LAB EXPERIMENT - 1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS

GROUP NO.=19

PART 1 (VERIFICATION OF KVL)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Vab(v) Vbc(v) Vcd(v) Vde(v) Vfe(v) Vbf(v)
6.41 1.21 1.216 1.22 1.83 1.84

Algebric sum for the smalest loops:

loop 1: A->B->C->D->E->A
V1=Vab+Vbc+Vcd+Vde+Vea=6.41+1.21+1.216+1.22-10=0.056V

Loop 2: B->F->E->D->C->B
V2=Vbf+Vfe+Ved+Vdc+Vcb=1.84+1.83-1.22-1.216-1.21=0.024V

COMMENT:

we made the circuirt in breadboard according to the given circuit diagram,we have connected
5 resistors(4.7kohm x 1,1.8k ohm x 3,2.7k ohm x 2).we measured the voltage across each and
we calculted the algebric sum of loop1 and loop2 and we found that the resultant sum is almo

PART 2 (VERIFICATION OF KCL) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Ir1(mA) Ir2(mA) Ir3(mA) Ir4(mA) Ir5(mA)

5.76 0.2 0.2 0.2 -6.33

Algebric sum of current:

Ir1+Ir2+Ir3+Ir4+Ir5=0.03mA

COMMENT:

we made the circuit as per the lab manual given in the breadboard.we used a standard voltage
now,we assumed that all current flowing away from point A as per the circuit.we fixed the posi
neighbouring nodes of the point A .if ,incase current is flowing from any node to point A then t
voltages connected to node A.With proper polarity of voltages and dividing it with thier respec
now,we perform the algebric sum of the current obtained and the sum is almost equal to 0.

PART 3 ( VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE)

 Currnt due to 7v source: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ir3=0.733mA

Current due to -5v source:

Ir3=-0.524mA

current reference(Ir3 ref)=0.2mA

algebric sum due to +7v and -5v source=0.733-0.524=0.209mA

COMMENT:
Before starting the experiment we measured the current through R3 and set it as our referenc

PART 4 (VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN THEORM)

I ref (mA) Vth(v) Rth(ohm) I calculate Rth used( I mean(mA)

-1.15 -6.18 623 -1.16 620 -1.15

I calculated=(Vth)/(Rth+R2)
-0.00116 milli Amp

COMMENT:

First ,we measured the current through R2 and took as a reference .Then ,we remove R2 from the circuit a
named it as thevenin voltage(Vth) .then,we deactivate all the independent sources and using DMM we m
and we calculated the current using KVL .now,we removed the whole circuit and we used a variable voltag
Rth.now,we made a circuit with this voltage source and selected resistance along with R2 in series.now,w
circuit with our calculted value and it comes nearly same .
RIMENT - 1
ELECTRONICS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

uit diagram,we have connected the one end to the 15v supply and the other end to the ground .we have used totaly
red the voltage across each and every resistor without distrubing the polarity of digital multimeter(DMM).
d that the resultant sum is almost equal to 0.so,with some error KVL is verified for this circuit.

oard.we used a standard voltage source and the variable voltage source to obtain the voltage of 5v and 7v respectivly.
per the circuit.we fixed the positive end(red) of the DMM at point A and the negative end(black) to the all possible
from any node to point A then the voltage shown by DMM will be eventually negative .now,we calculate all the
and dividing it with thier respective resistance and found the value of current through each resistors.
the sum is almost equal to 0.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ugh R3 and set it as our reference current. we used the same circuit used part 2 by only activating one source and deactivating the other s

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

,we remove R2 from the circuit and using DMM we measured the voltage drop across terminal AB and
nt sources and using DMM we measured the resistance acreoss the terminal AB and named it as thevenin resistance (Rth)
uit and we used a variable voltage source and set it to Vth .we also used a resistance whose value is nearly equal to
ce along with R2 in series.now,we measured the current flowing through R2 .we compared the result of this
rce and deactivating the other source.we calculated the current due to that source and the same was recorded .now,we found the algebri

IT DIAGRAM

esistance (Rth)
orded .now,we found the algebric sum of induvidual current obtained from the +7v and -5v sorce and the value is 0.209A.The obtained valu
alue is 0.209A.The obtained value is nearly equal to the reference current.