkx mdkdkx m%dKSkaf.a
OïuprKx Oxup,kx oeyeñ yeisÍu
iuK n%dyauKdkx iuknxNkdkx Y%uK n%dyauKhskaf.a
 znZ ldrh zjZ njg m;aùu
 ;sínx ;sfj ;shqKq
iín ukqiaidkx IjukqYdkx ish¨ ñksiqkaf.a
l;a;ínx lgúhx l<hq;h
= s
j;a;ínx j;úhx úhhq;=hs
 z[Z ldrh zkZ njg m;aùu
u[af[a ufk is;hs
w[af[a wfk fkdfhla
y[af[hHqx yxfkhq úkdY lrkakdy
 z;Z ldrh zgZ njg m;aùu
l; lg lrk ,o
u; ug -ufg uerKq
wkqj;a;siaika;s wkqjáix;s wkqjmj;s;a
 wkqiajdrh we;eï ;efkl f,dma ùu
lsx;s ls;s l=ula ksido@
u;a;x udf; muK
y;x yf; kik ,È
 zTZ ldrh zwjZ njg m;aùu
T;a;fmhHqx wj;%fmhq ,eÊcdfjõ
Tldix wjldix bv" wjirh
 zF:Z fjkqjg zGZ fyda z;Z ldrh fh§u
iqm;a:dh iqmGdfh jH[ack i|yd
t;iai;a:dh t;dhdGdfh fï ldrKfhys
iín;a: ij;d ish¨ ;ekays
 i;a;ñ úNla;s ziañxZ hk m%;H zisZ fyda zIsZ hkafkka wjika ùu
úð;iañx úð;is rdcHfhys
ckmoiañx ckmoIs ckmofhys
mdiKaviañx mdIvis oyu
 zbZ fyda zBZ ldrh zyZ ldrh njg m;aùu
bO yso fuys
BÈix fyÈix fun÷
 md,s NdIdfõ z.Z hkak zlZ njg fyda we;eï ;efkl zlZ hkak z.Z njg m;aùu
.=yd l=yd .=ydj
is,dú l; is,dú .v .f,ka lrk ,o
  zjo;sZ hkak fjkqjg zwdydZ hkak iEu ia:dkhl u fhfoa'
 zfid" ;f;d" f;ZZ hk md,s jpkj,g zfiZ hkak fhdod ;sfí'
 zwyxZ hk md,s jpkhg zylxZ hk jpkh ks;r fhdod ;sfí'
 we;eï jpkj,g md,shg iudk jQ mohlaj;a fkdfhdod fjku jpk Ndú; fldg ;sfí'
l;[a[q;d lsgkd;d
odrlud;frd wnlcksfhd

Idynia.¾ ,sms

fuu ,smsj, úfYaI;ajh jkafka ixialD; NdIdfõ fuka u md,s NdIdfõ o jpk olakg ,eîuhs'
we;eï ;ekl NdId folg u wka;¾.; fkdjk jpk o olakg ,efí' §¾>dCIr wl=re
fkdfh§u fuys we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls' tjeks tla ,smshla fufia oelaúh yelsh'

w;sl%x;x wx;rx fojkm%sh úyrh;% ku ksl%ñIq' w;% uD.h w[lsp fyÈYks wNsruks
wNjiq fid fojkxm%sh m%shois rc wYjINsisf;d if;d ksl%ñ ixfndêx f;k ox O%u h;% w;% bhx
fyd;s Y%uK n%uKkx øYfk okx'''''''''''''''''

fuys we;s rldrdxY iys; mo fndfyda ÿrg ixialD; NdIdjg keUqre fõ' zzfyd;s" if;d"
fidZZ jeks mo ixialD; md,s folg u wh;a tajdh' zzfyÈYks" øYfkZZ jeks jpk NdId folg u
wh;a fkdjk wfYdal m%dlD; jpkhs' by;ska i|yka flreKq LfrdaIAÀ Oïumoho fuu
,CIKj,ska iukaú;h'

fï whqßka tlsfklg fjkia jQ ,CIKhkaf.ka wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk ,shjd we;af;a ta ta

ÈYdjkays Ndj; jQ NdIdj mokï lrf.kh' wfYdal Ys,d f,aLkhkays wka;¾.; ù we;af;a ta ta
m<d;ajdiSkag hï hï foa oekaùug wjYH jQ ldrKdjka ksid Tjqkag f;afrk NdIdjlskah'
tfiau wCIr ,shùu l< hq;= ksid úúO NdId ,CIK o we;=<;a lrkakg we;s nj is;sh yelsh'
fkdf;afrk NdIdjlska hula ,shd ;eîu m%fhdackj;a fkdfõ' tfy;a wfYdal wêrdchdf.a
rdclSh NdIdj fO!,s .sß ,smsj,;a" geï ,smsj,;a jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnk NdIdjhs' fï
fya;=j ksidu wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk ,shjd we;af;a o fO!,s ,sms jYfhks'
wdka;sl igyka

1
idikr;k ysñ" fudrgqfõ" isxy, m%dlD;h" wkq,d uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1956" 141 msgqj'
2
History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, P. 28.
3
idikr;k ysñ" fudrgqfõ" isxy, m%dlD;h" wkq,d uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1956" 141 msgqj'
4
idikr;k ysñ" fudrgqfõ" wfYdal m%dlD;h yd isxy,fha uq,a moku" ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls'& m%dÖk NdfIdamldr
iud.u" 1994" 137 msgqj'
5
idikr;k ysñ" fudrgqfõ" isxy, m%dlD;h" wkq,d uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1956" 146 msgqj'
6
idikr;k ysñ" fudrgqfõ" isxy, m%dlD;h" wkq,d uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1956" 147 msgqj'
7
[dKúu, ysñ" fn,a,k" wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk"f;jk uqøKh" 12 jk .sß ,smsh" iuhj¾Ok fmd.ay," urodk" 2000"
25-26 msgq'
WodyrK ish,a,la u f.k we;af;a fn,a,k [dKúu, ysñhkaf.a wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk lD;sfhks'