Diff Calc

Related Rates
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Related Rates Mathematics 53 1 / 17

Related Rates

Related Rates
As the radius increases, the area of the ripple increases.

Related Rates
As the radius increases, the area of the ripple increases.

How fast the area changes depends on how fast radius changes.

Related Rates
Let x be a quantity that is a function of time t.

Related Rates

dx
=⇒
dt

Related Rates

dx
=⇒ = rate of change of x with respect to t
dt

Related Rates

dx
dt
Suppose y is dependent on x.

Related Rates

dx
dt
dy dx
=⇒ is dependent on
dt dt

Related Rates

dx
dt
dy dx
dt dt
Problem on related rates

Related Rates

dx
dt
dy dx
dt dt
Problem on related rates
problem involving rates of change of several variables where one variable is
dependent on one or more other variables

Related Rates
Note:

Related Rates
Note:
dx
1 >0∀t>0
dt

Related Rates
Note:
dx
1 > 0 ∀ t > 0 ⇒ x increases through time
dt

Related Rates
Note:
dx
dt
dx
2 <0∀t>0
dt

Related Rates
Note:
dx
dt
dx
2 < 0 ∀ t > 0 ⇒ x decreases through time
dt

Related Rates
Note:
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
3 =0∀t>0
dt

Related Rates
Note:
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
3 = 0 ∀ t > 0 ⇒ x remains constant through time
dt

Suggestions in solving problems involving related rates:

Suggestions in solving problems involving related rates:
1 Let t denote the elapsed time. If possible, draw a diagram of the problem that is valid for
any time t > 0.
2 Select variables to represent the quantities that change with respect to time. Label
those quantities whose values do not depend on t with their given constant values.
3 Write down any numerical facts known about the variables. Interpret each rate of
change as the derivative of a variable with respect to time.
4 Identify what is being asked.
5 Write an equation relating the variables that is valid at all time t > 0.
6 Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to t.
7 Substitute in the equation obtained in (6) all values that are valid at the particular time
of interest. Solve for what is being asked.
8 Write a conclusion that answers the question of the problem. Do not forget to include
the correct units of measurement.

Example
A ladder 10 meters long is leaning against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder is
being pulled horizontally towards the wall at 2 m/s, how fast is the top of the ladder
moving when the bottom is 6 meters from the wall?

Example
Let t denote the elapsed time. If possible,

draw a diagram of the problem that is
valid for any time t > 0.

Example


Example

Select variables to represent the

quantities that change with respect to
time. Label those quantities whose values
do not depend on t with their given
constant values.

Example

10
do not depend on t with their given
constant values.

Example

10
do not depend on t with their given x
constant values.

Example

10
Select variables to represent the y
do not depend on t with their given x
constant values.

Example
10
y

Example
Write down any numerical facts known

about the variables. Interpret each rate of
change as the derivative of a variable with
10
respect to time.
y

Example

10
respect to time.
y
x 2 m/s

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
=
dt
x 2 m/s

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
= − 2 m/s
dt
x 2 m/s

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
= − 2 m/s
dt
x 2 m/s
Identify what is being asked.

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
= − 2 m/s
dt
x 2 m/s
dy
dt

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
= − 2 m/s
dt
x 2 m/s

dy
dt x=6

Example

10
respect to time.
y
dx
= − 2 m/s
dt
x 2 m/s

dy
=?
dt x=6

Write an equation relating the variables
that is valid at all time t > 0.
10
y
x 2 m/s

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y
x 2 m/s

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y
Differentiate the equation implicitly with

x 2 m/s respect to t.

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
2x

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx
2x
dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx
2x +
dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx
2x + 2y
dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx dy
2x + 2y
dt dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx dy
2x + 2y =
dt dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dy
=
dt

10
x2 + y2 = 100
y

Dt [ x 2 + y 2 ] = Dt [100]
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dy x dx
= −
dt y dt

Substitute in the equation obtained all values that are valid at the particular time of
interest. Solve for what is being asked.
dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6:

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)
dy
∴
dt x=6


dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)
dy 6
∴ = − · (−2)
dt x=6 8


dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)
dy 6 3
∴ = − · (−2) =
dt x=6 8 2


dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)
dy 6 3
∴ = − · (−2) =
dt x=6 8 2

Write a conclusion that answers the question of the problem. Do not forget to include

dy x dx dx
x2 + y2 = 100 =− = −2
dt y dt dt
When x = 6: 36 + y2 = 100 ⇒ y2 = 64 ⇒ y = 8 (since y > 0)
dy 6 3
∴ = − · (−2) =
dt x=6 8 2

Write a conclusion that answers the question of the problem. Do not forget to include
3
∴ The top of the ladder is sliding up the wall at a rate of m/s when the bottom of
2
the ladder is 6 meters from the wall.

Example
An automobile traveling at a rate of 20 ft/s is approaching an intersection. When
the automobile is 100 ft. from the intersection, a truck traveling at the rate of 40
ft/s crosses the intersection. The automobile and the truck are on roads that are at
right angles to each other. How fast are the truck and the automobile separating 2
seconds after the truck leaves the intersection?

Example
t = 0:
truck 100 auto

Example
t = 0: t > 0:
truck 100 auto auto
truck

Example
t > 0:
auto
truck

Example
t > 0:
auto
truck

Example
t > 0:
auto
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
x auto
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
dx
=
x auto dt
y
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
dx
= − 20 ft/s
x auto dt
y
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
dx
= − 20 ft/s
x auto dt
dy
y =
dt
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
dx
= − 20 ft/s
x auto dt
dy
y = 40 ft/s
dt
z
truck

Example
t > 0:
dx
= − 20 ft/s
x auto dt
dy
y = 40 ft/s
dt
z dz
truck =?
dt t=2

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
x 2 + y2 = z2

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2


t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

2x

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx
2x
dt

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy
2x + 2y =
dt dt

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt
dz
=
dt

t > 0:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x=
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 −
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y=
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y
z=
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz
=
dt t=2
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
=
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) +
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) + 80
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) + 80(40))
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =?
dt dt dt t=2
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) + 80(40))
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =? 2000
dt dt dt t=2 =
100
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) + 80(40))
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =? 2000
dt dt dt t=2 =
100
= 20
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z
dt dt dt

dz 1 dx dy
= x +y
dt z dt dt

t > 0:
At t = 2:
x = 100 − 40 = 60
x auto
y = 80
y √
z = 602 + 802 = 100
z
truck

dz 1
= (60(−20) + 80(40))
dt t=2
100
dx dy dz
= −20, = 40, =? 2000
dt dt dt t=2 =
100
= 20
Dt x 2 + y 2 = Dt z 2

dx dy dz
2x + 2y = 2z Therefore, the distance between them is
dt dt dt
increasing at a rate of 20 ft/s after 2
dz 1 dx dy
= x +y seconds.
dt z dt dt

Example
Water is pouring into an inverted cone at the rate of 8 cubic feet per minute. If the
height of the cone is 12 feet and the radius of its base is 6 feet, how fast is the
water level rising when the water is 4 feet deep?

Example

Example
12

Example
12

Example
6 V = volume of water in cone
12

Example
12

Example
12

Example
r 12

Example

dV
= 8 ft3 /min
dt
r 12

Example

dV
= 8 ft3 /min
dt

dh
=?
r 12 dt h=4

Example

dV
= 8 ft3 /min
dt

dh
=?
r 12 dt h=4
1 2
V= πr h
h 3

Example

dV
= 8 ft3 /min
dt

dh
=?
r 12 dt h=4
1 2
V= πr h
h 3
dr
But we don’t know .
dt

6
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

6
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4
Express r in terms of h.

6
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4
Express r in terms of h. By similar

triangles,

6
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r
=
h

6
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
r 12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV
h dt

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2
= h
h dt 4

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh
dt

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh 4 dV
=
dt πh2 dt

1 2 dV dh
V= πr h, = 8, =?
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh 4 dV
=
dt πh2 dt

dh
1 dV dh
V = πr2 h, = 8, =? dt h=4
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh 4 dV
=
dt πh2 dt

dh 4
= (8)

1 dV dh
V = πr2 h, = 8, =? dt h=4 16π
3 dt dt h=4

triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh 4 dV
=
dt πh2 dt

dh 4
= (8)

1 dV dh
V = πr2 h, = 8, =? dt h=4 16π
3 dt dt h=4
2
=
Express r in terms of h. By similar π
triangles,
r 6
=
h 12

h
6 r=
2
1 h2
V= π h
3 4
πh3
r 12 V=
12
dV π 2 dh
= h
h dt 4 dt
dh 4 dV
=
dt πh2 dt

dh 4
= (8)

1 dV dh
V = πr2 h, = 8, =? dt h=4 16π
3 dt dt h=4
2
=
Express r in terms of h. By similar π
triangles, 2
The water level is rising at ft/min
r 6 π
= when the water is 4 feet deep.
h 12

Example
√
A particle is moving along the curve y = x. As the particle passes through the
point (4, 2), its x-coordinate increases at the rate of 3 cm/s. How fast is the
distance from the particle to the origin changing at this instant?

Example
√
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√
3 ( x, y)
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√
dx
3 ( x, y) dt
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx
3 ( x, y) dt (4,2)
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx
3 = 3 cm/s,
( x, y) dt (4,2)
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1 z z=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1
p
z z= ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1
p
z z = ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 =
p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 2 + y2
−1
−2

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1
p
z z = ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 =
p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 2 + y2
−1
−2 dy √
We don’t know . But y = x.
dt

Example
√

dx dz
3 = 3 cm/s, =?
( x, y) dt (4,2) dt (4,2)
2
1
p
z z = ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 =
p
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 2 + y2
−1
−2 dy √
We don’t know . But y = x.
dt
√
z= x2 + x

3 ( x, y)
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
2
1 z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
2
dz
1
dt
z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1
2 = √
1
dt 2 x2 + x
z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx
2 = √ 2x
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt
z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
dz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 =
−1 dt (4,2)
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
dz 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 = √ (2(4)(3) + 3)
−1 dt (4,2)

2 42 + 4
−2

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
dz 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 = √ (2(4)(3) + 3)
−1 dt (4,2)

2 42 + 4
−2 27
= √
2 20

dx dz
= 3, =?
dt (4,2) dt (4,2)

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
dz 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 = √ (2(4)(3) + 3)
−1 dt (4,2)

2 42 + 4
−2 27
= √
2 20
√
27 5

dx dz
= 3, =? =
dt (4,2) dt (4,2) 20

p
z= x2 + x
3 ( x, y)
dz 1 dx dx
2 = √ 2x +
1
dt 2 x2 + x dt dt
z
dz 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 = √ (2(4)(3) + 3)
−1 dt (4,2)

2 42 + 4
−2 27
= √
2 20
√
27 5

dx dz
= 3, =? =
dt (4,2) dt (4,2) 20
The
√distance is increasing at a rate of
27 5
cm/s when the particle is at
20
P(4, 2).

Exercises
1 A woman standing on a cliff is watching a motor boat as the boat approaches

the shoreline directly below her. If the woman’s eyes are 250 feet above the
water level and if the boat is approaching at 30 feet per second, how fast is the
angle of depression of the boat from the woman’s eyes changing when the
boat is 250 feet from the shore?
2 Gravel is being dumped from a conveyor belt at a rate of 30 cubic feet per
minute so that it forms a pile in the shape of a cone whose height and base
diameter are always equal. How fast is the height of the pile increasing when
the pile is 10 feet high?

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