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Leitura e interpretação de diversos tipos de textos (literários e não literários)................................ 01
Sinônimos e antônimos....................................................................................................................... 10
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Concordância verbal e nominal.......................................................................................................... 50
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Exercícios finais................................................................................................................................... 61
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IV - Lógica
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1. Conceitos
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de raciocínio lógico...............................................................................1
2. Estruturas

Lógicas.................................................................................................1
3. Lógica de Argumentação.......................................................................................6
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4.
/Questões de Associação.........................................................................................3
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5. Verdades e Mentiras..............................................................................................6
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6. Diagramas
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8. Teoria
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progressões
9. Sequências Numéricas: aritméticas e geométricas.............................31
10. Razões e proporções, regras de três simples e compostas, porcentagem.............37
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- Informática
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1. Sistemas operacionais abertos e fechados: instalação, configuração e operação...........
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2. &RQFHLWRPpWRGRREMHWRHILQDOLGDGHGD&ULPLQRORJLD
Softwares Aplicativos: processadores de texto, planilhas eletrônicas,
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de dados, +LVWyULDGRSHQVDPHQWRFULPLQROyJLFR e
multimídia, armazenamento
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digitalizaçãoWUDWDPHQWRVRXSHQDVFUXpLVGHVXPDQDVRXGHJUDGDQWHV
de material escrito. Softwares Utilitários........................................................ 44
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transferência
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busca e pesquisa, grupos de discussão e comunidades, acesso à distância
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a computadores, proteção e segurança................................................................................ 76
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5. Hardware - microcomputador: configuração
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Dispositivos

periféricos: classificação, noções gerais e operação............................................................ 138
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Língua Portuguesa
Sendo isso, apenas isso, torna-se inevitável a reciproci-
LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA dade do amor.
A solidão do jovem é, apesar do que se pensa em contrá-

rio, real e frequente. Embora acompanhado sempre e em
1.1 LEITURA E INTERPRETAÇÃO
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE DIVERSOS
DE TEXTO: constante movimentação, o adolescente crê que o mundo é
TIPOS DE
TIPOS DE TEXTO
TEXTO (LITERÁRIOS
(LITERÁRIOS
VERBAL EE NÃO
NÃO LITERÁRIOS)
E NÃO VERBAL LITERÁRIOS dos adultos; e esses estão ocupados demais para ouvir os
seus pequenos devaneios. Há uma busca disfarçada de a-
tenção e apoio, que só uns poucos percebem, e raríssimos
Entendemos por texto, um conjunto de ideias expressas se apressam em atender. A condição do homem é, em si
através de frases, orações, parágrafos; com um estilo próprio mesma, de confronto com a solidão, de que ele está, do ber-
e com uma estrutura própria produzido por um certo sujeito. A ço à sepultura, sempre cercado.
estrutura de um texto varia de acordo com sua natureza. Há o
texto literário e o não literário. A descoberta dessa realidade – que não é triste ou alegre,
mas simplesmente um fato – ocorre na puberdade, e nem
TEXTO sempre é pacífica. Esse contato pode deixar um travo de
↙ ↘ melancolia, quando não há apoio compreensivo de um adulto
Denotação Conotação que se estima e no qual se confia – e que dá a entender que
↓ ↓ já passou por isso e sabe do que se trata, embora não tenha
Texto não literário Texto literário uma resposta definitiva para os mistérios da vida. (Luiz Carlos
↓ ↓ Lisboa - Jornal da Tarde)
Claro, objetivo Figurado, subjetivo,
↓ ↓ O texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa é um texto não literário,
informativo pessoal porque disserta sobre um certo tema: a descoberta da solidão
de forma objetiva, informativa, etc. Se tivesse dado ao tema
O texto literário expressa a opinião pessoal do autor que um tratamento poético, musical, lírico, por exemplo, seria um
também é transmitida através de figuras, impregnado de texto literário, pois usaria recursos literários, tais como a rima,
subjetivismo. Já o texto não literário preocupa-se em transmi- as figuras de linguagem, a ficção para expressar sua opinião
tir uma mensagem da forma mais clara e objetiva possível. sobre a descoberta da solidão.
Como exemplo, podemos citar uma notícia de jornal como
texto não literário e um romance de Eça de Queirós ou José A compreensão do texto pode ser feita da seguinte for-
de Alencar como exemplo de texto literário. ma, chamada objetiva:
Compreender um texto é levar em conta os vários aspec-

tos que ele possui, por exemplo, um texto terá aspecto moral, 1) Segundo o texto, os jovens:
social, econômico, conforme a intenção do autor; para ratifi-
car esses aspectos o autor se utiliza de um vocabulário con- a) São autossuficientes.
dizente com sua intenção. Então ... como compreender textos b) Vivem no mundo da lua.
em prova, se cada pessoa possui um modo específico de ver c) Necessitam de apoio e compreensão.
os fatos? A resposta não é simples. Não obstante o valor d) Estão sempre muito ocupados.
subjetivo do texto, ele possui uma estrutura interna que é
básica e a qual garantirá uma compreensão objetiva. 2) De acordo com o texto, pode-se afirmar que o ho-
mem:
Compreender um texto não literário é perceber no texto a
opinião, a intenção do autor, onde ele pretende chegar com a) Sente solidão durante toda a vida.
aquele texto. Se o autor é contra ou a favor de um certo b) Está sozinho apenas no momento da morte.
tema, quais os aspectos que o autor levanta. Nossa compre- c) Está sozinho apenas no momento do nascimento.
ensão será sempre a partir das informações que o texto nos d) Nunca está completamente sozinho.
oferece.
3) Com relação à solidão, o texto afirma que:
Observe o texto a seguir:
a) O homem fica triste ao descobri-la.
É ainda Lorenz, na mesma obra, quem identifica a frustra- b) O homem a descobre durante a adolescência.
ção dos jovens face a uma educação que, em nome da com- c) O jovem a encontra por falta de apoio e compreen-
preensão, baniu a firmeza e a liberdade com responsabilida- são.
de. Noções confusas de psicanálise, vagos anseios libertá- d) O jovem a encontra porque não confia nos adultos.
rios, muita teoria e pouco conhecimento serviram para refor-
çar uma tolerância preguiçosa que passou a se constituir em 4) Segundo o texto, o amor:
padrão de comportamento para pais e educadores.
a) É um problema irrelevante na vida agitada do jo-
Aquela frustração nasce dessa atitude – que Lorenz cha- vem.
ma de "muro de borracha" – débil, indefinida e acovardada do b) E uma expressão romântica, uma frase fora de mo-
adulto diante do jovem, tão nociva quanto a ação punitiva da.
sistemática de antigamente. c) É uma atitude hábil e simpática em relação ao jo-
vem.
Educar tornou-se, há muito tempo, uma arte esquecida. d) É um meio pelo qual os adultos podem compreen-
No contato com o adolescente, o pai – ou aquele que estima der as atitudes dos jovens.
alguém como se pode estimar um filho - não projeta apenas 5) O texto afirma que:
uma imagem, mas é ele mesmo. Por obra do amor, é verda-
deiro, atento, esquecido de si, profundamente interessado.
– 1 –
Língua Portuguesa
a) As gerações mais velhas só se preocupam em cado equivalente; de outra feita, utiliza-se de expressões,
transmitir os seus valores aos mais jovens. palavras com significados opostos, contudo todos esses
b) Os jovens acham que o mundo está errado e que- recursos têm uma intenção, usar o texto como veículo ou de
rem destruí-lo. emoção, ou de crítica, de revelação, informação, etc.
c) A energia e a generosidade dos jovens os levam a
querer reformar o mundo. Peguemos como exemplo o texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa.
d) É normalmente uma hipocrisia o fato de os jovens
quererem reformar o mundo. No texto, há blocos de significados que se equivalem e
que têm um certo significado à luz do contexto dado.
6) "... débil, indefinida e acovardada do adulto diante
do jovem." As palavras sublinhadas podem ser substi- Exemplos:
tuídas, sem modificar o significado do texto, por:
1º Atitude débil (= louca) indefinida, acovardada equivale a
a) maluco, incoerente, medroso. ação primitiva, sistemática.
b) fraco, indeterminado, medroso. 2º Muita teoria equivale a pouco conhecimento.
c) idiota, indeterminado, inseguro. 3º Solidão real e frequente análoga à acompanhado, cons-
d) alegre, estúpido, nervoso. tante movimentação.
4º Berço análogo à sepultura.
7) No parágrafo "A solidão do jovem é, apesar do que
se pensa em contrário, real e frequente.", a frase O autor, no primeiro bloco de ideias, torna equivalente a
sublinhada dá uma ideia de atitude débil, indefinida e acovardada diante do jovem à ação
punitiva. Em um outro contexto tal equivalência seria impos-
a) conclusão. c) concessão. sível, pois a atitude de liberdade total, num primeiro momento
b) condição. d) indefinição. não tem relação alguma à punição sistemática. Contudo, num
certo contexto, as palavras assumem significados equivalen-
RESPOSTAS tes ou não.
1-C 2- A 3- B 4- D 5- A 6- B 7- C
No segundo bloco, muita teoria equivale a pouco conhe-
cimento, em outro contexto tais afirmações seriam opostas,
Para compreendermos o texto é preciso descobrir sua contraditórias, contudo no texto-exemplo são equivalentes,
estrutura interna. Nela, encontraremos ideias básicas e aces- pois assumem um significado de "coisas vazias" diante da
sórias e precisamos descobrir como essas ideias se relacio- descoberta da solidão, então mais uma vez temos um termo
nam. As ideias básicas giram em torno do tema central, de com um significado específico num dado contexto.
uma ideia núcleo contida no texto, a ela somam-se as ideias
acessórias, que só são importantes, enquanto corroboradoras No terceiro bloco, solidão real e frequente estão lado a
da ideia central. lado das palavras acompanhando em constante movimenta-
ção. No contexto, elas são compreendidas como análogas,
Por exemplo, a ideia básica do texto é a presença da equivalentes, mas já sabemos que num outro contexto são
solidão em nossas vidas, na opinião de Luiz Carlos Lisboa, a palavras que se opõem. Só assumem sentido análogo devido
ela somam-se outras ideias sobre a educação dos jovens, à ideia do autor, à sua intenção de reforçar a contradição, a
sobre a psicanálise, sobre o amor que são acessórias, por- confusão em que vive o adolescente.
que não tratam diretamente do assunto da solidão, mas são
acessórias, pois colaboram para a compreensão da ideia No quarto bloco, berço é análogo à sepultura, à luz da
básica, central. compreensão do texto são palavras que se equivalem, que
estão lado a lado equiparadas a lugares que contêm a soli-
Geralmente, um texto trata de uma ideia básica acompa- dão que cerca a vida das pessoas. Em outros contextos são
nhada de várias ideias acessórias. Se há ideias básicas e palavras opostas, pois significam vida e morte, mas no texto-
ideias acessórias como ocorre a inter-relação dessas ideias? exemplo tudo é uma coisa só: lugar de solidão.
Muitas vezes, a técnica usada é a de explanação de idei- A oposição básica do texto é:

as "em cadeia", ocorre a explanação da ideia básica e a se-
guir o desdobramento dessa ideia nos parágrafos subsequen-
tes a fim de discutir, aprofundar o assunto. O Mundo dos adultos ocupados oposto à busca dis-
farçada de atenção e apoio.
Já no texto-exemplo de Luiz Carlos Lisboa vemos que ele
vai preparando a introdução da ideia básica com as ideias Onde adultos se ocupam com um mundo à parte dos
acessórias, como se estivesse criando um ambiente propício, anseios, carências, dúvidas dos adolescentes cercados de
numa preparação textual onde o clímax seria a ideia básica: a solidão. É importante ressaltar que as oposições, as equiva-
descoberta da solidão. E um crescer de expectativas até lências, a compreensão de certos termos só acontecem em
chegar ao cerne da questão. contextos determinados, pois dependendo da intenção do
autor as palavras poderão se opor, equivaler-se, assumir
1) Sentido oposto: significa a ideia contrária de uma pala- significados específicos, ainda como exemplo, recorremos à
vra em relação a outra. expressão "muro de borracha" que poderia significar até um
brinquedo em risco para o físico da criança, contudo no texto-
2) Análogo ou Equivalente: dizer que uma palavra é análo- exemplo significa a atitude dos pais diante dos filhos – "débil,
ga à outra, significa dizer que ambas têm semelhanças de indefinida e acovardada" sem limites, sem a educação que
significados, são equivalentes. norteia a vida.
Num texto, palavras, orações, frases, expressões são
justapostas, colocadas lado a lado visando a uma intenção do O texto poderá utilizar diversos recursos, tudo, no entanto,
autor que produz o texto. Por vezes, usa palavras de signifi- estará subordinado à ideia do seu autor.
– 2 –
Língua Portuguesa
ESTRUTURA E ORGANIZAÇÃO DO TEXTO O bicho
Vi ontem um bicho
DEFINIÇÃO DE TEXTO Na imundície do pátio
Catando comida entre os detritos
O texto é uma mensagem, isto é, um fato do discurso: Quando achava alguma coisa,
uma passagem falada ou escrita que forma um todo significa- Não examinava nem cheirava:
tivo independentemente da sua extensão. Engolia com voracidade.
O bicho não era um cão,
O texto forma um todo, que pode ser: Não era um gato,
Não era um rato.
– uma palavra: Não, talvez, sim ... O bicho, meu Deus, era um homem.
– uma frase: Antes tarde do que nunca. (Manuel Bandeira. Estrela da vida inteira.
– algumas ou centenas de páginas: um livro, um relatório, um Rio de Janeiro, José Olympio, 1973.)
ofício, etc.
Toda a narrativa tem um narrador: aquele que conta a
A ESTRUTURAÇÃO TEXTUAL história. Mas o narrador pode ser de dois tipos, conforme a
sua perspectiva em relação aos fatos narrados: 1ª ou 3ª pes-
Um texto se realiza por meio de uma seleção de seu soa.
material linguístico, aí compreendidas a seleção vocabular, a
seleção da frase e a seleção do modo de organização discur- No texto acima, a história é contada em 1ª pessoa (eu):
siva, ou seja, a narração, a descrição e a argumentação. “Vi ontem um bicho”. O narrador relata um acontecimento que
Cada um desses modos de organização possui determinadas o impressionou: um bicho catando restos de comida. Note
regularidades que lhe são próprias, além daquelas regulari- que, no desenvolvimento do enredo, não sabemos de que
dades que estão acima dessas gramáticas particulares, ou animal se trata. Só no desfecho o narrador nos revela que o
seja, as regularidades gerais do texto. bicho é um ser humano.
A estruturação de um texto se faz exatamente entre o A narração, além de ser uma das mais importantes possi-
esperado, ou seja, o respeito àquelas regularidades do modo bilidades da linguagem, é também uma das práticas mais
de organização a que pertence e a criatividade do autor. comuns de nossa vida. A narração associa nossa observação
do mundo com nossa existência, nossa memória e nossa
Portanto, escrever é sempre um processo de seleção: imaginação.
seleção de vocábulos, seleção de estruturas sintáticas, sele-
ção de organização das frases na composição do texto, sele-
ção de um modo de organização discursiva... tudo em busca Estrutura do texto narrativo:
do que parece mais adequado às finalidades do autor do
texto. 1) ENREDO
TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL É a narrativa propriamente dita, que pode ser linear ou

retrospectiva, cuja trama mantém o interesse do leitor, que
Os textos variam conforme as intenções do autor, poden- espera por um desfecho. Chama-se simplesmente de ação.
do ser narrativos, descritivos, dissertativos. Porém, raramente
um texto é construído com as características de um só tipo. O 2) PERSONAGEM
mais comum é encontrarmos os vários tipos em um só texto.
É a pessoa que atua na narrativa. Pode ser principal ou
O TEXTO NARRATIVO secundária, típica ou caricatural.
Leia este trecho de um texto narrativo: 3) NARRADOR (PONTO DE VISTA)
A escrava pegou a filhinha Geralmente, classifica-se em:

Nas costas a) narrador-observador: o autor conta a história como ob-
E se atirou no Paraíba servador que sabe tudo. Usa a terceira pessoa.
Para que a criança não fosse judiada. b) narrador personagem: o autor conta encarnando-se
(Oswald de Andrade. Poesias Reunidas. numa personagem, principal ou secundária. Usa a primeira
Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 1972.) pessoa.
Nesse texto, o importante é o fato, a ação, o acontecimen- 4) AMBIENTE

to: a escrava se mata junto com a filhinha recém-nascida,
para salvá-la da escravidão. É o meio físico e social onde se desenvolve a ação das
personagens. Trata-se do pano de fundo ou do cenário da
Releia o texto e repare que não sabemos como era a história.
escrava, nem como era sua filha, nem como era o rio. Esse
trecho só atribui importância ao acontecimento em si. 5) TEMPO
Narrar, portanto, consiste em construir o conjunto de É o elemento fortemente ligado ao enredo numa sequên-
ações que constituem a história –o enredo – e relacioná-las cia linear ou retrospectiva, ao passado, presente e futuro,
às personagens – seres que praticam atos ou sofrem os com seus recuos e avanços. Pode ser cronológico (quando
fatos. avança no sentido do relógio) ou psicológico (quando é medi-
do pela repercussão emocional, estética e psicológica nas
Vejamos mais um exemplo de narração: personagens).
– 3 –
Língua Portuguesa
6) DISCURSO A ORDEM DA NARRATIVA
É o procedimento do narrador ao reproduzir as falas ou o Entende-se por ordem o registro de um fato ou detalhe de
pensamento das personagens. cada vez. Vejamos um exemplo:
Há três tipos de discurso: Chega a polícia.

E os invasores saem.
x Discurso direto: caracterizado pela reprodução fiel da A polícia se vai.
fala do personagem. As falas são reproduzidas inte- Os invasores voltam. (Jornal da Tarde)
gralmente e, via de regra, introduzidas por travessão.
Numa estrutura tradicional de discurso direto, a fala do Nesta pequena narrativa, que serve de título para uma
personagem é acompanhada por um verbo de elocu- reportagem, o jornalista registrou fatos na ordem em que
ção (verbo que indica a fala do personagem: dizer, fa- aconteceram, ou seja, em sequência cronológica ou linear:
lar, responder, indagar, perguntar, retrucar, afirmar, começo, meio e fim.
etc.), seguido de dois-pontos.
Muitas vezes, o autor pode fugir do convencional, alteran-
Alguns autores modernos dispensam o emprego dos do essa linearidade. Isso ocorre com mais frequência no texto
verbos de elocução em favor de um ritmo mais veloz literário, em que se trabalha artisticamente a língua com a
da narrativa, assim como também os sinais de pontu- finalidade de provocar emoções no leitor.
ação que introduzem e delimitam as falas (dois-
pontos, travessão, aspas, etc.). Vejamos alguns exemplos:
Observe o exemplo: 1) O narrador antecipa o final da narrativa:

“No dia em que o matariam, Santiago Nassar levantou-se
às 5h30 da manhã para esperar o navio em que chegava o
bispo.” (Gabriel Garcia Márquez)
No primeiro parágrafo, o narrador já conta o que aconte-

ceu à personagem.
2) O narrador faz referência a um fato anterior, que o leitor

não conhece, procurando criar suspense. Leia a primeira
linha de um conto:
“Então a mosca voltou a atacar. Ninguém dava nada por
(Maurício de Sousa) ela. Se no mundo dos insetos já seria presa fácil, o que dirá
na longa noite dos brontossauros.” (Chacal)
A fala nos quadrinhos normalmente é apresentada de
forma direta, nos balões, sem interferência de narrador. No Fazendo referência a um fato que o leitor desconhece, o
caso desta tira, Mônica e Cebolinha estabelecem um diálogo. narrador desperta a curiosidade de saber como e por que a
tal mosca atacava e voltou a atacar.
x Discurso indireto: caracterizado pelo fato de o narra-
dor se apropriar da fala do personagem, ou seja, a fala 3) Antes de começar a contar a história propriamente dita, o
do outro vem pelas palavras do narrador. No discurso narrador inicia o texto com uma fala da personagem, mos-
indireto, observamos a seguinte estrutura: verbo de trando que ela está mesmo em desequilíbrio com o meio:
elocução (que é o núcleo do predicado da oração “– Que peixe é esse? Perguntou a moça com afetada
principal), seguido da oração subordinada (a fala do admiração. Foi na cidade de Curupuru, no Maranhão. A moça
personagem complementa o significado do verbo de nascera ali mesmo, crescera ali mesmo mas voltara semana
elocução: disse que...; pensou que...; desempenhando passada de uma temporada de um ano, na capital do estado.
a função de objeto direto ou indireto), introduzida por Ela agora é moça de cidade, não conhece mais peixe, nem
uma conjunção integrante (que, se). bicho do mato, nem farinha de pau. Evoluiu.
“– Que peixe é esse?
Os homens e as mulheres não responderam nada. Olha-
Observe o exemplo: ram-se uns aos outros com ar de enfado.”(Ferreira Gullar)
O detento disse que (ele) não confiava mais na Justiça. O CICLO NARRATIVO
Logo depois, perguntou ao delegado se (ele) iria prendê-lo.
Nos textos essencialmente narrativos, predominam as
x indireto-livre: consiste na fusão entre narrador e per- frases verbais, que indicam um processo, uma ação.
sonagem, isto é, a fala da personagem insere-se no
discurso do narrador, sem o emprego dos verbos de A narrativa tem como ponto de partida uma situação inici-
elocução (como dizer, afirmar, perguntar, responder, al, que se desenvolve numa para chegar a uma situação final,
pedir e exclamar). diferente da inicial:
• situação inicial - o personagem está apresentado numa
determinada situação temporal e espacial;
Observe o exemplo: • desenvolvimento - apresenta-se o conflito, e a ação se de-
senvolve até chegar ao clímax e, em seguida, a um desfecho;
Agora (Fabiano) queria entender-se com Sinhá Vitória a • situação final - passado o conflito, o personagem é apresen-
respeito da educação dos pequenos. E eles estavam perguntado em uma nova situação – há claros indícios de transfor-
tadores, insuportáveis. Fabiano dava-se bem com a ignorân- mação, de mudança em relação ao início da narrativa.
cia. Tinha o direito de saber? tinha? Não tinha.
– 4 –
Língua Portuguesa
NARRATIVA FICCIONAL O TEXTO DESCRITIVO
A palavra ficção vem do latim fictio, que deriva do verbo Leia este trecho descritivo de Guimarães Rosa:
fingere: modelar, criar, inventar. Quando identificamos uma
narrativa como ficcional, observamos nela uma realidade “Sua casa ficava para trás da Serra do Mim, quase no
criada, imaginária, não real. meio de um brejo de água limpa, lugar chamado o Temor-de-
Deus. O Pai, pequeno sitiante, lidava com vacas e arroz; a
A narrativa ficcional é fruto da imaginação criadora. Sem- Mãe, urucuiana, nunca tirava o terço da mão, mesmo quando
pre mantendo pontos de contato com o real, recria a realida- matando galinhas ou passando descompostura em alguém. E
de. Baseando-se nela ou dela se distanciando. Se os aconte- ela, menininha, por nome Maria, Nhinhinha dita, nascera já
cimentos narrados, se os personagens apresentados aproxi- muito para miúda, cabeçudota e com olhos enormes.”
marem-se muito da realidade a ponto de nos confundir, fala-
mos que a narrativa é verossímil (semelhante à verdade), se Você observou que o trecho acima, apresenta caracterís-
os acontecimentos e personagens se mostrarem absurdos, ticas de ambiente e de personagens. Essa caracterização é
absolutamente improváveis, falamos que a narrativa é inve- obtida por meio da descrição.
rossímil (que não é semelhante à verdade).
Descrever é detalhar uma cena, objeto, sentimento, per-
O texto a seguir é um trecho de “Alice no País das Maravi- sonagens, destacando-lhe características peculiares, de
lhas” de Lewis Carrol, um exemplo de narrativa de ficção em modo a passar ao leitor/ouvinte uma imagem o mais próxima
que podemos observar um universo imaginário. possível daquela que temos em mente.
Há duas maneiras básicas de descrever: objetiva ou sub-

Alice no País das Maravilhas jetivamente.
Lewis Carrol
Na descrição objetiva, a realidade é retratada com a
Capítulo 1 maior fidelidade possível, não se emitindo qualquer opinião
Para baixo na toca do coelho ou julgamento. Leia, agora, as seguintes descrições objeti-
vas:
“Os anticorpos são moléculas de proteínas que possuem
dois sítios específicos de combinação com os antígenos.
Existem, em cada molécula de anticorpo, duas cadeias poli-
peptídicas leves e duas cadeias pesadas, ligadas entre si por
pontes de enxofre.”
(Amabis e Martho)
“O apartamento que comprei tem três dormitórios – sendo

uma suíte –, uma sala em “L”, dois banheiros, cozinha, área
de serviço e dependências de empregada.”
Alice estava começando a ficar muito cansada de estar
sentada ao lado de sua irmã e não ter nada para fazer: uma Na descrição subjetiva, a realidade é retratada de acor-
vez ou duas ela dava uma olhadinha no livro que a irmã lia, do com o ponto de vista do emissor, que pode opinar e ex-
mas não havia figuras ou diálogos nele e “para que serve um pressar seus sentimentos. Leia, agora, os seguintes trechos
livro”, pensou Alice, “sem figuras nem diálogos? ” descritivos:
“Este Quincas Borba, se acaso me fizeste o favor de ler
Então, ela pensava consigo mesma (tão bem quanto era as Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, é aquele mesmo
possível naquele dia quente que a deixava sonolenta e estú- náufrago da existência, que ali aparece, mendigo, herdeiro
pida) se o prazer de fazer um colar de margaridas era mais inopinado, e inventor de uma filosofia. Aqui o tens agora em
forte do que o esforço de ter de levantar e colher as margari- Barbacena. Logo que chegou, enamorou-se de uma viúva,
das, quando subitamente um Coelho Branco com olhos cor- senhora de condição mediana e parcos meios de vida, tão
de-rosa passou correndo perto dela. acanhada, que os suspiros do namorado ficavam sem eco.”
(Machado de Assis)
Não havia nada de muito especial nisso, também Alice
não achou muito fora do normal ouvir o Coelho dizer para si “O senhor sabe: sertão é onde manda quem é forte, com
mesmo “Oh puxa! Oh puxa! Eu devo estar muito atrasado! ” as astúcias. Deus mesmo, quando vier, que venha armado! E
(quando ela pensou nisso depois, ocorreu-lhe que deveria ter bala é um pedaçozinho de metal ... sertão é onde o pensa-
achado estranho, mas na hora tudo parecia muito natural); mento da gente se forma mais forte do que o poder do lugar.
mas, quando o Coelho tirou um relógio do bolso do colete, e Viver é muito perigoso.”
(Guimarães Rosa)
olhou para ele, apressando-se a seguir, Alice pôs-se em pé e
lhe passou a ideia pela mente como um relâmpago, que ela CARACTERÍSTICAS DA DESCRIÇÃO
nunca vira antes um coelho com um bolso no colete e menos
ainda com um relógio para tirar dele. Ardendo de curiosidade, – caracteriza, por meio de imagens ou de palavras, seres e
ela correu pelo campo atrás dele, a tempo de vê-lo saltar lugares;
para dentro de uma grande toca de coelho embaixo da cerca. – emprega adjetivos, locuções adjetivas, verbos de estado e
No mesmo instante, Alice entrou atrás dele, sem pensar orações adjetivas;
como faria para sair dali. A toca do coelho dava diretamente – emprega geralmente verbos de estado, normalmente no
em um túnel, e então se aprofundava repentinamente. Tão presente e no imperfeito do indicativo;
repentinamente que Alice não teve um momento sequer para – estabelece comparações;
pensar antes de já se encontrar caindo no que parecia ser – faz referências às impressões sensitivas: cores, formas,
bastante fundo. cheiros, gostos, impressões táteis, sons.
(...)
– 5 –
Língua Portuguesa
A ORDEM NA DESCRIÇÃO O TEXTO DISSERTATIVO
A descrição é um verdadeiro “retrato” com palavras. Na Leia este trecho de um texto dissertativo:
descrição literária, o escritor procura ordenar as frases de
modo a obter um texto que prenda a atenção do leitor. “A fim de apreender a finalidade e o sentido da vida é
preciso amar a vida por ela mesma, inteiramente; mergulhar,
Os textos descritivos dificilmente aparecem isolados. por assim dizer, no redemoinho da vida; somente então apre-
Geralmente, fazem parte de um texto maior, do tipo narrativo. ender-se-á o sentido da vida, compreender-se-á para que se
vive. A vida é algo que, ao contrário de tudo criado pelo ho-
Há várias maneiras de montar a descrição, dependendo mem, não necessita de teoria, quem apreende a prática da
da posição (ponto de vista) do observador em relação àquilo vida também assimila a sua teoria.”
que está sendo observado. As principais são: (Wilhelm Reich. A revolução sexual. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar, 1974)
a) Do particular para o geral O texto expõe um ponto de vista (a finalidade da vida

é viver) sobre um assunto-tema (no caso, o sentido e a finali-
Vejamos um exemplo: dade da vida). Além de apresentar o ponto de vista do autor,
o texto faz também a defesa desse ponto de vista: os por-
“A pele da garota era desse moreno enxuto e parelho das quês, os motivos que fundamentam a opinião de que a práti-
chinesas. Tinha uns olhos graúdos, lustrosos e negros como ca intensa de viver é que revela o sentido da vida; de que a
os cabelos lisos, e um sorriso suave e limpo a animar-lhe o vida não precisa de teoria e que se identifica com o próprio
rosto oval, de feições delicadas.” (Érico Veríssimo) processo de viver intensamente.
b) Do geral para o particular À defesa do ponto de vista, à organização dos motivos

que o justificam, à exposição dos fundamentos em que uma
Vejamos um exemplo: posição está baseada, chamamos argumentação.
“A rua estava de novo quase morta, janelas fechadas. A Defender uma opinião com argumentos coerentes e ade-
valsa acabara o bis. Sem ninguém. Só o violinista estava ali, quados é o aspecto mais importante do texto dissertativo.
fumando, fumegando muito, olhando sem ver, totalmente Além da argumentação articulada, a dissertação deve apre-
desamparado, sem nenhum sono, agarrado a não sei que sentar também uma linguagem clara e uma estruturação
esperança de que alguém, uma garota linda, um fotógrafo, lógica (com introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão).
um milionário disfarçado lhe pedisse pra tocar mais uma vez.”
Dissertar é, através da organização de palavras, frases e
DESCRIÇÃO POÉTICA textos, apresentar ideias, desenvolver raciocínio, analisar
contextos, dados e fatos.
Na poesia, a descrição está marcada pela função fática,
apresentando imagens inusitadas que recriam seres e/ou A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO DISSERTATIVO
ambientes. Dificilmente encontraremos objetividade nas des-
crições poéticas, pois, a poesia está marcada pelo subjeti- A dissertação obedece à seguinte estrutura:
vismo. Observe o exemplo:
– Introdução
Retrato
É a parte na qual se apresenta a ideia central do texto e o
Eu não tinha este rosto de hoje enfoque que se pretende abordar.
assim calmo, assim triste, assim magro,
nem estes olhos tão vazios, – Desenvolvimento
nem o lábio amargo.
Eu não tinha estas mãos sem força, O desenvolvimento da dissertação apresenta os diferen-
tão paradas e frias e mortas; tes aspectos da ideia exposta na introdução. Além disso, é
eu não tinha este coração nessa parte que será feita a fundamentação da ideia que se
que nem se mostra. pretende discutir, através de exemplos, argumentos, dados
estatísticos, fatos históricos, causas e consequências etc.
Eu não dei por esta mudança,
tão simples, tão certa, tão fácil: – Conclusão
- Em que espelho ficou perdida
a minha face? É a retomada da ideia apresentada na introdução, só que
(Cecília Meireles - Obra poética. enriquecida pela fundamentação dada no desenvolvimento. A
Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1985.) conclusão sintetiza a ideia central do texto e pode acrescen-
tar sugestões, ampliando a discussão do tema.
DESCRIÇÃO TÉCNICA Veja como está estruturado o texto que segue:
Na descrição técnica procura-se transmitir a imagem do Pode-se distinguir os homens dos animais pela consciên-
objeto através de uma linguagem técnica, com vocabulário cia, pela religião ou por tudo que se queira. Mas eles próprios
preciso, normalmente ligado a uma área da ciência ou da começam a se diferenciar dos animais tão logo começam a
tecnologia. produzir seus meios de vida, passo este que é condicionado
por sua organização temporal. Produzindo seus meios de
É o caso da descrição de peças e aparelhos, de experiên- vida, os homens produzem, indiretamente, sua própria vida
cias e fenômenos, do funcionamento de mecanismos, da material.
redação de manuais de instrução e artigos científicos.
– 6 –
Língua Portuguesa
O modo pelo qual os homens produzem seus meios de Observe como a autora organizou o texto dedutivamente:
vida depende, antes de tudo, da natureza dos meios de vidas
já encontrados e que têm de reproduzir. Não se deve consi- As expectativas num namoro são, na maioria das vezes,
derar tal modo de produção de um único ponto de vista, a muito diferentes para meninos e meninas. (hipótese geral)
saber: a reprodução da existência física dos indivíduos. Tra-
ta-se, muito mais, de uma determinada forma de atividade Enquanto a maioria dos rapazes está doida para beijar,
dos indivíduos, determinada forma de manifestar sua vida, tocar a menina e ter o máximo de intimidade sexual que pu-
determinado modo de vida dos mesmos. Tal como os indiví- der, ela geralmente está interessada em sair com ele, namo-
duos manifestam sua vida, assim são eles. O que eles são rá-lo, apreciar sua companhia. (fatos particulares que exem-
coincide com sua produção, tanto com o que produzem como plificam a hipótese geral)
com o modo como produzem. (SUPLICY, Marta. Sexo para adolescentes. FTD, 1988. p. 82)
O que os indivíduos são, portanto, depende das condi- A ENUMERAÇÃO PARA ORGANIZAR O TEXTO
ções materiais de sua produção.
(MARX, Karl. In: ARANHA, Maria Lúcia de Arruda & MARTINS, Maria Leia o texto seguinte:
Helena. Temas de filosofia. São Paulo, Moderna, 1992.) PRAZERES
A estrutura desse texto é bem definida: introdução (pri- O primeiro olhar da janela de manhã
meiro parágrafo), desenvolvimento (segundo parágrafo), O velho livro de novo encontrado
conclusão (último parágrafo). Rostos animados
Neve, o mudar das estações
O jornal
A ORDEM NA DISSERTAÇÃO O cão
A dialética
Assim como na descrição podemos partir do geral para o Tomar ducha, nadar
particular e vice-versa, a exposição de ideias na dissertação Velha música
admite o mesmo caminho. Sapatos cômodos
Compreender
Nesse caso, estaremos trabalhando com dois métodos Música nova
básicos de raciocínio: a indução e a dedução. Escrever, plantar
Viajar, cantar
Chama-se indução ao raciocínio que se baseia na obser- Ser amável
vação e elementos conhecidos, concretos (o particular), para, (Bertolt Brecht. Poemas e canções. Coimbra, 1975)
por meio deles, chegar a uma conclusão ou a uma hipótese
possível sobre uma determinada ideia ou fato (o geral). Como foi organizado esse poema? Qual a sequência de
ideias? Observe que o texto não buscou desenvolver o con-
Observe como o jornalista Gilberto Dimenstein escreveu a ceito de felicidade, mas apresenta os elementos capazes de
respeito dos jovens brasileiros vítimas de assassinato. representar a felicidade.
VIOLÊNCIA MATA MAIS ENTRE OS JOVENS Pela enumeração de acontecimentos, objetos, pessoas,
sensações, sentimentos, atividades, o autor diz o que é felici-
De cada 10 jovens brasileiros entre 15 e 18 anos mortos dade.
no ano de 1993, 6 deles foram assassinados. A pesquisa
revela que, atualmente, o homicídio está em primeiro lugar A enumeração é uma técnica das mais ricas para escre-
entre as causas da morte a juventude. A pesquisa foi feita ver livremente e constitui um dos importantes recursos utili-
pelo CBIA (Centro Brasileiro para Infância e Adolescência), zados na literatura, principalmente na poesia moderna. No
órgão vinculado ao Ministério do Bem-Estar Social. texto enumerativo empregam-se elementos que dificilmente
aparecem em redações tradicionais: “tomar ducha”, “sapatos
Apesar da fragilidade estatística e o aumento da consci- cômodos”, por exemplo. A enumeração é uma forma concreta
ência dos governantes sobre a situação da infância, os índi- de escrever: consiste em listar coisas, fatos, lembranças,
ces de violência continuam crescendo. emoções, desejos, sensações de nossa vida, do dia-a-dia, da
(Folha de São Paulo, 26 jun 1994. Caderno Especial: Brasil 95) nossa história. Observe outro texto em que se emprega o
processo de enumeração:
Particular: dados da pesquisa feita pelo CBIA.
OS DOIS LADOS
Geral: os índices de violência continuam aumentando apesar
do aumento da consciência dos governantes sobre o proble- Deste lado tem meu corpo
ma. tem o sonho
tem minha namorada na janela
O tipo de raciocínio conhecido como dedução segue o tem as ruas gritando de luzes e movimentos
caminho inverso ao da indução. Portanto, no raciocínio dedu- tem meu amor tão lento
tivo partimos do geral para o particular, do desconhecido para tem o mundo batendo na minha memória
o conhecido. Obedecemos, geralmente, aos seguintes pas- tem o caminho pro trabalho.
sos:
Do outro lado tem outras vidas vivendo da minha vida tem
1) formulamos uma hipótese abstrata, de caráter geral; pensamentos sérios me esperando na sala de visitas
2) fazemos uma relação de fatos e provas (elementos concre- tem minha noiva definitiva me esperando com flores na
tos, conhecidos, observáveis): o particular; mão,
3) podemos ou não colocar uma conclusão que confirme a tem a morte, as colunas da ordem e da desordem.
hipótese geral. (Murilo Mendes. Poesia completa e prosa, Nova Aguilar, 1994)
– 7 –
Língua Portuguesa
Esse poema é uma espécie de autorretrato, que enumera O texto apresentado possui:
elementos de dois lados diferentes da personalidade e da
vida do eu-lírico. a) narrador-observador
b) narrador-personagem
Perceba que o texto foi organizado pelo processo de
enumeração. Primeiro temos os elementos de um lado e,
depois, os elementos do outro. 3) Em qual elemento básico da narração é possível obter
uma sequência linear ou retrospectiva ao passado, presente
e futuro?
RECONHECIMENTO DA ESTRUTURA
a) enredo
Para continuar trabalhando a estrutura e organização do b) personagem
texto, vamos exercitar a leitura com o objetivo de identificar o c) ambiente
modo como ele foi ordenado. d) tempo
Não se trata de entender o conteúdo, mas reconhecer a

estrutura, a arquitetação do texto. O que podemos perceber a 4) Indique a alternativa que possui o discurso indireto-livre:
respeito da estrutura do texto abaixo?
a) “Quando me viu, Pedrinho me chamou de lado e perguntou
O amor é finalmente se era verdade que eu sabia fazer milagres.”
um embaraço de pernas, (Fernando Sabino)
uma união de barrigas,
um breve tremor de artérias. b) “– Não quero discutir com a senhora. Mas também não
Uma confusão de bocas, quero ver meu filho duvidando do próprio pai.”
uma batalha de veias, (Luís F. Veríssimo)
um reboliço de ancas,
quem diz outra coisa é besta. c) “Ela se referia a uma misteriosa casa na Avenida João
(Gregório de Matos. Poemas escolhidos. São Paulo, Cultrix) Pinheiro, onde sabíamos que não morava ninguém havia
anos. (...) Íamos sempre olhá-la durante o dia, fascinados:
O texto apresenta uma enumeração de definições de que haveria lá dentro? Não seria de espantar se de noite os
amor. Cada uma destas definições está organizada de modo fantasmas se reunissem ali para celebrar o fato de já have-
a apresentar uma parte do corpo. No final, um comentário rem morrido.”
jocoso encerra a sequência. (Fernando Sabino)
EXERCÍCIOS d) “– Que é que tem trazer uma flor para casa?

– Veio do oculista e trouxe uma rosa. Acha direito?
1) Observe: – Por que não?”
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade)
“Seriam onze horas da manhã.
O Campos, segundo o costume, acabava de descer do 5) O texto a seguir apresenta:

almoço e, a pena atrás da orelha, o lenço por dentro do cola-
rinho, dispunha-se a prosseguir no trabalho interrompido “Era de estatura regular, tinha as costas arqueadas e os
pouco antes. Entrou no seu escritório e foi sentar-se à secre- ombros levemente contraídos, braços moles, cintura pouco
tária.” abaixo dos seios, desenhando muito a barriga. Quando an-
(Aluísio Azevedo) dava, principalmente em ocasiões de cerimônia, sacudia o
corpo na cadência dos passos e bamboleava a cabeça com
O texto acima possui predominância: um movimento que afetava languidez. Muito pálida, olhos
grandes e bonitos, repuxados para os cantos exteriores, em
a) narrativa um feitio acentuado de folhas de roseira; lábios descorados e
b) descritiva cheios, mas graciosos. Nunca se despregava das lunetas, e a
c) dissertativa forte miopia dava-lhe aos olhos uma expressão úmida de
choro.”
2) Leia o texto a seguir: (Aluísio Azevedo)
“Depois que terminei um curso de técnicas de emergência

médica, eu estava ansiosa para colocar à prova minhas no- a) narração
vas aptidões. Um dia, quando ia numa autoestrada, vi um b) descrição subjetiva
homem deitado no chão ao lado de um carro. Parei imedia- c) dissertação
tamente, peguei meu estojo de primeiros socorros e corri d) descrição objetiva
para ele.
– Sou perita em emergências – disse eu a ele. 6) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à dissertação:
– O senhor precisa de ajuda?
a) formular uma hipótese abstrata, de caráter geral;
– E preciso mesmo – respondeu o homem. b) fazer uma relação de fatos e provas;
c) colocar ou não uma conclusão que confirme a hipótese
– Você sabe trocar pneu?” geral;
(In revista Seleções do Reader’s Digest, nº 274. d) detalhar cenas, objetos, sentimentos, personagens, desta-
Rio de Janeiro, março de 1994) cando suas características peculiares.
– 8 –
Língua Portuguesa
7) Temos uma dissertação na alternativa: A linguagem verbal é aquela que tem por unidade a
palavra; as linguagens não verbais têm outros tipos de
a) “Na planície avermelhada os juazeiros alargavam duas unidade, como os gestos, o movimento, a imagem, etc. Há,
manchas verdes. (...) ainda, as linguagens mistas, como por exemplo, as histórias
A caatinga estendia-se, de um vermelho indeciso salpicado em quadrinhos, que normalmente utilizam a imagem e a
de manchas brancas que eram ossadas. O voo negro dos palavra.
urubus fazia círculos altos em redor de bichos moribundos.”
(Graciliano Ramos, Vidas Secas) Que tipo de linguagem veicula com maior rapidez uma
informação?
b) “De longe via a aleia onde a tarde era clara e redonda.
Mas a penumbra dos ramos cobria o atalho. Veja estes símbolos abaixo:
Ao seu redor havia ruídos serenos, cheiro de árvores, peque-
nas surpresas entre os cipós.
Todo o jardim triturado pelos instantes já mais apressados da
tarde. De onde vinha o meio sonho pelo qual estava rodea-
da?
Como por um zunido de abelhas e aves. Tudo era estranho, Símbolo que se coloca na porta para indicar “sanitário masculino”.
suave demais, grande demais.”
(Clarisse Lispector, Laços de Família)
c) “Sempre fomos explorados. Somos oprimidos, mas não

vencidos. Lutamos, pelo elementar direito de a classe traba-
lhadora participar da vida política, social e econômica de sua
pátria. Inútil tentar nos calar, nos deter, nos abater. Somos
Imagem indicativa de “silêncio”.
multidão. Estamos nas cidades e nos campos. Renascemos
em nossos filhos. Sabemos que, no futuro, estará em nossas
mãos a riqueza que agora produzimos.” (Panfleto de um Sindi-
cato, maio de 1981)
d) “Na baixada, mato e campo eram concolores. No alto da

colina, onde a luz andava à roda, debaixo do angelim verde, Placas de trânsito – à frente “proibido andar de bicicleta”,
de vagens verdes, um boi branco, de cauda branca. E, ao atrás “quebra-molas”.
longe, nas prateleiras dos morros cavalgam-se três qualida-
des de azul.” (Guimarães Rosa, Sagarana) A linguagem verbal é a mais eficaz, porque transmite a
informação de forma mais objetiva e completa. A linguagem
visual, entretanto, é a mais econômica, porque veicula a
8) Que tipo de descrição Garfield faz na tira a seguir? informação com maior rapidez.
EXERCÍCIOS
1 – Qual linguagem foi utilizada na figura abaixo?
a) verbal
b) não verbal
(Davis, Jim. Garfield em casa. Rio de Janeiro, Cedibra) 2 – Qual linguagem foi utilizada na tira de Maurício de
Sousa?
a) descrição subjetiva
b) descrição objetiva
RESPOSTAS
1-A 2-B 3- D 4- C 5- B 6- D 7- C 8- A
LINGUAGEM VERBAL E LINGUAGEM NÃO-VERBAL
Linguagem é a representação do pensamento por meio

de sinais que permitem a comunicação e a interação entre as
pessoas.
(Maurício de Sousa)
As palavras, os gestos, o desenho, a escrita, a mímica, as a) verbal
notas musicais, o código Morse e o de trânsito, a pintura, a b) não verbal
dança, a arquitetura, a escultura, tudo isso é linguagem. As
várias linguagens podem ser organizadas em dois grupos: a RESPOSTAS
linguagem verbal, modelo de todas as outras, e as linguagens 1-B 2-A
não verbais.
– 9 –
Língua Portuguesa
– Homônimos perfeitos: possuem a mesma grafia e o
SINÔNIMOS, ANTÔNIMOS E PARÔNIMOS mesmo som.
o rio (substantivo) eu rio (verbo)
cedo (verbo) cedo (advérbio de tempo)
A semântica refere-se ao estudo do significado, em
todos os sentidos do termo. A semântica opõe-se com fre- Veja, a seguir, a relação de alguns homônimos:
quência à sintaxe, caso em que a primeira se ocupa do que
algo significa, enquanto a segunda se debruça sobre as es-
truturas ou padrões formais do modo como esse algo é ex- acender - pôr fogo
presso (por exemplo, escritos ou falados). ascender - subir
acento - sinal gráfico
assento - lugar de sentar-se
SIGNIFICAÇÃO DAS PALAVRAS aço - metal
asso - (verbo) 1ª pessoa do indicativo
Para o falante ou o escritor ser capaz de selecionar as banco - assento
palavras adequadas para formar sua mensagem, é preciso banco - estabelecimento
conhecer o significado das palavras. Sendo assim, é impor- caçar - pegar animais
tante conhecer os fatos linguísticos. cassar - anular
cela - pequeno quarto
SINÔNIMOS OU SINONÍMIA sela - arreio e (verbo) 3ª pessoa sing. do indicativo
censo - recenseamento
Sinonímia ou sinônimos são palavras que possuem senso - juízo
significados iguais ou semelhantes. cerrar - fechar
serrar - cortar
Aquela garota é veloz. cessão - ato de ceder
Aquela garota é rápida. seção, secção - divisão
sessão - reunião
Entre os sinônimos, há sempre um que se destaca por ser cesto - balaio
mais expressivo, assim, no dicionário, aparecem vários signi- sexto - numeral ordinal
ficados de cada palavra, cabe ao escritor achar a mais apro- cheque - ordem de pagamento
priada ao seu contexto. xeque - lance do jogo de xadrez
concerto - apresentação musical
ANTÔNIMOS OU ANTONÍMIA conserto - (verbo) 1ª pessoa singular do indicativo
coser - costurar
Antonímia ou antônimos são palavras que possuem cozer - cozinhar
significados opostos. espiar - espionar
expiar - sofrer castigo
Seu cabelo está muito comprido. estático - imóvel
Seu cabelo está muito curto. extático - admirado
estrato - tipo de nuvem
Algumas palavras opostas se originam de um prefixo de extrato - resumo
sentido negativo ou oposto. incerto - não certo
inserto - incluído
feliz – infeliz intercessão - interceder
agradável – desagradável interseção - corte feito no meio do objeto
bendizer – maldizer laço - nó
lasso - gasto, cansado, frouxo
manga - fruta da mangueira
HOMÔNIMOS OU HOMONÍMIA manga - parte do vestuário
paço - palácio
Homonímia ou homônimos são palavras que possuem passo - passada
significados diferentes, mas são iguais no som e/ou na escri- ruço - desbotado
ta. russo - da Rússia
Preciso fazer um conserto na roupa.
são - saudável, com saúde
(reparo) são - (verbo) 3ª pessoa plural do indicativo
Vou ao concerto esta noite. são - forma reduzida de santo
(apresentação musical)
sexta - redução de sexta-feira
cesta - recipiente
Os homônimos podem ser: sesta - hora em que se descansa ou dorme após o
almoço
– Homógrafos: possuem a mesma grafia, mas sons diferen- taxar - estabelecer a taxa de
tes. tachar - qualificar em mau sentido
seco (substantivo) e seco (verbo)
olho (substantivo) e olho (verbo) PARÔNIMOS OU PARONÍMIA
– Homófonos: possuem o mesmo som, mas grafias diferen- Paronímia ou parônimos são palavras que possuem
tes. significados diferentes, mas são muito parecidas no som e na
escrita.
cheque (ordem de pagamento) O garotinho gosta de brincar de pião.
xeque (lance de jogo de xadrez) O garoto sonha em ser peão de boiadeiro.
– 10 –
Língua Portuguesa
Veja, a seguir, a relação de alguns parônimos: POLISSEMIA
absolver - perdoar Temos a polissemia quando uma palavra apresenta signi-

absorver - sorver ficado diferente que se explica dentro de um contexto.
acostumar - contrair hábito
costumar - ter por hábito A decisão está nas mãos do papai.
(dependência)
amoral - indiferente à moral
imoral - contra a moral
Machuquei minha mão.
apóstrofe - figura de linguagem (parte do corpo)
apóstrofo - sinal gráfico
aprender - instituir-se Ele passou a mão nas chaves do carro.
apreender - assimilar (apropriar-se de coisas alheias)
arrear - pôr arreios
arriar - descer, baixar
cavaleiro - aquele que anda a cavalo EXERCÍCIOS
cavalheiro - homem educado
comprimento - extensão
cumprimento - saudação 1) Assinale o sinônimo da palavra destacada na seguinte
frase: “Elogiou o deputado e todos os seus sequazes.”
deferir - conceder, atender
diferir - ser diferente, adiar a) inimigos
delatar - denunciar b) parentes
dilatar - alargar c) partidários
descrição - ato de descrever d) adversários
discrição - ser discreto e) alunos
descriminar - inocentar
discriminar - distinguir
despensa - lugar onde se guardam mantimentos 2) Assinale o antônimo da palavra destacada na seguinte
dispensa - licença frase, “O prolixo professor Pinheiro discursava sobre a gra-
mática normativa.”
destratar - insultar
distratar - desfazer
a) sensual
emergir - vir à tona b) lacônico
imergir - mergulhar c) insolente
emigrar - sair da pátria d) fatídico
imigrar - entrar num país estranho para nele morar e) trágicos
eminente - notável, célebre
iminente - prestes a acontecer
estádio - praça de esportes 3) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à significação da
estágio - preparação, período palavra:
flagrante - evidente
a) Bruno fará a cessão de seus livros.
fragrante - perfumado
b) Flávia está na seção de cosméticos.
incidente - episódio c) A sessão será presidida pela professora Jéssica.
acidente - desastre d) Todas as alternativas estão corretas.
inflação - desvalorização (dinheiro) e) Todas as alternativas estão incorretas.
infração - violação
infligir - aplicar castigo 4) Os significados das palavras parônimas:
infringir - não respeitar
ótico - relativo ao ouvido imergir, eminência, descrição são, respectivamente:
óptico - relativo à visão
peão - amansador de cavalos, peça no jogo de xadrez a) afundar, proximidade de ocorrência, reserva
pião - brinquedo b) subir, proximidade de ocorrência, exposição
c) afundar, excelência, reserva
pequenez - relativo a pequeno d) subir, excelência, reserva
pequinês - originário de Pequim, raça de cães
e) afundar, excelência, exposição
plaga - região, país
praga - maldição 5) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto aos homônimos:
pleito - disputa eleitoral
preito - homenagem a) cesto (balaio) – sexto (numeral ordinal)
precedente - antecedente b) estático (imóvel) – extático (admirado)
procedente - proveniente c) coser (costurar) – cozer (cozinhar)
ratificar - confirmar d) cerrar (cortar) – serrar (fechar)
retificar - corrigir e) laço (nó) – lasso (gasto)
reboco - argamassa de cal e areia
reboque - cabo que prende um veículo a outro
soar- produzir som RESPOSTAS
suar – verter suor pelos poros 1-C 2-B 3-D 4-E 5-D
– 11 –
Língua Portuguesa
SENTIDO PRÓPRIO E FIGURADO DAS PALAVRAS CLASSES DE PALAVRAS: SUBSTANTIVO, ADJETIVO,

NUMERAL, PRONOME, VERBO, ADVÉRBIO,
PREPOSIÇÃO E CONJUNÇÃO: EMPREGO
E SENTIDO QUE IMPRIMEM ÀS RELAÇÕES
DENOTAÇÃO E CONOTAÇÃO QUE ESTABELECEM.
Denotação é o emprego das palavras no seu sentido próprio.
Morfologia é o estudo da estrutura, da formação e da
Ontem fez muito frio. classificação das palavras. A morfologia está agrupada em
dez classes, denominadas classes de palavras ou classes
Conotação é o emprego das palavras no seu sentido figura- gramaticais. As palavras podem ser de dois tipos quanto à
do. sua flexão: variáveis ou invariáveis.
Ele é um homem frio. PALAVRAS VARIÁVEIS
Na primeira oração, a palavra frio possui o significado de Os substantivos, os adjetivos, os artigos, os numerais, os
“desprovido de calor”. pronomes e os verbos flexionam-se, isto é, podem apresentar
modificações na forma, para exprimir os acidentes gramati-
Na segunda oração, a palavra frio possui o significado de cais de gênero, número, grau, pessoa, etc. São, portanto,
“insensível”. palavras variáveis ou flexivas.
PALAVRAS INVARIÁVEIS
LINGUAGEM DENOTATIVA
Os advérbios, as preposições, as conjunções e as inter-
É muito utilizada no dia-a-dia, para que as pessoas pos- jeições têm uma só forma, rígida, imutável. São, por conse-
sam se comunicar; é muito utilizada na linguagem científica, guinte, palavras invariáveis ou inflexivas.
objetiva, mostrando sempre o sentido real ao leitor.
CLASSE DE PALAVRAS
O coração é um órgão fundamental para o corpo humano.
Existem dez classes gramaticais:
LINGUAGEM CONOTATIVA x Substantivos - classe de palavras variáveis com que se

designam e nomeiam os seres em geral.
É muito utilizada em linguagem literária, nas propagan-
das, nas letras de música, nas revistas, nos jornais; pois x Verbos - classe de palavras de forma variável que expri-
mostra o sentido figurado. mem o que se passa, isto é, um acontecimento represen-
tado no tempo. Indicam ação, fato, estado ou fenômeno.
Meu coração ficou apertado, quando o vi. Toda palavra que se pode conjugar.
x Artigos - classe de palavras que acompanham os subs-

EXERCÍCIOS tantivos, determinando-os.
1) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma denotação: x Adjetivos - classe de palavras que indicam as qualida-
des, origem e estado do ser. O adjetivo é essencialmente
a) O braço da cadeira quebrou. um modificador do substantivo.
b) Quebrei o braço ao cair.
x Numerais - classe de palavras quantitativas. Indica-nos
uma quantidade exata de pessoas ou coisas, ou o lugar
2) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma conotação: que elas ocupam numa série.
a) Papai é um bom garfo. x Pronomes - classe de palavras com função de substituir

b) Comprei meia dúzia de garfos. o nome, ou ser; como também de substituir a sua referên-
cia. Servem para representar um substantivo e para o a-
companhar determinando-lhe a extensão do significado.
3) Na oração, Vi em seu olhar uma nuvem de tristeza, temos:
x Advérbios - classe de palavras invariáveis indicadoras de
a) denotação circunstâncias diversas; é fundamentalmente um modifi-
b) conotação cador do verbo, podendo também modificar um adjetivo,
outro advérbio ou oração inteira.
4) Assinale a alternativa que possua o sentido conotativo: x Preposições - classe de palavras invariáveis que ligam
outras duas subordinando a segunda à primeira palavra.
a) A bomba destruiu o quarteirão.
b) Os bombeiros chegaram antes que o fogo se alastrasse. x Conjunções - classe de palavras invariáveis que ligam
c) Os olhos são o espelho da alma. outras duas palavras ou duas orações.
d) O mapa do tesouro estava perdido.
x Interjeições - classe de palavras invariáveis usadas
para substituir frases de significado emotivo ou sentimental.
RESPOSTAS
1-B 2-A 3-B 4-C
– 12 –
Língua Portuguesa
guarnição: de soldados (que guarnecem um lugar)
SUBSTANTIVO irmandade: de membros de associação religiosa
junta: de médicos, examinadores
júri: de jurados
legião: de soldados, anjos, demônios
Substantivo é a palavra que dá nome às pessoas, ani-
leva: de presos, recrutas
mais, lugares, coisas ou seres em geral. Divide-se em: malta: de malfeitores, desordeiros
multidão: de pessoas em geral
1) Comum: é o substantivo que dá nome a todos os seres da orquestra: de músicos
mesma espécie: aluno, animal, vegetal, homem. pelotão: de soldados
piquete: de grevistas
2) Próprio: é o substantivo que dá nome a um ser da mesma plantel: de atletas
espécie: Júlia, Brasil, Copacabana, Tatuapé. plateia: de espectadores
plêiade: de poetas, artistas
3) Concreto: é o substantivo que designa seres de existência população: de habitantes
prole: de filhos
real ou que a imaginação representa: mulher, pedra, Deus,
quadrilha: ladrões, malfeitores
fada, lobisomem. romaria: de peregrinos
tribo (nação): de índios
4) Abstrato: é o substantivo que designa qualidade ou sen- tripulação: de marinheiros, aeroviários
timento, ação e estado dos seres, dos quais se podem abs- tropa: de soldados, pessoas
trair (separar) e sem os quais não poderiam existir: beleza, turma: de estudantes, trabalhadores, pessoas em geral
coragem, brancura (qualidades), viagem, estudo, doação,
esforço, fuga (ações), amor, saudade, alegria, dor, fome Grupos de animais ou vegetais
(sentimentos, sensações), vida, morte, cegueira, doença
(estados). alcateia: de lobos
bando: de aves
boiada: de bois
5) Simples: é o substantivo formado por um só elemento cacho: de uvas, bananas
(radical): discos, flor, vitrola, couve. cáfila: de camelos
cardume: de peixes
6) Composto: é o substantivo formado por mais de um ele- colmeia: de abelhas
mento: couve-flor, guarda-chuva, pingue-pongue, pé de mo- colônia: de bactérias, formigas, cupins
leque, passatempo. enxame: de abelhas, insetos
fato: de cabras
7) Primitivo: é o substantivo que foi criado antes de outros fauna: de animais próprios de uma região
no uso corrente da língua: livro, pedra, dente, flor. feixe: de lenha, capim
flora: de vegetais próprios de uma região
junta: de bois
8) Derivado: é o substantivo que foi criado depois de outro manada: de animais de grande porte
no uso corrente da língua: livreiro, pedreiro, dentista, florista. matilha: de cães
ninhada: de filhotes de animais
9) Coletivo: é o substantivo que representa um conjunto de nuvem: de insetos (gafanhotos, mosquitos, etc)
seres da mesma espécie: álbum, esquadrilha. rebanho: de gado
récua: animais de carga
Alguns coletivos mais comuns: réstia: de alho ou cebola
revoada: de pássaros
Grupos de pessoas tropilha: de cavalos
vara: de porcos
assembleia: de pessoas reunidas, de parlamentares
associação: de sócios Outros grupos
auditório: de ouvintes
banca: de examinadores acervo: de obras de arte
banda: de músicos alameda: de árvores (em linha)
bando: de desordeiros, malfeitores alfabeto: de letras
batalhão: de soldados antologia: de textos literários ou científicos
cabido: de cônegos armada: de navios de guerra
câmara: de vereadores, parlamentares (oficialmente reuni- arquipélago: de ilhas
dos) arsenal: de armas, munições
cambada: de desordeiros atlas: de mapas
caravana: de viajantes, peregrinos baixela: de objetos de mesa
caterva: de desordeiros, malfeitores bateria: peças de guerra ou de cozinha; instrumentos de
choldra: assassinos, malfeitores percussão
chusma: de pessoas em geral, de criados biblioteca: de livros catalogados
claque: de pessoas pagas para aplaudir cinemateca: de filmes
clero: de religiosos constelação: de estrelas
colônia: de imigrantes, migrantes cordilheira: de montanhas
comitiva: de acompanhantes enxoval: de roupas
corja: de ladrões, malfeitores esquadra: de navios de guerra
corpo: de eleitores, alunos, jurados esquadrilha: de aviões
corpo docente: de professores federação: de estados
coro: de cantores frota: de navios, aviões, veículos
elenco: de atores de uma peça, filme etc. galeria: de estátuas, quadros
exército: de soldados molho: de chaves
falange: tropas, anjos, heróis pinacoteca: de quadros
filarmônica: de músicos (sociedade musical) trouxa: de roupas
grêmio: de estudantes vocabulário: de palavras
– 13 –
Língua Portuguesa
GÊNERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS Substantivos com mudança de sentido na mudança
de gênero
Gênero é a propriedade que as palavras têm de indicar o
sexo real ou fictício dos seres. Há substantivos que são masculinos ou femininos, con-
forme o sentido com que se achem empregados.
Na língua portuguesa são dois os gêneros: o masculino e
Masculino Feminino
o feminino.
o águia: pessoa de grande a águia: ave de rapina
inteligência ou sutileza.
o cabeça: chefe, líder a cabeça: parte do corpo
FORMAÇÃO DO FEMININO o capital: dinheiro a capital: cidade principal
o caixa: pessoa que trabalha em a caixa: objeto
De modo geral, forma-se o feminino substituindo-se a tal seção.
desinência "o" pela desinência "a": menino, menina; gato, o cisma: separação a cisma: ideia fixa, des-
gata. confiança
o cura: padre a cura: restabelecimento
Todavia, os processos de formação são bem variados: o estepe: pneu reserva a estepe: planície de ve-
getação herbácea.
Masculino Feminino Masculino Feminino o grama: unidade de massa a grama: relva
alfaiate costureira doutor doutora o guarda: vigilante a guarda: vigilância
anão anã cavaleiro amazona o guia: pessoa que orienta a guia: documento
aviador aviadora cavalheiro dama o lente: professor a lente: o disco de vidro
avô avó compadre comadre o lotação: veículo a lotação: capacidade
bode cabra cônsul consulesa o moral: ânimo a moral:ética
frade freira hóspede hóspeda o rádio: aparelho a rádio: estação
frei sóror oficial oficiala
genro nora judeu judia
gigante giganta ateu ateia SUBSTANTIVOS UNIFORMES
herói heroína hebreu hebreia
juiz juíza profeta profetisa São aqueles que apresentam uma única forma para o
maestro maestrina réu ré
masculino e feminino.
1) Epicenos: designam o sexo de certos animais com o auxí-

Substantivos que merecem destaque quanto ao gênero: lio dos adjetivos macho e fêmea: o jacaré (macho ou fêmea);
o tigre (macho ou fêmea); a pulga (macho ou fêmea).
2) Sobrecomuns: designam pessoas com uma forma única

Masculino Feminino
para o masculino e feminino:
o apêndice a aguardente
o bólido a alface o cadáver (homem ou mulher); a vítima (homem ou mulher);
o champanha a apendicite o cônjuge (homem ou mulher); a criança (menino ou menina).
o clã a aluvião 3) Comuns de dois gêneros: sob uma só forma designam

o dó a bólide os indivíduos dos dois sexos, sendo auxiliados pelo artigo,
o eclipse a cal adjetivo ou pronome:
o eczema a cataplasma
o colega, a colega; artista famoso, artista famosa;
o estratagema a cólera esse pianista, essa pianista; o repórter, a repórter.
o formicida a comichão
o gengibre a derme
o guaraná a dinamite NÚMERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
o lança-perfume a elipse
o magma a entorse Em português, há dois números gramaticais: o singular,
o milhar a gênese que indica um ser ou um grupo de seres: ave, bando; e o
o proclama a libido plural, que indica mais de um ser ou um grupo de seres:
o saca-rolhas a matinê aves, bandos.
o sósia a omelete
o teorema a omoplata Os substantivos flexionam-se no plural conforme as re-
o trema a sentinela gras:
1ª) Pelo acréscimo no plural de "s", o que se dá se o subs-

Substantivos que admitem os dois gêneros tantivo terminar em vogal ou ditongo oral: asa, asas; táxi,
táxis; tubo, tubos; baú, baús; véu, véus.
o ágape ou a ágape 2ª) Pelo acréscimo de "es" ao singular nos terminados em
o caudal ou a caudal
o diabete(s) ou a diabete(s) "r" ou "z": colher, colheres; dólar, dólares; amor, amores;
o laringe ou a laringe cruz, cruzes; giz, gizes.
o personagem ou a personagem
o usucapião ou a usucapião 3ª) Os substantivos terminados em "al", "el", "ol", "ul" plu-
ralizam-se trocando o "l" final por "is": jornal, jornais; anel,
anéis; anzol, anzóis; azul , azuis; álcool, alcoóis.
– 14 –
Língua Portuguesa
4ª) Os terminados em "il" admitem duas formas: OBSERVAÇÕES:
– os oxítonos mudam "il" em "is": barril, barris; funil, funis; a) A palavra "guarda" pode ser substantivo ou verbo: quando
é verbo (verbo guardar), fica invariável; quando é substantivo
– os paroxítonos mudam "il" para "eis": fóssil, fósseis; réptil, (o homem que guarda), vai para o plural.
répteis.
verbo substantivo
5ª) Os terminados em "m" trocam esta letra por "ns": nuvem, os guarda – chuvas
nuvens; fim, fins. os guarda – comidas
os guarda – sóis
6ª) Os terminados em "s" monossílabos ou oxítonos formam
o plural acrescentando-se "es": inglês, ingleses; lilás, lilases; substantivo adjetivo
gás, gases. os guardas – florestais
os guardas – civis
7ª) Os terminados em "s" paroxítonos ou proparoxítonos são os guardas – noturnos
invariáveis: o lápis, os lápis; o atlas, os atlas; o ônibus, os
ônibus. b) Palavras compostas com a palavra "grão"
8ª) Os terminados em "x" são invariáveis: o tórax, os tórax; o – a palavra "grão" vai para o plural quando indica grânulo, a
fênix, os fênix. unidade: grãos de bico.
9ª) Os terminados em "ão" admitem três hipóteses: – a palavra "grão" fica no singular quando significa grande:
os grão-duques, as grã-duquesas.
a) uns formam o plural com o acréscimo de "s": mão, mãos;
bênção, bênçãos; órgão, órgãos; irmão, irmãos. c) Plural de substantivos diminutivos:
b) outros, mais numerosos, mudam "ão" em "ões": limão, – O plural dos terminados em "zinho" ou em "zito" se faz
limões; portão, portões; balão, balões; melão, melões. flexionando-se o substantivo primitivo, retirando-se o "s" final
e acrescentando-se "zinhos" ou "zitos".
c) outros, enfim, trocam "ão" por "ães": pão, pães; cão,
cães; aldeão, aldeães; sacristão, sacristães. Exemplos: papelzinho / papéi(s) / papeizinhos;
limãozito / limõe(s) / limõezitos.
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS
– Os substantivos terminados em "r" fazem o plural de duas
Existem quatro hipóteses: maneiras:
1ª) Pluralizam-se os dois elementos formados por: florzinha / flore(s) / florezinhas;

florzinha / florzinhas.
– substantivo + substantivo: couve-flor, couves-flores.
GRAU DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
– substantivo + adjetivo: amor-perfeito, amores-perfeitos.
Grau dos substantivos é a propriedade que essas pala-
– adjetivo + substantivo: bom-dia, bons-dias. vras têm de exprimir as variações de tamanho dos seres.
– numeral + substantivo: segunda-feira, segundas-feiras. São dois os graus do substantivo: aumentativo e diminuti-
vo.
2ª) Apenas o segundo elemento varia:
1) Aumentativo: forma-se com os sufixos aço, alha, arra,
– verbo + substantivo: guarda-roupa, guarda-roupas. ázio, ona, ão, az, etc.: garrafão, papelão, cartaz (carta), la-
dravaz (ladrão), lobaz (lobo), ricaço, balaço, barcaça, mulhe-
– palavra invariável ou prefixo + palavra invariável: raça, vidraça, dramalhão (drama), vagalhão (vaga), balázio
sempre-viva, sempre-vivas; ex-diretor, ex-diretores. (bala), copázio (copo), pratázio (prato), beiçorra (beiço), ca-
beçorra (cabeça), manzorra (mão), vozeirão (voz), homenzar-
– palavras repetidas: reco-reco, reco-recos. rão, canzarrão, bocarra (boca), naviarra (navio).
3ª) Apenas o primeiro elemento varia:

2) Diminutivo: forma-se com os sufixos acho, ebre, eco,
– com preposição expressa: pé de moleque, pés de moleque; ico, inho, ito, ejo, etc.: mosquito, cabrito, senhorita, fogacho
mão de obra, mãos de obra. (fogo), riacho, populacho, penacho (pena), animálculo (ani-
mal), febríola (febre), gotícula (gota), versículo (verso), montí-
– quando o segundo elemento indica finalidade ou semelhan- culo (monte), partícula (parte), radícula (raiz), glóbulo (globo),
ça do primeiro: sofá-cama, sofás-cama; peixe-boi, peixes-boi. célula (cela), animalejo, lugarejo, vilarejo, ilhota, fortim (forte),
espadim (espada), camarim (câmara), casebre (casa).
4ª) Os dois elementos ficam invariáveis: Observação: O diminutivo pode exprimir carinho ou despre-
zo. (carinho: filhinho, mãezinha. desprezo: padreco, jorna-
– verbo + advérbio: o bota-fora, os bota-fora. leco, lugarejo)
– verbo + substantivo no plural: o saca-rolhas, os saca-rolhas. O grau aumentativo exprime um aumento do ser relativa-
mente ao seu tamanho normal.
– 15 –
Língua Portuguesa
Pode ser formado sintética ou analiticamente.
ADJETIVO
1º) Aumentativo sintético: forma-se com sufixos especiais:
copázio (copo), barcaça (barca), muralha (muro).
São palavras que indicam qualidade, propriedade ou
2º) Aumentativo analítico: forma-se com o auxílio do adjeti- estado do ser.
vo grande, e de outros do mesmo sentido: letra grande, pe- Exemplo: Meu caderno novo já está sujo.
dra enorme, estátua colossal.
“O adjetivo pertence a um inventário aberto, sempre sus-
O grau diminutivo exprime um ser com seu tamanho nor- cetível de ser aumentado. A estrutura interna ou constitucio-
mal diminuído. Pode ser formado sintética ou analiticamente. nal do adjetivo consiste nas línguas flexíveis, na combinação
de um signo lexical expresso pelo radical com signos morfo-
1º) Diminutivo sintético: forma-se com sufixos especiais: lógicos expressos por desinências e alternâncias, ambas
casebre (casa), livreco (livro), saleta (sala). destituídas de existência própria fora dessas combinações.
No português, entre as desinências está a marca da grada-
2º) Diminutivo analítico: forma-se com o adjetivo pequeno, ção, isto é, o grau absoluto ou relativo da parte, ou aspecto
ou outros equivalentes: chave pequena, casa pequenina, (“qualidade”) significada no radical. (belo-belíssimo), bem
semente minúscula. como afixos de gênero e de número. A relação gramatical
instaurada entre o signo delimitador e o signo delimitado é
EXERCÍCIOS geralmente expressa pela ‘concordância’.” Evanildo Bechara
1) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta os substantivos clas- O adjetivo pode ser expresso através de duas palavras: é
sificados como comuns de dois gêneros. o que se chama de locução adjetiva.
a) o lojista, o herege, o mártir, o intérprete Locução adjetiva Adjetivo

b) o apóstolo, o carrasco, o cônjuge, a criança de abdômen abdominal
c) o tatu, a girafa, a tainha, a avestruz de abelha apícola
d) o patriarca, o frade, o confrade, o carneiro de açúcar sacarino
de agricultor agrícola
e) o ente, a testemunha, o cônjuge, a testemunha
de água aquático, hidráulico
de aluno discente
2) Assinale a alternativa em que as formas do plural de todos de anjo angelical
os substantivos se apresentam de maneira correta: de bexiga cístico, vesical
de cabeça cefálico
a) alto-falantes, coraçãozinhos, afazeres, víveres. de calor térmico
b) espadas, frutas-pão, pé de moleques, peixe-boi. de cônjuge conjugal
c) vai-volta, animaizinhos, beija-flores, salvo-condutos. de corpo corporal, corpóreo
de costas dorsal
d) animalzinhos, vai-voltas, vai-véns, salvos-condutos.
de ensino didático
e) bates-bolas, cavalos-vapores, bens-te-vis, vices-reis. de estômago estomacal, gástrico
de febre febril
3) A alternativa em que o plural dos nomes compostos está de filho filial
empregado corretamente é: de gelo glacial
de homem humano
a) pé de moleques/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escolas. de irmão fraternal, fraterno
b) pés de moleques/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escolas. de lago lacustre
c) pés de moleque/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escola. de leite lácteo, láctico
d) pé de moleques/ beijas-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escola. de mãe materno, maternal
e) pés de moleque/ beijas-flores/ obra-primas/ navio-escolas. de pele cutâneo
de sangue hemático, sanguíneo
de tórax torácico
4) O plural dos nomes compostos está correto em todas as
de voz vocal
alternativas, exceto em:
ADJETIVOS PÁTRIOS
a) Ela gosta de amores-perfeitos e cultiva-os.
b) Os vice-diretores reunir-se-ão na próxima semana.
Designam nacionalidade ou lugar de origem de alguém ou
c) As aulas serão dadas às segundas-feiras.
de alguma coisa:
d) Há muitos beijas-flores no meu quintal.
e) Há vários cafés-concerto nesta avenida.
Brasil - brasileiro
Acre - acriano
5) Assinale a alternativa em que o substantivo composto não
Alagoas - alagoano
esteja corretamente flexionado no plural.
Amazonas - amazonense
Bahia - baiano
a) Aqui, os pés de vento levantam telhados.
Espírito Santo - espírito-santense
b) Há tempo eu não via bem-te-vis de pele e osso.
Rio Grande do Norte - norte-rio-grandense
c) Dois tecos-tecos sobrevoam o local do acidente.
João Pessoa - pessoense
d) Nos vaivéns da burocracia, foi-se o meu precioso tempo.
Salvador - soteropolitano ou salvadorense
e) Não aguento mais os entra e sai nesta casa.
Belo Horizonte - belorizontino
Niterói - niteroiense
São Paulo (capital) – paulistano
RESPOSTAS
1-A 2-C 3-C 4-D 5-C São Paulo (estado) – paulista
Rio de Janeiro (capital) – carioca
Rio de Janeiro (estado) – fluminense
– 16 –
Língua Portuguesa
FORMAÇÃO DO ADJETIVO Alguns adjetivos possuem, para o comparativo de superi-
oridade, formas sintéticas, herdadas do latim. São elas: bom -
Quanto à formação, o adjetivo pode ser: melhor, mau - pior, grande - maior, pequeno - menor.
1) Primitivo (o que não deriva de outra palavra): bom, forte, O grau superlativo divide-se em:
feliz.
1º) Absoluto:
2) Derivado (o que deriva de substantivos ou verbos): famo-
so, carnavalesco. a) Analítico:
A menina é muito bela.
3) Simples: brasileiro, escuro, etc.
b) Sintético:
4) Composto: castanho-claro, azul-marinho. A menina é belíssima.
FLEXÃO DO ADJETIVO 2º) Relativo:
O adjetivo varia em gênero, número e grau. a) De Superioridade:
GÊNERO DO ADJETIVO – Analítico:

João é o mais alto de todos.
Quanto ao gênero, dividem-se os adjetivos em:
– Sintético:
1) Uniformes: aqueles que têm uma só forma para os dois Este monte é o maior de todos.
gêneros: mesa azul, olho azul.
b) De Inferioridade:
2) Biformes: apresentam duas formas, uma para o masculi- João é o menos rápido de todos.
no, outra para o feminino: mau – má, esperto – esperta, ativo
– ativa, ateu – ateia. O grau superlativo exprime uma qualidade no mais alto
grau de intensidade possível. Pode ser relativo ou absoluto.
NÚMERO DO ADJETIVO
O superlativo relativo indica que entre os seres que pos-
Os adjetivos simples seguem as mesmas regras de flexão suem determinada qualidade, há um que a possui num grau
numérica dos substantivos: igual - iguais, azul - azuis, feroz - inexcedível.
ferozes.
O superlativo absoluto isola o ser qualificado no seu mais
PLURAL DOS ADJETIVOS COMPOSTOS alto e intenso grau possível, podendo assumir a forma sintéti-
ca ou analítica.
1º) Os componentes sendo adjetivos, somente o último toma
a flexão do plural: tecido verde-claro, tecidos verde-claros; O superlativo absoluto sintético dá-se por meio dos se-
cabelo castanho-escuro, cabelos castanho-escuros. guintes sufixos: íssimo, imo e rimo.
2º) Os componentes sendo palavra invariável + adjetivo, O superlativo absoluto analítico dá-se por meio de advér-
somente este último se flexionará: menino mal-educado, bios de intensidade que precedem o adjetivo.
meninos mal-educados.
Alguns adjetivos possuem formas literárias, cultas, de
3º) Os compostos de adjetivo + substantivo são invariáveis: superlativo absoluto sintético:
farda verde-oliva, fardas verde-oliva; terno amarelo-canário,
ternos amarelo-canário. acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acérrimo
agudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acutíssimo
4º) Invariáveis ficam também as locuções adjetivas formadas amargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amaríssimo
de cor + substantivo: amigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amicíssimo
vestido cor-de-rosa, vestidos cor-de-rosa. áspero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aspérrimo
célebre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . celebérrimo
comum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comuníssimo
GRAU DO ADJETIVO cristão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cristianíssimo
cruel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crudelíssimo
O grau do adjetivo exprime a intensidade das qualidades difícil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dificílimo
dos seres. São dois os graus do adjetivo: o comparativo e o doce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dulcíssimo
superlativo. dócil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . docílimo
fácil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facílimo
O grau comparativo pode ser: feio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . feíssimo
feliz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . felicíssimo
1º) De Igualdade: feroz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ferocíssimo
A casa é tão antiga quanto o homem. fiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fidelíssimo
frágil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .fragílimo, fragilíssimo
2º) De Superioridade: frio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frigidíssimo
A casa é mais antiga do que o homem. grande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . máximo
humilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . humílimo
3º) De Inferioridade: incrível . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incredibilíssimo
A casa é menos antiga do que o homem. inimigo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .inimicíssimo
– 17 –
Língua Portuguesa
legal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .legalíssimo 6) Marque:
livre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . libérrimo
magro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macérrimo a) se I e II forem verdadeiras.
mal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .malíssimo, péssimo b) se I e III forem verdadeiras.
negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigérrimo c) se II e III forem verdadeiras.
nobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nobilíssimo d) se todas forem falsas.
pequeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mínimo
pobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . paupérrimo "... eu não sou propriamente um autor defunto, mas um de-
provável . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . probabilíssimo funto autor."
sábio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sapientíssimo
sagrado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sacratíssimo I. no primeiro caso, autor é substantivo; defunto é adjetivo.
simples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplicíssimo II. no segundo caso, defunto é substantivo; autor é adjetivo.
terrível . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . terribilíssimo III. em ambos os casos, tem-se um substantivo composto.
veloz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .velocíssimo
7) Substitua as locuções adjetivas pelo adjetivo correspon-
EXERCÍCIOS dente.
1) Analise o grau do adjetivo grifado nas frases que seguem, a) chuvas de verão
de acordo com o seguinte código: b) voz de prata
c) hábitos contra a moral
1 - comparativo de igualdade d) questão sem dúvida
2 - comparativo de superioridade e) plantas do lago
3 - comparativo de inferioridade f) regime de chuva
4 - superlativo absoluto g) astúcia de raposa
5 - superlativo relativo h) congresso de bispos
i) cor de chumbo
a) ( ) E a vida seguia muito calma.
b) ( ) Foi a mais alta demonstração de amor. 8) A locução adjetiva correspondente a cístico é:
c) ( ) Livre-nos Deus dessa misérrima condição.
d) ( ) A vida é mais breve do que a morte. a) de cabeça
e) ( ) O lazer é tão importante quanto o trabalho. b) de estômago
f) ( ) Ele foi menos delicado do que eu. c) de açúcar
d) de bexiga
2) Assinale a oração em que o termo cego(s) é um adjetivo.
a) "Os cegos, habitantes de um mundo esquemático, sabem 9) Aponte a alternativa que possua um adjetivo biforme e um
aonde ir..." adjetivo uniforme respectivamente:
b) "O cego de Ipanema representava naquele momento todas
as alegorias da noite escura da alma..." a) interior - hipócrita
c) "Todos os cálculos do cego se desfaziam na turbulência do b) cru - europeu
álcool." c) são - audaz
d) "Naquele instante era só um pobre cego." d) paulista - mau
e) "... da Terra que é um globo cego girando no caos."
3) Não se flexionam os compostos abaixo, em qualquer de 10) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à formação do
seus elementos, exceto: plural dos adjetivos compostos:
a) azul-claro a) moças surdas-mudas

b) verde-alface b) saias azuis-celestes
c) amarelo-laranja c) ternos verde-oliva
d) castanho-avelã d) tecidos furta-cor
e) verde-garrafa
11) Aponte a alternativa correta:
4) O adjetivo está mal flexionado em grau em:
a) O adjetivo formado por cor + de + substantivo não recebe
a) livre: libérrimo s no plural.
b) magro: macérrimo b) A palavra ultravioleta é variável.
c) doce: docílimo c) O plural de azul-marinho é azul-marinhos.
d) triste: tristíssimo d) O adjetivo marrom-café é variável, acrescentasse s nos
e) fácil: facílimo dois elementos.
5) Assinale a única alternativa em que se encontram as for-

mas corretas do superlativo erudito dos adjetivos soberbo, RESPOSTAS
malévolo e magro. 1 – a) 4; b) 5; c) 4; d) 2; e) 1; f) 3
2-E 3-A 4-C 5-C 6-A
a) soberbíssimo / malevolíssimo / magérrimo 7 – a) estivais; b) argêntea; c) imorais;
b) magríssimo / maleovolérrimo / soberbílimo d) indubitáveis; e) lacustres; f) pluvial;
c) superbíssimo / malevolentíssimo / macérrimo g) vulpina; h) episcopal; i) plúmbea.
d) soberbérrimo / magrílimo / malevolentérrimo 8-D 9-C 10 - B 11 - A
e) magérrimo / superbérrimo / malevolentíssimo
– 18 –
Língua Portuguesa
– Mas com alguns nomes de cidades conservamos
ARTIGO o artigo.
Artigo é uma palavra que antepomos aos substantivos Exemplos:

para determiná-los; indica-se ao mesmo tempo gênero e O Rio de Janeiro, O Cairo, O Porto.
número.
Obs.: Pode ou não ocorrer crase antes dos nomes de cidade,
Dividem-se os artigos em: conforme venham ou não precedidos de artigo.
definidos: o, a, os, as Exemplo: Vou a Paris.

indefinidos: um, uma, uns, umas. Vou à Paris dos museus.
Os definidos determinam os substantivos de modo preci- 3ª) Toda cidade / toda a cidade.
so, particular: Viajei com o médico.
“Todo”, “toda” designam qualquer, cada.
Os indefinidos determinam os substantivos de modo
vago, impreciso, geral: Viajei com um médico. Exemplo: Toda cidade pode concorrer (qualquer cidade).
FLEXÃO DO ARTIGO “Todo o”, “toda a” designam totalidade, inteireza.
O artigo se flexiona em gênero e número: Exemplo: Conheci toda a cidade (a cidade inteira).
Combinações dos artigos: No plural, usa-se “todos os”, “todas as”, exceto antes de
numeral não seguido de substantivo.
artigo preposições
definido a de em por(per) Exemplos:
o ao do no pelo
a à da na pela Todas as cidades vieram.
os aos dos nos pelos Todos os cinco clubes disputarão o título.
as às das nas pelas
Todos cinco são concorrentes.
artigo preposições 4ª) Tua decisão / a tua decisão.

indefinido em de
um num dum De maneira geral, é facultativo o uso do artigo antes dos
uma numa duma possessivos.
uns nuns duns
umas numas dumas Exemplos: Aplaudimos tua decisão.
Aplaudimos a tua decisão.
Particularidades
Se o possessivo não vier seguido de substantivo explícito
• O artigo transforma qualquer palavra em substantivo. é obrigatória a ocorrência do artigo.
o pobre (adjetivo = pobre) Exemplo: Aplaudiram a tua decisão e não a minha.

↓
palavra substantivada 5ª) Decisões as mais oportunas / as mais oportunas deci-
sões.
o sim (advérbio = sim)
↓ No superlativo relativo, não se usa o artigo antes e depois
palavra substantivada do substantivo.
• O artigo distingue os homônimos e define o seu significado: Exemplos: Tomou decisões as mais oportunas.
Tomou as decisões mais oportunas.
o caixa (pessoa) a caixa (objeto)
é errado: Tomou as decisões as mais oportunas.
EMPREGO DO ARTIGO 6ª) Faz uns dez anos.
1ª) Ambas as mãos. O artigo indefinido, posto antes de um numeral, designa

quantidade aproximada.
Usa-se o artigo entre o numeral ambas e o substantivo.
Exemplo: Faz uns dez anos que saí de lá.
Exemplo: Ambas as mãos são perfeitas.
7ª) Em um / num.
2ª) Estou em Paris / Estou na famosa Paris.
Exemplos:
Não se usa artigo antes dos nomes de cidades, a menos
que venham determinados por adjetivos ou locuções adjeti- Estava em uma cidade grande.
vas. ou
Estava numa cidade grande.
Exemplo: Vim de Paris. Vim da luminosa Paris.
– 19 –
Língua Portuguesa
Os artigos definidos e indefinidos contraem-se com pre-
posições: de + o = do, de + a = da, etc. NUMERAL
As formas de + um e em + um podem-se usar contraídas Numeral é uma palavra que exprime número de ordem,
(dum e num) ou separadas (de um, em um). múltiplo ou fração.
Exemplos: Estava em uma cidade grande. ou Estava numa
cidade grande. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO NUMERAL
EXERCÍCIOS
De acordo com o que indica, o numeral pode ser classifi-
1) Coloque o artigo nos espaços vazios conforme o termo cado em:
subsequente o aceite ou não. Quando necessário, faça a
contração de preposição com o artigo. a) cardinal: indica quantidade exata de seres: um, dois, três,
quatro, cinco . . .
a) Afinal, estamos em .......... Brasil ou em .......... Portugal?
b) Viajamos para .......... Estados Unidos, fora isso nunca b) ordinal: indica a ordem dos seres numa determinada
saímos de .......... casa. série: primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto, quinto ...
c) Todos .......... casos estão sob controle.
d) Toda .......... família estrangeira que vem para o Brasil c) multiplicativo: indica uma quantidade multiplicada do
procura logo seus parentes. mesmo ser: dobro, triplo, quádruplo, quíntuplo ...
e) Todos .......... vinte jogadores estão gripados.
f) Todos .......... quatro saíram. d) fracionário: indica em quantas partes a quantidade foi
dividida: meio, terço, quarto, quinto. . .
2) Nas frases que seguem, há um artigo (definido ou indefini-
do) grifado. Indique o seu valor, de acordo com o código que QUADRO DOS NUMERAIS
segue.
cardinais ordinais multipli- fracionários
1 - O artigo está especificando o substantivo. cativos
2 - O artigo está generalizando o substantivo. um primeiro - -
3 - O artigo está intensificando o substantivo. dois segundo dobro meio
três terceiro triplo terço
4 - O artigo está designando a espécie toda do substantivo.
quatro quarto quádruplo quarto
5 - O artigo está conferindo maior familiaridade ao substanti- cinco quinto quíntuplo quinto
vo. seis sexto sêxtuplo sexto
6 - O artigo está designando quantidade aproximada. sete sétimo sétuplo sétimo
oito oitavo óctuplo oitavo
a) ( ) Afinal, todos sabiam que o João não seria capaz disso. nove nono nônuplo nono
b) ( ) Anchieta catequizou o índio brasileiro e lhe ensinou os dez décimo décuplo décimo
rudimentos da fé católica. onze décimo primeiro undécuplo onze avos
doze décimo segundo duodécu- doze avos
c) ( ) Respondeu as perguntas com uma convicção, que não
treze décimo terceiro plo treze avos
deixou dúvida em ninguém. catorze ou décimo quarto - catorze avos
d) ( ) Não vamos discutir uma decisão qualquer, mas a deci- quatorze -
são que desencadeou todos esses acontecimentos. quinze décimo quinto - quinze avos
e) ( ) Tomemos ao acaso um objeto do mundo físico e obser- dezesseis décimo sexto - dezesseis avos
vemos a sua forma. dezessete décimo sétimo - dezessete avos
f) ( ) Durante uns cinco dias frequentou minha casa, depois dezoito décimo oitavo - dezoito avos
desapareceu. dezenove décimo nono - dezenove avos
vinte vigésimo - vinte avos
trinta trigésimo - trinta avos
3) Procure e assinale a única alternativa em que há erro, quarenta quadragésimo - quarenta avos
quanto ao emprego do artigo. cinquenta quinquagésimo - cinquenta avos
sessenta sexagésimo - sessenta avos
a) Nem todas as opiniões são valiosas. setenta septuagésimo - setenta avos
b) Disse-me que conhece todo o Brasil. oitenta octogésimo - oitenta avos
c) Leu todos os dez romances do escritor. noventa nonagésimo - noventa avos
d) Andou por todo Portugal. cem centésimo cêntuplo centésimo
duzentos ducentésimo - ducentésimo
e) Todas cinco, menos uma, estão corretas.
trezentos trecentésimo - trecentésimo
quatrocen- quadringentésimo - quadringentésimo
4) Em todas as alternativas abaixo, há artigos definidos ou tos -
indefinidos, exceto em: quinhentos quingentésimo - quingentésimo
seiscentos sexcentésimo ou - sexcentésimo
a) Ele passou uns dez dias na fazenda. seiscentésimo
b) Em certos momentos, vejo-me pensando em ti. setecentos setingentésimo - setingentésimo
c) Viajarei à terra de meus avós. ou setingentésimo -
oitocentos octingentésimo - octingentésimo
d) Votarei num deputado que seja honesto e trabalhador.
novecentos nongentésimo ou nongentésimo
noningentésimo -
mil milésimo - milésimo
milhão milionésimo milionésimo
RESPOSTAS bilhão bilionésimo bilionésimo
1) a) no, Ø; b) os, Ø; c) os; d) Ø; e) os; f) Ø
2) a) 5; b) 4; c) 3; d) 1; e) 2; f) 6
3) A 4) B
– 20 –
Língua Portuguesa
EMPREGO DOS NUMERAIS EXERCÍCIOS
1ª) Na designação de papas, reis, séculos, capítulos, tomos 1) O ordinal trecentésimo septuagésimo corresponde a:
ou partes de obras, usam-se os ordinais para a série de 1 a
10; daí em diante, usam-se os cardinais, desde que o nume- a) 37 b) 360 c) 370
ral venha depois do substantivo.
2) O ordinal nongentésimo quinquagésimo corresponde a:
Exemplos: D. Pedro II (segundo),
Luís XV (quinze), a) 95 b) 950 c) 9050
D. João VI (sexto),
João XXIII (vinte e três), 3) O ordinal quingentésimo octogésimo corresponde a:
Pio X (décimo),
Capítulo XX (vinte). a) 58 b) 580 c) 588
2ª) Quando o substantivo vier depois do numeral, usam-se 4) O ordinal quadragésimo oitavo corresponde a:
sempre os ordinais.
a) 480 b) 448 c) 48
Exemplos: primeira parte, décimo quinto capítulo, vigésimo
século. 5) Em todas as frases abaixo, os numerais foram corretamen-
te empregados, exceto em:
3ª) Na numeração de artigos, leis, decretos, portarias e outros
textos legais, usa-se o ordinal até 9 e daí em diante o cardi- a) O artigo vinte e cinco deste código foi revogado.
nal. b) Seu depoimento foi transcrito na página duzentos e vinte e
dois.
Exemplos: artigo 1º (primeiro), artigo 12 (doze). c) Ainda não li o capitulo sétimo desta obra.
d) Este terremoto ocorreu no século dez antes de Cristo.
4ª) Aos numerais que designam um conjunto determinado de
seres dá-se o nome de numerais coletivos. 6) Em todas as frases abaixo, a palavra grifada é um nume-
ral, exceto em:
Exemplos: dúzia, centena.
a) Ele só leu um livro este semestre.
5ª) A leitura e escrita por extenso dos cardinais compostos b) Não é preciso mais que uma pessoa para fazer este servi-
deve ser feita da seguinte forma: ço.
c) Ontem à tarde, um rapaz procurou por você.
a) Se houver dois ou três algarismos, coloca-se a conjunção d) Você quer uma ou mais caixas deste produto?
e entre eles.
7) Assinale os itens em que a correspondência cardinal /
Exemplos: 94 = noventa e quatro ordinal está incorreta; em seguida, faça a devida correção.
743 = setecentos e quarenta e três.
a) 907 = nongentésimo sétimo
b) Se houver quatro algarismos, omite-se a conjunção e entre b) 650 = seiscentésimo quingentésimo
o primeiro algarismo e os demais (isto é, entre o milhar e a c) 84 = octingentésimo quadragésimo
centena). d) 321 = trigésimo vigésimo primeiro
e) 750 = setingentésimo quinquagésimo
Exemplo: 2438 = dois mil quatrocentos e trinta e oito.
8) Assinale a incorreta quanto aos numerais empregados:
Obs.: se a centena começar por zero, o emprego do e é
obrigatório. a) Você deve ler o parágrafo segundo.
b) D. Pedro primeiro foi o príncipe regente.
Exemplo: 5062 = cinco mil e sessenta e dois. c) Releia o artigo décimo terceiro.
d) Cláudia encenará o capítulo quinto.
Será também obrigatório o emprego do e se a centena
terminar por zeros. 9) Aponte a alternativa correta:
a) 637º – seiscentos e trinta e sete
Exemplo: 2300 = dois mil e trezentos. b) 981º – nonagésimo octingentésimo primeiro
c) 123º – centésimo ducentésimo terceiro
c) Se houver vários grupos de três algarismos, omite-se o e d) 444º – quadringentésimo quadragésimo quarto
entre cada um dos grupos.
10) As palavras quíntuplo e quinto são respectivamente:
Exemplo: 5 450 126 230 = cinco bilhões quatrocentos e cin- a) ambos multiplicativos
quenta milhões, cento e vinte e seis mil duzentos e trinta. b) multiplicativo e fracionário
c) ambos fracionários
6ª) Formas variantes: d) fracionário e multiplicativo
Alguns numerais admitem formas variantes como catorze RESPOSTAS

/ quatorze, bilhão / bilião. 1-C 2-B 3-B 4-C 5-D 6-C
7 – b) seiscentésimo quinquagésimo
Nota: As formas cincoenta (50) e hum (1) são erradas. c) octogésimo quarto
d) trecentésimo vigésimo primeiro
8-C 9-D 10 - B
– 21 –
Língua Portuguesa
x Quanto à acentuação, os pronomes oblíquos monossi-
PRONOMES lábicos dividem-se em:
a) tônicos: mim, ti, si

Pronomes são palavras que substituem os substantivos b) átonos: me, te, se, lhe, lhes, o, a, os, as, nos, vos
ou os determinam, indicando a pessoa do discurso.
x Associados a verbos terminados em –r, -s ou –z e à
A interpretação de um pronome depende de suas rela- palavra eis, os pronomes o, a, os, as assumem anti-
ções textuais. De acordo com essas funções de representar, gas formas lo, la, los, lãs, caindo aquelas consoan-
retomar ou anunciar, o pronome pode ser: tes. Exemplos:
a) pronome substantivo: Mandaram prendê-lo.

Ei-lo aqui!
• quando identifica a pessoa gramatical;
• quando retoma um substantivo a que já se fez referência Associados a verbos terminados em ditongo nasal (-am, -
no contexto linguístico ou antecipa termos a que se fará ainda em, -ão, -õe), os ditos pronomes tomam a forma no, na, nos,
referência. nas:
As duas funções podem ocorrer ao mesmo tempo. Trazem-no.

Dão-nos de graça.
“Fiquei muito tempo sem saber que eu tinha mãe e que
ela estava muito tempo perto de mim”, diz Sally. x Pronomes oblíquos reflexivos são os que se referem
ao sujeito da oração, sendo da mesma pessoa que
No trecho acima, eu remete a Sally, a autora do enuncia- este. Exemplos:
do; ela representa ao substantivo mãe, anteriormente ex-
presso. Alexandre só pensa em si.
Eu me machuquei na escada.
b) pronome adjetivo: quando acompanha um substantivo
explícito no texto. Funciona como um adjetivo, embora não Com exceção de o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, os demais prono-
atribua qualidade ao ser designado pelo substantivo. mes oblíquos podem ser reflexivos.
Aquela fazenda fica tão longe daqui... x Os pronomes migo, tigo, sigo, nosco, vosco, do portu-
guês antigo, se combinaram com a preposição com,
O pronome destacado é um pronome adjetivo, já que dando as formas atuais: comigo, contigo, conosco,
acompanha um substantivo. convosco.
CLASSIFICAÇÃO E EMPREGO DOS PRONOMES PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
PRONOMES PESSOAIS Os pronomes possessivos referem-se às pessoas do

discurso, atribuindo-lhes a posse de alguma coisa. Por e-
São palavras que substituem os substantivos e represen- xemplo, na frase:
tam as pessoas do discurso.
x As pessoas do discurso são três: Meu paletó é azul-marinho.
1ª pessoa – a que fala: eu, nós
2ª pessoa - a com quem se fala: tu, vós A palavra meu informa que o paletó pertence à 1ª pessoa
3ª pessoa – a de que se fala: ele, ela, eles, elas (eu). Meu, portanto, é um pronome possessivo.
x Os pronomes pessoais se dividem em retos e oblí- Quadro dos pronomes possessivos

quos.
pronomes possessivos
Os pronomes retos funcionam, em regra, como sujeito da
oração, e os oblíquos, como objetos ou complementos. 1ª pessoa meu, minha, meus minhas
Exemplos: singular 2ª pessoa teu, tua, teus, tuas
3ª pessoa seu, sua, seus, suas
sujeito objeto verbo 1ª pessoa nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
Eu te convido. plural 2ª pessoa vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas
Ela me chamou. 3ª pessoa seu, sua, seus, suas
Quadro dos pronomes pessoais – singular e plural Emprego

pessoas do x Os possessivos seu(s), sua(s) tanto podem referir-se à
discurso retos oblíquos
3ª pessoa (seu pai = o pai dele), como à 2ª pessoa, do
1ª pessoa eu me, mim, comigo discurso (seu pai = o pai de você).
2ª pessoa tu te, ti, contigo
3ª pessoa ele / ela o, a, lhe, se, si, consigo Por isso toda vez que os ditos possessivos derem mar-
1ª pessoa nós nos, conosco gem à ambiguidade, devem ser substituídos pelas expres-
2ª pessoa vós vos, convosco sões dele(s), dela(s).
3ª pessoa eles / elas os, as, lhes, se, si, consi-
go Você sabe bem que eu não sigo a opinião dele.
– 22 –
Língua Portuguesa
x Os possessivos devem ser usados com critério. Subs- Situação no contexto linguístico
tituí-los pelos pronomes oblíquos comunica à frase
desenvoltura e elegância - O Sr. é casado há 69 anos. Como é essa experiência?
(a experiência de ser casado há 69 anos)
O vento vindo do mar acariciava-lhe os cabelos.
O pronome situa a palavra no contexto linguístico, ou
x Além da ideia de posse, podem ainda os possessivos seja, retoma uma informação previamente fornecida.
exprimir:
No caso seguinte, diferente dos anteriores, o pronome
1) cálculo aproximado, estimativa: introduz um elemento novo no enunciado:
Ele poderá ter seus quarenta e cinco anos. Creio que o grande desafio é justamente este, tornar feliz
a infância.
2) familiaridade ou ironia, aludindo-se à personagem de uma
história: Neste caso, o pronome antecede a nova informação.
O nosso homem não se deu por vencido.

Quadro dos pronomes demonstrativos
3) o mesmo que os indefinidos certo, algum:
pronomes demonstrativos
Cornélio, como sabemos, teve suas horas amargas.
1ª pessoa este, esta, estes, estas, isto
4) afetividade, cortesia: 2ª pessoa esse, essa, esses, essas, isso
Como vai, meu menino? 3ª pessoa aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas, aquilo
x No plural se usam os possessivos substantivados no

sentido de parentes, família: Emprego dos pronomes demonstrativos
É assim que um moço deve zelar o nome dos seus?

1 – De modo geral, os demonstrativos este(s), esta(s), isto
Podem os possessivos serem modificados por um advér- se aplicam a pessoas ou coisas que se acham perto da pes-
bio de intensidade: soa que fala ou lhe dizem respeito; ao passo que esse(s),
essa(s), isso aludem a coisas que ficam próximas da pessoa
Levaria a mão ao colar de pérolas, com aquele gesto tão com quem se fala ou a ela se referem.
seu, quando não sabia o que dizer.
Exemplos:
x Quando desnecessários, omitem-se os pronomes
possessivos, principalmente antes de nomes de par- Leve este livro para você.
tes do corpo: Esta é a minha opinião.
Não sei onde andas com essa cabeça.
Estendi o braço para apanhar a flor. “Praxinoa, esse teu vestido de pregas te vai muito bem.”
(Cecília Meireles)
PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS Isto (que eu tenho) é o que há de melhor.
Isso (que dizes) não me parece certo.
Pronomes demonstrativos são os que indicam o lugar, a “Campanhas de vacinação sempre provocaram resistên-
posição ou a identidade dos seres, relativamente às pessoas cia, mas isso era antigamente.”
do discurso. Exemplos: (João Ubaldo Ribeiro)
Situação no espaço 2 – Usa-se nisto adverbialmente, como sinônimo de nesse

momento, nesse entretempo.
Vou fechar esta porta.
(A porta está perto do falante.) “Nisto deu um vento e uma folha caiu.” (Monteiro Lobato)
Por favor, feche essa porta! Não raro os demonstrativos aparecem na frase, em cons-
(A porta está perto do ouvinte.) truções redundantes, com finalidade expressiva, para salien-
tar algum termo anterior:
Quem poderia fechar aquela porta?
(A porta está afastada do falante e dos ouvintes.) “Bernardina, essa é que dera em cheio casando com o Ma-
nuel da Ventosa.”
Situação no tempo (Alexandre Herculano)
“A estrada do mar, larga e oscilante, essa, sim, o tentava.”
Neste momento, todos os bares estão repletos. (Jorge Amado)
(tempo presente em relação ao falante.) “Ora o povo, esse o que precisa é saber que existe Deus.”
(Camilo Castelo Branco)
Essa noite eu o procurei e contei a verdade. Subindo pelo Vale do Itajaí, alcançamos Brusque e, de-
(tempo passado pouco distante em relação ao falante.) pois, Blumenau, cidades essas que nos impressionaram pela
sua avançada indústria fabril.
Naquele tempo ainda não havia microcomputadores.
(tempo distante em relação ao falante.) Ter sede e não poder beber, isso é que é atroz!
– 23 –
Língua Portuguesa
4 – O pronome demonstrativo neutro o pode representar um 2. Antecedente não expresso
termo ou conteúdo de uma oração inteira, caso em que apa-
rece geralmente, como objeto direto, predicativo ou aposto. Quem não tem cão, caça com gato.
Exemplos: Onde eu nasci passa um rio.
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas não o fiz. Quadro dos pronomes relativos
Quiseram gratificar-me, o que me deixou constrangido.
“Ninguém teve coragem de falar antes que ela o fizesse.” pronomes relativos
(José Conde) variáveis invariáveis
“Era uma bela ponte, ele próprio o reconhecia.”
(Aníbal Machado) o qual, os quais, a qual, as quais que
cujo, cujos, cuja, cujas quem
“Era meu o universo; mas, ai triste! não o era de graça.” quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas onde
(Machado de Assis)
“Se lagoa existiu, pouca coisa o indica.”
(Carlos Povina Cavalcanti) Emprego dos pronomes relativos
“Dirás que sou ambicioso? Soubo deveras, mas...”
(Machado de Assis) 1 – O antecedente do pronome relativo que pode ser
“O jantar ia ser um desastre. Todos o pressentiam.” nome de coisa ou de pessoa, ou o demonstrativo o, ou outro
(Fernando Namora) pronome. Exemplos:
Para evitar a repetição de um verbo anteriormente ex- Há coisas que aprendemos tarde.
presso, é comum empregar-se, em tais casos, o verbo fazer, “Vi-a falar com desdém, e um pouco de indignação, da
chamado, então, verbo vicário (= que substitui, que faz as mulher de que se tratava, aliás sua amiga.”
vezes de). Exemplos: (Machado de Assis)
“Bendito o que, na terra, o fogo fez, e o teto.”
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas não o fiz. (Olavo Bilac)
Ele ajudava os pobres e o fazia sem alarde.
“O jornal informa e o faz corretamente, afirmava, vitorioso, O relativo que às vezes equivale a o que, coisa que, e se
o editorial.” (Jorge Amado) refere a uma oração:
5 – Em frases como a seguinte, este refere-se à pessoa “Não chegou a ser padre, mas não deixou de ser poeta,
mencionada em último lugar, aquele à mencionada em pri- que era a sua vocação natural.” (Machado de Assis)
meiro lugar:
2 – Numa série de orações adjetivas coordenadas, pode
“O referido advogado e o Dr. Tancredo Lopes eram ami- ocorrer a elipse do relativo que:
gos íntimos: aquele casado, solteiro este.” (Valentim Maga-
lhães) “A sala estava cheia de gente que conversava, ria, fuma-
va.” (Lúcio de Mendonça)
PRONOMES RELATIVOS 3 – O relativo quem é sempre regido de preposição e, na

língua moderna, se refere exclusivamente a pessoas ou coi-
Pronomes relativos são palavras que representam subs- sas personificadas:
tantivos já referidos, com os quais estão relacionadas. Daí
denominarmos relativos. O funcionário por quem fui atendido mostrou-se gentil.
Ao encontro malsoante sem quem deve-se preferir sem o

Antecedente qual:
O termo já referido anteriormente, retomado na nova Estávamos esperando Otávio, sem o qual não podíamos
oração pelo pronome relativo, chama-se antecedente. sair.
As mãos que dizem adeus são pássaros... 4 – Cujo (e suas flexões) é pronome adjetivo e equivale a
(Mário Quintana) do qual, da qual, dos quais, das quais:
(mãos =antecedente)
(que = pronome relativo) O cavalo é um animal cujo pelo é liso. (= o pelo do qual é
liso)
O antecedente pode estar expresso ou não na oração. O substantivo determinado por este pronome não virá
precedido de artigo: cujo pelo (e não cujo o pelo).
1. Antecedente expresso
5 – O relativo o qual (e suas flexões), principalmente
O pássaro legendário uirapuru, que imita todos os demais, quando regido de preposição, pode substituir o pronome que:
canta para aqueles que amam as aves e a sua música.
(Luiz Carlos Lisboa) É um passado extinto e de que (ou do qual) ninguém se
lembra.
Os italianos dirigem-se principalmente para o Sul da pro- Por amor da clareza usa-se o qual em vez de que, quan-
víncia, onde se dedicam à lavoura de subsistência e à vitivini- do este vier distanciado de seu antecedente, ensejando fal-
cultura. (Almanaque Abril) sos sentidos:
Regressando de Ouro Preto, visitei o sítio de minha tia, o
É uma velha mesa esta sobre a qual bato hoje a minha qual me deixou encantado.
crônica. (Vinícius de Moraes)
– 24 –
Língua Portuguesa
6 – As preposições ante, após, até, desde, durante, entre, 2) cada
perante, mediante, segundo (vale dizer, preposições com
duas ou mais sílabas), bem como as monossílabas sem e Pode apresentar-se na frase com valor:
sob e todas as locuções prepositivas, constroem-se com o
pronome, o qual e nunca com o pronome relativo que. As a) distributivo: Cada livro custou dez dólares!
preposições contra, para e sobre usam-se, de preferência, b) Intensivo: Lá na cidade tem cada moça bonita!
com o pronome o qual. Exemplos:
3) demais
Perguntei-lhe quantos eram os temas sobre os quais ele
devia falar. Significa os outros, os restantes:
“Teve então início um breve cerimonial contábil, durante o
qual só se ouvia o ruído da pena arranhando o papel.” Dos quadros que fiz só tenho dois: os demais eu vendi.
(Herberto Sales)
“E Luísa estaria presente – a última testemunha perante a 4) menos, mais
qual ele seria invisível ao vexame.”
(Fernando Namora) Menos é invariável:
As preposições monossilábicas a, com, de, em e por, É preciso gastar menos água.

quando iniciam orações adjetivas restritivas, empregam-se,
de preferência, com o pronome que: Mais significa muitos, uma infinidade, em frases como:
A moça [a que me refiro] não é desta cidade. Os índios avançavam, atirando flechas e mais flechas.
Não encontrei os livros [de que precisava].
5) nenhum
PRONOME INDEFINIDO
Proposto ao substantivo, aviva a negação:
Os pronomes indefinidos são os que se referem à terceira
pessoa do discurso, de modo vago ou impreciso. “Seu Ivo não mora em parte nenhuma.”
(Graciliano Ramos)
Alguém arrematou a obra de Portinari no leilão.
Todos cumpriram seu dever cívico. 6) certo
Antepõe-se ao substantivo, podendo, em alguns casos, vir

Quadro dos pronomes indefinidos precedido do artigo um:
pronomes indefinidos Tinha certo ar de superioridade.

variáveis invariáveis Chegamos ao sítio de um certo Eufrásio.
algum, alguma, alguns, algumas algo
nenhum, nenhuma, nenhuns, nenhumas alguém 7) qual
todo, toda, todos, todas nada
muito, muita, muitos, muitas ninguém Como pronome indefinido, tem o sentido de cada qual:
pouco, pouca, poucos, poucas tudo
certo, certa, certos, certas cada “Em seguida desceram, e já não eram dois, mas sim dez
outro, outra, outros, outras outrem meninos, qual mais fagueiro, e todos diziam que iam acabar
quanto, quanta, quantos, quantas quem com a ratazana.” (Luís Henrique Tavares)
tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas mais
vário, vária, vários, várias menos 8) qualquer
diverso, diversa, diversos, diversas demais
qualquer, quaisquer
O plural deste pronome é quaisquer:
Locuções pronominais indefinidas Executamos quaisquer serviços.
cada um / cada uma / cada qual
Pode apresentar-se com sentido depreciativo:
quem quer que / quantos quer que
toda aquela que / todo aquele que
“A intenção dele é mostrar que não é criado de qualquer.”
seja quem for / seja qual for (Machado de Assis)
qualquer um / qualquer um
um ou outro / uma ou outra 9) todo
tal e tal / tal qual / tal e qual / tal ou qual
Modernamente, costuma-se distinguir todo (= cada, qual-
Emprego dos pronomes indefinidos
quer) e todo o (= inteiro, completo):
1) algum Li todo o livro. (= o livro todo ou inteiro)
Li todo livro que encontrasse. (= cada ou qualquer livro)
Anteposto ao substantivo, tem significação positiva; pro-
posto, apresenta valor negativo: Usa-se como advérbio, no sentido de completamente,
mas geralmente flexionando-se em gênero e número:
Algum amigo os traiu. (= um amigo)
Amigo algum os traiu. (=nenhum amigo) Os ipês estavam todos floridos.
A roupa estava toda molhada.
– 25 –
Língua Portuguesa
10) tudo FORMAS DE TRATAMENTO
Pode-se dizer, indiferentemente, tudo que ou tudo o que: Entre os pronomes pessoais incluem-se os pronomes de
tratamento, que são palavras ou expressões utilizadas para
Esqueça tudo que ficou atrás. as pessoas com quem se fala. São, portanto, pronomes de 2ª
Esqueça tudo o que ficou atrás. pessoa, embora sejam empregados com verbo na 3ª pessoa.
Esses pronomes, que aparecem apenas na linguagem

PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS formal, expressam uma atitude cerimoniosa do emissor em
relação ao interlocutor ou à pessoa de quem se fala.
Os pronomes interrogativos são os pronomes indefinidos
usados na formulação de perguntas diretas ou indiretas. Vossa Alteza precisa descansar.
Que país é este? Quando se referir à 3ª pessoa, o pronome de tratamento é

Quem vem lá? precedido de sua:
Quero saber quem vem lá
Sua Alteza retornará em Breve.
Quadro dos pronomes interrogativos
Quadro dos pronomes de tratamento
pronomes interrogativos
que qual e quais abreviatura
pronomes de
quem quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas tratamento singular plural
Você v. v v.
Emprego dos pronomes interrogativos
Usado para pessoas familiares, íntimas.
a as
1) que Senhor, Senhora Sr., Sr. Srs., Sr.
Usados para manter uma distância respeitosa.
É pronome substantivo quando equivaler a que coisa. a as
Nesse caso, admite também a forma o que. Vossa Senhoria V.S. V.S.
Usado para correspondências comerciais.
Mas que significa isso? perguntou o moço insatisfeito... a as
Vossa Excelência V.Ex. V.Ex.
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade)
Usado para altas autoridades: presidente, etc.
2) quem Vossa Eminência V.Em.
a
V.Em.
as
É pronome substantivo e refere-se a pessoas. Usado para cardeais.

Vossa Alteza V.A. V V.A A.
- Quem sou eu? – ele perguntou num último esforço. Usado para príncipes e duques
(Otto Lara Resende)
Vossa Santidade V.S. -
3) qual Usado para o Papa
Vossa Reverendíssima V.Rev.ma V.Rev.mas
Pode ser pronome adjetivo ou substantivo:
Usado para sacerdotes e religiosos em geral.
- Quais são os símbolos da pátria? (pronome adjetivo) Vossa Magnificência V.Mag.a V.Mag.as
- Leve esses livros daqui!! Agora! Usado para reitores de universidades.
- Quais? (pronome substantivo)
Vossa Majestade V.M. V V.M M.
4) quanto Usado para reis e rainhas.
Pode ser pronome substantivo ou pronome adjetivo: O pronome você

Perguntei quanto era. (pronome substantivo) O pronome você perdeu seu caráter de tratamento ceri-
- Quanto tempo faz que a gente não se encontra? (pro- monioso sendo hoje, no Brasil, utilizado em situações infor-
nome adjetivo) mais, substituindo o pronome de segunda pessoa tu.
5) cadê? Você sempre foi resistente à ideia de gravar discos. O que
o fez mudar de ideia?
A expressão que é feito de, reduzida para que é de, deu
origem aos interrogativos cadê, quede e quedê, bastante Como se vê pelo exemplo, você faz referência à segunda
utilizados na linguagem coloquial e já incorporados pela lite- pessoa, mas exige verbo na terceira.
ratura.
Este pronome resulta das transformações fonéticas pelas
E cadê doutor? Cadê remédio? Cadê jeito? quais passou o pronome de tratamento Vossa Mercê.
(Monteiro Lobato)
Apesar de ser considerado pela NGB como pronome de
Quedê o meu dinheiro? tratamento, você enquadra-se mais apropriadamente na
(O que é feito do meu dinheiro?) categoria de pronome pessoal, visto que substitui tu em qua-
se todo o território brasileiro.
– 26 –
Língua Portuguesa
Deve-se notar ainda o emprego de você como pronome c) mim – ti - eu – mim – ti
que indetermina o sujeito: d) eu – ti – mim – mim – tu
Mas o que você pode fazer contra as forças da natureza? 5 – Considere os enunciados a seguir:
A norma culta da língua condena esse emprego do termo, I. O senhor não deixe de comparecer. Precisamos do seu
preferindo a impessoalização com o pronome se: apoio.
II. Você quer que te digamos a verdade?
O que se pode fazer contra as forças da natureza? III. Vossa Excelência conseguiu realizar todos os vossos
intentos?
A expressão “a gente” IV. Vossa Majestade não deve preocupar-se unicamente com
os problemas dos seus auxiliares diretos.
Na linguagem coloquial, o pronome nós é frequentemente
substituído por a gente. Verifica-se que há falta de uniformidade no emprego das
pessoas gramaticais nos enunciados:
Um segurança nos xingou e queria nos agredir para que a
gente saísse da estação. a) II e IV
b) III e IV
A expressão pode ainda apresentar valor impessoal, c) I e IV
indeterminado: d) II e III
Eu sabia os riscos que estava correndo. A gente sempre 6 – Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao emprego do pro-
pensa: comigo não vai acontecer. Aí aconteceu”, diz. nome relativo:
(a gente pensa = pensa-se)
a) É um homem em cuja honestidade se pode confiar.
A norma culta da língua tende a rejeitar essas constru- b) Machado de Assis foi um escritor que as obras ficaram
ções, comuns na fala coloquial. célebres.
c) Comprou uma casa suntuosa, cuja casa lhe custou uma
Senhor, senhora, senhorita fortuna.
d) Preciso de um pincel delicado, sem o cujo não poderei
Os pronomes senhor, senhora e senhorita são largamente assinar minha obra.
utilizados no Brasil como forma de respeito e cortesia.
7 - “Por favor, empreste-me .......... lápis que está aí perto de
EXERCÍCIOS você. .......... aqui está com a ponta quebrada para ..........
fazer o exercício.”
1 – Identifique a alternativa em que todas as palavras desta-
cadas são pronomes: a) este; Esse; mim
b) este; Esse; eu
a) Um só aluno nos prestou nenhuma colaboração. c) esse; Este; eu
b) Quem a ajudará a alcançar todo o sucesso? d) esse; Este; mim
c) Aquele ao qual se entregou o prêmio ficou muito feliz.
d) Todos os que ajudam são nossos amigos. 8 - Assinale o item em que há erro no emprego do pronome
demonstrativo:
2 – Assinale a alternativa que completa, corretamente, a a) Paulo, que é isso que você leva?
frase: b) “Amai vossos irmãos”! são essas as verdadeiras palavras
de amor.
Era para _______ falar _______ ontem, mas não _______ c) Trinta de dezembro de 1977! Foi significativo para mim
localizei em parte alguma. esse dia.
d) Pedro, esse livro que está com José é meu.
a) mim – comigo – o e) Não estou de acordo com aquelas palavras que José pro-
b) eu – com ele – o nunciou.
c) eu – com ele – lhe
d) mim – consigo – lhe 9 - Assinale o item em que houve erro no emprego do pro-
a
nome de 1 pessoa, pois usou-se a forma oblíqua no lugar da
3 – Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome destacado foi reta:
empregado corretamente:
a) Vieram até mim rapidamente
a) Aguarde um instante. Quero falar consigo. b) É cedo para mim dar a resposta
b) É lamentável, mas isso sempre ocorre com nós dois. c) Para mim ele é o maior
c) O processo está aí para mim examinar. d) Ela chegou antes de mim
d) Vossa Senhoria preocupa-se com problemas cuja solu-
ção foge a vossa alçada.
4 – Identifique a série de pronomes que completa adequada-

mente as lacunas do seguinte período:
Os desentendimentos entre ______ e _____ advêm de uma RESPOSTAS
insegurança que a vida estabeleceu para _______traçar um 1-D 2-B 3-B
caminho que vai de _______ a ______ . 4-C 5-D 6-A
a) eu – tu – eu – mim – tu 7-C 8-C 9-B
b) mim – ti – mim – mim – tu
– 27 –
Língua Portuguesa
5) Para marcar um fato futuro, mas próximo; neste caso,
VERBO para impedir qualquer ambiguidade, se faz acompanhar ge-
ralmente de um adjunto adverbial:
“Outro dia eu volto, talvez depois de amanhã...“
Verbo é uma palavra que exprime ação, estado, fato ou (A. Bessa Luís)
fenômeno.
PRETÉRITO IMPERFEITO DO INDICATIVO
Dentre as classes de palavras, o verbo é a mais rica em
flexões. Com efeito, o verbo possui diferentes flexões para A própria denominação deste tempo – Pretérito Imperfeito
indicar a pessoa do discurso, o número, o tempo, o modo e a – ensina-nos o seu valor fundamental: o de designar um fato
voz. O verbo flexiona-se em número e pessoa: passado, mas não concluído (imperfeito = não perfeito, ina-
cabado).
singular plural
1ª pessoa eu trabalho nós trabalhamos Podemos empregá-lo assim:
2ª pessoa tu trabalhas vós trabalhais
3ª pessoa ele trabalha eles trabalham 1) Quando, pelo pensamento, nos transportamos a uma épo-
ca passada e descrevemos o que então era presente:
O calor ia aumentando e o vento despenteava meu
EMPREGO DE TEMPOS E MODOS VERBAIS cabelo.
Tempo é a variação que indica o momento em que se dá 2) Pelo futuro do pretérito, para denotar um fato que seria
o fato expresso pelo verbo. Os três tempos naturais são o consequência certa e imediata de outro, que não ocorreu, ou
Presente, o Pretérito (ou Passado) e o Futuro. não poderia ocorrer:
Se eu não fosse mulher, ia também!
O Presente designa um fato ocorrido no momento em
que se fala; o Pretérito, antes do momento em que se fala;
e o Futuro, após o momento em que se fala. PRETÉRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO DO INDICATIVO
Leio uma revista instrutiva. (Presente) 1) O Pretérito Mais-Que-Perfeito indica uma ação que ocor-
Li uma revista instrutiva. (Pretérito) reu antes de outra já passada:
Lerei uma revista instrutiva. (Futuro) A conversa ficara tão tediosa, que o homem se desinte-
ressou.
TEMPOS DO MODO INDICATIVO 2) Na linguagem literária emprega-se, às vezes, o mais-que-

perfeito em lugar:
1) Presente: estudo
a) do futuro do pretérito (simples ou composto):
2) Pretérito: “Um pouco mais de sol – e fora (= teria sido) brasa,
– Imperfeito: estudava Um pouco mais de azul – e fora (= teria sido) além,
– Perfeito: estudei Para atingir ... (Sá Carneiro)
– Mais-que-perfeito: estudara
b) do pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo:
3) Futuro: Quem me dera! (= quem me desse)
– do Presente: estudarei Prouvera a Deus! (= prouvesse a Deus)
– do Pretérito: estudaria
FUTURO DO PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
Dados os tempos do modo indicativo, veremos, em segui-
da, o emprego dos mesmos e sua correlação. 1) o futuro do presente emprega-se para indicar fatos certos
ou prováveis, posteriores ao momento em que se fala:
As aulas começarão depois de amanhã.
PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
2) Como forma polida de presente:
O presente do indicativo emprega-se: Não, não posso ser acusado. Dirá o senhor: mas o que acon-
1) Para enunciar um fato atual: teceu? E eu lhe direi: sei lá! (= digo)
Cai a chuva.
O céu está limpo. 3) Como expressão de uma súplica, desejo ou ordem; neste
caso, o tom de voz pode atenuar ou reforçar o caráter impe-
2) Para indicar ações e estados permanentes: rativo:
A terra gira em torno do próprio eixo. Honrarás pai e mãe!
Deus é Pai! “Lerás porém algum dia
Meus versos, d’alma arrancados, ... “(G. Dias)
3) Para expressar uma ação habitual do sujeito:
Sou tímido.
Como muito pouco. FUTURO DO PRETÉRITO DO INDICATIVO
4) Para dar vivacidade a fatos ocorridos no passado 1) O futuro do pretérito emprega-se para designar ações
(presente histórico): posteriores à época em que se fala:
“A Avenida é o mar dos foliões. Serpentinas cortam o
ar..., rolam das escadas, pendem das árvores e dos fi- Depois de casado, ele se transformaria em um homem
os ...” (M. Rebelo) de bem.
– 28 –
Língua Portuguesa
2) Como forma polida de presente, em geral denotadora de PRETÉRITO PERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO
desejo.
Pode exprimir um fato:
Desejaríamos cumprimentar os noivos.
1) Passado (supostamente concluído):
3) Em certas frases interrogativas e exclamativas, para deno- Espero que você tenha encontrado aquele endereço.
tar surpresa ou indignação:
2) Futuro (terminado em relação a outro futuro):
O nosso amor morreu... Quem o diria? Espero que ela tenha feito a lição quando eu voltar.
TEMPOS DO MODO SUBJUNTIVO PRETÉRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO

DO SUBJUNTIVO
1) Presente: estude
Pode indicar:
2) Pretérito:
– Imperfeito: estudasse 1) Uma ação anterior a outra passada:
– Perfeito: tenha (ou haja) estudado Esperei-a um pouco, até que tivesse terminado seu jan-
– Mais-que-perfeito: tivesse (ou houvesse) estudado tar.
3) Futuro: 2) Uma ação irreal no passado:

– Simples: estudar Se a sorte os houvesse coroado com os seus favores,
– Composto: tiver (ou houver) estudado não lhes faltariam amigos.
Quando nos servimos do modo indicativo, consideramos

o fato expresso pelo verbo como real, certo, seja no presen- FUTURO DO SUBJUNTIVO SIMPLES
te, seja no passado, seja no futuro.
Este tempo verbal marca a eventualidade no futuro e
Ao empregarmos o modo subjuntivo, encaramos a exis- emprega-se em orações subordinadas:
tência ou não existência do fato como uma coisa incerta, Se quiser, irei vê-lo.
duvidosa, eventual ou, mesmo, irreal. Farei conforme mandares.
Quando puder, venha ver-me.
Observemos estas frases:
Afirmo que ela estuda. (modo indicativo) FUTURO DO SUBJUNTIVO COMPOSTO

Duvido que ela estude. (modo subjuntivo)
Afirmei que ela estudava. (modo indicativo) Indica um fato futuro como terminado em relação a outro
Duvidei que ela estudasse. (modo subjuntivo) fato futuro (dentro do sentido geral do modo subjuntivo):
D. Flor, não leia este livro; ou, se o houver lido até aqui,
abandone o resto.
PRESENTE DO SUBJUNTIVO
Pode indicar um fato: MODOS DO VERBO
1) Presente: Os modos indicam as diferentes maneiras de um fato se

Não quer dizer que se conheçam os homens quando se realizar. São três:
duvida deles.
1º) o Indicativo: Exprime um fato certo, positivo:
2) Futuro: Vou hoje.
“No dia em que não faça mais uma criança sorrir, vou vender Sairás cedo.
abacaxi na feira.”
(A. Bessa Luís) 2º) o Imperativo: Exprime ordem, proibição, conselho, pedi-
do: Volte logo. Não fiquem aqui. Sede prudentes.
PRETÉRITO IMPERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO 3º) o Subjuntivo: Enuncia um fato possível, duvidoso,

hipotético: É possível que chova. Se você trabalhasse...
Pode ter o valor de:
Além desses três modos, existem as formas nominais
1) Passado: do verbo (infinitivo, gerúndio, particípio), que enunciam um
Todos os domingos, chovesse ou fizesse sol, estava eu fato de maneira vaga, imprecisa, impessoal.
lá.
1º) Infinitivo: plantar, vender, ferir.
2) Futuro: 2º) Gerúndio: plantando, vendendo, ferindo.
Aos sábados, treinava o discurso destinado ao filho que 3º) Particípio: plantado, vendido, ferido.
chegasse primeiro.
Chamam-se formas nominais porque, sem embargo de
3) Presente: sua significação verbal, podem desempenhar as funções
Tivesses coração, terias tudo. próprias dos nomes substantivos e adjetivos: o andar, água
fervendo, tempo perdido.
– 29 –
Língua Portuguesa
O Infinitivo pode ser Pessoal ou Impessoal. A DNP (desinência número-pessoal) indica que o verbo está
na 1ª pessoa do plural. A DMT (desinência modo-temporal
1º) Pessoal, quando tem sujeito: indica que o verbo está no futuro do presente do indicativo.
Para sermos vencedores é preciso lutar.
(sujeito oculto nós) Dividem-se os tempos em primitivos e derivados.
São tempos primitivos:
2º) Impessoal, quando não tem sujeito:
Ser ou não ser, eis a questão. 1) o Infinitivo Impessoal.
O infinitivo pessoal ora se apresenta flexionado, ora não 2) o Presente do Indicativo (1ª e 2ª pessoa do singular e 2ª
flexionado: pessoa do plural).
Flexionado: andares, andarmos, andardes, andarem 3) o Pretérito Perfeito do Indicativo (3ª pessoa do plural).
Não flexionado: andar eu, andar ele. FORMAÇÃO DO IMPERATIVO

Quanto à voz, os verbos se classificam em:
O imperativo afirmativo deriva do presente do indicativo,
1) Ativos: O sujeito faz a ação. da segunda pessoa do singular (tu) e da segunda do plural
O patrão chamou o empregado. (vós), mediante a supressão do s final; as demais pessoas
(você, nós, vocês) são tomadas do presente do subjuntivo.
2) Passivos: O sujeito sofre a ação.
O empregado foi chamado pelo patrão. O imperativo negativo não possui, em Português, formas
especiais; suas pessoas são iguais às correspondentes do
3) Reflexivos: O sujeito faz e recebe a ação. presente do subjuntivo.
A criança feriu-se na gangorra.
O infinitivo, em português, pode ser pessoal
Verbos Auxiliares são os que se juntam a uma forma nomi- (quando tem sujeito) ou impessoal (quando não tem
nal de outro verbo para constituir os tempos compostos e as sujeito). Veja:
locuções verbais: ter, haver, ser, estar. impessoal pessoal
cantar cantar eu
Tenho estudado muito esta semana. cantares tu
Jacinto havia chegado naquele momento. cantar ele
Somos castigados pelos nossos erros. cantarmos nós
O mecânico estava consertando o carro. cantardes vós
O secretário vai anunciar os resultados. cantarem eles
Os verbos da língua portuguesa se agrupam em três

conjugações, de conformidade com a terminação do infinitivo: FORMAÇÃO DOS TEMPOS COMPOSTOS
1) Os da 1ª conjugação terminam em – ar: cantar
2) Os da 2ª conjugação terminam em – er: bater Eis como se formam os tempos compostos:
3) Os da 3ª conjugação terminam em – ir: partir.
1) Os tempos compostos da voz ativa são formados pelos
Cada conjugação se caracteriza por uma vogal temática: verbos auxiliares ter ou haver, seguidos do particípio do ver-
A (1ª conjugação), E (2ª conjugação), I (3ª conjugação). bo principal:
Observações: Tenho falado. Haviam saído.
– O verbo pôr (antigo poer) perdeu a vogal temática do infini- 2) Os tempos compostos da voz passiva se formam com o
tivo. É um verbo anômalo da segunda conjugação. concurso simultâneo dos auxiliares ter (ou haver) e ser, se-
– A nossa língua possui mais de 11 mil verbos, dos quais guidos do particípio do verbo principal:
mais de 10 mil são da primeira conjugação.
Tenho sido maltratado.
Num verbo devemos distinguir o radical, que é a parte Tinham (ou haviam) sido vistos no cinema.
geralmente invariável e as desinências, que variam para
denotar os diversos acidentes gramaticais. Outro tipo de conjugação composta – também chamada
conjugação perifrástica – são as locuções verbais, constitu-
radical desinência radical desinência ídas de verbo auxiliar mais gerúndio ou infinitivo:
cant- a partir
cant- or partimos Tenho de ir hoje.
bater dizer Hei de ir amanhã.
bat- ias diss eram Estava lendo o jornal.
Há a desinência modo-temporal, indicando a que modo Quanto à conjugação, dividem-se os verbos em:
e tempo a flexão verbal pertence e há a desinência núme-
ro-pessoal indicando a que pessoa e número a flexão verbal 1) Regulares: os que seguem um paradigma ou modelo
pertence. comum de conjugação. Cantar, bater, partir, etc.
Ex.: canta - re – mos →DNP 2) Irregulares: os que sofrem alterações no radical e nas
↓ terminações afastando-se do paradigma. Dar, ouvir, etc.
DMT
– 30 –
Língua Portuguesa
Entre os irregulares, destacam-se os anômalos, como o Futuro do presente simples

verbo pôr (sem vogal temática no infinitivo), ser e ir (que
serei estarei terei haverei
apresentam radicais diferentes). serás estarás terás haverás
será estará terá haverá
São verbos que possuem profundas modificações em seremos estaremos teremos haveremos
seus radicais. sereis estareis tereis havereis
serão estarão terão haverão
3) Defectivos: os que não possuem a conjugação completa,
não sendo usados em certos modos, tempos ou pessoas: Futuro do presente composto
abolir, reaver, precaver, etc. terei sido terei estado terei tido terei havido
terás sido terás estado terás tido terás havido
terá sido terá estado terá tido terá havido
teremos sido teremos estado teremos tido teremos havido
CONJUGAÇÃO DOS VERBOS AUXILIARES tereis sido tereis estado tereis tido tereis havido
terão sido terão estado terão tido terão havido
MODO INDICATIVO
Futuro do pretérito simples
Presente seria estaria teria haveria
sou estou tenho hei serias estarias terias haverias
és estás tens hás seria estaria teria haveria
é está tem há seríamos estaríamos teríamos haveríamos
somos estamos temos havemos seríeis estaríeis teríeis haveríeis
sois estais tendes haveis seriam estariam teriam haveriam
são estão têm hão
Futuro do pretérito composto
teria sido teria estado teria tido teria havido
Pretérito perfeito simples terias sido terias estado terias tido terias havido
fui estive tive houve teria sido teria estado teria tido teria havido
foste estiveste tiveste houveste teríamos sido teríamos estado teríamos tido teríamos
foi esteve teve houve teríeis sido teríeis estado teríeis tido havido
fomos estivemos tivemos houvemos teriam sido teriam estado teriam tido teríeis havido
fostes estivestes tivestes houvestes teriam havido
foram estiveram tiveram houveram
MODO SUBJUNTIVO
Pretérito perfeito composto Presente
tenho sido tenho estado tenho tido tenho havido seja esteja tenha haja
tens sido tens estado tens tido tens havido sejas estejas tenhas hajas
tem sido tem estado tem tido tem havido seja esteja tenha haja
temos sido temos estado temos tido temos havido sejamos estejamos tenhamos hajamos
tendes sido tendes estado tendes tido tendes havido sejais estejais tenhais hajais
têm sido têm estado têm tido têm havido sejam estejam tenham hajam
Pretérito Imperfeito
Pretérito imperfeito
fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse
era estava tinha havia fosses estivesses tivesses houvesses
eras estavas tinhas havias fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse
era estava tinha havia fôssemos estivéssemos tivéssemos houvéssemos
éramos estávamos tínhamos havíamos fôsseis estivésseis tivésseis houvésseis
éreis estáveis tínheis havíeis fossem estivessem tivessem houvessem
eram estavam tinham haviam
Pretérito perfeito composto

Pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples
tenha sido tenha estado tenha tido tenha havido
fora estivera tivera houvera tenhas sido tenhas estado tenhas tido tenhas havido
foras estiveras tiveras houveras tenha sido tenha estado tenha tido tenha havido
fora estivera tivera houvera tenhamos tenhamos tenhamos tenhamos
fôramos estivéramos tivéramos houvéramos sido estado tido havido
fôreis estivéreis tivéreis houvéreis tenhais sido tenhais estado tenhais tido tenhais havido
foram estiveram tiveram houveram tenham sido tenham estado tenham tido tenham havido
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto

Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto
tivesse sido tivesse estado tivesse tido tivesse havido
tinha sido tinha sido tinha sido tinha sido tivesses tivesses tivesses tivesses
tinhas sido tinhas sido tinhas sido tinhas sido sido estado tido havido
tinha sido tinha sido tinha sido tinha sido tivesse sido tivesse estado tivesse tido tivesse havido
tínhamos tínhamos tínhamos tínhamos tivéssemos tivéssemos tivéssemos tivéssemos
sido sido sido sido sido estado tido havido
tínheis sido tínheis sido tínheis sido tínheis sido tivésseis tivésseis tivésseis tivésseis
tinham sido tinham sido tinham sido tinham sido sido estado tido havido
tivessem tivessem tivessem tivessem
sido estado tido havido
– 31 –
Língua Portuguesa
Futuro simples Gerúndio
for estiver tiver houver sendo estando tendo havendo

fores estiveres tiveres houveres
for estiver tiver houver
formos estivermos tivermos houvermos Gerúndio composto
fordes estiverdes tiverdes houverdes
forem estiverem tiverem houverem tendo sido tendo estado tendo tido tendo havido
Futuro composto Particípio

tiver sido tiver estado tiver tido tiver havido sido estado tido havido
tiveres sido tiveres estado tiveres tido tiveres havido
tiver sido tiver estado tiver tido tiver havido O processo verbal pode ser representado por uma lo-
tivermos tivermos tivermos tivermos cução verbal (verbo auxiliar + verbo principal em uma de suas
sido estado tido havido formas nominais). Nas locuções verbais, o verbo auxiliar
tiverdes sido tiverdes estado tiverdes tido tiverdes havido aparece desprovido de sua significação; no entanto, é o res-
tiverem sido tiverem estado tiverem tido tiverem havido ponsável pela indicação das flexões de tempo, pessoa, modo
e número.
MODO IMPERATIVO
CONJUGAÇÃO DOS VERBOS REGULARES
Afirmativo
PARADIGMAS DAS CONJUGAÇÕES REGULARES
sê (tu) está (tu) tem (tu) há (tu)
seja (você) esteja (você) tenha (você) haja (você)
sejamos (nós) estejamos tenhamos hajamos Modelos
sede (vós) (nós) (nós) (nós)
sejam (vocês) estai (vós) tende (vós) havei (vós) 1ª conjugação - 2ª conjugação - 3ª conjugação -
estejam tenham (vo- hajam sonhar receber decidir
(vocês) cês) (vocês)
MODO INDICATIVO
Negativo
não sejas (tu) não estejas não tenhas não hajas Presente
não seja (vo- (tu) (tu) (tu) sonho recebo decido
cê) não esteja não tenha não haja sonhas recebes decides
não sejamos (você) (você) (você) sonha recebe decide
(nós) não esteja- não tenha- não haja- sonhamos recebemos decidimos
não sejais mos (nós) mos (nós) mos (nós)
(vós) não estejais não tenhais não hajais sonhais recebeis decidis
sonham recebem decidem
não sejam (vós) (vós) (vós)
(vocês) não estejam não tenham não hajam
(vocês) (vocês) (vocês)
Pretérito perfeito simples
FORMAS NOMINAIS sonhei recebi decidi

sonhaste recebeste decidiste
sonhou recebeu decidiu
Infinitivo impessoal sonhamos recebemos decidimos
sonhastes recebestes decidistes
ser estar ter haver sonharam receberam decidiram
Pretérito perfeito composto

Infinitivo impessoal composto
tenho sonhado tenho recebido tenho decidido
ter sido ter estado ter tido ter havido tens sonhado tens recebido tens decidido
tem sonhado tem recebido tem decidido
temos sonhado temos recebido temos decidido
Infinitivo pessoal tendes sonhado tendes recebido tendes decidido
têm sonhado têm recebido têm decidido
ser (eu) estar (eu) ter (eu) haver (eu)
seres (tu) estares (tu) teres (tu) haveres (tu)
ser (ele) estar (ele) ter (ele) haver (ele)
sermos estarmos termos havermos Pretérito imperfeito
(nós) (nós) (nós) (nós)
serdes estardes terdes haverdes (vós) sonhava recebia decidia
(vós) (vós) (vós) haverem sonhavas recebias decidias
serem estarem terem (eles) sonhava recebia decidia
(eles) (eles) (eles) sonhávamos recebíamos decidíamos
sonháveis recebíeis decidíeis
sonhavam recebiam decidiam
Infinitivo pessoal composto

Pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples
ter sido ter estado ter tido ter havido
teres sido teres estado teres tido teres havido sonhara recebera decidira
ter sido ter estado ter tido ter havido sonharas receberas decidiras
termos sido termos termos termos sonhara recebera decidira
terdes sido estado tido havido sonháramos recebêramos decidíramos
terem sido terdes estado terdes tido terdes havido sonháreis recebêreis decidíreis
terem estado terem tido terem havido sonharam receberam decidiram
– 32 –
Língua Portuguesa
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto Pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto

tinha sonhado tinha recebido tinha decidido tivesse sonhado tivesse recebido tivesse decidido
tinhas sonhado tinhas recebido tinhas decidido tivesses sonhado tivesses recebido tivesses decidido
tinha sonhado tinha recebido tinha decidido tivesse sonhado tivesse recebido tivesse decidido
tínhamos tínhamos tínhamos tivéssemos tivéssemos tivéssemos
sonhado recebido decidido sonhado recebido decidido
tínheis sonhado tínheis recebido tínheis decidido tivésseis sonhado tivésseis recebido tivésseis decidido
tinham sonhado tinham recebido tinham decidido tivessem sonhado tivessem recebido tivessem decidido
Futuro simples
Futuro do presente simples
sonhar receber decidir
sonharei receberei decidirei sonhares receberes decidires
sonharás receberás decidirás sonhar receber decidir
sonhará receberá decidirá sonharmos recebermos decidirmos
sonharemos receberemos decidiremos sonhardes receberdes decidirdes
sonhareis recebereis decidireis sonharem receberem decidirem
sonharão receberão decidirão
Futuro composto
Futuro do presente composto tiver sonhado tiver recebido tiver decidido
tiveres sonhado tiveres recebido tiveres decidido
terei sonhado terei recebido terei decidido tiver sonhado tiver recebido tiver decidido
terás sonhado terás recebido terás decidido tivermos sonhado tivermos recebido tivermos decidido
terá sonhado terá recebido terá decidido
teremos sonhado teremos recebido teremos decidido tiverdes sonhado tiverdes recebido tiverdes decidido
tereis sonhado tereis recebido tereis decidido tiverem sonhado tiverem recebido tiverem decidido
terão sonhado terão recebido terão decidido
MODO IMPERATIVO
Futuro do pretérito simples
sonharia receberia decidiria Afirmativo

sonharias receberias decidirias
sonharia receberia decidiria sonha (tu) recebe (tu) decide (tu)
sonharíamos receberíamos decidiríamos sonhe (você) receba (você) decida (você)
sonharíeis receberíeis decidiríeis
sonhariam receberiam decidiriam sonhemos (nós) recebamos (nós) decidamos (nós)
sonhai (vós) recebei (vós) decidi (vós)
sonhem (vocês) recebam (vocês) decidam (vocês)
Futuro do pretérito composto

teria sonhado teria recebido teria decidido Negativo
terias sonhado terias recebido terias decidido
teria sonhado teria recebido teria decidido não sonhes (tu) não recebas (tu) não decidas (tu)
teríamos sonhado teríamos recebido teríamos decidido não sonhe (você) não receba (você) não decida (você)
teríeis sonhado teríeis recebido teríeis decidido não sonhemos não recebamos não decidamos
teriam sonhado teriam recebido teriam decidido (nós) (nós) (nós)
não sonheis não recebais não decidais
MODO SUBJUNTIVO (vós) (vós) (vós)
não sonhem não recebam não decidam
(vocês) (vocês) (vocês)
Presente
sonhe receba decida

sonhes recebas decidas FORMAS NOMINAIS
sonhe receba decida
sonhemos recebamos decidamos
sonheis recebais decidais
sonhem recebam decidam Infinitivo impessoal
sonhar receber decidir

Pretérito imperfeito
sonhasse recebesse decidisse
sonhasses recebesses decidisses
sonhasse recebesse decidisse Infinitivo impessoal composto
sonhássemos recebêssemos decidíssemos
sonhásseis recebêsseis decidísseis ter sonhado ter recebido ter decidido
sonhassem recebessem decidissem
Pretérito perfeito composto Infinitivo pessoal

tenha sonhado tenha recebido tenha decidido sonhar (eu) receber (eu) decidir (eu)
tenhas sonhado tenhas recebido tenhas decidido sonhares (tu) receberes (tu) decidires (tu)
tenha sonhado tenha recebido tenha decidido sonhar (ele) receber (ele) decidir (ele)
tenhamos sonhado tenhamos recebido tenhamos decidido
sonharmos (nós) recebermos (nós) decidirmos (nós)
tenhais sonhado tenhais recebido tenhais decidido
tenham sonhado tenham recebido tenham decidido sonhardes (vós) receberdes (vós) decidirdes (vós)
sonharem (eles) receberem (eles) decidirem (eles)
– 33 –
Língua Portuguesa
Presente do subjuntivo: nomeie, nomeies, nomeie, nomeemos,
nomeeis, nomeiem.
Infinitivo pessoal composto Imperativo afirmativo: nomeia, nomeie, nomeemos, nomeai, no-
meiem.
ter sonhado ter recebido ter decidido
teres sonhado teres recebido teres decidido É regular o resto da conjugação.
ter sonhado ter recebido ter decidido
termos sonhado termos recebido termos decidido Assim se conjugam: apear, atear, cear, folhear, frear, passear,
gear, bloquear, granjear, hastear, lisonjear, semear, arrear, recrear,
terdes sonhado terdes recebido terdes decidido estrear, etc.
terem sonhado terem recebido terem decidido
Odiar
Gerúndio
Presente do indicativo: odeio, odeias, odeia, odiamos, odiais, odei-
sonhando recebendo decidindo am.
Pretérito imperfeito: odiava, odiavas, odiava, odiávamos, odiáveis,
odiavam.
Pretérito perfeito: odiei, odiaste, odiou, odiamos, odiastes, odiaram.
Gerúndio composto Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: odiara, odiaras, odiara, odiáramos,
odiáreis, odiaram.
tendo sonhado tendo recebido tendo decidido Presente do subjuntivo: odeie, odeies, odeie, odiemos, odieis,
odeiem.
Imperativo afirmativo: odeia, odeie, odiemos, odiai, odeiem.
Particípio
Assim se conjugam: mediar, remediar, incendiar, ansiar, etc.
sonhado recebido decidido
Optar
VERBOS IRREGULARES Presente do indicativo: opto, optas, opta, optamos, optais, optam.
Presente do subjuntivo: opte, optes, opte, optemos, opteis, optem.
A seguir, apresentamos algumas conjugações dos princi-
pais verbos irregulares: Obs.: No caso do verbo optar a irregularidade está na pronún-
cia. Nas três pessoas do singular e na terceira do plural do presente
do indicativo e do presente do subjuntivo, a vogal o do radical é
1ª CONJUGAÇÃO - ar pronunciada aberta e fortemente.
Aguar 2ª CONJUGAÇÃO - er
Presente do indicativo: águo, águas, água, aguamos, aguais,

águam. Abster-se
Pretérito perfeito: aguei, aguaste, aguou, aguamos, aguastes,
aguaram. Presente do indicativo: abstenho-me, absténs-te, abstém-se, abs-
Presente do subjuntivo: águe, águes, águe, aguemos, agueis, temo-nos, abstendes-vos, abstêm-se.
águem. Pretérito imperfeito: abstinha-me, abstinhas-te, etc.
Verbo regular nos demais tempos. Assim se conjugam desa- Pretérito perfeito: abstive-me, etc.
guar, enxaguar e minguar. Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: abstivera-me, etc.
Futuro do presente: abster-me-ei, etc.
Futuro do pretérito: abster-me-ia, etc.
Dar Imperativo afirmativo: abstém-te, abstenha-se, abstenhamo-nos,
abstende-vos, abstenham-se.
Presente do subjuntivo: que me abstenha, que te abstenhas, etc.
Presente do indicativo: dou, dás, dá, damos, dais, dão. Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: se me abstivesse, se te absti-
Pretérito perfeito: dei, deste, deu, demos, destes, deram. vesses, etc.
Pretérito imperfeito: dava, davas, dava, dávamos, dáveis, davam. Futuro do subjuntivo: se me abstiver, etc.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: dera, deras, dera, déramos, déreis,
Gerúndio: abstendo-se.
deram.
Futuro do presente: darei, darás, dará, daremos, dareis, darão. Particípio: abstido.
Futuro do pretérito: daria, darias, daria, daríamos, daríeis, dariam.
Presente do subjuntivo: dê, dês, dê, demos, deis, deem. Caber
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: desse, desses, desse, désse-
mos, désseis, dessem. Presente do indicativo: caibo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabeis, ca-
Futuro do subjuntivo: der, deres, der, dermos, derdes, derem. bem.
Imperativo afirmativo: dá, dê, demos, dai, deem. Pretérito perfeito: coube, coubeste, coube, coubemos, coubestes,
Infinitivo impessoal: dar. couberam.
Infinitivo pessoal: dar, dares, dar, darmos, dardes, darem.
Pretérito imperfeito: cabia, cabias, cabia, cabíamos, cabíeis, cabi-
Gerúndio: dando. am.
Particípio: dado.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: coubera, couberas, coubera, coubéra-
mos, coubéreis, couberam.
Futuro do presente: caberei, caberás, caberá, caberemos, cabereis,
Moscar (desaparecer)
caberão.
Futuro do pretérito: caberia, caberias, caberia, caberíamos, caberí-
Presente do indicativo: musco, muscas, musca, moscamos, mos- eis, caberiam.
cais, muscam. Presente do subjuntivo: caiba, caibas, caiba, caibamos, caibais,
Presente do subjuntivo: musque, musques, musque, mosquemos, caibam.
mosqueis, musquem. Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: coubesse, coubesses, coubes-
se, coubéssemos, coubésseis, coubessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: couber, couberes, couber, coubermos, cou-
Nomear berdes, couberem.
Presente do indicativo: nomeio, nomeias, nomeia, nomeamos, Observação: O verbo caber não se apresenta conjugado nem
nomeais, nomeiam. no imperativo afirmativo nem no imperativo negativo.
Pretérito imperfeito: nomeava, nomeavas, nomeava, nomeávamos,
nomeáveis, nomeavam.
Pretérito perfeito: nomeei, nomeaste, nomeou, nomeamos, nome-
astes, nomearam.
– 34 –
Língua Portuguesa
Crer Poder
Presente do indicativo: creio, crês, crê, cremos, credes, creem. Presente do indicativo: posso, podes, pode, podemos, podeis,
Pretérito perfeito: cri, creste, creu, cremos, crestes, creram. podem.
Pretérito imperfeito: cria, crias, cria, criamos, crieis, criam. Pretérito imperfeito: podia, podias, podia, podíamos, podíeis, podi-
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: crera, creras, crera, crêramos, crêreis, am.
creram. Pretérito perfeito: pude, pudeste, pôde, pudemos, pudestes, pude-
Presente do subjuntivo: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, ram.
creiam. Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: pudera, puderas, pudera, pudéramos,
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: cresse, cresses, cresse, crês- pudéreis, puderam.
semos, crêsseis, cressem Presente do subjuntivo: possa, possas, possa, possamos, possais,
Futuro do subjuntivo: crer, creres, crer, crermos, crerdes, crerem. possam.
Imperativo afirmativo: crê, creia, creiamos, crede, creiam. Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: pudesse, pudesses, pudesse,
Imperativo negativo: não creias (tu), não creia (você), não creiamos pudéssemos, pudésseis, pudessem.
(nós), não crede (vós), não creiam (vocês) Futuro: puder, puderes, puder, pudermos, puderdes, puderem.
Infinitivo pessoal: poder, poderes, poder, podermos, poderdes,
Assim se conjugam: ler e descrer. poderem.
Gerúndio: podendo.
Dizer Particípio: podido.
Presente do indicativo: digo, dizes, diz, dizemos, dizeis, dizem. Observação: O verbo poder não se apresenta conjugado nem
Pretérito perfeito: disse, disseste, disse, dissemos, dissestes, disse- no imperativo afirmativo nem no imperativo negativo.
ram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: dissera, disseras, dissera, disséramos, Pôr (antigo poer)
disséreis, disseram.
Futuro do presente: direi, dirás, dirá, diremos, direis, dirão.
Futuro do pretérito: diria, dirias, diria, diríamos, diríeis, diriam. Presente do indicativo: ponho, pões, põe, pomos, pondes, põem.
Presente do subjuntivo: diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digam. Pretérito imperfeito: punha, punhas, punha, púnhamos, púnheis,
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: dissesse, dissesses, dissesse, punham.
disséssemos, dissésseis, dissessem. Pretérito perfeito: pus, puseste, pôs, pusemos, pusestes, puseram.
Futuro: disser, disseres, disser, dissermos, disserdes, disserem. Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: pusera, puseras, pusera, puséramos,
Particípio: dito. puséreis, puseram.
Futuro do presente: porei, porás, porá, poremos, poreis, porão.
Assim se conjugam: bendizer, condizer, contradizer, desdizer, Futuro do pretérito: poria, porias, poria, poríamos, poríeis, poriam.
predizer, maldizer ... Presente do subjuntivo: ponha, ponhas, ponha, ponhamos, po-
nhais, ponham.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: pusesse, pusesses, pusesse,
Escrever puséssemos, pusésseis, pusessem.
Futuro: puser, puseres, puser, pusermos, puserdes, puserem.
Escrever e seus derivados descrever, inscrever, prescrever, Imperativo afirmativo: põe, ponha, ponhamos, ponde, ponham.
proscrever, reescrever, sobrescrever, subscrever são irregulares Infinitivo pessoal: pôr, pores, pôr, pormos, pordes, porem.
apenas no particípio: escrito, descrito, inscrito, prescrito, proscrito, Infinitivo impessoal: pôr.
reescrito, sobrescrito, subscrito. Gerúndio: pondo.
Particípio: posto.
Fazer
Assim se conjugam os verbos derivados de pôr, como por e-
Presente do indicativo: faço, fazes, faz, fazemos, fazeis, fazem. xemplo: antepor, compor, depor, dispor, impor, propor, pressupor,
Pretérito perfeito: fiz, fizeste, fez, fizemos, fizestes, fizeram. repor, etc.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: fizera, fizeras, fizera, fizéramos, fizé-
reis, fizeram.
Futuro do presente: farei, farás, fará, faremos, fareis, farão. Prover
Futuro do pretérito: faria, farias, faria, faríamos, faríeis, fariam.
Presente do subjuntivo: faça, faças, faça, façamos, façais, façam. Presente do indicativo: provejo, provês, provê, provemos, prove-
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: fizesse, fizesses, fizesse, fizés- des, proveem.
semos, fizésseis, fizessem. Pretérito imperfeito: provia, provias, provia, províamos, províeis,
Futuro do subjuntivo: fizer, fizeres, fizer, fizermos, fizerdes, fizerem. proviam.
Imperativo afirmativo: faze, faça, façamos, fazei, façam. Pretérito perfeito: provi, proveste, proveu, provemos, provestes,
proveram.
Assim se conjugam: desfazer, refazer, satisfazer. Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: provera, proveras, provera, provêra-
mos, provêreis, proveram.
Ler Futuro do presente: proverei, proverás, proverá, proveremos, prove-
reis, proverão.
Futuro do pretérito: proveria, proverias, proveria, proveríamos,
Presente do indicativo: leio, lês, lê, lemos, ledes, leem. proveríeis, proveriam.
Pretérito imperfeito: lia, lias, lia, líamos, líeis, liam. Presente do subjuntivo: proveja, provejas, proveja, provejamos,
Pretérito perfeito: li, leste, leu, lemos, lestes, leram. provejais, provejam.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: lera, leras, lera, lêramos, lêreis, leram. Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: provesse, provesses, provesse,
Presente do subjuntivo: leia, leias, leia, leiamos, leiais, leiam. provêssemos, provêsseis, provessem.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: lesse, lesses, lesse, lêssemos, Futuro do subjuntivo: prover, proveres, prover, provermos, prover-
lêsseis, lessem. des, proverem.
Imperativo afirmativo: lê, leia, leiamos, lede, leiam. Imperativo afirmativo: provê, proveja, provejamos, provede, prove-
jam.
Assim se conjugam: reler, tresler. Gerúndio: provendo.
Particípio: provido.
Perder
Querer
Presente do indicativo: perco (com e fechado), perdes, perde,
perdemos, perdeis, perdem.
Presente do subjuntivo: perca, percas, perca, percamos, percais, Presente do indicativo: quero, queres, quer, queremos, quereis,
percam. querem.
Imperativo afirmativo: perde, perca, percamos, perdei, percam. Pretérito imperfeito: queria, querias, queria, queríamos, queríeis,
queriam.
Regular nos demais tempos e modos. Pretérito perfeito: quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos, quisestes, quise-
ram.
– 35 –
Língua Portuguesa
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: quisera, quiseras, quisera, quiséramos, Valer
quiséreis, quiseram.
Futuro do presente: quererei, quererás, quererá, quereremos, que-
rereis, quererão. Presente do indicativo: valho, vales, vale, valemos, valeis, valem.
Futuro do pretérito: quereria, quererias, quereria, quereríamos, Pretérito imperfeito: valia, valias, valia, valíamos, valíeis, valiam.
quereríeis, quereriam. Pretérito perfeito: vali, valeste, valeu, valemos, valestes, valeram.
Presente do subjuntivo: queira, queiras, queira, queiramos, quei- Presente do subjuntivo: valha, valhas, valha, valhamos, valhais,
rais, queiram. valham.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: quisesse, quisesses, quisesse, Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: valesse, valesses, valesse,
quiséssemos, quisésseis, quisessem. valêssemos, valêsseis, valessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: quiser, quiseres, quiser, quisermos, quiser- Futuro do subjuntivo: valer, valeres, valer, valermos, valerdes,
des, quiserem. valerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: quer tu, queira você, queiramos nós, querei
Imperativo afirmativo: vale, valha, valhamos, valei, valham.
vós, queiram vocês.
Imperativo negativo: não queiras tu, não queira você, não queira- Imperativo negativo: não valhas, não valha, não valhamos, não
mos nós, não queirais vós, não queiram vocês. valhais, não valham.
Gerúndio: querendo. Gerúndio: valendo.
Particípio: querido. Particípio: valido.
Assim são conjugados: equivaler e desvaler.
Requerer
Ver
Presente do indicativo: requeiro, requeres, requer, requeremos,

requereis, requerem. Presente do indicativo: vejo, vês, vê, vemos, vedes, veem.
Pretérito perfeito: requeri, requereste, requereu, requeremos, re- Pretérito perfeito: vi, viste, viu, vimos, vistes, viram.
querestes, requereram. Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: vira, viras, vira, víramos, víreis, viram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: requerera, requereras, requerera, Imperativo afirmativo: vê, veja, vejamos, vede, vejam.
requerêramos, requerêreis, requereram. Presente do subjuntivo: veja, vejas, veja, vejamos, vejais, vejam.
Futuro do presente: requererei, requererás, requererá, requerere- Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: visse, visses, visse, víssemos,
mos, requerereis, requererão. vísseis, vissem.
Futuro do pretérito: requereria, requererias, requereria, requerería- Futuro do subjuntivo: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem.
mos, requereríeis, requereriam.
Gerúndio: vendo. / Particípio: visto.
Presente do subjuntivo: requeira, requeiras, requeira, requeiramos,
requeirais, requeiram. Assim se conjugam: antever, prever e rever.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: requeresse, requeresses, re-
queresse, requerêssemos, requerêsseis, requeressem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: requerer, requereres, requerer, requerermos, 3ª CONJUGAÇÃO – ir
requererdes, requererem.
Imperativo afirmativo: requere, requeira, requeiramos, requerei, Agredir
requeiram.
Gerúndio: requerendo. / Particípio: requerido. Presente do indicativo: agrido, agrides, agride, agredimos, agredis,
O verbo requerer não se conjuga como querer. agridem.
Presente do subjuntivo: agrida, agridas, agrida, agridamos, agri-
dais, agridam.
Saber Imperativo afirmativo: agride, agrida, agridamos, agredi, agridam.
Presente do indicativo: sei, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabeis, sabem.

Pretérito imperfeito: sabia, sabias, sabia, sabíamos, sabíeis, sabi- Cair
am.
Pretérito perfeito: soube, soubeste, soube, soubemos, soubestes, Presente do indicativo: caio, cais, cai, caímos, caís, caem.
souberam. Pretérito imperfeito: caía, caías, caía, caíamos, caíeis, caíam.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: soubera, souberas, soubera, soubéra- Pretérito perfeito: caí, caíste, caiu, caímos, caístes, caíram.
mos, soubéreis, souberam.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: caíra, caíras, caíra, caíramos, caíreis,
Presente do subjuntivo: saiba, saibas, saiba, saibamos, saibais, caíram.
saibam.
Imperativo afirmativo: cai, caia, caiamos, caí, caiam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: soubesse, soubesses, soubes-
se, soubéssemos, soubésseis, soubessem. Presente do subjuntivo: caia, caias, caia, caiamos, caiais, caiam.
Futuro do subjuntivo: souber, souberes, souber, soubermos, sou- Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: caísse, caísses, caísse, caís-
berdes, souberem. semos, caísseis, caíssem.
Imperativo afirmativo: sabe, saiba, saibamos, sabei, saibam. Futuro do subjuntivo: cair, caíres, cair, cairmos, cairdes, caírem.
Assim são conjugados: atrair, recair, sair, trair, subtrair etc.

Trazer
Cobrir
Presente do indicativo: trago, trazes, traz, trazemos, trazeis, tra-
zem. Presente do indicativo: cubro, cobres, cobre, cobrimos, cobris,
Pret. imperfeito: trazia, trazias, trazia, trazíamos, trazíeis, traziam. cobrem.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: trouxera, trouxeras, trouxera, trouxé- Presente do subjuntivo: cubra, cubras, cubra, cubramos, cubrais,
ramos, trouxéreis, trouxeram. cubram.
Futuro do presente: trarei, trarás, trará, traremos, trareis, trarão. Imperativo afirmativo: cobre, cubra, cubramos, cobri, cubram.
Futuro do pretérito: traria, trarias, traria, traríamos, traríeis, trariam. Particípio: coberto.
Presente do subjuntivo: traga, tragas, traga, tragamos, tragais, O verbo cobrir tem o o substituído por u na primeira pessoa
tragam. do presente do indicativo, nas pessoas do presente do subjuntivo e
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: trouxesse, trouxesses, trouxes- nas formas derivadas do imperativo. Assim se conjugam: dormir,
se, trouxéssemos, trouxésseis, trouxessem. tossir, descobrir, engolir, etc.
Futuro do subjuntivo: trouxer, trouxeres, trouxer, trouxermos, trou-
xerdes, trouxerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: traze, traga, tragamos, trazei, tragam. Construir
Infinitivo pessoal: trazer, trazeres, trazer, trazermos, trazerdes,
trazerem. Presente do indicativo: construo, constróis, constrói, construímos,
Gerúndio: trazendo. construís, constroem.
Particípio: trazido. Pretérito imperfeito: construía, construías, construía, construíamos,
construíeis, construíam.
– 36 –
Língua Portuguesa
Pretérito perfeito: construí, construíste, construiu, construímos, Imperativo afirmativo: pede, peça, peçamos, pedi, peçam.
construístes, construíram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: construíra, construíras, construíra, O verbo pedir é regular nas demais formas.
construíramos, construíreis, construíram.
Imperativo afirmativo: constrói, construa, construamos, construí, Assim se conjugam: medir, despedir, impedir, expedir.
construam.
Assim se conjugam: destruir e reconstruir. Remir
Presente do indicativo: redimo, redimes, redime, remimos, remis,

Ferir redimem.
Presente do subjuntivo: redima, redimas, redima, redimamos,
Presente do indicativo: firo, feres, fere, ferimos, feris, ferem. redimais, redimam.
Presente do subjuntivo: fira, firas, fira, firamos, firais, firam.
Rir
O verbo ferir tem o e do radical substituído por i na primeira Presente do indicativo: rio, ris, ri, rimos, rides, riem.
pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo, nas pessoas do pre-
Pretérito imperfeito: ria, rias, ria, ríamos, ríeis, riam.
sente do subjuntivo e nas formas derivadas do imperativo.
Pretérito perfeito: ri, riste, riu, rimos, ristes, riram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: rira, riras, rira, ríramos, ríreis, riram.
Assim se conjugam: competir, divertir, expelir, vestir, inserir e Futuro do presente: rirei, rirás, rirá, riremos, rireis, rirão.
os derivados de ferir. Futuro do pretérito: riria, ririas, riria, riríamos, riríeis, ririam.
Presente do subjuntivo: ria, rias, ria, riamos, riais, riam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: risse, risses, risse, ríssemos,
Frigir rísseis, rissem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Presente do indicativo: frijo, freges, frege, frigimos, frigis, fregem. Imperativo afirmativo: ri, ria, riamos, ride, riam.
Presente do subjuntivo: frija, frijas, frija, frijamos, frijais, frijam. Infinitivo pessoal: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Imperativo afirmativo: frege, frija, frijamos, frigi, frijam. Gerúndio: rindo.
Particípio: frito. Particípio: rido.
O verbo frigir é regular no resto da conjugação. Assim se conjuga: sorrir.
Fugir Sortir
Presente do indicativo: fujo, foges, foge, fugimos, fugis, fogem. Presente do indicativo: surto, surtes, surte, sortimos, sortis, surtem.
Imperativo afirmativo: foge, fuja, fujamos, fugi, fujam. Presente do subjuntivo: surta, surtas, surta, surtamos, surtais,
Presente do subjuntivo: fuja, fujas, fuja, fujamos, fujais, fujam. surtam.
O verbo fugir apresenta o g substituído por j antes de a e de o. Imperativo afirmativo: surte, surta, surtamos, sorti, surtam.
Imperativo negativo: não surtas, não surta, não surtamos, não
surtais, não surtam.
Ir
Sortir significa abastecer, fazer sortimento, combinar. Não
Presente do indicativo: vou, vais, vai, vamos, ides, vão. confundir com surtir (= ter como resultado, alcançar efeito, originar),
Pretérito imperfeito: ia, ias, ia, íamos, íeis, iam. que só tem as terceiras pessoas:
Pretérito perfeito: fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: fora, foras, fora, fôramos, fôreis, foram. O plano surtiu efeito.
Futuro do presente: irei, irás, irá, iremos, ireis, irão.
Futuro do pretérito: iria, irias, iria, iríamos, iríeis, iriam. As negociações não surtiram efeito.
Presente do subjuntivo: vá, vás, vá, vamos, vades, vão.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: fosse, fosses, fosse, fôssemos, Sumir
fôsseis, fossem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: for, fores, for, formos, fordes, forem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vai, vá, vamos, ide, vão. Presente do indicativo: sumo, somes, some, sumimos, sumis,
Imperativo negativo: não vás, não vá, não vamos, não vades, não somem.
vão. Presente do subjuntivo: suma, sumas, suma, sumamos, sumais,
Infinitivo pessoal: ir, ires, ir, irmos, irdes, irem. sumam.
Gerúndio: indo. Imperativo afirmativo: some, suma, sumamos, sumi, sumam.
Particípio: ido.
Assim se conjugam: subir, acudir, bulir, escapulir, fugir, con-
Mentir sumir, cuspir etc.
Presente do indicativo: minto, mentes, mente, mentimos, mentis,

mentem. Vir
Presente do subjuntivo: minta, mintas, minta, mintamos, mintais,
mintam.
Imperativo afirmativo: mente, minta, mintamos, menti, mintam. Presente do indicativo: venho, vens, vem, vimos, vindes, vêm.
Assim se conjugam: sentir, cerzir, competir, consentir, pres- Pretérito imperfeito: vinha, vinhas, vinha, vínhamos, vínheis, vi-
sentir, etc. nham.
Pretérito perfeito: vim, vieste, veio, viemos, viestes, vieram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: viera, vieras, viera, viéramos, viéreis,
Ouvir vieram.
Futuro do presente: virei, virás, virá, viremos, vireis, virão.
Presente do indicativo: ouço, ouves, ouve, ouvimos, ouvis, ouvem. Futuro do pretérito: viria, virias, viria, viríamos, viríeis, viriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: venha, venhas, venha, venhamos, venhais,
Presente do subjuntivo: ouça, ouças, ouça, ouçamos, ouçais,
venham.
ouçam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: viesse, viesses, viesse, viés-
Imperativo afirmativo: ouve, ouça, ouçamos, ouvi, ouçam. semos, viésseis, viessem.
Particípio: ouvido. Futuro do subjuntivo: vier, vieres, vier, viermos, vierdes, vierem.
Infinitivo pessoal: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vem, venha, venhamos, vinde, venham.
Pedir Gerúndio: vindo.
Particípio: vindo.
Presente do indicativo: peço, pedes, pede, pedimos, pedis, pedem.
Presente do subjuntivo: peça, peças, peça, peçamos, peçais,
peçam.
– 37 –
Língua Portuguesa
Assim se conjugam: intervir, advir, convir, provir, sobrevir. Modo indicativo
Pretérito Pretérito
Presente perfeito imperfeito
VERBOS ANÔMALOS - precavi precavia
- precaveste precavias
Verbos anômalos são aqueles cujos radicais sofrem - precaveu precavia
várias irregularidades e não se enquadram em nenhuma precavemos precavemos precavíamos
classificação. São considerados anômalos os verbos ser, ir, precaveis precavestes precavíeis
pôr e vir, cujas conjugações já vimos anteriormente. - precaveram precaviam
Pretérito mais- Futuro do Futuro do
que-perfeito presente pretérito
VERBOS ABUNDANTES precavera precaverei precaveria
precaveras precaverás precaverias
precavera precaverá precaveria
precavêramos precaveremos precaveríamos
Verbos abundantes são aqueles que possuem duas precavêreis precavereis precaveríeis
formas, geralmente no particípio. Veja, a seguir, uma lista de precaveram precaverão precaveriam
alguns verbos abundantes:
Modo subjuntivo
particípio particípio Pretérito

infinitivo regular irregular Presente imperfeito Futuro
emergir emergido emerso - precavesse precaver

encher enchido cheio - precavesses precaveres
entregar entregado entregue - precavesse precaver
- precavêssemos precavermos
envolver envolvido envolto
- precavêsseis precaverdes
enxugar enxugado enxuto - precavessem precaverem
expelir expelido expulso
expressar expressado expresso
exprimir exprimido expresso
expulsar expulsado expulso Modo Imperativo
extinguir extinguido extinto Afirmativo Negativo
fixar fixado fixo
frigir frigido frito - -
fritar fritado frito - -
ganhar ganhado ganho - -
gastar gastado gasto precavei -
- -
imprimir imprimido impresso
incluir incluído incluso
isentar isentado isento
inserir inserido inserto Formas nominais
limpar limpado limpo
Infinitivo pessoal o precaver
matar matado morto
precaveres
misturar misturado misto precaver
morrer morrido morto precavermos
nascer nascido nato precaverdes
ocultar ocultado oculto precaverem
pagar pagado pago
pegar pegado pego Infinitivo impessoal o precaver
prender prendido preso Gerúndio o precavendo
romper rompido roto
salvar salvado salvo Particípio o precavido
secar secado seco
segurar segurado seguro
soltar soltado solto REAVER
sujeitar sujeitado sujeito
suprimir suprimido supresso
suspender suspendido suspenso Modo indicativo
tingir tingido tinto Pretérito Pretérito
vagar vagado vago Presente perfeito imperfeito
- reouve reavia
- reouveste reavias
- reouve reavia
reavemos reouvemos reavíamos
VERBOS DEFECTIVOS reaveis reouvestes reavíeis
- reouveram reaviam
Verbos defectivos são os que não possuem todas as Pretérito mais- Futuro do Futuro do
formas, ou seja, não têm a conjugação completa. que-perfeito presente pretérito
reouvera reaverei reaveria
reouveras reaverás reaverias
reouvera reaverá reaveria
Conjugação de alguns verbos defectivos reouvéramos reaveremos reaveríamos
reouvéreis reavereis reaveríeis
reouveram reaverão reaveriam
PRECAVER
– 38 –
Língua Portuguesa
Modo subjuntivo FuturoSimples: neste tempo, os pronomes oblíquos são antepostos
ao verbo: se me lembrar, se te lembrares, se se lembrar, etc.
Pretérito Futuro Composto: neste tempo os pronomes oblíquos são antepos-
Presente imperfeito Futuro tos ao verbo: se me tiver lembrado, se te tiveres lembrado, se se tiver
lembrado, etc.
- reouvesse reouver Imperativo Afirmativo: lembra-te, lembra-se, lembremo-nos, lem-
- reouvesses reouveres brai-vos, lembrem-se.
- reouvesse reouver Imperativo Negativo: não te lembres, não se lembre, não nos lem-
- reouvéssemos reouvermos bremos, etc.
- reouvésseis reouverdes Infinitivo Presente Impessoal: ter-me lembrado.
- reouvessem reouverem Infinitivo Presente Pessoal: lembrar-me, lembrares-te, lembrar-se,
lembrarmo-nos, lembrardes-vos, lembrarem-se.
Infinitivo Pretérito Pessoal: ter-me lembrado, teres-te lembrado, ter-
se lembrado, termo-nos lembrado, terdes-vos lembrado, terem-se
lembrado.
Modo Imperativo Infinitivo Pretérito Impessoal: ter-se lembrado.
Afirmativo Negativo Gerúndio Presente: lembrando-se.
Gerúndio Pretérito: tendo-se lembrado.
- - Particípio: não admite a forma pronominal.
- -
- -
reavei - LOCUÇÃO VERBAL
- -
Locução verbal é a combinação de verbos auxiliares
Formas nominais
(ter, haver, ser e estar, ou outro qualquer que funcione como
auxiliar) com verbos nas formas nominais.
Gerúndio o reavendo
Tenho estudado muito.
Particípio o reavido
Hei de comprar uma casa.
Estou esperando você.
VERBOS PRONOMINAIS
EXERCÍCIOS
São verbos pronominais aqueles que só se conjugam
com os pronomes oblíquos átonos (me, te, se, nos, vos, se)
na mesma pessoa gramatical do sujeito, expressando reflexi- 1 - Se você ............ no próximo domingo e ................ de
bilidade. Exemplos: pentear-se, queixar-se, lembrar-se, etc. tempo ............... assistir a final do campeonato.
CONJUGAÇÃO DOS VERBOS PRONOMINAIS: a) vir / dispor / vá

b) vir / dispuser / vai
c) vier / dispor / vá
VERBO LEMBRAR-SE
d) vier / dispuser / vá
Indicativo Presente: lembro-me, lembras-te, lembra-se, lembramo-
e) vier / dispor / vai
nos, lembrai-vos, lembram-se.
Pretérito Imperfeito: lembrava-me, lembravas-te, lembrava-se,
lembrávamo-nos, lembráveis-vos, lembravam-se. 2 - Ele ............... que lhe ............... muitas dificuldades, mas
Pretérito Perfeito Simples: lembrei-me, lembraste-te, lembrou-se, enfim ............... a verba para a pesquisa.
etc.
Pretérito Perfeito Composto: tenho-me lembrado, tens-te lembrado, a) receara / opusessem / obtera
tem-se lembrado, temo-nos lembrado, tendes-vos lembrado, têm-se
b) receara / opusessem / obtivera
lembrado.
Pretérito Mais-Que-Perfeito Simples: lembrara-me, lembraras-te,
c) receiara / opossem / obtivera
lembrara-se, lembráramo-nos, lembráreis-vos, lembraram-se. d) receiara / oposessem / obtera
Pretérito Mais- Que-Perfeito Composto: tinha-me lembrado, tinhas- e) receara / opossem / obtera
te lembrado, tinha-se lembrado, tínhamo-nos lembrado, tínheis-vos
lembrado, tinham-se lembrado.
Futuro do Presente Simples: lembrar-me-ei, lembrar-te-ás, lembrar- 3 - A segunda pessoa do singular do pretérito perfeito do
se-á, lembrar-nos-emos, lembrar-vos-eis, lembrar-se-ão. indicativo do verbo precaver é:
Futuro do Presente Composto: ter-me-ei lembrado, ter-te-ás lem-
brado, ter-se-á lembrado, ter-nos-emos lembrado, ter-vos-eis lem-
brado, ter-se-ão lembrado.
a) precavias
Futuro do Pretérito Simples: lembrar-me-ia, lembrar-te-ias, lembrar- b) precavieste
se-ia, lembrar-nos-íamos, lembrar-vos-íeis, lembrar-se-iam. c) precaveste
Futuro do Pretérito Composto: ter-me-ia lembrado, ter-te-ias lem- d) precaviste
brado, ter-se-ia lembrado, ter-nos-íamos lembrado, ter-vos-íeis lem- e) n.d.a.
brado, ter-se-iam lembrado.
Subjuntivo Presente: lembre-me, lembres-te, lembre-se, lembremo-
nos, lembreis-vos, lembrem-se.
4 - Assinale a alternativa que se encaixe no período seguinte:
Pretérito Imperfeito: lembrasse-me, lembrasses-te, lembrasse-se,
lembrássemo-nos, lembrásseis-vos, lembrassem-se.
Pretérito Perfeito: nesse tempo não se usam pronomes oblíquos "Se você .......... e o seu irmão ......., quem sabe você .............
pospostos, mas antepostos ao verbo: que me tenha lembrado, que te o dinheiro.
tenhas lembrado, que se tenha lembrado, etc.
Pretérito Mais-Que-Perfeito: tivesse-me lembrado, tivesses te lem- a) requeresse / interviesse / reouvesse
brado, tivesse-se lembrado, tivéssemo-nos lembrado, tivésseis-vos b) requisesse / intervisse / reavesse
lembrado, tivessem-se lembrado. c) requeresse / intervisse / reavesse
– 39 –
Língua Portuguesa
d) requeresse / interviesse / reavesse Sairei cedo para alcançar os excursionistas
e) requisesse / intervisse / reouvesse (modifica o verbo sairei).
Eram exercícios bem difíceis

5 - Assinale a opção que completa corretamente as lacunas (modifica o adjetivo difíceis).
da seguinte frase:
"Quando ............... mais aperfeiçoado, o computador certa- CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS

mente ............... um eficiente meio de controle de toda a vida
social." 1º) De Afirmação: sim, certamente, deveras, realmente,
incontestavelmente, efetivamente.
a) estivesse / será
b) estiver / seria 2º) De Dúvida: talvez, quiçá, acaso, porventura, provavel-
c) esteja / era mente, decerto, certo.
d) estivesse / era
e) estiver / será 3º) De Intensidade: muito, mui, pouco, assaz, bastante,
mais, menos, tão, demasiado, meio, todo, completamente,
profundamente, demasiadamente, excessivamente, demais,
6 - Quando ............ todos os documentos, ............... um re- nada, ligeiramente, levemente, quão, quanto, bem, mas,
querimento e ............... a chamada de seu nome. quase, apenas, como.
a) obtiver / redija / aguarda 4º) De Lugar: abaixo, acima, acolá, cá, lá, aqui, ali, aí, além,
b) obteres / rediges / aguardes algures, aquém, alhures, nenhures, atrás, fora, afora, dentro,
c) obtiveres / redige / aguarda longe, adiante, diante, onde, avante, através, defronte, aon-
d) obter / redija / aguarde de, donde, detrás.
e) obtiver / redija / aguarde
5º) De Modo: bem, mal, assim, depressa, devagar, como,
adrede, debalde, melhor, pior, aliás, calmamente, livremente,
7 - Ele ............... numa questão difícil de ser resolvida e e quase todos os advérbios terminados em "mente".
............... seus bens graças ao bom senso.
6º) De Negação: não, absolutamente.
a) interviu / reouve
b) interveio / rehaveu 7º) De Tempo: agora, hoje, amanhã, depois, ontem, anteon-
c) interviu / reaveu tem, já, sempre, nunca, jamais, ainda, logo, antes, cedo,
d) interveio / reouve tarde, ora, afinal, outrora, então, breve, aí, entrementes, bre-
e) interviu / rehouve vemente, imediatamente, raramente, finalmente, comumente,
presentemente, etc.
8 - Indique a frase onde houver uma forma verbal incorreta. Há ainda advérbios interrogativos: onde? aonde?
quando? como? por que?: Onde estão eles? Quando sai-
a) Os vegetais clorofilados sintetizam seu próprio alimento. rão? Como viajaram? Por que não telefonaram?
b) Se ela vir de carro, chame-me.
c) Lembramos-lhes que o eucalipto é uma excelente planta
para o reflorestamento. LOCUÇÕES ADVERBIAIS
d) Há rumores de que pode haver novo racionamento de
gasolina. São duas ou mais palavras com função de advérbio: às
e) n.d.a. tontas, às claras, às pressas, às ocultas, à toa, de vez em
quando, de quando em quando, de propósito, às vezes, ao
acaso, ao léu, de repente, de chofre, a olhos vistos, de cor,
de improviso, em breve, por atacado, em cima, por trás, para
RESPOSTAS trás, de perto, sem dúvida, passo a passo, etc.
1-D 2-B 3-C 4-A
5-E 6-E 7-D 8-B Exemplos:
Ele, às vezes, age às escondidas.
O segredo é sempre virar à direita.

ADVÉRBIO
À tarde ela trabalha no hospital, mas à noite ela está em
casa.
É uma palavra que modifica (que se refere) a um verbo, a

adjetivo, a um outro advérbio. FLEXÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS
A maioria dos advérbios modifica o verbo, ao qual acres- Alguns advérbios flexionam-se no comparativo e no su-
centa uma circunstância. Só os de intensidade é que podem perlativo.
também modificar adjetivos e advérbios.
• Grau comparativo:
Mora muito longe
(modifica o advérbio longe). de igualdade: tão + advérbio + quanto
– 40 –
Língua Portuguesa
Cheguei tão cedo quanto queria.
PREPOSIÇÃO
de superioridade: mais + advérbio + que
Cheguei mais cedo que queria. Preposição é a palavra que liga um termo a outro:
de inferioridade: menos + advérbio + que Casa de pedra; livro de Paulo; falou com ele.
Cheguei menos cedo que queria.
Dividem-se as preposições em essenciais (as que sempre
• Grau superlativo: foram preposições) e acidentais (palavras de outras classes
gramaticais que, às vezes, funcionam como preposição).
analítico:
1º) Preposições Essenciais: a, ante, após, até, com, de,
Eles estavam muito felizes. dês, desde, para, per, perante, por, sem, sob, sobre, trás.
Ele chegou muito cedo.
Exemplos:
sintético:
Fumava cigarro após cigarro.
Eles estavam felicíssimos.
Ele chegou cedíssimo. Está vestida de branco.
2º) Preposições Acidentais: conforme, consoante, segundo,

EXERCÍCIOS durante, mediante, visto, como,exceto, salvo, etc.
Exemplos:
1) Há dois advérbios em todas as alternativas, exceto na:
Os heróis tiveram como prêmio uma coroa de louros.
a) Ela cantava muito bem.
b) Hoje, talvez eu vá às compras. Vovô dormiu durante a viagem.
c) Eu não gostei de chegar tarde ao trabalho.
d) Maísa é muito calma.
e) O motorista dirige muito devagar. LOCUÇÕES PREPOSITIVAS
São expressões com a função das preposições.

2) Assinale a alternativa que contém um advérbio de afirma-
ção: Em geral são formadas de advérbio (ou locução adverbial)
+ preposição: abaixo de, acima de, por trás de, em frente de,
a) Sem dúvida, ele é um grande pintor. junto a, perto de, longe de, depois de, antes de, através de,
b) Ele, provavelmente, saíra do emprego. embaixo de, em cima de, em face de, etc.
c) Absolutamente, não entendo nada de espanhol.
d) Calmamente, expliquei a situação a ela. Exemplo:
e) Talvez ela venha ao nosso encontro.
Passamos através de mata cerrada.
3) Aponte a alternativa que não contém uma locução adver- COMBINAÇÕES E CONTRAÇÕES
bial:
As preposições a, de, em, per e para, unem-se com
a) José deixou o escritório às pressas. outras palavras, formando um só vocábulo.
b) Já sei a lição de cor.
c) Em breve sairá o novo cd de Roberto Carlos. Há combinação quando a preposição se une sem perda
d) Atualmente, há vários filmes em cartaz. de fonema; se a preposição sofre queda de fonema, haverá
e) Assim, ela tornou-se rica e famosa. contração.
4) Na oração “Joana trabalha muito longe de casa” temos o A preposição combina-se com os artigos, pronomes de-
grau: monstrativos e com advérbios.
a) comparativo de superioridade As preposições a, de, em, per contraem-se com os arti-

b) superlativo sintético gos, e, algumas delas, com certos pronomes e advérbios.
c) superlativo analítico
d) comparativo de igualdade
e) comparativo de inferioridade
a+a=à de + isto = disto
a + as = às de + aqui = daqui
a + aquele = àquele em + esse = nesse
a + aquela = àquela em + o = no
RESPOSTAS a + aquilo = àquilo em + um = num
1-D 2-A 3-D 4-C de + o = do em + aquele = naquele
de + ele = dele per + o = pelo
de + este = deste
– 41 –
Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS a) exceto, segundo, perante, em
b) trás, salvo, de, por
1) Assinale a alternativa em que a palavra em destaque é c) menos, a, sem, visto
preposição: d) entre, sobre, contra, desde
e) afora, fora, visto
a) A professora recolheu as provas antes do horário.
b) Obriguei-a a estudar mais. RESPOSTAS
c) Fomos ao cinema, depois levei-as para tomar um lanche. 1-B 2-C 3-D 4-B 5-A 6-E 7-D
d) A noite estava tão bonita!
e) A mãe brigou com as filhas.
2) Aponte a alternativa que contém somente preposições INTERJEIÇÃO

acidentais:
Interjeição é a palavra que exprime um estado emotivo.
a) afora, contra, perante, sobre As interjeições são um recurso da linguagem afetiva e emo-
b) desde, segundo, afora, mediante cional. Podem exprimir e registrar os mais variados sentimen-
c) exceto, salvo, mediante, visto tos.
d) durante, desde, entre, segundo
e) trás, com, contra, perante Classificam-se em:
3) Nas orações: 1) de dor: ai! ui! ai de mim! 7) de apelo: ó! alô! psit! psiu!
2) de desejo: oxalá! tomara! 8) de silêncio: psiu! silêncio!
I - Valter foi a Portugal no ano passado. 3) de alegria: ah! oh! eh! viva! 9) de repetição: bis!
II - A sua canção é linda! 4) de animação: eia! coragem! 10) de saudação: alô! olá!
III - Ele a iludiu com falsas promessas. avante! upa! força! vamos! salve! bom dia!
5) de aplauso: bem! bravo! 11) de advertência: cuidado!
apoiado! devagar! atenção!
temos, respectivamente: 6) de aversão: ih! chi! irra! ora 12) de indignação: fora! morra!
bolas!
a) preposição – pronome – artigo
b) pronome – preposição – artigo
c) artigo – artigo – preposição
d) preposição – artigo – pronome LOCUÇÃO INTERJETIVA
e) artigo – preposição – pronome
É uma expressão formada de mais de uma palavra, com
4) Assinale a alternativa cuja lacuna não pode ser preenchida valor de interjeição: Meu Deus! Muito bem! Ai de mim! Ora
com a preposição entre parênteses: bolas! Valha-me Deus! Quem me dera!
a) Grande parte .............. doações foram desviadas. (de + as) As interjeições são proferidas em tom de voz especial e,
b) Ele não tem muita sorte ............. amor. (de + o) dependendo desta circunstância, a mesma interjeição pode
c) Ela tomou a criança ............... braço e a levou. (per + o) expressar sentimentos diversos.
d) O prisioneiro foi levado ............... cela. (a + a)
e) Eu deixei o livro ............... lugar. (em + esse)
EXERCÍCIOS
5) Aponte a alternativa que preenche corretamente as frases
abaixo: 1) Nas orações:
I - Espero que ele viva por muitos anos.
I - O filme .......... assistimos era ótimo. II - Viva o meu time!
II - O emprego .......... aspiras é muito difícil. as palavras em destaque são respectivamente:
III - A menina .......... gosto é a Mariana.
a) interjeição – verbo
a) a que, a que, de que b) ambos são interjeições
b) que, a que, de que c) verbo – interjeição
c) a que, de que, que d) ambas são verbos
d) de que, a que, que e) verbo – substantivo
e) a que, a que, que
2) Aponte a alternativa incorreta quanto à sua classificação:
6) Assinale a alternativa que preencha as lacunas da
oração: a) Tomara que você vença! (desejo)
“............ as últimas semanas, o movimento caiu ............... b) Basta! Não quero ouvir mais nada! (cessação)
10% e 20%.” c) Nossa! Quase fui atropelado. (espanto)
d) Credo! Não suporto manga. (alívio)
a) Mediante - sob e) Raios! Mas que demora! (impaciência)
b) Durante - após
c) Desde - sob 3) As interjeições são utilizadas para:
d) Desde - ante
e) Durante - entre a) expressar sentimentos
b) ligar termos de uma oração
7) Aponte a alternativa que contém somente preposições c) dar uma circunstância ao verbo
essenciais: d) ligar termos entre si
e) n.d.a.
– 42 –
Língua Portuguesa
4) A interjeição oxalá indica estado de: 4) Explicativas: exprimem explicação, um motivo: que, por-
que, porquanto, pois. As conjunções explicativas aparecem
a) admiração normalmente depois de orações imperativas.
b) advertência
c) concordância Exemplo: Venha, porque quero conversar com você.
d) apelo
e) desejo 5) Conclusivas: expressam conclusão: logo, portanto, por
conseguinte, por isso, pois (depois de verbo).
5) Assinale a alternativa que substitua a expressão em des-
taque: Exemplo: As árvores balançavam, logo estava ventando.
“Que desagradável, lá vem você com essa mesma conversa.”

CONJUNÇÕES SUBORDINATIVAS
a) Oxalá!
b) Boa! Podem ser:
c) Ih!
d) Força! 1) Causais:
e) Salve!
porque, que, pois, como, porquanto, visto que, desde que,
etc.
RESPOSTAS
1-C 2-D 3-A 4-E 5-C Exemplo:
Não me interessa a opinião deles, porque todos ali são im-

becis.
CONJUNÇÃO
2) Comparativas:
Conjunção é a palavra invariável que liga orações ou como, tal qual, assim como, que nem, como quanto, etc.
termos da oração.
Exemplo:
Exemplos:
Talvez ninguém pense como nós pensamos.
Comi mas não gostei.
3) Concessivas:
Saímos de casa quando amanhecia.
embora, conquanto, ainda que, mesmo que, por mais que,
As conjunções dividem-se em coordenativas e subordina- por menos que, se bem que, posto que, nem que, dado que,
tivas. sem que, etc.
Quando a conjunção liga as orações sem fazer com que Exemplo:

uma dependa da outra ou sem que a segunda complete o
sentido da primeira, ela é coordenativa. Foi ao encontro, embora estivesse atrasado.
Quando a conjunção liga duas orações que se completam 4) Condicionais:

uma a outra e faz com que a segunda dependa da primeira,
ela é subordinativa. se, caso, desde que, salvo se, contanto que, a não ser que, a
menos que, sem que, etc.
CONJUNÇÕES COORDENATIVAS Exemplo: Não irei sem que ela me telefone.
Podem ser: 5) Conformativas:
1) Aditivas: dão ideia de adição: e, nem, mas também, mais como, conforme, segundo, consoante, etc.
ainda, senão, também, como também, bem como.
Exemplo:
Exemplo: A doença vem a cavalo e volta a pé.
Cada um colhe, conforme semeia.
2) Adversativas: exprimem mais contraste, oposição, ressal-
va, compensação: mas, porém, todavia, contudo, entretanto, 6) Consecutivas:
senão, ao passo que, no entanto, apesar disso.
que (precedido dos termos intensivos tal, tão, tanto, tama-
Exemplo: Querem ser ricos, mas não trabalham. nho), de sorte que, de modo que, de forma que, de maneira
que, sem que, etc.
3) Alternativas: exprimem alternativa, alternância: ou,
ou . . . ou, ora . . . ora, já . . . já, seja . . . seja, quer . . . quer. Exemplo:
Exemplo: A louca ora o acariciava, ora o renegava freneti- Era tão feio que metia medo nas crianças.
camente.
– 43 –
Língua Portuguesa
7) Finais: 2) Na oração “Não corra, que é perigoso.”, temos a conjun-
a fim de que, para que, que, porque, etc. ção coordenativa:
Exemplo: a) adversativa
b) conclusiva
Enganou-os para que não a enganassem. c) aditiva
d) explicativa
8) Proporcionais: e) alternativa
à proporção que, à medida que, ao passo que, quanto mais,

quanto menos, etc. 3) Aponte a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna:
Exemplo: Trata-se de um homem mais inteligente .................. bonito.
As criaturas são mais perfeitas à proporção que são mais a) que

capazes de amar. b) como
c) logo
9) Temporais: d) porque
e) e
enquanto, quando, logo que, assim que, depois que, agora
que, antes que, desde que, até que, sempre que, etc.
4) Assinale a conjunção que dá ideia de causa:
Exemplo:
a) O filho é maior que o pai.
Todos se calaram, depois que protestei. b) Quando ela acordou, eu já havia saído.
c) Marcelo não viajou porque não dispunha de dinheiro.
10) Integrantes: d) Ignoro como ele fez isso.
e) Embora descontente, aceitou a proposta.
que, se.
Exemplo: 5) Assinale a alternativa que dá ideia de concessão:
Sonhei que o mundo havia acabado. a) Seu choro era tão forte que todos podiam ouvi-lo.
b) Foi a Petrópolis a fim de que pudesse revê-la.
Observação: As conjunções subordinativas integrantes in- c) Se você não voltar, irei buscá-la.
troduzem as orações subordinadas substantivas. As demais d) Ainda que você não mereça, lhe darei o carro.
conjunções subordinativas introduzem as orações subordina- e) À medida que chorava, explicava o que havia acontecido.
das adverbiais. A classificação das conjunções dependerá
unicamente da significação que elas derem à oração que
introduzem. 6) A vida transcorre entre o sucesso e o insucesso. É impor-
tante, ..............., que o adolescente enfrente adversidades,
LOCUÇÃO CONJUNTIVA fracassos e frustrações para que possa, segundo a canção
popular, "sacudir a poeira e dar volta por cima".
A conjunção que introduz uma ideia de conclusão é:
São duas ou mais palavras que têm valor de conjunção.
Geralmente é constituída de que precedido de advérbio,
preposição ou particípio. a) porquanto
b) porém
c) pois
visto que já que se bem que d) contudo
ainda que desde que por mais que e) conquanto
a menos que de modo que por menos que
à medida que uma vez que à proporção que
no entanto por consequência posto que 7) Em: ". . . esses merecem perdão ou reparação total?" - o
ainda quando logo que a fim de que conectivo ou encerra a ideia de:
Exemplo: a) exclusão
b) alternância
Já que todos saíram, desisto do negócio. c) adição
d) condição
EXERCÍCIOS e) simultaneidade
1) Na oração “Segundo o jornal noticiou, o índice de

desemprego aumentará.”, temos a conjunção subordinativa:
RESPOSTA
a) consecutiva 1-E 2-D 3-A 4-C 5-D 6-C 7-B
b) condicional
c) causal
d) temporal
e) conformativa
– 44 –
Língua Portuguesa
Uma variante da voz reflexiva é a que denota reciprocida-
de, ação mútua ou correspondida. Os verbos desta voz, por
VOZES VERBAIS: ATIVA E PASSIVA alguns chamados recíprocos, usam-se geralmente, no plural
e podem ser reforçados pelas expressões um ao outro, reci-
procamente, mutuamente.
VOZES DO VERBO Ex.: Amam-se como irmãos.
Os pretendentes insultaram-se.
Voz do verbo é a forma que este toma para indicar que a (Pronome reflexivo recíproco)
ação verbal é praticada ou sofrida pelo sujeito.
Três são as vozes dos verbos: a ativa, a passiva e a refle-

xiva. CONVERSÃO DA VOZ ATIVA NA PASSIVA
Um verbo está na voz ativa quando o sujeito é agente, Pode-se mudar a voz ativa na passiva sem alterar subs-
isto é, faz a ação expressa pelo verbo. tancialmente o sentido da frase:
Ex.: O caçador abateu a ave. Ex.: Gutenberg inventou a imprensa.

A imprensa foi inventada por Gutenberg.
Um verbo está na voz passiva quando o sujeito é pacien-
te, isto é, sofre, recebe ou desfruta, a ação expressa pelo Observe que o objeto direto será o sujeito da passiva, o
verbo. sujeito da ativa passará a agente da passiva e o verbo ativo
revestirá a forma passiva, conservando o mesmo tempo.
Ex.: A ave foi abatida pelo caçador.
Ex.: Os calores intensos provocam as chuvas.→
Obs.: Só verbos transitivos podem ser usados na voz passi- As chuvas são provocadas pelos calores intensos.
va. Eu o acompanharei. → Ele será acompanhado por mim.
FORMAÇÃO DA VOZ PASSIVA Obs.: Quando o sujeito da voz ativa for indeterminado, não
haverá complemento agente da passiva.
A voz passiva, mais frequentemente, é formada:
Ex.: Prejudicaram-me. → Fui prejudicado.
1) Pelo verbo auxiliar ser seguido do particípio do verbo prin- EXERCÍCIOS

cipal (passiva analítica).
Ex.: O homem é afligido pelas doenças. 1) Transpondo para a voz passiva a oração “O faro dos cães
guiava os caçadores”, obtém-se a forma verbal:
Na passiva analítica, o verbo pode vir acompanhado pelo
agente da passiva. Menos frequentemente, pode-se exprimir a) guiava-se
a passiva analítica com outros verbos auxiliares. b) ia guiando
c) guiavam
d) eram guiados
Ex.: A aldeia estava isolada pelas águas. e) foram guiados
(agente da passiva)
2) Diante das alternativas expostas, assinale a que se encon-
2) Com o pronome apassivador se associado a um verbo tra na voz reflexiva:
ativo da terceira pessoa (passiva pronominal).
a) Antigamente contavam-se muitas histórias.
Ex.: Regam-se as plantas. b) O garoto feriu-se com o objeto pontiagudo.
Organizou-se o campeonato. c) Os artistas foram aplaudidos pela plateia.
d) As mercadorias foram repostas conforme a demanda.
↓ (sujeito paciente) e) Questões polêmicas permeiam a sociedade.
(pronome apassivador ou partícula apassivadora)
3) "O velho casarão foi substituído por um enorme edifício."
VOZ REFLEXIVA Passando esta frase para a voz ativa, temos:
Na voz reflexiva o sujeito é, ao mesmo tempo, agente e a) O velho casarão, substituíram-no por um enorme edifício.
paciente: faz uma ação cujos efeitos ele mesmo sofre. b) Um enorme edifício substituiu o velho casarão.
c) O velho casarão substituiu o enorme edifício.
Ex.: O caçador feriu-se. d) Substituiu-se o enorme edifício pelo velho casarão.
e) NDA
A menina penteou-se.
O verbo reflexivo é conjugado com os pronomes reflexi-

vos me, te, se, nos, vos, se. Estes pronomes são reflexivos
quando se lhes podem acrescentar: a mim mesmo, a ti mes-
mo, a si mesmo, a nós mesmos, etc., respectivamente.
Ex.: Consideras-te aprovado? (a ti mesmo) RESPOSTAS

↘ pronome reflexivo 1-D 2-B 3-B
– 45 –
Língua Portuguesa
• separar orações coordenadas sindéticas, exceto as inicia-
PONTUAÇÃO das pela conjunção e, ou e nem:
Fez o que pôde, pois sentia-se culpado pelo acidente.
• isolar as orações subordinadas adjetivas explicativas:

EMPREGO DOS SINAIS DE PONTUAÇÃO
O homem, que é um ser inteligente, também é passível de
erro.
1) VÍRGULA ( , )
• separar as orações subordinadas adverbiais, principalmente
quando vêm antepostas à oração principal:
Geralmente, a vírgula é utilizada para dar uma breve
Quando as férias chegaram, todos foram para o Nordeste.
pausa na leitura.
• para separar orações reduzidas:
A vírgula entre os termos de uma oração
Terminada a aula, os alunos foram dispensados.
Emprega-se a vírgula para:
Não se usa vírgula entre:
• separar elementos de uma enumeração:
• o sujeito e o predicado:
Crianças, jovens e velhos manifestaram-se contra a vio-
Os alunos da escola formaram uma comissão.
lência. sujeito predicado
• separar o aposto: • o verbo e seus complementos:

Madalena, aquela moça alegre, possuía uma vida infeliz. O turista pediu informação ao motorista.
verbo objeto direto objeto indireto
• separar o vocativo:
O jantar está servido, senhor! • o nome e o complemento nominal:
A leitura do jornal é indispensável.
• separar o adjunto adverbial antecipado: nome complemento nominal
Logo pela manhã, ouviu-se um terrível estrondo.
• o nome e o adjunto adnominal:
Observação: Se o adjunto adverbial viesse no final da frase, A claridade da manhã entrava pelas janelas.
não seria necessário o uso da vírgula. nome adjunto adnominal
• isolar o nome do lugar nas datas: • a oração principal e a subordinada substantiva, desde que
São Paulo, 07 de outubro de 1963. não seja apositiva:
Espero que você seja feliz.
• indicar a omissão de um termo: oração principal oração subordinada substantiva
Todos estavam alegres; eu, muito triste.
2) PONTO FINAL ( . )
Observação: Neste exemplo, foi omitido o verbo estava. “. . .
eu estava muito triste.” O ponto final é usado para representar a pausa máxima
com que se encerra o período.
• depois do sim e do não, usados como resposta, no início da
frase: Emprega-se o ponto final:
– Você vai à escola? • no período simples:

– Sim, vou. ou – Não, vou ficar em casa.
A partida de futebol foi emocionante.
• para separar palavras e expressões explicativas ou retifica-
tivas como por exemplo, ou melhor, isto é, aliás, além disso, • no período composto:
então, etc.
Eles foram à praia ontem, aliás, anteontem. Não quero que você tenha medo de mim.
• para separar termos deslocados de sua posição normal na • nas abreviaturas:

frase:
De doce, eu gosto. d.C. - depois de Cristo
Av. – avenida
• para separar elementos paralelos de um provérbio: pl. - plural
Tal pai, tal filho.
3) PONTO-E-VÍRGULA ( ; )
A vírgula entre orações O ponto-e-vírgula é utilizado para marcar uma pausa

intermediária entre o ponto e a vírgula.
No período composto, emprega-se a vírgula para:
Emprega-se o ponto-e-vírgula para:
• separar orações coordenadas assindéticas:
• separar orações coordenadas, se uma delas já tiver vírgula:
Foi até a cozinha, bebeu um copo de água, pensou por
alguns instantes, acendeu seu cigarro. Fazia muito calor naquela manhã; alguns hóspedes, pen-
sava eu, tinham ido à piscina.
– 46 –
Língua Portuguesa
• separar orações coordenadas de sentido oposto: • verbo no imperativo:
As crianças viajarão hoje; os adultos amanhã. — Venha cá! Apague a luz!
• separar itens de uma enumeração, de um regulamento, de • Depois de vocativo:

um decreto, de uma lei, etc.
— Tenha paciência, João!
Art. 17 - Fica vedado:
I - fumar em local fechado; 7) RETICÊNCIAS (. . .)
II - ter animais de grande e médio porte;
III - usar o pátio para promover festas; As reticências são utilizadas para indicar que a frase foi
IV - usar o salão de festas para reuniões. interrompida. Emprega-se as reticências para indicar:
4) DOIS-PONTOS ( : ) • dúvida, hesitação ou surpresa:
Os dois-pontos são utilizados para marcar uma sensível Eu estava pensando . . . não sei se invisto o dinheiro em
suspensão da voz de uma frase não concluída. ações ou em imóveis.
Emprega-se os dois-pontos: • interrupção da fala do narrador ou da personagem:
• para anunciar a fala da personagem: — Eu te amo, disse Luísa em voz baixa. Como Alfredo
O professor ordenou: não escutou, Luísa ia dizer outra vez: “eu te . . .”, mas foi
— Façam silêncio! interrompida com a chegada de seu pai.
• para anunciar uma enumeração: • supressão de palavras:

Os entrevistados do programa serão os seguintes: Jô
Soares, Marta Suplicy, Antonio Fagundes e Paulo Maluf. Samantha parecia impaciente:
— Mamãe, eu quero . . . a senhora sabe . . . eu . . . eu
• para anunciar um esclarecimento: quero muito bem a senhora.
Escute bem isto: só se vive bem quando se tem paz.
• ao final de uma frase, que o sentido continua:
• para anunciar uma citação:
O filósofo Descartes disse: “Penso, logo existo.” E a vida continua . . .
• na invocação das correspondências:

Prezado amigo: 8) PARÊNTESES ( ( ) )
• antes de orações apositivas: Os parênteses são usados para intercalar pequenos co-
Nós defendemos uma ideia: que todos devem ter acesso mentários que não se encaixam na ordem lógica da frase.
à saúde, à segurança e à educação.
Empregam-se os parênteses para:
5) PONTO DE INTERROGAÇÃO ( ? )
• isolar palavras explicativas:
O ponto de interrogação é utilizado para marcar as ora-
ções interrogativas diretas. A diretora da escola pediu aos alunos que conservassem
Onde estarão os livros que perdi? a escola, e todos (menos o Carlos) resolveram ajudar.
Observações: • destacar datas:

a) O ponto de interrogação não é empregado nas perguntas
indiretas: Gregório de Matos (1633 - 1695) foi a maior expressão
do Barroco brasileiro.
Melissa perguntou onde estariam os livros que perdeu.
• isolar frases intercaladas:
b) O ponto de interrogação e o de exclamação podem apare-
cer lado a lado em frases de entonação interrogativa e ex- O senhor Irineu (que Deus o tenha!) era uma pessoa
clamativa: arrogante e mal-humorada.
— O senhor outra vez?! Assim não é possível! • indicações cênicas (em peças de teatro, roteiros de tevê
etc.):
6) PONTO DE EXCLAMAÇÃO ( ! )
(Entra Ivone desesperada)
Emprega-se o ponto de exclamação, geralmente, — Onde, onde estão as crianças?
depois de:
9) TRAVESSÃO ( — )
• frases exclamativas:
Que dia lindo! O travessão é usado para indicar com que pessoa do
discurso está a fala.
• interjeições e onomatopeias:
Puxa! Plim - plim! Emprega-se o travessão para:
– 47 –
Língua Portuguesa
• indicar a mudança do interlocutor no diálogo: Art. 1º. Constituem Princípios Fundamentais de Contabili-
dade (PFC) os enunciados por esta Resolução.
— Bom dia, José. Como vai?
— Bom dia, querida. Eu estou bem. § 1º. A observância dos Princípios Fundamentais de Con-
tabilidade é obrigatória no exercício da profissão e consti-
• isolar a parte final de um enunciado: tui condição de legitimidade das Normas Brasileiras de
Contabilidade (NBC).
Todos nós cometemos erros — erros, às vezes, injustifi-
cáveis. 14) CHAVE ( { ) OU CHAVES ( { } )
• isolar palavras ou frases, usa-se travessão duplo: A chave é utilizada para dividir um assunto. As chaves
são muito empregadas em matemática.
A Chula — dança típica do sul do país — é acompanhada
a sanfona ou violão. (Mack / 92) - Sejam os conjuntos
• ligar grupos de palavras que indicam itinerário: A = {x | x é múltiplo de 7} e 9 = {x 0 ù |12 < x < 864}.
A rodovia Presidente Dutra é a estrada que liga Rio — Então o número de elementos de A 1 B é:
São Paulo.
a) 78 b) 100 c) 122 d) 146 e) 166
10) ASPAS ( “ ” ) Resposta: Alternativa c.
As aspas são utilizadas para isolar do contexto frases ou 15) BARRA ( / )

palavras alheias.
A barra é muito utilizada nas abreviações das datas
Empregam-se as aspas: e em algumas abreviaturas.
• no início e no fim de uma citação: 01 / 06 / 94

A/C - ao(s) cuidado(s)
“Deus, ó Deus! onde estás que não respondes?”
(Castro Alves) EXERCÍCIOS
• nas palavras ou expressões estrangeiras, arcaísmos, neo- 1) Assinale a alternativa corretamente pontuada:
logismos, gírias, etc.
a) Hoje, em dia, através do avanço da medicina, muitas do-
Fui ao “show” do Roberto Carlos. enças têm cura.
O novo cd dos Titãs é “sinistro”! b) Hoje em dia através do avanço da medicina, muitas doen-
ças, têm cura.
• dar ênfase a palavras e expressões: c) Hoje em dia, através do avanço da medicina, muitas doen-
ças têm cura.
Meu irmão não é “isso” que dizem. d) Hoje em dia, através do avanço da medicina muitas doen-
ças têm cura.
• ironizar os termos de uma oração:
2) Observe as frases:
Havia sempre um “porquê” em tudo que dizia.
I - Mamãe sempre dizia: “Cuidado com os falsos amigos.”
11) COLCHETES ( [ ] ) II - Terminado o discurso, o governador retirou-se.
III - Espero, que você alcance seus objetivos.
Os colchetes são utilizados com a mesma finalidade dos
parênteses, principalmente na linguagem científica e religio- Verificamos que está (estão) corretamente pontuada( s):
sa.
a) apenas a I
estrábico. Adj. 1. Relativo ao, ou próprio do estrabismo b) apenas a II
(1). 2. Diz-se de indivíduo atacado de estrabismo c) apenas a I e a II
(1). [Sin.: caolho, vesgo, zarolho.] d) apenas a III
12) ASTERISCO ( * ) 3) “Naquele momento só desejava uma coisa: que Alberto

retornasse o mais breve possível.”
O asterisco é utilizado para chamar a atenção do leitor
para alguma nota (observação), ou para substituir um nome Assinale a alternativa correta:
que não se quer mencionar.
a) Os dois-pontos antecipam um desejo do autor.
O Marquês * * * b) Os dois-pontos anunciam uma citação.
c) Os dois-pontos anunciam a fala da personagem.
d) Os dois-pontos anunciam e introduzem um esclarecimento.
13) PARÁGRAFO ( § )
O parágrafo é utilizado para indicar um item de um texto RESPOSTAS

ou artigo de lei. 1-C 2-C 3-D
– 48 –
Língua Portuguesa
Observação:
COLOCAÇÃO PRONOMINAL Se houver partícula atrativa, deverá ser usada a próclise.
Assim:
Os pronomes oblíquos átonos (o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, me, Não o compreenderia.
te, se, nos, vos) podem ocupar três posições na oração em
relação ao verbo: Uso da ênclise
a) antes do verbo – neste caso tem-se a próclise e diz-se Emprega-se, geralmente, a ênclise:
que o pronome está proclítico.
• com verbos no início do período:
Nunca se fala nestas coisas aqui.
Quero que todos me acompanhem. Sabe-se que a temperatura global está em média cerca
de meio grau Celsius mais alta do que há 100 anos.
b) no meio do verbo – tem-se a mesóclise, e o pronome
está mesoclítico. • com verbos no modo imperativo afirmativo:
Ajudar-te-ei amanhã sem falta. Diga, diga-lhe toda a verdade.

Dir-lhe-ei depois o que desejo.
Levante-se daí, senhor Belchior...
c) depois do verbo – tem-se, então, a ênclise, e o pronome
está enclítico. • com verbos no gerúndio, desde que não venham precedi-
dos da preposição em:
Ouviu-se um alarido.
Faltavam-me alguns relógios. Para tratar o enfermo, não basta ter pena dele, consolan-
do-o e ouvindo-o com interesse.
Uso da próclise
• com verbos no infinitivo impessoal:
A próclise será obrigatória:
Não sou desumano, não traria o bicho aqui para maltratá-
• quando houver palavra de sentido negativo antes do ver- lo.
bo.
Casos especiais
Nada lhe posso dizer.
Ninguém me procurou. A seguir, alguns casos em que o pronome oblíquo vem
acompanhado de locução verbal.
• quando conjunção subordinativa e pronome relativo esti-
verem presentes na oração. a) Quando o verbo principal de uma locução verbal encon-
tra-se no infinitivo ou no gerúndio, coloca-se o pronome oblí-
Quero que me entendas. quo depois do verbo auxiliar ou depois do verbo principal:
Ainda que a encontre, não conversaremos.
O recibo que lhe deram não é válido. Quero-lhe pedir dinheiro. Quero pedir-lhe dinheiro.
v. auxiliar v. principal v. auxiliar v. principal
• em orações iniciadas por palavras interrogativas. no infinitivo no infinitivo
Quando nos enviarão as passagens? Observação:

Quem te perdoou a dívida?
Se a locução verbal vier precedida de partícula atrativa, o
• em orações que exprimem desejo, iniciadas por palavras pronome deverá vir antes do verbo auxiliar ou depois do
exclamativas. verbo principal:
Deus me acuda! Não lhe quero pedir dinheiro. Não quero pedir-lhe dinheiro.
Como me recordo daquele feriado! partícula v. auxiliar partícula v. principal
atrativa atrativa
• quando se usar gerúndio com em.
b) Quando o verbo principal de uma locução verbal encontra-
se no particípio, coloca-se o pronome oblíquo depois do ver-
Em se tratando de medicina, ele é especialista.
bo auxiliar:
Em se apresentando condições, faremos o que pedes.
Tinha-me consultado sobre a sua decisão.
Uso da mesóclise
v. auxiliar v. principal no particípio
Usa-se a mesóclise os seguintes tempos verbais: Observação:

• futuro do presente: Se a locução verbal vier precedida de partícula atrativa, o
pronome oblíquo deverá vir antes do verbo auxiliar:
Dir-lhe-ei a verdade na ocasião certa.
• futuro do pretérito:
Não me tinha consultado sobre a sua decisão.
partícula v. auxiliar
Dir-lhe-ia a verdade na ocasião certa. atrativa
– 49 –
Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS
CONCORDÂNCIA VERBAL E NOMINAL
1 – A colocação do pronome átono está incorreta apenas em:
a) Não poderia consultá-lo à fraca luz da masmorra. CONCORDÂNCIA VERBAL

b) Nunca mais vê-los-ia, nunca!
c) Quaresma, porém, enganava-se em parte. O verbo concorda com o sujeito em número e pessoa com
d) O que o fazia sofrer era aquela semivida de moça, mergu- as seguintes regras:
lhada na loucura e na modéstia.
1ª) Sujeito composto anteposto ao verbo: este fica no
2 – Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome oblíquo esteja plural.
colocado de maneira correta, segundo a norma culta gramati- O pai, a mãe e o filho estão ausentes.
cal.
2ª) Sujeito composto posposto ao verbo: este pode con-
a) Talvez tenha solicitado-me o pedido. cordar com o núcleo mais próximo ou com todos os núcleos
b) Jamais convidei-o para compor minha equipe. indo para o plural.
c) Se for necessário, calarei-me. Está ausente o pai, a mãe e o filho.
d) Até lá muitos só se terão arrependido. Estão ausentes o pai, a mãe e o filho.
3 – Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre ênclise: 3ª) Sujeito composto por pronomes pessoais diferentes:
o verbo vai para o plural concordando com a pessoa que
a) Os senadores cujos mandatos se prorrogaram foram possui prioridade gramatical (ou seja, 1ª pessoa prevalece
cassados. sobre 2ª e 3ª; 2ª pessoa prevalece sobre a 3ª).
b) Repetir-se-á, assim, o que neste ano já aconteceu com
tantos outros feriados. Eu, tu, ele e ela somos bons amigos. (eu - nós)
c) Para assustá-lo, os soldados atiram a esmo. Tu, ele e ela sois bons amigos. (tu - vós)
d) Não nos iludamos, o jogo está feito. Ela e tu ireis embora. (tu - vós)
4 – Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre próclise: 4ª) Sujeito composto: tendo seus núcleos ligados por não
só ... mas também, tanto ... quanto, não só ... como, o
a) Apanhei-te, cavaquinho. verbo concorda com o mais próximo ou vai para o plural.
b) Quem te viu, quem te vê.
c) Até o final do ano, abster-me-ei da meditação contempla- Não só a moça, mas também o príncipe estariam pobres.
tiva.
d) Faça-se logo o que precisa ser feito. Obs.: Caso se trate de uma simples comparação, o verbo
fica no singular.
5 - “As fotos que ................ estão ótimas; ................ em breve
conforme ................ por telefone.” Este aumento de salário, assim como o anterior, não
compensou.
a) me mandaram; devolvê-las-ei; lhes informei.
b) mandaram-me; devolverei-as; informei-lhes 5ª) Sujeito ligado por "com": o verbo irá para o plural se
c) me mandaram; devolverei-as; lhes informei indicar cooperação na ação, visto que a preposição forma
d) mandaram-me; devolvê-las-ei; informei-lhes verdadeiro sujeito composto, equivalente a e; se a preposição
com exprimir circunstância de companhia, o verbo fica no
6 - Assinale a afirmação incorreta: singular.
a) Usa-se a próclise quando o verbo vem precedido de ex- Napoleão com seus soldados invadiram a Europa.
pressões negativas; Egas Monis, com a mulher e os filhos, apresentou-se ao
b) Usa-se a próclise com verbo no infinitivo; rei da Espanha.
c) Usa-se a mesóclise com o verbo no futuro do presente e
no futuro do pretérito; 6ª) Sujeito ligado por "ou": levar-se-á em conta para o
d) Usa-se a ênclise quando a frase se inicia com o verbo. verbo ficar:
7 - Assinale a alternativa em que há erro de colocação do a) no singular:

pronome pessoal átono: exclusão: Pedro ou Paulo será eleito.
a) Ela deve passar no vestibular porque se esforçou o ano sinonímia: A glotologia ou a linguística é uma ciência que se
inteiro. ocupa da linguagem humana.
b) Não venha-me dizer que não tem dinheiro.
c) Era meu desejo reencontrar-te um dia. b) no plural:
d) Mostrar-lhe-ia todos os encantos do Rio de Janeiro. inclusão: O calor ou o frio excessivo prejudicam certas plan-
tas. (ou = e)
8 - Há um erro de colocação pronominal em: antonímia: O choro ou o riso constituíam o viver daquela
a) Nunca o decepcionei. gente.
b) Passe-me a manteiga, por favor. retificação: O ladrão ou os ladrões não deixaram nenhum
c) Não se faça de bobo. vestígio.
d) Entrarei no baile, se deixarem-me.
Porém: na antecipação do verbo, dá-se concordância com o
mais próximo.
RESPOSTAS
Nenhum vestígio de sua presença deixou o autor ou
1-B 2-D 3-C 4-B
autores do crime.
5-A 6-B 7-B 8-D
– 50 –
Língua Portuguesa
7ª) Sujeitos representados por "um e outro": o verbo pode b) Os que indicam fenômenos da natureza: chover, ventar,
ficar no singular ou no plural. nevar, gear, etc.
Um e outro testemunho o condenavam (ou condenava). c) Os verbos haver, fazer, estar, ir, ser (com referência a
tempo).
8ª) Sujeitos representados por "um ou outro": o verbo fica
no singular. Há três dias que não o vejo.
Faz quatro meses que não nado.
Uma ou outra pode alugar a casa. Vai em dois anos ou pouco mais . . .
É cedo.
9ª) Sujeito representado por "nem um, nem outro": exige Está frio.
o verbo no singular.
Entretanto:
Afirma-se que nem um, nem outro falou a verdade.
– O verbo ser concorda com o predicativo.
10ª) Sujeito representado por expressão como "a maioria
de" (a maior parte, parte de) + um nome no plural: o verbo São dez horas.
irá para o singular ou plural. É uma hora.
A maioria dos doidos ali metidos estão (ou está) em – Os verbos existir, acontecer, são pessoais, ou seja, admi-
perfeito juízo. tem sujeito e concordam com ele.
11ª) Sujeito representado por um coletivo: o verbo fica no Existem duas manchas na parede.
singular, embora em escritores clássicos se encontrem e- (sujeito = duas manchas)
xemplos de concordâncias não com o coletivo, mas com a Aconteceram fatos estranhos.
ideia de plural que ele encerra (silepse). (sujeito = fatos)
Mas nem sempre o povo acerta. – Nas locuções verbais, o verbo impessoal transmite a sua
impessoalidade para o verbo auxiliar.
12ª) Sujeito representado pela palavra "que" pronome
relativo: o verbo concorda em número e pessoa com o ante- Vai haver novas oportunidades.
cedente da palavra "que". (não há sujeito)
Está fazendo dez anos que . . .
Fui eu que te vesti do meu sudário.
Não és tu que me dás felicidade. Porém:
13ª) Sujeito representado pelo pronome "quem": o verbo Vão existir novas oportunidades.
vai para a 3ª pessoa do singular, ou concorda com o sujeito (existir = verbo pessoal)
da oração principal.
Estavam acontecendo coisas estranhas.
Mas não sou eu quem está em jogo. (ou "estou") (estar = verbo pessoal)
14ª) Sujeito composto seguido de um aposto resumidor: 18ª) O verbo "dar", "bater" + hora(s): estes verbos concor-
o verbo concorda com a palavra resumidora e não com o dam com o sujeito expresso hora(s).
sujeito composto.
Deram há pouco nove horas!
Jogos, convenções, espetáculos, nada o distraía. Bateram devagar dez horas!
Desvios, fraudes, roubos, tudo era permitido.
15ª) Verbo + pronome apassivador "se": concorda com o Porém:
sujeito paciente em número e pessoa.
Se, na oração, vem a palavra relógio, funcionando como
Ouviam-se aplausos no salão. sujeito, o verbo concordará com ela em número e pessoa.
Compram-se livros usados.
Vendem-se apartamentos. Que horas deu o relógio?
Vai dar dez horas o relógio da Sé.
16ª) Verbo + índice de indeterminação do sujeito "se":
fica o verbo na 3ª pessoa do singular. 19ª) O verbo "ser":
Precisa-se de carpinteiros. a) Com as palavras tudo, isto, isso, aquilo, o que e o predica-
Gosta-se de praias naquela região. tivo no plural, o verbo ser também pode ir para o plural ou
Necessita-se de outras explicações. ficar no singular.
17ª) Verbos impessoais: ficam, normalmente, na 3ª pessoa Tudo eram memórias na infância.
do singular: Isto não são coisas que você possa dizer.
Tudo são flores.
a) O verbo haver no sentido de existir, acontecer.
b) O sujeito que dá nome à pessoa concorda com o verbo
Havia dois alunos no corredor. ser.
Houve fatos estranhos naquela cidadezinha.
O filho é as alegrias do pai.
– 51 –
Língua Portuguesa
c) O sujeito que dá nome a algo pede o verbo concordando 4) O verbo concorda em número e pessoa com o sujeito.
com o predicativo no plural. Portanto, não está correta a alternativa:
O problema são as suas dívidas. a) Faltam ainda seis meses para o vencimento.
b) Existem fortes indícios de melhoria geral.
d) O pronome pessoal sujeito ou predicativo pede a concor- c) Não provém daí os males sofridos.
dância do verbo com ele. d) Os fatos que o perturbam são bem poucos.
e) Serão considerados válidos tais argumentos?
Ele era todo ouvidos e angústia.
O trouxa neste caso fui eu. 5) Quando ............... dez minutos para o término da aula,
................. na lousa as tarefas de casa.
e) As expressões é muito, é pouco, é mais de, é menos de, é
tanto, quando indicam preço, quantidade, peso ficam com o a) faltar / serão escritos.
verbo no singular. b) faltar / serão escritas.
c) faltar / será escrito.
Duas horas não é tanto assim. d) faltarem / serão escritas.
Oitocentos gramas é muito. e) faltarem / será escrito.
f) Em horas, datas e distâncias, o verbo ser é impessoal e 6) Conheci-a, ..................... poucos dias, mas não
concorda com o predicativo. ...............novas oportunidades para encontrá-la.
Hoje são quatorze de outubro. a) deve haver / faltará

predicativo b) devem haver / faltarão
Hoje é dia quatorze de outubro. c) deve haver / faltarão
predicativo d) devem haver / faltarão
e) devem haver / faltará
É zero hora em São Paulo.
São dez horas da manhã. 7) Assinale a frase que contém um erro no que diz respeito
São cem quilômetros daqui até lá. ao emprego do verbo "fazer":
Obs.: Em datas, o verbo ser pode concordar com a ideia da a) Faz três anos que regressaram.
palavra dia, mesmo que ela não apareça. b) Fazem-se muitos trabalhos apressadamente.
c) Já deve fazer dois anos que vieram para o Brasil.
Hoje é 2 de outubro. d) Vão fazer dois anos que lá estive pela última vez.
e) Aqui faz verões terríveis.
EXERCÍCIOS 8) Assinale a alternativa em que a concordância está incorre-

ta, segundo o uso clássico da língua portuguesa.
1) Indique a alternativa correta: a) Mais de um jornal publicou a notícia.

b) Ele e tu irão ao teatro.
a) Tratavam-se de questões fundamentais. c) Sou eu quem paga.
b) Comprou-se terrenos no subúrbio. d) Não fui eu a que chegou primeiro.
c) Reformam-se ternos. e) Cada um dos jogadores daquele quadro já ganhou um
d) Obedeceram-se aos severos regulamentos. prêmio.
e) Precisam-se de datilógrafas.
2) A relação de verbos que completam, convenientemente e 9) Este ano, ................ as festas que ................, que eu não
respectivamente, as lacunas dos períodos abaixo é: comparecerei a nenhuma.
a) são / são / eram / Devem. a) pode haver / haver

b) é / são / era / Deve. b) podem haver / houverem
c) é / é / era / Devem. c) pode haver / houver
d) são / é / era / Deve. d) pode haver / houverem
e) são / é / eram / Deve. e) pode haverem / houver
I. Hoje .......... 24 de janeiro. 10) Assinale a alternativa incorreta:

II. Trinta quilômetros .......... muito.
III. Já .......... uma e vinte. a) Precisam-se alunos especializados.
IV. .......... ser duas horas. b) Precisa-se de alunos especializados.
c) Precisa-se de alunos competentes.
3) Nas cinco alternativas, há duas concordâncias verbais d) Assiste-se a filmes nacionais.
erradas. Indique-as. e) Obedeça-se aos regulamentos.
a) Eu, tu e nossos amigos iremos no mesmo avião.

b) Tu e meus amigos ireis no mesmo trem.
c) Tu e meus amigos irão no mesmo automóvel. RESPOSTAS
d) V. Exª, eles e aqueles garotos seguireis depois. 1-C 2-C 3-C 4-C 5-D
e) Margarida e vossa tia seguireis primeiro. 6-C 7-D 8-B 9-C 10 - A
– 52 –
Língua Portuguesa
CONCORDÂNCIA NOMINAL 9º) Anexo, incluso, junto, bastante e nenhum, concordam,
normalmente, com os substantivos a que se referem.
1º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a um só nome, o substantivo Segue anexa a cópia do contrato.
concorda com ele em gênero e número. Vão inclusos os requerimentos.
Seguem juntas as notas.
Boa árvore não dá maus frutos. Bastantes pessoas ignoram esse plural.
Homens nenhuns, nenhumas causas.
2º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
do mesmo gênero e do singular e vier posposto, toma o Observações:
gênero deles e vai facultativamente, para o singular ou plural.
a) Alerta e menos são sempre invariáveis.
Disciplina, ação e coragem digna (ou dignas).
Estamos alerta.
Porém: Dedicado o pai, o filho e o irmão. Há situações menos complicadas.
(adjetivo anteposto concordará com o mais próximo). Há menos pessoas no local.
3º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos b) Em anexo é sempre invariável.
de gêneros diferentes e do singular e vier posposto, pode-
rá ir para o masculino plural ou concordar com o mais próxi- Seguem, em anexo, as fotografias.
mo.
10º) Meio - meia, como adjetivo concordam em gênero e
Escolheste lugar e hora maus. número com o substantivo que modificam, mas como advér-
Escolheste lugar e hora má. bio meio permanece invariável.
Porém: Sinto eterno amor e gratidão. Obs.: como adjetivo, modifica o substantivo; como advérbio,
(adjetivo anteposto concordará com o mais próximo). modifica o adjetivo, o verbo e o próprio advérbio.
4º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos Já é meio-dia e meia (hora). (substantivo)
de gêneros diferentes e do plural e vier posposto, tomará Comprei dois meios litros de leite. (substantivo)
o plural masculino ou concordará com o mais próximo. Quero meio quilo de café. (substantivo)
Ele sentia-se meio cansado. (adjetivo)
Rapazes e moças estudiosos (ou estudiosas). Elas pareciam meio tontas. (adjetivo)
Minha mãe está meio exausta. (adjetivo)
5º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
de gênero e número diferente e vier posposto, poderá Estão nesse caso palavras como: pouco, muito, bastante,
concordar com o mais próximo ou ir para o plural masculino. barato, caro, meio, longe, etc.
Primos, primas e irmãs educadíssimas (ou educadíssi- 11º) Dado e visto e qualquer outro particípio, concordam
mos). com o substantivo a que se referem.
6º) Pode o adjetivo ainda concordar com o mais próximo Dados os conhecimentos (substantivo masculino)
quando os substantivos são ou podem ser considerados Dadas as condições (substantivo feminino)
sinônimos. Vistas as dificuldades (substantivo feminino)
Gratidão e reconhecimento profundo. 12º) As expressões um e outro e nem um nem outro são
seguidas de um substantivo singular.
7º) Quando dois ou mais adjetivos se referem ao mesmo
substantivo determinado pelo artigo, ocorrem três tipos de . . . mas aprovei um e outro ato.
construção: . . . mas uma e outra coisa duraram.
Estudo as línguas inglesa e francesa. Porém:

Estudo a língua inglesa e a francesa.
Estudo a língua inglesa e francesa. Quando um e outro for seguido de adjetivo, o substanti-
vo fica no singular e o adjetivo vai para o plural.
8º) As palavras: mesmo, próprio e só (quando equivale a
sozinho) concordam segundo a regra geral em gênero e Uma e outra parede sujas.
número com a palavra a que se referem. Só quando equivale Um e outro lado escuros.
a somente é advérbio e invariável.
13º) A palavra possível em o mais . . . possível, o pior
Ela mesma me avisou. possível, o melhor possível, mantém-se invariável.
Vocês próprios me trouxeram a notícia.
Nós não estivemos sós. Praias o mais tentadoras possível.
Só eles não concordaram.
Porém:
Obs.: A expressão a sós é invariável.
Com o plural os mais, os menos, os piores, os melho-
Exemplo: res, a palavra possível vai para o plural.
Gostaria de ficar a sós por uns momentos.
Praias as mais tentadoras possíveis.
– 53 –
Língua Portuguesa
14º) A palavra obrigado concorda com o nome a que se 3) Assinale, dentre as frases abaixo, as opções corretas
refere. quanto à concordância nominal.
Muito obrigado (masculino singular) a) É meio-dia e meia.

Muito obrigada (feminino singular) b) É proibido entrada.
Eles disseram muito obrigados (masculino plural) c) É proibida a entrada.
d) Seguem anexo os documentos.
15º) O verbo ser mais adjetivo. e) Seguem anexo notas fiscais.
f) Envio inclusas as faturas.
Nos predicados nominais em que ocorre o verbo ser mais g) É permitido a entrada.
um adjetivo, formando expressões do tipo é bom, é claro, é
evidente, etc., há duas construções: Questões de 4 a 6 - Responda, segundo o código:
– se o sujeito não vem precedido de nenhum modificador, a) Apenas correta a I.

tanto o verbo quanto o adjetivo ficam invariáveis. b) Apenas correta a II.
Cerveja é bom. c) Apenas correta a III.
É proibido entrada. d) Todas corretas.
e) Todas erradas.
– se o sujeito vem precedido de modificador, tanto o verbo
quanto o predicativo concordam regularmente. 4) I. É expressamente proibido entrada.
A cerveja é boa. II. Maçã é muito bom para os dentes.
É proibida a entrada. III. Será necessária tal atitude?
16º) Concordância do Adjetivo (Predicativo) 5) I. Na sala, havia lugares bastantes para todos.
II. Eu mesmo, uma mulher experiente, cometo erros infan-
a) Predicativo do Sujeito: concorda com o sujeito em núme- tis.
ro e gênero: III. É necessário, neste momento, a exatidão dos fatos.
As crianças estavam tristonhas.
6) I. Encontrei uma e outra janela aberta.
b) Predicativo do Objeto: II. Marta estava meia preocupada.
III. Seguia anexo ao envelope uma lista de preços.
– Se o objeto direto for simples o adjetivo predicativo concor-
da em gênero e número com o objeto. 7) Assinale o item que apresenta erro de concordância:
Trouxeram-na desmaiada.
a) Os fatos falam por si só.
– Se o objeto direto for composto o adjetivo predicativo deve- b) Ele estuda a história e a mitologia egípcia.
rá flexionar-se no plural e no gênero dos objetos. c) Estes produtos custam cada vez mais caro.
A justiça declarou criminosas a atriz e suas amigas. d) Ela mesma nos agradeceu.
e) Ele mesmo construiu sua casa.
17º) Substantivos ligados por ou: o adjetivo concorda com o 8) Elas ............... enviaram os atestados ............... às procu-
mais próximo ou, então, vai para o plural. rações.
uma flor ou um fruto saboroso OU saborosos.
a) mesmos, anexas
b) mesmas, anexas
18º) Dois ou mais ordinais determinando o substantivo: este c) mesmos, anexos
ficará no singular ou no plural. d) mesmas, anexos
a primeira e segunda ferida (OU feridas) do coração. e) mesmo, anexo
9) Apenas uma alternativa preenche corretamente os espa-

EXERCÍCIOS ços existentes na sentença abaixo. Assinale-a:
1) Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre erro na concordância Aqueles seguranças estão ............... porque encontraram
do verbo ser e do predicativo. ............... marcas de mão.
a) É perigoso contratos muito longos. a) alerta – bastante b) alerta - bastantes

b) Foi arriscada a sua proposta. c) alertas – bastantes d) alertas - bastante
c) É necessário atitudes desse tipo. e) n.d.a.
d) Não parecia, mas era claro sua intenção.
e) Cerveja gelada é bom para a saúde. 10) Não foi ............... a nota que receberam. Elas .......fizeram
o trabalho.
2) Assinale a alternativa em que ocorra algum erro de con- a) justa – mesmas b) justo - mesmo
cordância nominal. c) justa – mesmo d) justo - mesmas
e) justas - mesma
a) Saiba que você cometeu um crime de lesa-majestade.
b) Estejam alerta, pois o inimigo não manda aviso. RESPOSTAS
c) Há menos indecisões do que parece. 1-D 2-D 3 – a; b; 4-D 5-A
d) Permitiram-me que as deixo só. c; f
e) Ele sentiu que precisava ficar a sós. 6-E 7-A 8-D 9-B 10 - A
– 54 –
Língua Portuguesa
• No sentido de pertencer, caber, é transitivo indireto
REGÊNCIA VERBAL E NOMINAL (preposição a).
Assiste ao diretor comunicar as novas regras.

REGÊNCIA VERBAL VTI OI
Quando o termo regente é um verbo. • No sentido de morar, residir é intransitivo.
Precisamos de alimento. Há dois anos ele assiste em São Paulo

termo regente termo regido VI
(verbo) (objeto indireto)
Agradecer
Há verbos que admitem mais de uma regência sem que o
sentido seja alterado. • objeto referindo-se a coisa, é transitivo direto.
Nunca esquecerei os favores que fez.
verbo transitivo direto objeto direto Agradeci o presente. Agradeci-o.
VTD OD
Nunca esquecerei dos favores que me fez. • objeto referindo-se a pessoa, é transitivo indireto
verbo transitivo indireto objeto indireto (preposição a).
Agradeci ao médico. Agradeci-lhe.
Há outros verbos que mudando a regência, mudam de VTI OI
significado.
• com os dois objetos, é transitivo direto e indireto.
O policial visou o alvo e atirou. Agradeci o presente à mamãe.
transitivo direto (visar = apontar, mirar) Agradeci-o à mamãe.
Agradeci-lhe o presente.
Ele visava a uma boa colocação na firma.
transitivo indireto (visar = pretender)
Ajudar
REGÊNCIA DE ALGUNS VERBOS • é transitivo direto.
Sempre ajudo mamãe nos afazeres de casa.

Agradar e desagradar VTD OD
• No sentido de fazer carinho, é transitivo direto. • é transitivo direto e indireto. (preposição a).
O pai agradava a filha. Ajudei-a a lavar a louça.

VTD OD VTDI OD OI
• No sentido de contentar, é transitivo indireto (preposição a). Amar
O filme agradou ao público. • é transitivo direto.

VTI OI
As crianças amam seus brinquedos.
VTD OD
Aspirar
• é intransitivo.
• No sentido de respirar, sorver, é transitivo direto.
Amei demais e não fui correspondido.
Aspirei o ar da manhã. VI
VTD OD
Apelar
• no sentido de pretender, desejar, é transitivo indireto
(preposição a). • é transitivo indireto (preposição para e de).
Ele aspirava ao cargo de diretor. Não conseguindo resolver seus problemas, apelou para os pais.
VTI OI VTI OI
Assistir Atender
• No sentido de ver, é transitivo indireto (preposição a). • No sentido de levar em consideração, é transitivo indireto
(preposição a).
Assistimos ao jogo de basquete.
VTI OI Teobaldo não atendia aos pais.
VTI OI
• No sentido de prestar assistência, ajudar, é transitivo • No sentido de satisfazer, atentar, observar, é transitivo
direto. indireto (preposição a).
A enfermeira assistiu o paciente com muito cuidado. Mamãe atendia a todas as vontades de João.
VTD OD VTI OI
– 55 –
Língua Portuguesa
• No sentido de acolher ou receber, é transitivo direto. Ensinar
O diretor da escola atendeu os pais. • É transitivo direto e indireto.

VTD OD
Helena ensina inglês aos alunos.
• No sentido de conceder ou deferir um pedido, é transitivo VTDI OD OI
direto.
O chefe não atendeu as exigências dos empregados. Esquecer e lembrar

VTD OD
• É transitivo direto quando não for pronominal.
Atingir
Esqueci o seu nome.
• é transitivo direto. Lembrei o seu aniversário.
O policial não atingiu o alvo. • É transitivo indireto quando for pronominal (preposição de).
VTD OD
Chamar Esqueci-me do seu nome.
Lembrei-me do seu aniversário.
• No sentido de convidar, convocar, é transitivo direto.
Nós chamamos os acionistas para uma reunião de emergência.

Informar
VTD OD
• No sentido de denominar, cognominar, é transitivo • É transitivo direto e indireto.

direto ou transitivo indireto.
Informou os colegas de seus problemas.
VTDI OD OI
Chamaram- no empregadinho.
VTD
Chamaram- no de empregadinho. Informou aos colegas os seus problemas.
VTDI OI OD
VTD preposição
Chamaram- lhe empregadinho.
VTI
Chamaram- lhe de caloteiro. Ir
VTDI preposição
objeto predicativo do objeto • É intransitivo (com preposição).
Chegar Fui à escola.

VI
• é intransitivo (preposição a).
Fui para Salvador.
Cheguei à escola. VI
VI adjunto adverbial
Namorar
Consistir
• É transitivo direto.
• é transitivo indireto (preposição em).
João namorou Clara durante cinco anos.
O futuro da nossa empresa consiste em nossa honestidade. VTD OD
VTI OI
Obedecer e desobedecer
Contentar-se
• É transitivo indireto (preposição a).
• é transitivo indireto (preposição com, em, de).
Os filhos obedecem aos pais.
Ela contenta-se com tão pouco. VTI OI
VTI OI
Aquele motorista desobedeceu aos sinais.
VTI OI
Custar
• No sentido de ser custoso, ser difícil, é transitivo indireto. Pagar e perdoar
Custou à mamãe acreditar naquele terrível acidente. • É transitivo direto quando o objeto refere-se à coisa.
VTI OI
Vou pagar o livro.
• No sentido de acarretar, é transitivo direto e indireto. VTD OD
O trabalho custou-nos muita atenção. Papai perdoou suas falhas.

VTDI OI OD VTD OD
– 56 –
Língua Portuguesa
• É transitivo indireto quando o objeto refere-se à pessoa • No sentido de passar visto, é transitivo direto.
(preposição a).
O gerente visou o cheque.
Vou pagar ao dentista. VTD OD
VTI OI
• No sentido de pretender, ter em vista, é transitivo indireto
Papai perdoou aos meninos. (preposição a).
VTI OI
Sempre visei ao seu bem.
• É transitivo direto e indireto quando possui os dois objetos. VTI OI
Papai perdoou as falhas aos meninos. EXERCÍCIOS

VTDI OD OI
1) Assinale a regência verbal incorreta:
Precisar
a) Visei um passaporte e fui viajar.
• No sentido de marcar com precisão, é transitivo direto. b) Quero um bom emprego.
c) Aninha sempre obedece a mãe.
O repórter não precisou o local do acidente. d) Esqueci-me do endereço.
VTD OD e) Simpatizo com você.
• No sentido de necessitar, é transitivo indireto (preposição 2) Escolha a regência verbal correta do verbo chamar:
de).
a) Chamamo-la de esperta.
Eu preciso de silêncio para pensar. b) Chamamo-la esperta.
VTI OI c) Chamamos-lhe esperta.
d) Todas as alternativas estão corretas.
Preferir e) Nenhuma das alternativas está correta.
• É transitivo direto e indireto (preposição a). 3) A regência está correta em:
Prefiro vinho a cerveja. a) Prefiro café do que chá.
VTDI OD OI
b) Pedro namora com Joana.
c) Informei o endereço ao turista.
Prefiro o vinho à cerveja.
d) Cheguei na casa de Marta às cinco horas.
e) Ele contenta-se por tão pouco.
Presidir
4) Assinale a alternativa em que o verbo custar tem o
• É transitivo direto ou transitivo indireto.
mesmo significado da oração abaixo:
Ele presidiu a Câmara dos Deputados.
VTD OD
“Custa-me acreditar que você disse isso.”
Ele presidiu à Câmara dos Deputados. a) A ida ao teatro custou-lhe caro.

VTI OI b) Naquela tarde custou-me chegar à escola.
c) A perda dos documentos custou-me muito.
Querer d) Quanto custa esta joia?
e) Os alimentos custam muito caro.
• No sentido de desejar, é transitivo direto.
Quero uma boa casa para morar. 5) Assinale a regência verbal incorreta:
VTD OD
a) Não informaram aos alunos sobre as provas.
• No sentido de estimar, gostar, é transitivo indireto b) Não informaram os alunos sobre as provas.
(preposição a). c) Não informaram aos alunos as provas.
d) Não informaram os alunos das provas.
Quero bem ao Bruno. e) Não informaram das provas aos alunos.
VTI OI
Simpatizar e antipatizar 6) Assinale a regência verbal incorreta:
• É transitivo indireto (preposição com) a) assistir ao jogo (= ver)

b) assistir o paciente (= prestar assistência)
Simpatizo com Luísa. c) assistir em Minas Gerais (morar)
d) assistir o professor (= caber)
Visar e) assiste ao menino (= pertencer)
• No sentido de apontar, mirar, é transitivo direto.
O atirador visou o alvo. RESPOSTAS

VTD OD 1-C 2-D 3-C 4-B 5-A 6-D
– 57 –
Língua Portuguesa
REGÊNCIA NOMINAL EXERCÍCIOS
1) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à regência nominal:

Quando o termo regente é um nome (substantivo, adjetivo
ou advérbio). a) Ele sempre foi desfavorável a sua contratação.
b) Era uma pessoa curiosa de religião.
Tenho amor ao próximo. c) Permaneciam atentos de problemas financeiros.
termo regente termo regido d) A cerveja é preferível ao vinho.
(substantivo) (complemento nominal) e) Sou favorável a uma nova reunião.
Estou preocupado com o desemprego. 2) Assinale a alternativa que não admite ambas as regências:
termo regente termo regido
(adjetivo) (complemento nominal)
a) As crianças estão imunes ao / do vírus da gripe.
b) Tenho horror a / de insetos.
c) Este filme é contemporâneo ao / de outro.
Agiram favoravelmente à sua decisão.
d) Sou devoto ao / de Santo Expedito.
termo regente termo regido
(advérbio) (complemento nominal) e) O manual é constituído de / por novas regras de acentua-
ção.
Há nomes que admitem mais de uma preposição sem que
o sentido seja alterado:
3) Jorge estava habituado ............... trabalhar à noite,
Estou apto a este tipo de trabalho. mas isto não era benéfico ............... sua saúde,
Estou apto para este tipo de trabalho. descontente .............. a situação, pediu demissão.
Há outros nomes, que dependendo do sentido, pedem a) por - a – com

outras preposições: b) à - à – com
c) à - a - pela
Tenho muita consideração por pessoas que trabalham. d) a – à – com
Tenho muita consideração sobre o trabalho filantrópico. e) em – à – em
Veja alguns nomes com as respectivas regências: 4) As palavras alusão, erudito, passível regem, respectiva-
mente, as preposições:
acessível a equivalente a a) a - em - de
acostumado a, com erudito em b) de - em - com
adaptado a essencial para c) por - de - em
aflito com, por estranho a d) a - de - de
agradável a fácil de e) por - em - de
alheio a, de falha de, em
alienado de falta de
alusão a favorável a 5) Joana é muito cuidadosa ............... os filhos, já seu marido
ambicioso de fiel a é desatento ............... tudo.
analogia com, entre firme em
análogo a generoso com a) a – com
apto a, para grato a b) com – por
atento a, em hábil em c) a - de
aversão a, para, por habituado a d) a – por
ávido de, por horror a e) com - a
benéfico a hostil a
capaz de, para impossível de 6) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à regência nominal:
compatível com impróprio para
compreensível a imune a, de a) Sou contrário ao voto dele.
comum a, de incompatível com b ) Sua atitude não foi compatível ao seu pensamento.
constante de, em indeciso em c) Ele era entendido em história.
constituído de, por, com independente de, em d) Fica próximo ao Largo do Paissandu.
contemporâneo a, de indiferente a e) Sou leal aos meus princípios.
contrário a indigno de
7) Ocorre regência nominal inadequada em:
cuidadoso com leal a
curioso de, a medo a, de a) Ele sempre foi insensível a elogios.
desatento a necessário a b) Estava sempre pronta a falar.
descontente com passível de c) Sempre fui solícito com a moça.
desejoso de perito em d) Estava muito necessitado em carinho.
devoto a, de possível de
e) Era impotente contra tantas maldades.
diferente de preferível a
difícil de prejudicial a
RESPOSTAS
digno de próximo a, de
1-C 2-B 3-D 4-A 5-E 6-B 7-D
entendido em relacionado com
– 58 –
Língua Portuguesa
CASOS EM QUE O USO DA CRASE É OBRIGATÓRIO
CRASE
• nas locuções adverbiais, prepositivas e conjuntivas femini-
nas:
Crase é a fusão de duas vogais a + a (à), indicada pelo
acento grave. A crase pode ocorrer com a junção da preposi- à parte em frente à
ção com: às vezes à espera de
à proporção que à medida que
• o artigo feminino a ou as:
Exceção:
Fomos a a escola.
↙ ↘ Locuções adverbiais femininas que indiquem instrumento
preposição artigo
não levam o acento de crase.
Fomos à escola.
a máquina a bala
• o a dos pronomes demonstrativos aquele, aquela, aquilo:
A carta foi escrita a máquina.
Ele foi ferido a bala.
Entreguei os documentos a aquele senhor.
↙ ↘
• nas expressões à moda de e à maneira de, mesmo quando
preposição pronome demonstrativo
subentendidas:
Entreguei os documentos àquele senhor.
Usava sapatos à Luís XV. (à moda de)
• o a do pronome relativo a qual (as quais):
• na indicação de horas:
A casa a a qual comprei há muitos anos foi demolida.
O avião chegará às quinze horas.
↙ ↘
preposição pronome relativo
CASOS FACULTATIVOS
A casa à qual comprei há muitos anos foi demolida.
São casos em que pode ou não ocorrer a crase:
A regência de alguns verbos exige a preposição a.
• antes de nomes femininos:
Não conte isso a ( à ) Carla.
Veja alguns exemplos:
• antes de pronomes possessivos femininos:
Fui à feira.
Peça à sua mãe que lhe conte uma história. Obedeço a ( à ) minha mãe.
Referi-me à sua atual situação.
• depois da preposição até:
Fui até a ( à ) escola.
CASOS EM QUE NÃO OCORRE A CRASE:
CASOS ESPECIAIS
• antes de substantivos masculinos:
• antes da palavra casa:
Não assisto a jogo de futebol.
• antes de verbos: A palavra casa, no sentido de lar, residência, não admite

Assim que cheguei em casa, começou a chover. o uso da crase. Se a palavra casa vier determinada, leva o
acento de crase.
• antes de artigo indefinido:
Voltei a casa depois do trabalho.
À noite iremos a uma festa.
Vou à casa de meus pais nas próximas férias.
• antes de pronome indefinido:
Desejo a todos boa viagem. • antes da palavra terra:
• antes de pronomes pessoais do caso reto, do caso oblí- A palavra terra, no sentido de chão firme, não admite o
quo e de alguns pronomes de tratamento que não admitem uso da crase. Se a palavra terra vier determinada, leva o
acento de crase.
artigo:
Depois de meses no navio, os marinheiros voltaram a
Dei um presente a ela.
terra.
Todos se dirigiram a mim.
Contei meus planos a Vossa Majestade. Regressarei à terra dos meus avós.
• quando o a aparece antes de uma palavra no plural, dando Se estivermos em dúvida quanto ao emprego da crase,
um sentido genérico: basta recorrermos a três regras básicas:
Ele se referiu a mulheres estranhas.
1ª REGRA:
Troca-se a palavra feminina por uma masculina corres-
• nas expressões formadas por palavras repetidas:
pondente.
Vou à feira. Ela visitou a irmã.
cara a cara frente a frente
Vou ao cinema. Ela visitou o irmão.
– 59 –
Língua Portuguesa
2ª REGRA: 5) Assinale a alternativa em que todas as locuções devem
receber o acento de crase:
Troca-se o a craseado por para a:
a) as vezes – a esmo – a parte
Irei à Argentina. Irei a Portugal. b) em frente a – a espera de – a medida que
Irei para a Argentina. Irei para Portugal. c) a máquina – as vezes – a proporção que
d) a espera de – a bala – as pressas
3ª REGRA:
6) Todas as alternativas possuem casos facultativos no uso
Troca-se cheguei de por a e cheguei da por à: da crase, exceto:
Cheguei de Belo Horizonte. a) Vou até à farmácia.

Irei a Belo Horizonte. b) Ela deu um presente à sua melhor amiga.
Cheguei da Bahia. c) Bento entregou a carta à Maria.
Irei à Bahia. d) Beatriz devolverá o livro à senhora.
EMPREGO DE HÁ E A 7) Aponte a alternativa em que não ocorre o uso da crase:
Essas duas formas, em relação ao tempo, têm o seguin- a) Ele age as escondidas.
te uso: b) A mulher a qual me refiro é minha professora.
c) Dia a dia, os problemas se tornam mais difíceis.
HÁ: d) Irei a Austrália assim que puder.
É usado no sentido de tempo decorrido, (verbo haver). 8) Fui .......... cidade .......... dez horas para conhecer ..........
minhas primas.
Não o vejo há três semanas.
a) à - às - as
A: b) a - às - as
c) à - as - às
É usado no sentido de tempo futuro, (preposição). d) à - às - às
Daqui a cinco dias, retornaremos ao trabalho. 9) Aponte a alternativa incorreta quanto ao uso da crase:
EXERCÍCIOS a) Ele deve tomar o remédio gota a gota.

b) Não conte o meu segredo à ninguém.
1) Fui .......... São Paulo negociar .......... poucas coisas que c) Junto à porta, Roberto esperava ansioso.
ainda possuo. d) Ele não voltará àquele lugar.
a) à – as 10) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as

b) a – as lacunas das orações abaixo:
c) a – às
d) ao – as Eu o conheci .......... muitos anos.
Voltarei .......... terra natal.
2) .......... poucos meses, papai referia-se .......... mamãe com As crianças foram .......... casa.
muito carinho. Daqui .......... vinte dias iremos .......... Salvador.
a) A – à a) há - a - à - há - a
b) Há – a b) a - à - à - à - a
c) A – a c) à - a - a - à - à
d) Há – à d) há - à - a - a - a
3) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto ao uso do acento de 11) Ocorre o uso do acento de crase:
crase:
a) antes de artigo indefinido
a) Vou a Paris no próximo ano. b) antes de verbos
b) Partirei às duas horas. c) na indicação de horas
c) Gosto de comida a italiana. d) antes de substantivos masculinos
d) Ele saiu às pressas.
12) O uso do acento de crase é proibido:
4) Assinale a alternativa que preencha corretamente as lacu-
nas das orações abaixo: a) nas locuções que indiquem instrumento.
Ele saiu .......... pé. b) nas expressões à moda de
Ele obedece .......... professora. c) na indicação de horas
Peça .......... ela que venha me encontrar. d) antes de pronomes possessivos femininos.
Vou visitar .......... terra dos meus tios.
a) a - à - a - à RESPOSTAS
b) à - a - a - à 1-B 2-D 3-C 4-A 5-B 6-D
c) à - à - à - a 7-C 8-A 9-B 10 - D 11 - C 12 - A
d) a - a - à - a
– 60 –
Língua Portuguesa
6) Assinale a alternativa que possua os substantivos compos-
EXERCÍCIOS FINAIS to, coletivo e abstrato, respectivamente:
a) couve-flor, pedra, mar

b) pé-de-moleque, amor, lua
1) Assinale a alternativa corretamente pontuada: c) batalhão, peixe, sol
d) soldados, assembleia, tristeza
a) Não gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor de ne- e) guarda-noturno, arsenal, beleza
nhum deles.
b) Não, gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor de ne-
nhum deles. 7) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto ao gênero do subs-
c) Não gosto de alguns, de seus amigos, ou melhor, de ne- tantivo:
nhum deles.
d) Não gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor, de ne- a) o dó
nhum deles. b) a cataplasma
e) Não, gosto de alguns, de seus amigos, ou melhor, de ne- c) o comichão
nhum deles. d) a derme
e) o eclipse
2) As frases abaixo estão corretas quanto à sua justificativa,

exceto: 8) Aponte a alternativa que possua um epiceno, um sobre-
comum e um comum de dois gêneros, respectivamente:
a) O Diretor * * * (o asterisco substitui um nome que não se
quer mencionar) a) aranha, cônjuge, paciente
b) 09/10/89 (a barra é utilizada nas abreviações de data) b) leão, cliente, carrasco
c) Se a = { x 0 z* / / x / # 2} . . . (as chaves são muito empre- c) indivíduo, tubarão, diplomata
gadas em matemática) d) sardinha, dentista, defunto
d) Dona Felicidade [ que é muito gorda ] anda sempre doen- e) cachorro, estudante, modelo
te. (os colchetes têm a mesma finalidade que o ponto-e-
vírgula)
e) Não deixe o “stress” tomar conta de você. (as aspas são 9) O plural está corretamente flexionado em:
usadas nas expressões estrangeiras).
a) coraçãozinhos, balãos, cidadãos
b) guardiões, guardas-sóis, grão-priores
3) Observe as frases: c) beijo-de-moças, ave-marias, abaixo-assinados
d) bel-prazeres, os ganha-pouco, frutas-pães
I - O rapaz revoltado, começou a agredir o colega. e) guardas-chuvas, pé-de-moleques, frutas-pães
II - Vocês vão à escola; nós ao cinema.
III - Na confusão ninguém se lembrou de entregar, os docu-
mentos. 10) Assinale a alternativa em que o diminutivo expressa ideia
afetiva:
Verificamos que está (estão) corretamente pontuada( s):
a) Não vou ler este livreco!
a) apenas a I b) Mariana ganhou uma cartilha nova.
b) apenas a II c) João sempre toma conta de seu irmãozinho.
c) apenas a III d) Fui multado por aquele guardinha.
d) apenas a I e II e) Não lerei este jornaleco.
e) apenas a II e III
11) O adjetivo correspondente a “de açúcar” é:

4) Assinale a alternativa em que se usa a vírgula:
a) glacial
a) entre o nome e o adjunto adnominal b) sacarino
b) entre o sujeito e o predicado c) lácteo
c) entre uma enumeração de palavras d) vesical
d) entre o verbo e seus complementos e) apícola
e) entre o nome e o adjunto adnominal
12) Aponte a alternativa que possua um adjetivo uniforme

5) Assinale a alternativa que preencha as lacunas da frase e um adjetivo biforme respectivamente:
abaixo:
a) comum – loquaz
..... Papai ..... por que nós temos que nos mudar para o interi- b) réu - veloz
or ..... perguntou a menina..... c) breve – estudioso
d) são - plebeu
a) travessão, vírgula, ponto de interrogação, ponto e) hipócrita - útil
b) aspas, travessão, ponto de interrogação, aspas
c) travessão, vírgula, ponto de exclamação, ponto
d) travessão, vírgula, ponto, ponto 13) Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao plural dos adjeti-
e) aspas, vírgula, ponto de interrogação, aspas vos compostos:
– 61 –
Língua Portuguesa
a) blusas cor de laranja 20) O homem ......................... mais admiro é o meu pai.
b) calças verdes-garrafas
c) empresas lusas-brasileiras a) a quem b) em que
d) raios ultravioletas c) do qual d) com quem
e) casacos marrons-cafés. e) de quem
14) Assinale a alternativa incorreta: 21) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto a abreviatura do
pronome de tratamento correspondente:
a) agudo – acutíssimo
b) ruim - péssimo a) Papa - V. S.
c) sábio – sapientíssimo b) Cardeal - V. Emª
d) feio - feíssimo c) Rei - V. Magª
e) doce - docílimo d) Príncipe - V. A.
e) Sacerdote - V. Rev.ma
15) Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao emprego do

artigo: 22) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto à colocação pro-
nominal:
a) Agarrei as cordas com ambas as mãos.
b) A Vossa Majestade é muito estranha ... a) Fiquei observando a mulher que se dirigia à portaria.
c) O Urano é um planeta. b) Ninguém o viu desde ontem.
d) O Fernando Henrique Cardoso é presidente do Brasil. c) Procurar-me-iam se precisassem de dinheiro.
e) A Sua Majestade está muito cansada. d) Me contaram que você está desempregado.
e) Talvez a encontre na escola.
16) O ordinal octingentésimo trigésimo sexto equivale a:

23) Assinale a alternativa que contém somente verbos pro-
a) 8036 nominais:
b) 806
c) 836 a) arrepender, prazer, querer, abster
d) 86 b) dar, apiedar, odiar, aguar
e) 83 c) lembrar, amar, nevar, dignar
d) atrever, arrepender, fazer, fizer
e) abster, dignar, lembrar, atrever
17) Assinale a alternativa incorreta:
a) século V - (quinto) 24) Aponte a oração em que o verbo está na 2ª pessoa do

b) tomo III - (três) plural:
c) artigo XVI - (dezesseis)
d) João XXIII - (vinte e três) a) Contai a vossa história.
e) ato VII - (sétimo) b) Conte a sua história.
c) Conta a tua história
d) Contem a sua história.
18) Assinale a alternativa que preencha corretamente as e) Contemos a nossa história.
lacunas das frases abaixo:
I - Se tu vais a escola, irei ......................... .
II - Mandaram este comunicado para ...... ler. 25) A polícia ............... no caso e ................. o mistério.
III - Você trouxe o caderno ......................... .
IV - Não existe nada entre ..................... e ele. a) interviu – resolveram
d) interviu - resolveu
a) com você, mim, consigo, eu b) interveio – resolveu
b) contigo, mim, com você, mim e) interviu - resolveste
c) contigo, eu, consigo, mim c) interveio - resolveste
d) consigo, eu, consigo, mim
e) com você, eu, com você, eu
26) Assinale a oração em que o verbo está incorretamente
empregado:
19) Assinale a alternativa que preencha adequadamente
a oração: a) Ele previu o acidente.
.............................. bola que está perto de você é minha, b) Peça-lhe que intervenha a meu favor.
....................... aqui é do meu primo. c) Todos se dispuseram a colaborar.
d) Ainda que se prevesse o temporal, a enchente ocorreria.
a) Aquela – esta e) Quando você o vir, diga-lhe que aguardo sua resposta.
b) Esta - esta
c) Essa – essa
d) Essa - esta 27) Assinale a alternativa incorreta:
e) Esta - aquela
a) O futuro do subjuntivo expressa um fato que vai acontecer
relacionado a outro fato futuro.
– 62 –
Língua Portuguesa
b) O pretérito mais-que-perfeito expressa um fato anterior a c) a – há
outro fato que também é passado. d) há - a
c) O pretérito imperfeito expressa um fato já concluído em e) à - há
época passada.
d) O presente do subjuntivo expressa um fato atual, expri-
mindo suposição, dúvida, possibilidade. 34) Assinale o uso incorreto quanto ao uso do acento de
e) O futuro do pretérito expressa um fato futuro, mas de for- crase:
ma hipotética em relação a um momento passado.
a) Chegarei à casa de meus parentes daqui a uma semana.
b) João foi andar à cavalo.
28) Assinale a alternativa que contém um advérbio de tempo c) Gosto de arroz à grega.
e de negação: d) Assisto à novela todas as noites.
e) Ã noite, viajaremos tranquilos.
a) Às vezes, não gosto de pensar no passado.
b) Atrás da porta ficava uma cadeira velha.
c) Maria andava apressadamente pelas ruas. 35) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as
d) Agora só espero que você volte logo. lacunas das orações abaixo:
e) Possivelmente iremos ao teatro à noite.
I - Romário fez um gol ............... Pelé.
II - ............... séculos que não a vejo.
29) Na oração “Possivelmente, virei aqui amanhã”, temos III - Muita gente veio ............... reunião.
advérbio de: IV - Fui assistir ............... um show de Caetano Veloso.
a) intensidade - tempo - lugar a) a - há - a – a

b) dúvida - lugar - tempo b) à - à - à - a
c) modo - lugar - dúvida c) a - há - a – à
d) dúvida - afirmação - negação d) a - a - há - à
e) afirmação - dúvida - lugar e) à - há - à - a
30) Nas orações:

GABARITO
I - Vou a Curitiba no próximo mês.
II - Fernanda estuda à noite.
III - Ele a trouxe de Paris. 1-D 2-D 3-B 4-C 5-A
IV - Ele beijou a minha mão rapidamente. 6-E 7-C 8-A 9-D 10 - C
11 - B 12 - C 13 - A 14 - E 15 - A
temos, respectivamente: 16 - C 17 - B 18 - C 19 - D 20 - A
21 - C 22 - D 23 - E 24 - D 25 - B
a) preposição, pronome, preposição, artigo 26 - D 27 - C 28 - A 29 - B 30 - D
b) artigo, pronome, preposição, pronome 31 - B 32 - A 33 - C 34 - B 35 - E
c) pronome, artigo, pronome, preposição
d) preposição, preposição, pronome, artigo
e) artigo, pronome, pronome, artigo
31) As interjeições caramba! e bravo! indicam estado de: BIBLIOGRAFIA

a) desejo – espanto
b) espanto - aplauso • Bechara, Evanildo.
c) aplauso – dor Moderna Gramática Portuguesa – Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna,
d) animação - advertência 2005.
e) aversão - alegria
• Cipro Neto, Pasquale.

32) ........ partir daquele momento, senti que ......... minha Gramática da língua portuguesa / Pasquale & Ulisses - Nova
preocupação não era necessária. edição conforme o Acordo Ortográfico - São Paulo: Scipione,
2008.
a) a – a
b) à - a
c) a – à •Cegalla, Domingos Paschoal.
d) à - à Novíssima Gramática da Língua Portuguesa – São Paulo:
e) à - há Companhia Editora Nacional, 2002.
33) Assisti ............... uma peça de teatro ............... cinco • Paschoalin, Maria Aparecida.
dias atrás. Gramática: teoria e exercícios / Paschoalin & Spadoto - São
Paulo: FTD, 1996.
a) à – a
b) a - à
– 63 –
Língua Portuguesa
• Infante, Ulisses. _________________________________________________
Curso de Gramática Aplicada aos textos São Paulo: Scipione,
1995. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Barbosa de Souza, Jésus. _________________________________________________
Minigramática / Jésus & Samira - São Paulo: Saraiva, 1997.
_________________________________________________
• Terra, Ernani. _________________________________________________

Minigramática - São Paulo: Scipione, 1995.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• André, Hildebrando A. de.
Gramática Ilustrada - São Paulo: Moderna, 1997. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Cereja, William Roberto.
Texto e interação: uma proposta de produção textual _________________________________________________
a partir de gêneros e projetos / William Roberto Cereja, The-
reza Cochar Magalhães - São Paulo: Atual, 2000. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Infante, Ulisses. _________________________________________________
Textos: leituras e escritas: literatura, língua e redação
- São Paulo: Scipione, 2000. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Terra, Ernani
Português para o ensino médio: língua, literatura e produção _________________________________________________
de textos: volume único / Ernani Terra & José Nicola, Floriana
_________________________________________________
Toscano Cavallete. São Paulo: Scipione, 2002.
_________________________________________________
• Faraco & Moura _________________________________________________
Língua e Literatura / Carlos Emílio Faraco e Francisco Marto
Moura - 20. ed - São Paulo: Ática, 2000. _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Sargentim, Hermínio
_________________________________________________
Redação - Coleção Horizontes - São Paulo: IBEP
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
SITES PESQUISADOS _________________________________________________
http://exercicios.brasilescola.com/gramatica/exercicios-sobre- _________________________________________________
vozes-verbo.htm
http://www.linguacomtexto.com/download/vozes_verbais.htm _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
ANOTAÇÕES
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
– 64 –
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t: No Brasil, fala-se espanhol.

NOÇÕES BÁSICAS DE LÓGICA: u: Toda ave voa.
CONECTIVOS, TAUTOLOGIA, CONTRADIÇÕES, v: O número 3 é par.
PROPOSIÇÕES, IMPLICAÇÕES, EQUIVALÊN-
x: O número 7 é primo.
CIAS, VALORES LÓGICOS, TABELAS-VERDA-
DE, ARGUMENTOS, SILOGISMO, AFIRMAÇÕES z: O número 7 é ímpar.
E NEGAÇÕES. Perceba que estamos utilizando uma letra minúscula
para nomearmos as proposições, desta forma, quando nos
referirmos na proposição r, estamos nos referindo a "O
número 2 é primo."
INTRODUÇÃO
Lógica é a ciência que trata dos princípios válidos
do raciocínio e da argumentação. Seu estudo trata das VALORES LÓGICOS DAS PROPOSIÇÕES
formas do pensamento em geral e das operações
intelectuais que visam à determinação do que é verdade- Valor lógico é a classificação da proposição em
iro ou não, ou seja, um encadeamento coerente de verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F), pelos princípios da não contradi-
alguma coisa que obedece a certas convenções ou ção e do terceiro excluído. Sendo assim, a classificação é
regras. Assim, o estudo da Lógica é um esforço no única, ou seja, a proposição só pode ser verdadeira ou
sentido de determinar as condições que permitem tirar falsa.
de determinadas proposições (ponto ou idéia de que se
parte para estruturar um raciocínio), também chamadas Para as proposições utilizadas no tópico anterior, os
de premissas, uma conclusão delas derivada. valores lógicos são:
r: O número 2 é primo. (Verdadeiro)

s: Marte é o planeta vermelho. (Verdadeiro)
ESTRUTURAS LÓGICAS
t: No Brasil, fala-se espanhol. (Falso)
CONCEITOS INICIAIS DO RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO u: Toda ave voa. (Falso)
v: O número 3 é par. (Falso)
PROPOSIÇÕES x: O número 7 é primo. (Verdadeiro)
A proposição é todo o enunciado com palavras e/ou z: O número 7 é ímpar. (Verdadeiro)
símbolos que representam um pensamento de sentido
completo.
CONECTIVOS
Toda proposição é uma representação lógica do juízo
que afirma (valor lógico verdadeiro) ou nega (valor lógico Conectivo é tudo aquilo que estabelece uma cone-
falso) a identidade representativa de dois conceitos. As xão, isto é, que une uma coisa a outra. Na lógica, o conecti-
regras que determinam quais as proposições que devem vo é um termo ou símbolo dele, que relaciona proposições
ser verdadeiras constituem a lógica matemática. de modo tal que a verdade ou inverdade da afirmação
resultante é determinada pela verdade ou inverdade dos
Assim sendo, têm-se exemplos de proposições seus componentes.
abaixo:
As proposições podem ser conectadas através dos
5 > 1 (valor lógico verdadeiro) seguintes conectivos: e, ou, não, se... então..., ... se e
somente se...
5 = 1 (valor lógico falso)
Os conectivos são representados por símbolos, como
No caso das proposições, a lógica matemática tem mostra a tabela abaixo:
como base dois princípios:
& Princípio da não-contradição: Conectivo Símbolo
"Uma proposição não pode ser verdadeira e falsa ao
mesmo tempo". e Y
& Princípio do terceiro excluído: ou Z

"Toda proposição ou é falsa ou é verdadeira, não
existe uma terceira opção". não ~ ou ¬
Outros exemplos de proposições:
se... então
r: O número 2 é primo.
s: Marte é o planeta vermelho.
... se e somente se...
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PROPOSIÇÕES SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS e) P Y (Q Z R)
f) (P Q) Y R
As proposições são classificadas em simples e
compostas: g) (P Q) Y (~R Y S)
Proposições Simples ou Atômica: são as proposi- h) P ((Q Y Q) Z S)

ções formadas por uma única proposição, ou seja, não
contém nenhuma outra como parte integrante de si mesma. Resolução:
Essas proposições são nomeadas por letras minúsculas do
alfabeto: a) Se há nuvens, choverá.
a, b, c,..., p, q,... b) Se aparecerem nuvens hoje, amanhã não teremos

bom tempo.
Proposições Composta ou Molecular: São as
c) Não teremos bom tempo amanhã pois choverá e
proposições formadas por combinações de duas ou mais ventará.
proposições simples. Tais combinações são feitas através
dos conectivos. Essas proposições são nomeadas por d) Se não surgirem nuvens hoje, amanhã teremos bom
letras maiúsculas do alfabeto: A, B, C,..., P, Q,... tempo.
A partir das proposições simples citadas acima, pode- e) Há nuvens, de modo que teremos chuva ou vento.
se gerar, utilizando conectivos, outras compostas como:
f) Se há nuvens, choverá; ou teremos vento.
W: O número 2 é primo e o número 7 é ímpar.
g) Teremos nuvens hoje se e somente se chover; mas
Y: O número 3 é par ou o número 7 é primo. não teremos vento e teremos bom tempo amanhã.
D: Se o número 7 é primo então ele é ímpar. h) Nuvens hoje se e só se amanhã chover, mas sem
vento, ou fizer bom tempo.
K: O número 3 é par se e somente se for múltiplo de 2.
Utilizando os símbolos que representam os conecti- Exemplo 2: Considerando as proposições simples:

vos tem-se que as proposições compostas acima podem
ser escritas como: P: O estudante comete erros.
W: rYz Q: Há motivação para o estudo.
Y: vZx R: O estudante aprende a matéria.
D: xz Simbolizar:
K: va a) Se o estudante não comete erros, aprende a matéria.
Os valores lógicos das proposições W, Y, D e K são b) Se há motivação para o estudo, o estudante não
comete erros.
respectivamente V, V, F, V.
c) Se não há motivação para o estudo, então o estudan-
Para se formar proposições compostas utiliza-se te comete erros ou não aprende a matéria.
apenas os conectivos, e, ou, se... então, se e somente se; d) Se o estudante comete erros, então, se não há
não se utiliza o conectivo não; basicamente, a partir de um motivação para o estudo, o estudante não aprende a
proposição é possível construir uma negação e com duas matéria.
ou mais proposições pode-se formar estruturas conhecidas
como: e) O estudante não comete erros ou aprende a matéria
se há motivação para o estudo.
& conjunções (r e z) f) O estudante comete erros; além disso, há motivação
para o estudo e o estudante aprende a matéria.
& disjunções (r ou z)
Resolução:
& condicionais (se r, então z)
a) ~PR
& bicondicionais (r se e somente se z)
b) Q~P
Exemplo 1: Considerando as proposições simples: c) ~ Q (P Z ~ R)
P: há nuvens hoje d) P (~ Q ~ R)
e) Q (~ P Z R)
Q: choverá
f) P Y (Q Y R)
R: ventará
S: fará bom tempo amanhã EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO:

Conectivos
Traduza as proposições moleculares abaixo.
1) Considerando as proposições simples:
a) PQ
P~Q
P: Paulo é aprovado no exame.
b) Q: Paulo conclui a sua tese.
c) ~ S Y (Q Y R) R: Paulo recebe o título de doutor.
S: Paulo lecionará na faculdade.
d) ~PS T: Paulo ensinará no colégio.
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Traduza as proposições moleculares abaixo. TABELA-VERDADE E
a) (P Y Q) Z ~ R QUESTÕES DE ASSOCIAÇÃO
b) (~ P Y ~ Q) ~ S
Da mesma forma que as proposições simples podem
c) (P Y Q Y R) ~ T ser verdadeiras ou falsas, as proposições compostas
podem também ser verdadeiras ou falsas. O valor-verdade
d) R (S Y ~ T) de uma expressão que representa uma proposição compos-
ta depende dos valores-verdade das subexpressões que a
e) R (P Y Q) compõem e também a forma pela qual elas foram compos-
~ P (~ R Y S)
tas.
f)
S (P Y Q Y R)
As tabelas-verdade explicitam a relação entre os
g)
valores-verdade de uma expressão composta em termos
h) T~R dos valores-verdade das subexpressões e variáveis que a
compõem.
2) Considerando as proposições simples: Na tabela seguinte, encontra-se todos os valores

Lógicos possíveis de uma proposição composta correspon-
P: Paulo diminui os erros cometidos. dente das proposições simples abaixo:
Q: Há motivação para o estudo.
R: Paulo aprendeu a matéria. p: Evandro é estudioso.
S: O professor é bom.
q: Ele passará no concurso.
Simbolizar:
p q
a) Se o professor é bom, Paulo aprende a maté-
ria. 1 V V
b) Se o professor não é bom, não há motivação 2 V F
para ao estudar.
3 F V
c) O professor é bom, há motivação para estudar
e, além disso, Paulo aprende a matéria 4 F F
d) Paulo não aprendeu a matéria, ele não dimi-
nuiu os erros cometidos.
Teorema do número de linhas da tabela-verdade
e) Se Paulo não diminuiu os erros cometidos, o
professor não era bom ou não havia motivação A tabela-verdade lista todas as possíveis combina-
para estudar. ções de valores-verdade V e F para as variáveis envolvidas
na expressão cujo valor lógico deseja-se deduzir. A tabela-
f) Paulo aprende a matéria ou diminui os erros verdade de uma proposição composta com n proposições
cometidos. simples componentes contém 2n linhas. Ou seja, cada
proposição simples tem dois valores V ou F, que se exclu-
em. Para n proposição simples (atômicas) distintas, há
tantas possibilidades quantos são os arranjos com repeti-
Respostas: ção de (V e F) elementos n a n. Segue-se que o número de
linhas da tabela-verdade é 2n. Assim, para duas proposi-
1) a) Paulo é aprovado no exame e concluiu sua ções são 4 linhas; para três proposições são 8; etc.
tese ou não recebe o título de doutor.
b) Paulo não é aprovado no exame e não conclui Então, para se construir uma tabela-verdade procede
sua tese somente se não lecionar na faculdade. se da seguinte maneira:
c) Paulo é aprovado no concurso, conclui a tese 1- Determina-se o número de linhas da tabela-verdade
e recebe o título de doutor somente se não que se quer construir;
ensinar no colégio.
d) Paulo recebe o título de doutor somente se 2- Observa-se a precedência entre os conectivos, isto
lecionar na faculdade e não ensinar no colégio. é, determina-se a forma das proposições que ocor-
rem no problema;
e) Paulo recebe o título de doutor somente se
aprovado no concurso e concluir a tese. 3- Aplicam-se as definições das proposições Lógicas
f) Paulo não é aprovado no concurso somente se que o problema exigir.
não receber o título de doutor e lecionar na
faculdade.
Operações lógicas sobre as proposições
g) Paulo lecionará na faculdade se e somente se e sua tabela-verdade
for aprovado no concurso, concluir a tese e
receber o título de doutor.
Uma série de operações é realizada quando se
h) Paulo ensinará no colégio se e somente se não analisam as proposições e seus respectivos conectivos.
lecionar na faculdade.
2) a) RÚS a- Y)
Conjunção (Y
b) ~QÚ~S
A conjunção de duas proposições p e q, indicada por
c) S ^ Q ^ R d) ~R^~P p Y q (lê-se: "p e q") é, por definição, a proposição
e) ~ P Ú (~ S v ~ Q) que é verdadeira só quando o forem verdadeiras as
proposições componentes. A tabela-verdade para a
f) RvP conjunção de duas proposições é dada a seguir:
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p q pYq EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO:
Tabela-Verdade
V V V
1) Determinar o valor verdade de cada qual dos seguin-
F V F tes compostos:
V F F a) 2 + 2 = 5 e 3 + 4 = 10.
b) O dobro de 3 é 6 ou o triplo de 4 é 10.
F F F c) Se 2 + 2 = 4, então 3 + 3 = 9.
d) Se 2 + 2 = 4, então 5 + 5 = 10.
p Y q: Evandro é estudioso e passará no concurso. e) 3 + 3 = 6 e o triplo de 5 é 15.
f) 3 + 5 é igual a 12 ou 3 + 55 é diferente de 12.
b- Z)
Disjunção (Z g) 3 + 5 = 10 ou 5 + 3 = 10.
h) Se 2 + 2 = 4, então a Lua é cilíndrica.
A disjunção de duas proposições p e q, indicada por i) 6 + 6 = 8 se e somente se a Lua é cilíndrica.
pZq (lê-se: "p ou q"), é, por definição, a proposição que j) 5 é o dobro de 2 se e somente se 9 é o triplo de 3.
é verdadeira sempre que pelo menos uma das propo-
sições componentes o for. A tabela-verdade para a RESPOSTAS:
disjunção de duas proposições é dada a seguir: a) F b) V c) F d) V e) V f) V g) F h) F i) V j) F
p q pZq NEGAÇÕES
V V V A negação de uma proposição p, indicada por ~ p (lê-
V F V se: "não p") é, por definição, a proposição que é verdadeira
ou falsa conforme p é falsa ou verdadeira, de maneira que
F V V se p é verdade então ~ p é falso, e vice-versa. Os possíveis
valores lógicos para a negação são dados pela tabela-
F F F verdade abaixo:
p Z q: Evandro é estudioso ou ele passará no p ~p

concurso.
F V
c- Condicional () V F
A proposição condicional, indicada por p q (lê-se: p: Evandro é estudioso.
"Se p então q") é, por definição, a proposição que é ~ p: Evandro não é estudioso.
falsa quando p é verdadeira e q falsa, mas ela é
verdadeira nos demais casos. A tabela-verdade para
a proposição condicional é dada a seguir: Exemplo 1: Representar as sentenças abaixo
usando símbolos adequados:
p q pq
a) Pedro não foi à festa.
V V V b) Não é fato que as baleias sejam peixes.
c) Não se dá que haja prisioneiros.
V F F d) Não é verdade que 2+2=5.
F V V Resolução:
F F V a) não (Pedro foi à festa). ~ F
b) não (as baleias são peixes). ~ B
p q: Se Evandro é estudioso, então ele passa- c) não (haja prisioneiros). ~ P
rá no concurso. Ou seja, p é condição d) não (2+2=5). ~ C
suficiente para q e q é condição necessá-
ria para p.
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO:
d- Bicondicional () Negações
A proposição bicondicional, indicada por p q (lê-se: 1) Passe as proposições para a negativa e simbolize-as.
"p se e somente se q") é, por definição, a proposição
que é verdadeira somente quando p e q têm o a) João é bonito.
b) O Brasil foi campeão.
mesmo valor lógico. A tabela-verdade para a proposi- c) Pedro e Ana são namorados.
ção bicondicional é dada a seguir: d) Marta não perdeu a prova.
e) Aline é muito simpática.
p q pq f) 2 + 5 = 12.
V V V
V F F
RESPOSTAS:
F V F
a) ~ J onde, J: João é bonito.
F F V b) ~ B onde, B: O Brasil foi campeão.
c) ~ P onde, P: Pedro e Ana são namorados.
p q: Evandro é estudioso se e somente se ele d) M onde, M: Marta perdeu a prova.
passar no concurso. Ou seja, p é condição e) ~ A onde, A: Aline é muito simpática.
necessária e suficiente para q. f) ~ C onde, C: 2 + 5 = 12.
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TAUTOLOGIA p ~p p Ú (~p)
Etimologicamente, a palavra tautologia é formada por F V V
dois radicais gregos: taut (o) - que significa "o mesmo" e
–logia que significa "o que diz a mesma coisa já dita”. Para V F F
a lógica, a tautologia é uma proposição analítica que
permanece sempre verdadeira, uma vez que o atributo é
uma repetição do sujeito, ou seja, o uso de palavras Resumidamente, temos:
diferentes para expressar uma mesma idéia; redundância,
pleonasmo. – tautologia contendo apenas V na última coluna da
sua tabela-verdade;
Exemplo: O sal é salgado
– contradição contendo apenas F na última coluna de
Uma proposição composta P (p, q, r, ...) é uma sua tabela-verdade;
tautologia se P (p, q, r, ...) tem valor lógico V quaisquer que
sejam os valores lógicos das proposições componentes p, – contingência contendo V e F na última coluna de
q, r, ..., ou seja, uma tautologia conterá apenas V na última sua tabela-verdade.
coluna da sua tabela-verdade.
Tautologia V
Exemplo:
Contradição F
A proposição "p ou não p”, isto é, p ∨ (~p) é uma
Contingência V/F
tautologia. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p ∨ (~p) é:
p ~p p ∨ (~p)
ALGUMAS QUESTÕES
V F V DE CONCURSOS ANTERIORES
F V V
1) (TRT-9R-2004-FCC) Considere a seguinte proposi-
ção: "na eleição para a prefeitura, o candidato A será
eleito ou não será eleito”. Do ponto de vista lógico, a
CONTRADIÇÃO afirmação da proposição caracteriza:
A contradição é uma relação de incompatibilidade a) um silogismo.
entre duas proposições que não podem ser simultaneamen-
te verdadeiras nem simultaneamente falsas, por apresenta- b) uma tautologia.
rem o mesmo sujeito e o mesmo predicado, mas diferirem c) uma equivalência.
ao mesmo tempo em quantidade e qualidade.
d) uma contingência.
Exemplo: Todos os homens são mortais e alguns e) uma contradição.
homens não são mortais.
Resolução: Com a finalidade de montarmos a tabela
Há uma relação de incompatibilidade entre dois verdade para verificar se a proposição apresentada no
termos em que a afirmação de um implica a negação do enunciado da questão é uma tautologia ou uma contradi-
outro e reciprocamente. ção, definiremos a seguinte proposição simples:
Uma proposição composta P (p, q, r, ...) é uma p: o candidato A será eleito
contradição se P (p, q, r, ...) tem valor lógico F quaisquer
que sejam os valores lógicos das proposições componentes Então, a sentença "o candidato A será eleito OU
p, q, r, ..., ou seja, uma contradição conterá apenas F na não será eleito” passará ser representada simbolicamente
última coluna da sua tabela-verdade.
como: p ∨ ~p.
Exemplo:
Construindo a tabela- verdade, teremos que:
A proposição "p e não p”, isto é, p ∧ (~p) é uma
contradição. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p ∧ (~p) é: p ~p p ~p
V F V
p ~p p ∧ (~p)
F V V
V F F
F V F Como a última linha desta tabela-verdade só apre-
senta o valor lógico Verdadeiro, temos uma tautologia.
Então, a alternativa correta é a letra b.
CONTINGÊNCIA
2) (Fiscal Trabalho 98 ESAF) Um exemplo de tautologia
Chama-se contingência toda a proposição composta é:
em cuja última coluna de sua tabela-verdade figuram as
letras V e F cada uma pelo menos uma vez. Em outros a) se João é alto, então João é alto ou Guilherme
termos, contingência é toda proposição composta que não é gordo
é tautologia nem contradição. As contingências são também b) se João é alto, então João é alto e Guilherme é
denominadas proposições contingentes ou proposições gordo
indeterminadas. c) se João é alto ou Guilherme é gordo, então
Guilherme é gordo
Exemplo: d) se João é alto ou Guilherme é gordo, então
João é alto e Guilherme é gordo
& A proposição "se p então ~p”, isto é, p Ú (~p) é uma e) se João é alto ou não é alto, então Guilherme
contingência. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p Ú (~p) é: é gordo
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Resolução: Para simplificar e facilitar esta resolução, O argumento pode ser representado por:
assume-se as seguintes proposições simples:
p: João é alto.
q: Guilherme é gordo.
Daí, utilizando essas definições feitas acima para as
proposições p e q, as alternativas da questão poderão ser
reescritas, simbolicamente, como:
a) p Ú (p ∨ q) (=se João é alto, então João é alto ou
Guilherme é gordo)
b) p Ú (p ∧ q) (=se João é alto, então João é alto e
Guilherme é gordo) Por exemplo:
c) (p ∨ q) Ú q (=se João é alto ou Guilherme é gordo, p1: Toda baleia é mamífero. premissa
então Guilherme é gordo) p2: Ora, nenhum mamífero é peixe. premissa
d) (p ∨ q) Ú (p ∧ q) (=se João é alto ou Guilherme é q: Logo, a baleia não é peixe. conclusão
gordo, então João é alto e Guilherme é gordo)
No exemplo, há três proposições em que a última, a
e) (p ∨ ~p) Ú q (=se João é alto ou não é alto, então conclusão, deriva logicamente das duas anteriores (premissas).
Guilherme é gordo)
Nem sempre a argumentação se formaliza claramen-
O que resta ser feito agora é testar as alternativas, te como no exemplo citado. Quando expomos nossas
procurando por aquela que seja uma Tautologia. Para isso, idéias, seja oralmente ou por escrito, às vezes começamos
constrói-se a tabela-verdade de cada opção de resposta. pela conclusão, além do mais, com freqüência, omitimos
premissas, deixando-as subentendidas. Costumamos
Teste da alternativa "a”: p Ú (p ∨ q) também concatenar argumentos de modo que a conclusão
de um pode ser a premissa de outro. Por isso, um dos
trabalhos do lógico é montar o raciocínio redescobrindo sua
p q (p ∨ q) p Ú (p ∨ q) estrutura e avaliando a validade da conclusão.
V V V V
É importante salientar que embora um argumento
V F V V seja um conjunto de proposições, nem todos os conjuntos
de proposições são argumentos. Por exemplo, o seguinte
F V V V conjunto de proposições não é um argumento:
F F F V Eu almoço na minha mãe, mas o Léo não.

O Gabriel come pipocas no cinema.
O Rodrigo foi ao museu.
Já chegamos à resposta! Observe que a última
coluna da tabela-verdade acima só apresentou valores Nesse caso, não temos um argumento, porque não
lógicos verdadeiros. Com isso, concluímos: a proposição há nenhuma pretensão de justificar uma proposição com
da opção a – Se João é alto, então João é alto ou Guilher- base nas outras. Nem há nenhuma pretensão de apresentar
me é gordo – é uma tautologia. um conjunto de proposições com alguma relação entre si.
Há apenas uma seqüência de afirmações. E um argumento
Resposta: letra a é, como já vimos, um conjunto de proposições em que se
pretende que uma delas seja sustentada ou justificada
pelas outras — o que não acontece no exemplo anterior.
LÓGICA DE ARGUMENTAÇÃO
VERDADES E MENTIRAS Importante: um argumento pode ter uma ou mais
premissas, mas só pode ter uma conclusão.
Sabe-se que o objetivo da lógica consiste no estudo
das formas de argumentação válidas, pois ela estuda e Exemplos de argumentos com uma só premissa:
sistematiza a validade ou invalidade da argumentação.
1) Premissa: Todos os brasileiros são sul-americanos.
Dessa maneira, o objeto de estudo da lógica é
determinar se a conclusão de um argumento é ou não uma Conclusão: Logo, alguns sul-americanos são
conseqüência lógica das proposições. Lembre-se que uma brasileiros.
proposição (declaração/afirmação) é uma sentença que
pode ser verdadeira ou falsa. 2) Premissa: O Victor e o André são alunos do
1.º ano.
ARGUMENTO Conclusão: Logo, o Victor é aluno do 1.º ano.
Um argumento possui uma estrutura de rigor Exemplos de argumentos com duas premissas:
constituída por proposições em uma seqüência na qual uma
delas é a conclusão e as demais são premissas (etimologi- 1) Premissa 1: Se o André é um aluno do 1.º ano,
camente, "que foram colocadas antes”). Assim sendo, a então estuda filosofia.
última proposição (conclusão) é, de alguma forma, justifica-
da pelas anteriores (premissas). A verdade das premissas Premissa 2: O André é um aluno do 1.º ano.
de algum modo leva a crer que a conclusão é verdadeira. Conclusão: Logo, o André estuda filosofia.
Assim, o conjunto de proposições p1, p2, p3, ..., pn que 2) Premissa 1: Todos os homens são imortais.
tem como conseqüência outra proposição q. Chamaremos
as proposições p1, p2, p3, ..., pn de premissas do argumento, Premissa 2: Sócrates é homem.
e a proposição q de conclusão do argumento. Conclusão: Portanto, Sócrates é imortal.
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Nas proposições, há alguns indicadores de conclu- VALIDADE DE UM ARGUMENTO
são. Os dois mais utilizados são "logo" e "portanto". Um
indicador é um articulador do discurso, é uma palavra ou Todos os seres humanos têm algo a dizer sobre a
expressão que utilizamos para introduzir uma razão (uma realidade que os rodeia e um conjunto de crenças (nem
premissa) ou uma conclusão. O quadro seguinte apresenta sempre verdadeiras) acerca do mundo que pretendem
alguns indicadores de premissa e de conclusão: transmitir e partilhar com os seus próximos. Não cabe à
lógica estabelecer critérios para aceitar uma proposição
como verdadeira, compete-lhe esclarecer em que medida
Indicadores de premissa Indicadores de conclusão uma proposição é uma conseqüência de um certo conjunto
de outras proposições. Caso o veredicto seja negativo algo
pois por isso exige revisão.
porque por conseguinte
dado que implica que Este fato permite explicar o interesse de algumas
como foi dito logo pessoas particularmente conscientes da importância da
visto que portanto argumentação em propor um método que permitisse
devido a então determinar as circunstâncias em que uma inferência
a razão é que daí que merece ser considerada válida. A primeira pessoa a fazê-lo
admitindo que segue-se que de uma forma sistemática foi Aristóteles, um filósofo grego
sabendo-se que pode-se inferir que da Antiguidade. O seu exemplo foi seguido por vários outros
assumindo que conseqüentemente filósofos, entre os quais um lógico medieval português
chamado Pedro Hispano. Durante o século XX o tema
sofreu um desenvolvimento imenso devido, em particular,
É claro que nem sempre as premissas e a conclusão à descoberta da lógica moderna por Frege.
são precedidas por indicadores.
Nesse sentido, o estudo da lógica desenvolveu-se em
torno de uma idéia principal: a idéia de validade. Esta é uma
PROPOSIÇÕES E FRASES idéia notável porque nos permite compreender, entre outras
coisas, a razão pela qual, em certas circunstâncias, podemos
Um argumento é um conjunto de proposições. Quer confiar nas conclusões a que chegamos ao efetuar uma
as premissas quer a conclusão de um argumento são inferência, ou seja, a operação intelectual por meio da qual se
proposições. Mas o que é mesmo uma proposição? afirma a verdade de uma proposição em decorrência de sua
ligação com outras já reconhecidas como verdadeiras.
Uma proposição é o pensamento que uma frase
declarativa exprime literalmente. A verdade é uma propriedade das proposições. A
validade é uma propriedade dos argumentos. É incorreto
Não confunda proposições com frases. Uma frase é falar em proposições válidas. As proposições não são
uma entidade lingüística, é a unidade gramatical mínima de válidas nem inválidas. As proposições só podem ser
sentido. Por exemplo, o conjunto de palavras "O Brasil é um" verdadeiras ou falsas. Também é incorreto dizer que os
não é uma frase. Mas o conjunto de palavras "O Brasil é um argumentos são verdadeiros ou que são falsos. Os argu-
país” é uma frase, pois já se apresenta com sentido gramati- mentos não são verdadeiros nem falsos. Os argumentos
cal. Há vários tipos de frases: declarativas, interrogativas, dizem-se válidos ou inválidos.
imperativas e exclamativas. Mas só as frases declarativas
exprimem proposições. Uma frase só exprime uma proposi- Diz-se que um argumento é válido na circunstância
ção quando o que ela afirma tem valor de verdade. em que: se as suas premissas são todas verdadeiras, então
a conclusão não pode ser falsa. Repare que, para um
Por exemplo, as seguintes frases não exprimem argumento ser válido, não basta que as premissas e a
proposições, porque não têm valor de verdade, isto é, não conclusão sejam verdadeiras. Pois, sendo as premissas
são verdadeiras nem falsas: verdadeiras, a conclusão jamais seja falsa.
1) Que horas são? A validade de um argumento dedutivo depende da

2) Traz a apostila. conexão lógica entre as premissas e a conclusão do
3) Prometo ir ao shopping. argumento e não do valor de verdade das proposições que
4) Quem me dera gostar de Matemática. constituem o argumento. Como já foi dito, a validade é uma
propriedade diferente da verdade. A verdade é uma proprie-
Mas as frases seguintes exprimem proposições, dade das proposições que constituem os argumentos (mas
porque têm valor de verdade, isto é, são verdadeiras ou não dos argumentos) e a validade é uma propriedade dos
falsas, ainda que, acerca de algumas, não saibamos, neste argumentos (mas não das proposições). Sendo assim,
momento, se são verdadeiras ou falsas: pode-se ter as seguintes combinações para os argumentos
válidos dedutivos:
1) O Brasil fica na América do Norte.
2) Brasília é a capital do Brasil. a) Premissas verdadeiras e conclusão verdadeira.
3) A neve é branca. Exemplo:
4) Há seres extra-terrestres inteligentes. Todos os apartamentos são pequenos. (V)
Todos os apartamentos são lares. (V)
A frase 1 é falsa, a 2 e a 3 são verdadeiras. E a 4? j Alguns lares são pequenos. (V)
Bem, não sabemos qual é o seu valor de verdade, não
sabemos se é verdadeira ou falsa, mas sabemos que tem b) Algumas ou todas as premissas falsas e uma
de ser verdadeira ou falsa. Por isso, também exprime uma conclusão verdadeira.
proposição. Exemplo:
Todos os peixes têm asas. (F)
Uma proposição é uma entidade abstrata, é o Todos os pássaros são peixes. (F)
pensamento que uma frase declarativa exprime literalmen- j Todos os pássaros têm asas. (V)
te. Ora, um mesmo pensamento pode ser expresso por
diferentes frases. Por isso, a mesma proposição pode ser c) Algumas ou todas as premissas falsas e uma
expressa por diferentes frases. Por exemplo, as frases "O conclusão falsa.
governo demitiu o presidente da TAP" e "O presidente da Exemplo:
TAP foi demitido pelo governo" exprimem a mesma proposi- Todos os peixes têm asas. (F)
ção. As frases seguintes também exprimem a mesma Todos os cães são peixes. (F)
proposição: "A neve é branca" e "Snow is white". j Todos os cães têm asas. (F)
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Todos os argumentos acima são válidos, pois se Então, vejamos:
suas premissas fossem verdadeiras então as conclusões
também as seriam. Se Paulo for reprovado no concurso, então será
demitido do serviço.
Lembre-se que um argumento é válido somente Paulo foi reprovado no concurso.
quando todas as suas premissas forem verdadeiras o que j Paulo será demitido do serviço.
acarretará numa conclusão também verdadeira. Portanto,
um argumento é não válido se existir a possibilidade de Esse argumento é evidentemente válido e sua forma
suas premissas serem verdadeiras e sua conclusão falsa. pode ser escrita da seguinte forma:
Observe que a validade do argumento depende
p_q
apenas da estrutura dos enunciados. Exemplos:
Se p então q
Todas os mulheres são bonitas.
Todas as rainhas são mulheres. p ou p
j Todas as rainhas são bonitas.
jq jq
Observe que não precisamos de nenhum conheci-
mento aprofundado sobre o assunto para concluir que o
argumento acima é válido. Substituindo mulheres, bonitas
e princesas por A, B e C teremos respectivamente: Outro argumento dedutivo válido é a "negação do
conseqüente” (também conhecido como modus tollens).
No exemplo anterior, p _ q é equivalente a ~p _ ~q.

Todos os A são B.
Todos os C são A.
j Todos os C são B. Essa equivalência é chamada de contra-positiva.
Logo o que é importante é a forma do argumento e Exemplo: "Se ele me ama, então casa comigo” é
não o conhecimento de A, B e C, isto é, esse argumento é equivalente a "Se ele não casa comigo,
válido para quaisquer A, B e C e, portanto a validade é então ele não me ama”.
conseqüência da forma do argumento. O atributo validade
aplica-se apenas aos argumentos dedutivos. Então, vejamos o exemplo do modus tollens.
• Se aumentamos os meios de pagamentos, então

ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS E INDUTIVOS haverá inflação.
Os argumentos são divididos em dois grupos:
• Não há inflação
• dedutivos
• indutivos j Não aumentamos os meios de pagamentos.
O argumento será dedutivo quando suas premissas Esse argumento é evidentemente válido e sua forma
fornecerem prova conclusiva da veracidade da conclusão, pode ser escrita da seguinte maneira:
isto é, o argumento é dedutivo quando a conclusão é
completamente derivada das premissas.
Se p então q p_q
Exemplo: Todo ser humano têm pai.
Todos os homens são humanos. ~q ou ~q
j Todos os homens têm pai.
j ~p j ~p
O argumento será indutivo quando suas premissas
não fornecerem o apoio completo para ratificar as conclu-
sões.
Existe também um tipo de argumento válido conheci-
Exemplo: O São Paulo é um bom time de futebol. do pelo nome de dilema.
O Palmeiras é um bom time de futebol.
O Corinthians é um bom time de futebol. Geralmente, esse argumento ocorre quando alguém
O Santos é um bom time de futebol. é forçado a escolher entre duas alternativas indesejáveis.
j Todos os times paulistas de futebol são
bons.
Exemplo: José se inscreveu no concurso da Prefei-
Portanto, nos argumentos indutivos, a conclusão tura Municipal de São Paulo, porém não
possui informações que ultrapassam as fornecidas nas gostaria de sair de Ribeirão Preto, e seus
premissas. Sendo assim, não se aplica, então, a definição colegas de trabalho estão torcendo por
de argumentos válidos ou não válidos para argumentos ele.
indutivos.
Eis o dilema de José:
ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS VÁLIDOS • Ou José passa ou não passa no concurso.
A noção de argumentos válidos ou não válidos apli- - Se José passar no concurso vai ter que ir
ca-se apenas aos argumentos dedutivos, e também que a embora de Ribeirão Preto.
validade depende apenas da forma do argumento e não dos - Se José não passar no concurso ficará com
respectivos valores verdades das premissas. Vimos, também, vergonha diante dos colegas de trabalho.
que não podemos ter um argumento válido com premissas
verdadeiras e conclusão falsa. A seguir exemplificaremos
alguns argumentos dedutivos válidos importantes. j Ou José vai embora de Ribeirão Preto ou João
ficará com vergonha dos colegas de trabalho.
O primeiro argumento dedutivo válido que discutire-
mos chama-se "afirmação do antecedente”, (também Esse argumento é evidentemente válido e sua forma
conhecido como modus ponens). pode ser escrita da seguinte maneira:
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Exemplo: Se João parar de fumar, ele engordará.
(p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~q ∧ ~p)
p_r
ou p ou q João não parou de fumar.
j João não engordará.
p_s
Se p, então r
Se q, então s ou
Observe que temos a forma:
j ou r ou s j (r ∧ ~s) ∨ (~r ∧ s)
Se p então q p_q
ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS NÃO VÁLIDOS ~p ou ~p

Os argumentos dedutivos não válidos podem combi- j ~q j ~q
nar verdade ou falsidade das premissas de qualquer
maneira com a verdade ou falsidade da conclusão.
Esse argumento é uma falácia, pois podemos ter as
Assim, podemos ter, por exemplo, argumentos não- premissas verdadeiras e a conclusão falsa.
válidos com premissas e conclusões verdadeiras, porém as
premissas não sustentam a conclusão.
ANALOGIA
Exemplo: Todos os mamíferos são mortais. (V)
Todos os gatos são mortais. (V) A analogia (ou raciocínio por semelhança) é uma
j Todos os gatos são mamíferos. (V) indução parcial ou imperfeita, na qual passamos de um ou
de alguns fatos singulares não a uma conclusão universal,
Esse argumento tem a forma: mas a uma outra enunciação singular ou particular, inferida
em virtude da comparação entre objetos que, embora
Todos os A são B. diferentes, apresentam pontos de semelhança:
Todos os C são B.
j Todos os C são A. Exemplo: Pedro sarou de suas dores de cabeça
com este remédio.
Podemos, facilmente, mostrar que este argumento é Logo, Antônio há de sarar de suas dores
não-válido, pois as premissas não sustentam a conclusão, de cabeça com este mesmo remédio.
e veremos então que podemos ter as premissas verdadei-
ras e a conclusão falsa, nesta forma, bastando substituir A É claro que o raciocínio por semelhança fornece
por mamífero, B por mortais e C por cobra. apenas uma probabilidade, não uma certeza. Grande parte
de nossas conclusões diárias baseia-se na analogia.
Todos os mamíferos são mortais. (V)
Todas as cobras são mortais. (V)
j Todas as cobras são mamíferas. (F) SILOGISMO
Com as premissas verdadeiras e a conclusão falsa Segundo o aristotelismo, silogismo ("ligação”) é o

nunca pode ocorrer que o argumento seja válido, então raciocínio dedutivo estruturado formalmente a partir de duas
esse argumento é não-válido, chamaremos os argumentos proposições, ditas premissas, das quais, por inferência, se
não-válidos de falácias. obtém necessariamente uma terceira, chamada conclusão.
A falácia é um tipo de raciocínio incorreto, embora Por exemplo, quando dizemos "se x = y, e y = z,
tenha a aparência de correção. É conhecida também como então x = z”, há um termo médio (y), que estabelece a
sofisma ou paralogismo, e alguns estudiosos fazem a ligação entre x e z, de modo que a conclusão se torna
distinção entre eles, dando ao sofisma o sentido pejorativo necessária, ou seja, tem de ser esta e não outra. Além
decorrente da intenção de enganar o interlocutor, enquanto disso, o enunciado da conclusão não excede o conteúdo
no paralogismo não haveria essa intenção. das premissas, isto é, não diz mais na conclusão do que já
foi dito.
A seguir examinaremos algumas falácias conhecidas
que ocorrem com muita freqüência. Assim, quando dizemos: "Todos os homens são
mortais / Sócrates é homem / Logo, Sócrates é mortal”, a
O primeiro caso de argumento dedutivo não-válido conclusão é necessária porque deriva das premissas.
que veremos é o que chamamos de "falácia da afirmação
do conseqüente”. Vejamos esse raciocínio representado no esquema:
Por exemplo:
Se ele me ama então ele casa comigo.

Ele casa comigo.
j Ele me ama.
Podemos escrever esse argumento como:
Se p então q p_q
q ou q

jp jp
Esse argumento é uma falácia, podemos ter as Outro exemplo:

premissas verdadeiras e a conclusão falsa.
Todos os homens são mortais.
Outra falácia que ocorre com freqüência é a conheci- Os gregos são homens.
da por "falácia da negação do antecedente”. Logo, os gregos são mortais.
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Podemos, ainda, dizer que o silogismo é um raciocí- 5. De duas premissas particulares não poderá haver
nio que parte de uma proposição geral e conclui outra conclusão;
proposição geral (que também pode ser particular).
6. Se há uma premissa particular, a conclusão será
Uma proposição é geral quando o sujeito da proposi- particular;
ção é tomado na sua totalidade. Por exemplo: "Toda baleia
é mamífero”. É preciso prestar atenção, pois às vezes 7. Se há uma premissa particular negativa a conclusão
usamos apenas o artigo definido (o, a) para indicar a será particular negativa.
totalidade: "O homem é livre”. Observe, também, que não
importa se nos referimos a uma parte de outra totalidade; se
na proposição tomamos todos os elementos que a constitu- EXERCÍCIOS SOBRE A
em, trata-se de uma proposição geral. Na proposição "Os LÓGICA DE ARGUMENTAÇÃO:
paulistas são sul-americanos”, não importa que os paulistas
sejam uma parte dos brasileiros, mas que nesse caso
estamos nos referindo à totalidade dos paulistas. 1) (Questão 66 da Prova de Técnico do MPU) Quando
não vejo Carlos, não passeio ou fico deprimida.
Uma proposição é particular quando o sujeito da Quando chove, não passeio e fico deprimida. Quan-
proposição é tomado em apenas uma parte indeterminada: do não faz calor e passeio, não vejo Carlos. Quando
"Alguns homens são injustos”; "Certas pessoas são curio- não chove e estou deprimida, não passeio. Hoje,
sas”. Uma proposição particular pode ser singular quando passeio. Portanto, hoje
o sujeito se refere a um indivíduo: "Esta flor é bonita”; "São
Paulo é uma bela cidade”; "Mário é estudante”. a) vejo Carlos, e não estou deprimida, e chove, e
faz calor.
No exemplo, a seguir, a primeira dedução tem conclu- b) não vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e chove, e
são geral; e no segundo caso, a conclusão é particular: faz calor.
Todo brasileiro é sul-americano. c) vejo Carlos, e não estou deprimida, e não
Algum brasileiro é índio chove, e faz calor.
Algum índio é sul-americano. d) não vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e não
chove, e não faz calor.
É verdade que a dedução é um modelo de rigor. Mas
também é estéril, na medida em que não nos ensina nada e) vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e não chove, e
de novo, e apenas organiza o conhecimento já adquirido. faz calor.
Portanto, ela não inova, o que não significa que a dedução
não tenha valor algum.
Resolução: Observe o conectivo "se então” trata-se
Em síntese, chamaremos de silogismo o argumento de um condicional, que pode ser substituído por Quando
formado por duas premissas e uma conclusão, de modo condição suficiente então condição necessária.
que todas as premissas envolvidas são categóricas de
forma típica. O argumento é formado pelas seguintes premissas:
Têm-se, também, os três termos: p1: Quando não vejo Carlos então não passeio ou fico
deprimida
• Termo menor – sujeito da conclusão. p2: Quando chove então não passeio e fico deprimida
• Termo maior – predicado da conclusão.
• Termo médio – é o termo que aparece uma vez em p3: Quando não faz calor e passeio então não vejo
cada premissa e não aparece na conclusão. Carlos
Chamaremos de premissa maior a que contém o p4: Quando não chove e estou deprimida então não
termo maior e premissa menor a que contém o termo passeio
menor.
p5: Hoje, passeio
Exemplo: Todas as mulheres são bonitas.
Todas as rainhas são mulheres. Começaremos da p5 onde sabe-se que passeio. Da
j Todas as princesas são bonitas. p2 sabe-se que o conseqüente do "se então” é negado o
antecedente também o será, ou seja, não passeio é falso,
Termo menor: as rainhas o conseqüente (não passeio e fico deprimida), terá valor
Termo maior: bonitas falso, independentemente do valor lógico da proposição
Termo médio: mulheres "fico deprimida”, pois se trata de um "e” que só será
verdadeiro se todas as proposições que o formarem forem
Premissa menor: verdadeiras, logo chove é falso, portanto, não chove. Da p4
todas as rainhas são mulheres. tem-se a negação do conseqüente do "se então” logo o
antecedente do mesmo deverá ser falso, como se trata de
Premissa maior: um "e” a já sabemos que "não chove” restou para que o "e”
todas as mulheres são bonitas. seja falso que estou deprimida seja falso, logo não estou
deprimida. Da p1 tem-se que o conseqüente do "se então”
tem valor lógico falso (não passeio ou fico deprimida = F ∨
Algumas regras para a validade de um silogismo: F = F) logo o antecedente deverá ser falso, ou seja, eu vejo
Carlos. Da p3 sendo o conseqüente falso, logo o antece-
1. Todo silogismo deve conter somente três termos; dente será falso, então (não faz calor e passeio = F ∧ V =
F), logo faz calor.
2. O termo médio deve ser universal pelo menos uma
vez; Dentre as alternativas formadas pelo conectivo "e” será
verdadeira aquelas em que todas as proposições lógicas
3. O termo médio não pode constar na conclusão; forem verdadeiras, ou seja, (vejo Carlos, e não estou deprimi-
da, e não chove, e faz calor = V ∧ V ∧ V ∧ V = V)
4. Nenhum silogismo categórico de forma típica que
tenha duas premissas negativas é válido. ALTERNATIVA C
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2) (Questão 68 da Prova de Técnico do MPU) Se p3: O outro guarda é mentiroso?
Fulano é culpado, então Beltrano é culpado. Se
Fulano é inocente, então ou Beltrano é culpado, ou p4: Você é veraz?
Sicrano é culpado, ou ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano,
são culpados. Se Sicrano é inocente, então Beltrano Então, uma possível seqüência de três perguntas
é inocente. Se Sicrano é culpado, então Fulano é que é logicamente suficiente para assegurar, seja
culpado. Logo, qual for a natureza dos guardas, que você identifique
corretamente a porta que leva ao tesouro, é
a) Fulano é inocente, e Beltrano é inocente, e
Sicrano é inocente. a) p2 a Cosme, p2 a Damião, p3 a Damião.
b) Fulano é culpado, e Beltrano é culpado, e b) p3 a Damião, p2 a Cosme, p3 a Cosme.
Sicrano é inocente. c) p3 a Cosme, p2 a Damião, p4 a Cosme.
c) Fulano é culpado, e Beltrano é inocente, e d) p1 a Cosme, p1 a Damião, p2 a Cosme.
Sicrano é inocente.
e) p4 a Cosme, p1 a Cosme, p2 a Damião.
d) Fulano é inocente, e Beltrano é culpado, e
Sicrano é culpado.
e) Fulano é culpado, e Beltrano é culpado, e Resolução: A melhor dica para problemas com
Sicrano é culpado. verdades e mentiras é iniciar pela pessoa que diz a verda-
de, no entanto, tem-se a dificuldade de termos dois guardas
onde cada um deles sempre diz a verdade ou sempre
Resolução: Temos as seguintes premissas: mente, ou seja, ambos os guardas podem sempre mentir,
ambos podem sempre dizer a verdade, ou um sempre dizer
p1: Se Fulano é culpado, então Beltrano é culpado a verdade e o outro sempre mentir.
p2: Se Fulano é inocente, então ou Beltrano é culpado, Nesse caso as perguntas 3 e 4 não ajudam muito,
ou Sicrano é culpado, ou ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano, pois se você não sabe se Cosme ou Damião estão dizendo
são culpados verdade ou mentira perguntar se o outro é mentiroso, ou
você é veraz fica sem efeito.
p3: Se Sicrano é inocente, então Beltrano é inocente.
Mas a pergunta p1 que afirma que "O outro guarda é
p4: Se Sicrano é culpado, então Fulano é culpado da mesma natureza que você” é interessante, observe os
quadros comparativos abaixo:
Para que o argumento seja válido todas as premissas
devem ser verdadeiras e a conclusão deverá ser verdadei-
ra. O outro guarda é da mesma natureza que você?
Vamos elaborar uma hipótese inicial: Cosme Damião
Fulano é culpado, se isto ocorrer, é condição suficien- Fala a verdade (responde sim) Fala a verdade (responde sim)
te para que Beltrano seja culpado, logo Beltrano é culpado.
Fala a verdade (responde não) Fala a verdade (responde sim)
Da p3 tem-se que negando o conseqüente do "se
então” devemos negar seu antecedente, logo: Sicrano é Fala mentira (responde sim) Fala mentira (responde não)
culpado. Da p4, ao afirmar o antecedente, também afirmo
seu conseqüente, logo Fulano é culpado. Da p2, conhece- Fala mentira (responde não) Fala mentira (responde não)
mos alguns valores lógicos, logo: (Se Fulano é inocente,
então ou Beltrano é culpado, ou Sicrano é culpado, ou
ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano, são culpados = F Ú V ∨ V = V). Observe que as respostas de Cosme e Damião para
tais perguntas já são esperadas, se os dois falam a verdade
Portanto, ao afirmar que os três são culpados, os dois respondem sim, se os dois mentem os dois respon-
obtemos todas as premissas verdadeiras, tornado o dem não, se um fala a verdade e o outro mente, o que fala
argumento válido. a verdade diz não e o que mente diz sim, portanto de
acordo com a resposta de ambos a esta mesma pergunta,
ALTERNATIVA E já saberei se Cosme e Damião estão falando verdade ou
mentira, só falta perguntar a qualquer um deles se "Você é
o guarda da porta que leva ao tesouro”, basta perguntar ao
3) (Questão 70 da Prova de Técnico do MPU - Proble- Cosme e obteremos a resposta.
mas com Verdades e Mentiras) Você está à frente
de duas portas. Uma delas conduz a um tesouro; a ALTERNATIVA D
outra, a uma sala vazia. Cosme guarda uma das
portas, enquanto Damião guarda a outra. Cada um
dos guardas sempre diz a verdade ou sempre
mente, ou seja, ambos os guardas podem sempre
mentir, ambos podem sempre dizer a verdade, ou
um sempre dizer a verdade e o outro sempre
mentir. Você não sabe se ambos são mentirosos,
se ambos são verazes, ou se um é veraz e o outro
é mentiroso. Mas, para descobrir qual das portas
conduz ao tesouro, você pode fazer três (e apenas
três) perguntas aos guardas, escolhendo-as da
seguinte relação:
p1: O outro guarda é da mesma natureza que você

(isto é, se você é mentiroso ele também o é, e
se você é veraz ele também o é)?
p2: Você é o guarda da porta que leva ao tesouro?
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Exemplo: Conjunto das vogais
DIAGRAMAS LÓGICOS.
TEORIA DOS CONJUNTOS.
Diagramas lógicos são estruturas auxiliadoras na

resolução de problemas que envolvem relações entre as
proposições. Para entender como se utilizar esse mecanis-
mo é necessário estudar a teoria de conjuntos.
Observação: Essa notação é muito útil para solucio-
nar problemas.
TEORIA DOS CONJUNTOS
DEFINIÇÃO Observações Gerais:
Um conjunto é uma "coleção" de elementos que pos- 1 Os elementos de um conjunto devem aparecer uma
suem uma ou mais características em comum, é essa única vez.
características que define o conjunto e o distingue de
outros. Exemplo: {a, e, i, o, u, a, e} = {a, e, i, o, u}
Exemplo: 2 A ordem que os elementos aparecem no conjunto é

irrelevante.
1) O conjunto das vogais. Esse conjunto é formado por
cinco elementos: {a, e, i, o, u}. Exemplo: {a, b, c} = {b, c, a}
2) O conjunto dos números pares. Esse é formado por

infinitos elementos. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE UM CONJUNTO
Reescrevendo os exemplos na forma de uma tabela: Os conjuntos podem ser classificados de acordo com
o número de elementos que possui:
Característica Nº Elementos • Conjunto Finito: Possui um número finito de ele-
mentos.
Ser vogal 5 a, e, i, o, u
Exemplo: Conjunto das vogais.
Ser número par 1 Todos números múltiplos de 2 L = {a, e, i, o, u}
• Conjunto Infinito: Possui um número infinito de

REPRESENTAÇÃO DE UM CONJUNTO elementos.
Existem três formas de representar um conjunto: Exemplo: Possui um número finito de elementos.
Extensão, Compreensão e através de um diagrama • Conjunto Unitário: Possui apenas um elemento.

chamado de "Diagrama de Venn". Em todos os casos os
conjuntos serão nomeados por uma letra maiúscula do Exemplo: Conjuntos dos números pares primos.
alfabeto latino e os elementos por uma letra minúscula de P = {2}
qualquer alfabeto, não necessariamente o latino.
• Conjunto Vazio: Não possui elementos.
• Extensão: Escreve-se todos os elementos que O conjunto vazio é representado por:
constituem o conjunto entre chaves.
V={} ou V=Ø
Exemplo: Conjunto das faces de uma moeda: M =
{cara, coroa}. Observação: O conjunto que possui como elemento
o número zero, não é vazio, e sim unitário, pois
Observação: Essa representação é geralmente possui um elemento.
usada para conjuntos com poucos elementos.
• Conjunto Universo: É o conjunto que possui todos
• Compreensão: Escreve-se a característica que os elementos de uma especifica situação.
define o conjunto.
Exemplo: Em um problema que envolve os meses
Exemplo: Conjunto dos números primos: do ano, o conjunto universo será formado
pelos 12 meses que constituem o ano.
P = {x | x é um número primo}
Lê-se a barra vertical (|) como "tal que", então o AS RELAÇÕES DE PERTINÊNCIA, INCLUSÃO
conjunto dos números primos será lido como, "O E IGUALDADE
conjunto P é formado pelos elementos x tal que x
seja um número primo"
RELAÇÃO DE PERTINÊNCIA
Observação: Essa representação é geralmente
usada para conjuntos que possui muitos elementos. A relação entre conjunto e elemento é conhecida
como Relação de Pertinência. Essa relação informa se o
elemento pertence ou não ao conjunto; a simbologia
• Diagrama de Venn: Colocam-se os elementos do utilizada é:
conjunto dentro de uma figura plana fechada, normal-
mente circunferências. : pertence Õ: não pertence
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Exemplos: EXERCÍCIO DE FIXAÇÃO
1) O conjunto I, dos números ímpares:

1) Dados os conjuntos A={1; 2; 4}, B={2; 4}, C={1; 4; 5}
3I 2ÕI 8ÕI 9I 125 I coloque V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso):
a) ( )AGB
2) Dado o conjunto W = x, y, z, complete com verdadei- b) ( )AÉC
ro (V) ou falso (F) c) ( )BHC
d) ( )CHA
(F) aW (V) xW e) ( )AHB
(F) yÕW (F) wW
RESPOSTAS
EXERCÍCIO DE FIXAÇÃO: a) F b) V c) F d) F e) V
1) Dados os conjuntos A={a; i} e B={e; i; o} coloque V

(verdadeiro) ou F (falso): NÚMERO DE SUBCONJUNTOS EXISTENTES
a) ( )aA Dado um conjunto A qualquer, o número de subcon-

( )eA
juntos que ele possui será denotado por n[P (A) ] e pode ser
b) obtido pela fórmula:
c) ( )iÕB
n[P (A) ] = 2n(A)
d) ( )oB
e) ( )eB ou seja, para determinar o número de subconjuntos de um
conjunto, basta elevar 2 ao número de elementos do
conjunto.
RESPOSTAS
a) V b) F c) F d) V e) V Exemplo: Determine o número de subconjuntos que
possui o conjunto F, definido por: F = {a, d, r}.
Solução: O número de elementos de F é n(F) = 3,

NÚMERO DE ELEMENTOS DE UM CONJUNTO então o número de subconjuntos que F possui será:
O número de elementos de um conjunto A é expresso n[P(F)] = 2n(F) = 23 = 8
pela notação n(A).
Portanto, o conjunto F possui 8 subconjuntos, que
Exemplo: O conjunto formado pelas faces de uma explicitamente são:
moeda: M={Cara, Coroa} e n(M) = 2, pois esse conjunto só
possui 2 elementos, cara e coroa. {{a, d, n}; {a}; {d}; {n}; {a, d}; {a, n}; {d, n}; { }}
Observação:
RELAÇÃO DE INCLUSÃO: Subconjunto
1- Todo conjunto é subconjunto dele mesmo.
Um conjunto B é subconjunto do conjunto A se todos
elementos de B também pertencerem ao conjunto A. 2- O conjunto vazio é subconjunto de todos os conjuntos.
Exemplo: Dados os conjuntos

RELAÇÃO DE IGUALDADE
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} e
B = {1, 2, 3}; Dois conjuntos são ditos iguais quando todos seus
elementos forem iguais.
percebe-se que o conjunto B é formado por elementos que
pertencem ao conjunto A; dessa forma diz-se que B está Exemplo: Dados os conjuntos H = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} e K =
contido em A. {1, 2, 3, 4, x} eles somente serão iguais se x = 5.
A notação que se utiliza para demonstrar a relação de

inclusão entre conjuntos é: EXERCÍCIO RESOLVIDO
G: está contido e É: não está contido 1) Num colégio de segundo grau com 1000 alunos, foi
realizada uma pesquisa sobre o gosto dos alunos
H: contém e Ê: não contém pelas disciplinas de Física e Matemática. Os resulta-
dos da pesquisa se encontram na tabela a seguir:
Para o exemplo anterior escreve-se: B G A (B está
contido em A) ou A H B (B contém A).
Número de
Na notação de "Diagrama de Venn" o subconjunto Alunos
pode ser expresso como: Gostam de Matemática 500
Gostam de Física 450
Gostam de Matemática e Física 200
O número de alunos que não gostam de física e nem

de matemática é:
a) 100 b) 200 c) 250 d) 150 e) 0
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RESOLUÇÃO: EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
Para solucionar o problema deve-se construir o

diagrama de Venn. Perceba que existe uma intersec- 1) Um programa de proteção e preservação de tartaru-
ção entre os conjuntos Matemática e Física. gas marinhas, observando dois tipos de contamina-
ção dos animais, constatou em um de seus postos de
Denotando por M o conjunto dos alunos que gostam pesquisa, que: 88 tartarugas apresentavam sinais de
de matemática e por F os que gostam de física, o contaminação por óleo mineral, 35 não apresenta-
diagrama se torna. vam sinais de contaminação por radioatividade, 77
apresentavam sinais de contaminação tanto por óleo
mineral como por radioatividade e 43 apresentavam
sinais de apenas um dos dois tipos de contaminação.
Quantas tartarugas foram observadas?
a) 144 b) 154 c) 156 d) 160 e) 168
2) Num grupo de estudantes, verificou-se que 310 leram

apenas um dos romances A ou B; 270, o romance B;
A intersecção dos conjuntos representa os alunos 80, os dois romances, A e B, e 340 não leram o
que gostam das duas disciplinas. romance A. O número de estudantes desse grupo é
igual a:
Sempre se deve começar a preencher o diagrama
pela interseção. a) 380 b) 430 c) 480 d) 540 e) 610
Sendo assim:
3) Em um grupo de 30 crianças, 16 têm olhos azuis e
20 estudam canto. O número de crianças desse
grupo que têm olhos azuis e estudam canto é
a) exatamente 16.
b) no mínimo 6.
c) exatamente 10.
d) no máximo 6.
e) exatamente 6.
Após preencher a interseção é possível completar o

diagrama da seguinte forma: 4) Numa escola há n alunos. Sabe-se que 56 alunos
lêem o jornal A, 21 lêem os jornais A e B, 106 lêem
& O conjunto M possui 500 alunos; como no dia- apenas um dos jornais e 66 não lêem o jornal B. O
grama ele já possui 200 (interseção), basta valor de n é:
preencher o conjunto com mais 300 alunos.
a) 249 b) 137 c) 158 d) 127 e) 183
Esse resultado significa que 300 alunos gostam
SOMENTE de matemática, pois os outros 200
também gostam de física. 5) Em uma pesquisa sobre hábitos alimentares realiza-
da com empregados de um Tribunal Regional,
& Executa-se o mesmo raciocínio para o conjunto verificou se que todos se alimentam ao menos uma
de física vez ao dia, e que os únicos momentos de alimenta-
ção são: manhã, almoço e jantar.
Desta forma o diagrama se torna:
Alguns dados tabelados dessa pesquisa são:
- 5 se alimentam apenas pela manhã;

- 12 se alimentam apenas no jantar;
- 53 se alimentam no almoço;
- 30 se alimentam pela manhã e no almoço;
- 28 se alimentam pela manhã e no jantar;
- 26 se alimentam no almoço e no jantar;
- 18 se alimentam pela manhã, no almoço e no
jantar.
Do diagrama tem-se as seguintes informações:
Dos funcionários pesquisados, o número daqueles
& 300 alunos gostam SOMENTE de matemática.
a) 80% dos que se alimentam apenas no jantar.
& 250 alunos gostam SOMENTE de física. b) o triplo dos que se alimentam apenas pela
manhã.
& 300 + 200 + 250 = 750 alunos tem afinidades por c) a terça parte dos que fazem as três refeições.
física ou/e matemática. d) a metade dos funcionários pesquisados.
e) 30% dos que se alimentam no almoço.
Como foram entrevistados 1000 alunos e apenas 750
tem afinidades com essas disciplinas, 250 (1000 -
750) é o número de alunos que não gosta de física
nem matemática.
Resposta: Alternativa c. RESPOSTAS

1) a 2) d 3) e 4) c 5) b
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DIAGRAMAS LÓGICOS - & Se Pedro estiver na condição 3, ele é esperto, então
OPERAÇÕES COM CONJUNTOS p ∨ q é verdadeira.
Através da representação de Venn-Euller, pode-se & Se Pedro estiver na condição 4, ele não é inteligente
executar algumas operações com os conjuntos. Essas nem esperto, então p ∨ q é falsa.
operações estão intimamente ligadas com a relação entre
as proposições. O resultado obtido foi o mesmo da tabela verdade da
disjunção, representado abaixo:
A correspondência entre as operações com conjuntos
e as operações lógicas são: p q p∨q
Disjunção (∨) Ù União (A) V V V
Conjunção (∧) Ù Intersecção (B) V F V
Negação (~) Ù Complementação ( ) F V V
A)
F F F
∨) - UNIÃO (A
DISJUNÇÃO (∨
A disjunção é representada pela operação de união. CONJUNÇÃO (∧ B)

∧) - INTERSECÇÃO (B
novo conjunto (A A B) formado por todos os elementos de

A união entre dois conjuntos A e B consiste em montar um
A conjunção é representada pela operação da
te em montar um novo conjunto (A B B), formado pelos

A e de B. intersecção. A intersecção entre os conjuntos A e B consis-
Definição: elementos que pertencem a A e a B simultaneamente.
Exemplos: Definição:
1) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Exemplos
A A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {3, 5, 6, 7}
1) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A B B = {3, 5}
B = {3, 5, 6, 7}
Na forma de diagrama, tem-se:
No diagrama, a intersecção é a parte que coincide

entres os dois conjuntos:
Observação: A A B = B A A
2) Dada a disjunção - "Pedro é estudioso ou esperto",

Observação: A B B = B B A
escreva e analise o diagrama lógico associado a
disjunção.
Solução: A disjunção pode ser escrita, simbolica-

mente, pela proposição composta p ∨ q, onde p 2) Dada a conjunção - "Pedro é estudioso e esperto",
representa estudioso e q esperto. escreva e analise o diagrama lógico associado a
disjunção.
Pode-se representar essa disjunção pela união dos
conjuntos das pessoas inteligentes com o das pesso- Solução: A conjunção pode ser escrita, simbolica-
as espertas. mente, pela proposição composta p ∧ q, onde p
representa estudioso e q esperto.
Pode-se representar essa conjunção pela intersec-

ção dos conjuntos das pessoas inteligentes com o
das pessoas espertas.
Onde:
I- conjunto das pessoas inteligentes;
E - conjunto das pessoas espertas;
U - conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem.
A análise do diagrama resulta em:

Onde:
I- conjunto das pessoas inteligentes; & Se Pedro estiver na condição 1, ele é inteligente,
mas não é esperto, então p ∧ q é falsa.
A - conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem.
E - conjunto das pessoas espertas;
& Se Pedro estiver na condição 2, ele é inteligente e
A analise do diagrama resulta em: esperto, então p ∧ q é verdadeira.
& Se Pedro estiver na condição 1, ele é inteligente, & Se Pedro estiver na condição 3, ele é esperto, mas
então p ∨ q é verdadeira. não é inteligente, então p ∧ q é falsa.
& Se Pedro estiver na condição 2, ele é inteligente e & Se Pedro estiver na condição 4, ele não é inteligente
esperto, então p ∨ q é verdadeira. nem esperto, então p ∧ q é falsa.
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O resultado obtido foi o mesmo da tabela verdade da
conjunção, demonstrado abaixo: ANÁLISE COMBINATÓRIA E
PROBABILIDADES.
p q p∧q
V V V
Essa é uma parte da matemática dedicada a conta-
F V F gem, ou seja, são técnicas que possibilitam determinar o
número de “soluções” para uma certa situação, é importante
V F F frisar que essas técnicas não permitem conhecer as “solu-
ções”, mas apenas quantas existem. Por exemplo, podería-
F F F mos nos perguntar quantos são os possíveis resultados ao
lançarmos um dado. A resposta seria 6, pois sabemos que
um dado só pode fornecer os resultados {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. A
mesma pergunta poderia ser feita ao lançar uma moeda e a
NEGAÇÃO (~) - COMPLEMENTAÇÃO ( ) resposta seria 2, pois essa possui dois lados: cara ou coroa.
A negação é representada pela operação de comple- Esses são exemplos simples que não precisam de
mentação. A complementação é tudo aquilo que não faz técnicas elaboradas para determinar o número de resulta-
parte do conjunto. dos possíveis, porém poderíamos nos perguntar quantas
placas de carro podem ser produzidas no sistema que
O complemento de A é denotado por A . utilizamos com 3 letras e 4 números (exemplo: ABC 1234),
ou, quantos são os jogos possíveis na mega-sena? Para
responder essas perguntas é necessária a utilização de
Exemplos métodos matemáticos que apresentaremos a seguir.
1) O conjunto complementar dos números pares são os Deve ficar claro que não estamos interessados em
números ímpares. saber quais são todas as possíveis placas de carro, ou
quais são todos os jogos da mega-sena, mas sim quantos
2) Dada a negação - "Pedro não é estudioso", escreva existem.
e analise o diagrama lógico associado a essa nega-
ção.
PRINCÍPIO MULTIPLICATIVO OU
Solução: A negação pode ser escrita, simbolicamen- PRINCÍPIO FUNDAMENTAL DA CONTAGEM
te, pela proposição ~p, onde p representa estudioso.
Esse princípio é o alicerce de toda a teoria que
Pode-se representar essa negação pela complemen- iremos desenvolver, podemos enunciá-lo da seguinte
tação do conjunto das pessoas inteligentes. maneira:
“Se existem n maneiras de executar a tarefa 1 e m manei-

ras de executar a tarefa 2, então o número de maneiras de
executar as duas tarefas é n × m”
O princípio é válido para quaisquer quantidades de

tarefas, para isso, basta multiplicar o número de maneiras
de executar cada tarefa.
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
Exemplo 1: De quantas maneiras pode-se fazer uma

Onde: viagem da cidade A para a cidade C, passando obrigatoria-
mente pela cidade B, sabendo que existem 2 estradas que
A-
I- conjunto das pessoas inteligentes; ligam as cidades A e B e três que conectam B e C? Veja a
conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem. figura abaixo:
A análise do diagrama resulta em:
& Se Pedro estiver na condição 1, ele não é inteligente,

então ~p é verdadeira.
& Se Pedro estiver na condição 2, ele é inteligente,

então ~p é falsa.
O resultado obtido foi o mesmo da tabela verdade da

negação, demonstrado abaixo:
p ~p Resolução: Inicialmente, deve-se reconhecer quais

são as tarefas a serem executadas; do enunciado temos
V F que a primeira delas é ir da cidade A para a cidade B; e a
segunda de B para C, dessa forma:
F V
TAREFA 1 – Ir da cidade A até a B.
TAREFA 2 – Ir da cidade B até a C.
A tarefa 1 pode ser executada de duas formas

distintas, pois pode-se viajar por duas rodovias distintas,
BR–AB1 ou BR–AB2, assim n = 2. A tarefa 2 possui três
possibilidades, pode-se usar as rodovias BR–BC1, BR–BC2
e BR–BC3, logo m = 3.
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Utilizando o princípio fundamental da contagem, o
número de maneiras de executar essa viagem é 6 (n # m =
2 × 3 = 6); nesse exemplo é fácil saber quais são todos os
caminhos possíveis a serem feitos pelo viajante, são eles:
Rodovia Utilizada
Cada bloco representa uma tarefa a ser executada;
Tarefa 1: A - B Tarefa: B - C primeiramente, devemos preencher as letras e, posterior-
1 BR–AB1 BR–BC1 mente, os números.
2 BR–AB1 BR–BC2 Para a escolha das letras temos 26 possibilidades,
pois podemos utilizar qualquer letra do alfabeto (incluindo
3 BR–AB1 BR–BC3 K, Y, W), já os números podem ser escolhidos entre 10
4 BR–AB2 BR–BC1 possibilidades (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), assim os blocos podem
ser preenchidos da seguinte forma:
5 BR–AB2 BR–BC2
6 BR–AB2 BR–BC3
Na forma de um diagrama:
Pelo princípio fundamental da contagem, o número

total de placas é obtido multiplicando os números acima,
assim:
Número total de placas = 26 × 26 × 26 × 10 ×10 × 10

×10 = 175.760.000
Portanto, 175.760.000 carros podem ser licenciados

no Brasil.
Exemplo 5: Determine o número de maneiras de

responder aleatoriamente 10 testes com verdadeiro ou
falso.
Resolução: Em cada teste é possível responder de

duas formas, verdadeiro ou falso. Como a prova contém 10
testes, tem-se que:
Exemplo 2: Murilo possui 4 bermudas diferentes e 5

camisetas distintas. De quantas maneiras ele pode escolher Utilizando o princípio multiplicativo, o número de
uma bermuda e uma camiseta? maneiras de resolver a prova é:
Resolução: A primeira tarefa que Murilo deve desem- 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 2 = 210 = 1.024

penhar é escolher uma bermuda e para isso ele possui 4
possibilidades, posteriormente deve escolher uma camiseta Observação: Esse resultado significa que em uma
entre as 5 possíveis, dessa forma o número de maneiras prova desse tipo existem 1.024 gabaritos distintos, onde
que ele pode fazer sua escolha é: apenas 1 está completamente correto.
4 × 5 = 20 Exemplo 6: Quantos números de 3 algarismos

distintos existem no sistema decimal?
Esse resultado significa que Murilo pode se vestir 20
vezes sem repetir o mesmo conjunto de bermuda-camiseta. Resolução: Para formar números no sistema decimal
usa-se os 10 algarismos {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. Um número
Exemplo 3: Duas das 50 cadeiras de uma sala serão de três algarismos é formado por um algarismo que repre-
ocupadas por dois alunos. Determine o número de manei- senta a centena, outro a dezena e mais um para a unidade,
ras distintas possíveis que esses alunos terão para escolher assim:
duas das 50 cadeiras?
Resolução: O primeiro aluno ao se sentar pode
escolher qualquer uma da 50 cadeiras existentes, portanto
ele possui 50 opções de escolha (etapa 1), já o segundo
aluno só poderá escolher entre 49 cadeiras (etapa 2), pois
uma delas já está ocupada pelo primeiro aluno, assim, o
número de maneiras para escolher essas duas cadeira é:
50 × 49 = 2.450 É recomendado começar a preencher os blocos a
partir da centena. O número de possibilidades de algaris-
Exemplo 4: Quantos automóveis podem ser licencia- mos para a centena é 9, pois se deve excluir o algarismo
dos, no Brasil, se cada placa contém três letras e quatro zero (se o zero estiver na casa da centena, não formaría-
números? mos um número de três algarismos, e sim um de dois
algarismos, isso se deve ao fato de 035 = 35) . Para a
Resolução: Uma placa pode ser caracterizada pelo dezena também existem 9 maneiras, pois dentre os 10
esquema seguinte: algarismos possíveis um já foi utilizado na casa da
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centena e queremos um número com algarismos distintos. PRINCÍPIO ADITIVO
Na unidade sobram apenas 8 algarismos, pois já foi
utilizado um na centena e outro na dezena. Desta forma, O princípio aditivo nos ensina que:
os blocos são preenchidos utilizando o princípio funda-
mental da contagem (9 × 9 × 8 = 648). Verifica-se, então, “Se existem n maneiras de executar a tarefa 1 e m manei-
que existem 648 números de três algarismo distintos no ras de executar a tarefa 2, então o número de maneiras de
sistema decimal. executar a tarefa 1 ou a tarefa 2 é n + m”
Esse princípio fala sobre as situações que se pode

escolher entre duas tarefas, perceba que não é necessário
realizar as duas tarefas, mas apenas uma delas.
Quando as duas tarefas devem ser executadas,

utilizamos o princípio multiplicativo, pois a tarefa 1 e a tarefa
2 necessitam ser realizadas; e quando apenas uma das
tarefas deve ser realizada, tarefa 1 ou a tarefa 2, utiliza-se
o princípio aditivo.
EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS:
Observação: Normalmente, a conjunção e está
PRINCÍPIO MULTIPLICATIVO
associada com o princípio multiplicativo e a conjunção ou
com o aditivo.
1) Para a diretoria de uma firma concorrem 3 candida-
tos para direção e 5 a vice-direção. Quantas chapas Vejamos alguns exemplos:
distintas podem ser formadas com um diretor e um
vice?
Exemplo 1: Rodrigo decidiu passar suas férias na
2) Para a formação de uma nova administração de um praia. Sabemos que ele irá para Santos ou Guarujá.
clube concorrem 2 candidatos para a presidência, 3 Sabe-se, também, que existem 4 empresas de ônibus que
a vice-presidente, 4 a secretário e 10 a tesoureiro, fazem o trajeto até Santos e outras 3 para o Guarujá. De
Quantas chapas podem ser formadas, cada um com quantas maneiras ele pode ir até a praia?
um candidato a cada cargo?
Resolução: Note que Rodrigo vai para Santos ou
3) Quantos números ímpares de quatro algarismos Guarujá. Para Santos, ele pode optar por 4 maneiras
podemos escrever, utilizando os algarismos 1, 2, 4, diferentes e para o Guarujá por 3 maneiras distintas, assim
5 e 7? o número total de maneiras de chegar ao litoral é 7 (4 + 3).
O diagrama abaixo mostra as 7 possibilidades.
4) Dispondo das letras A, B e C e dos algarismos 1, 2,
3 e 5, quantas placas de automóveis formados por 3
letras seguidas de 4 algarismos podem ser forma-
das?
5) Em um teste da loteria esportiva, uma aposta simples

significa escolher um único resultado para cada jogo:
coluna um, coluna do meio ou coluna dois. Sendo
assim, quantas apostas simples diferentes podemos
fazer num teste de loteria esportiva com 13 jogos?
6) Com os algarismo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, pergunta-se:
a) Quantos números naturais de 3 algarismos

podemos formar?
b) Desses, quantos são ímpares?
7) Numa perua usada para transporte, os passageiros

podem escolher um, dentre os sete assentos nume-
rados de 1 a 7. Assim sendo, de quantos modos
distintos podemos acomodar 3 pessoas nesse Exemplo 2: Um restaurante italiano oferece em seu
veículo? cardápio 6 tipos de pizza, 4 tipos de lasanha e 5 tipos de
macarrão. Quantas são as opções dos clientes na escolha
de uma dessas massas?
8) De quantas maneiras podemos arrumar 5 pessoas
em uma fila indiana?
Resolução: O cliente pode escolher entre as 6 pizzas,
4 lasanhas e 5 macarrões. Assim ele possui 15 (6 + 4 + 5)
9) (UFC/2002) Determine a quantidade de números opções.
inteiros, positivos e ímpares, formados por três
algarismos distintos, escolhidos dentre os algarismos Exemplo 3: Pedro quer comprar ou uma camiseta,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9. 10. Um salão tem 6 portas. ou um tênis ou uma bermuda. Se na loja onde ele está
De quantos modos distintos esse salão pode estar existem 6 camisetas distintas, 3 tênis e 12 bermudas,
aberto? quantas são suas opções de compra?
Resolução: Como ele vai comprar apenas um

produto, ele deve escolher entre os 21 (6 + 3 + 12) produtos
oferecidos pela loja. Assim ele tem 21 opções de compra.
RESPOSTAS Exemplo 4: Um alfabeto consiste de três letras: A, B,
13 C. Nessa língua, uma palavra é uma seqüência arbitrária de
1) 15 3) 375 5) 3 6) a) 343 7) 210 9) 320
2) 240 4) 6.912 b) 196 8) 120 10) 63
não mais do que três letras. Quantas palavras existem
nessa língua?
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Resolução: Nesse problema, deve-se utilizar tanto o PERMUTAÇÕES
princípio multiplicativo com o aditivo. O multiplicativo é
utilizado para determinar quantas palavras são formadas INTRODUÇÃO
por uma, duas ou três letras. O segundo é utilizado para
determinar o número total de palavras nessa língua. A palavra permutação significa a troca da ordem de
elementos de uma seqüência, assim essa técnica se
Passo 1: Palavras formadas apenas com uma letra. designa a calcular quantas seqüências distintas são
Como existem apenas três letras nesse alfabeto o número possíveis de serem feitas com um número fixo de elemen-
de palavras formado por uma letra é 3, são elas A, B e C. tos. Um exemplo usual é a determinação de anagramas
(transposição de letras de palavra para formar outra
Passo 2: Palavras formada com duas letras. Nesse palavra, que não necessita ter significado). Considerando a
caso, tem-se a seguinte situação: palavra MAR, seus anagramas são:
MAR AMR RMA

MRA ARM RAM
assim, a palavra MAR possui 6 anagramas.
Então, pode-se definir permutação como sendo o

Cada bloco significa uma letra da palavra. Como número de possíveis formas distintas de escrever uma
temos três letras (A,B e C) cada bloco pode ser preenchido seqüência, utilizando os próprios elementos dela.
de 3 maneiras distintas, assim:
É simples determinar o número de permutações de
uma seqüência de três elementos, como foi feito para a
palavra MAR, porém quando a seqüência possui um
número grande de elementos fica inviável escrever todas as
possíveis permutações; é necessário recorrer a um método
matemático mais elaborado, é esse método que passare-
mos a descrever a seguir, iniciando com uma importante
ferramenta, os números fatoriais.
Então, o número de palavras com duas letras,
determinado pelo princípio multiplicativo, é 9 (3 × 3).
NÚMEROS FATORIAIS
Passo 3: Palavras formada com três letras. Similar-
mente ao caso com duas letras, tem – se: Os números fatoriais têm grande aplicabilidade nos
problemas de contagem, por isso é importante compreen-
dê-los bem.
Definição: Considere um número natural n tal que n 2.

Define-se número fatorial de n, e denota-se por n!, o
produto de todos os seus antecessores naturais até 1.
Matematicamente:
O que resulta em 27 (3 × 3 × 3) palavras com três
letras. n! = n # (n – 1) # (n – 2) # ... # 2 # 1
Observações: 0! = 1 e 1! = 1
Passo 4: Total de palavras. O número total de
palavras desse alfabeto é dado pelo princípio aditivo, pois
basta somar o número de palavras formadas por uma, duas Exemplos:
ou três letras.
a) 2! = 2×1 = 2
Total de palavras = 3 + 9 + 27 = 39 palavras b) 3! = 3×2×1 = 6
c) 4! = 4×3×2×1 = 24
d) 5! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120
EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS: PRINCÍPIO ADITIVO e) 10! = 10×9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1 = 3.628.800
1) Para ir de uma cidade A para uma cidade B dispo- Uma propriedade importante é o fato de poder
mos de quatro empresas de ônibus, três de aviões e escrever qualquer número fatorial em função do fatorial de
duas de navios. De quantos modos distintos pode- um de seus antecessores, por exemplo:
mos viajar de A até B?
6! = 6×5×4×3×2×1 = 720
2) Em um alfabeto existem 4 letras. As palavras dessa
língua podem ser formadas por uma, duas, três ou mas, poderíamos escrever 6! como sendo:
quatro letras. Quantas palavras existem nessa língua?
6! = 6×5! = 6×5×4! = 6×5×4×3! = ...= 720
3) João quer comprar um carro ou uma moto. Sabe-se
que existem 4 modelos de carros e 20 de motos que ou seja, é possível interromper o desenvolvimento do
ele pode comprar. Quantas possibilidades de compra fatorial a qualquer momento, para isso basta que o último
ele possui? elemento escrito seja colocado na forma fatorial.
4) Quantos números de até 4 algarismos pode se Essa propriedade é útil para realizar divisões entre
formar, através do conjunto {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}? números fatoriais, por exemplo:
5) Quantos números de até 4 algarismos distintos pode

se formar através do conjunto {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
pois o 6! do denominador cancela com o do numerador. De
RESPOSTAS uma forma geral, em divisões entre fatoriais, deve-se
desenvolver o maior deles até se chegar no menor, poden-
1) 9 2) 340 3) 24 4) 780 5) 205 do, então, simplificar a divisão.
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Primeiramente, deve-se atentar que não há nenhuma
Observação: , não se pode simplificar os letra (elemento) repetido, logo a permutação será simples.
números fatoriais, é necessário desenvolvê-los primeiro,
assim: A palavra GARFO é formada por 5 letras, assim
devemos executar a permutação de 5 elementos. Esquema-
ticamente, tem-se:
que é completamente diferente de 2! = 2.
Exemplos: Determine o valor das expressões abaixo: onde cada bloco significa uma letra.
a) No primeiro bloco, pode-se colocar qualquer uma das

5 letras (G, A, R, F, O), porém para o segundo bloco restam
apenas 4 possibilidades, pois uma letra já foi utilizada no
primeiro bloco; para o terceiro sobram apenas 3 letras (as
b) cinco possíveis menos as duas já utilizadas nos blocos
anteriores), similarmente, para o quarto bloco tem-se duas
possibilidades e no quinto apenas uma. Esse raciocínio
c) pode ser diagramado como:
(lembrar que: 0! = 1)
d)
Utilizando o princípio multiplicativo, o número de

anagramas será:
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS: Analisando o resultado obtido para o número de
NÚMEROS FATORIAIS anagramas da palavra GARFO, percebe-se que o número de
permutações possíveis é igual a 5!, e cinco é exatamente o
Efetue os fatoriais abaixo: número de letras da palavra GARFO, assim pode-se
enunciar o método de calcular as permutações simples.
1) 7!
6)
2) 1! + 2! + 3! O número de permutações de um conjunto de n elemen-
7) tos distintos é dado por n!
3) 1! – 0!
Matematicamente, tem-se:
8)
4)
9)
5) 1! – 2!
10) Então, para determinarmos o número de anagramas
da palavra GARFO, bastava:
1) Identificar que GARFO possui 5 letras distintas.

RESPOSTAS
1) 5.040 3) 0 5) –1 7) 4 9) 560 2) Utilizar a permutação simples: P5 = 5! = 120
2) 9 4) 1 6) 5.040 8) 10) 728 Vejamos um exemplo:
Exemplo: Considere a palavra COMEDIA.

PERMUTAÇÃO SIMPLES E COMPOSTA a) Quantos anagramas podemos forma?
INTRODUÇÃO b) Quantos anagramas começam com consoante?
c) Quantos anagramas começam e terminam com
Entende-se por permutação simples as permutações vogal?
onde os elementos a serem permutados são distintos; por
exemplo, se fossemos determinar o número de anagramas d) Em quantos anagramas, as letras C M D estão juntas
da palavra COMEDIA (assentos serão ignorados para os e nessa ordem?
anagramas), utilizaremos a permutação simples, pois e) Em quantos anagramas, as letras C M D aparecem
nenhuma letra se repete. Já no caso da palavra BANANA, juntas?
não poderíamos utilizar tal técnica, pois as letras A e N
aparecem mais de uma vez, para esse tipo de cálculo, Resolução:
deve-se utilizar a permutação composta, que será discutida
posteriormente. a) Como não há repetições de letras na palavra COME-
DIA, para determinar o número de anagramas basta
PERMUTAÇÃO SIMPLES calcular 7!, pois essa palavra possui sete letras.
Para discutirmos os conceitos envolvidos na permuta- P7 = 7! = 5.040

ção simples, vamos calcular o número de anagramas da
palavra GARFO. A palavra COMEDIA possui 5.040 anagramas.
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b) Há 3 possibilidades para começar com consoante (C, Como existem 120 anagramas em que as letras C M
M e D), assim podemos, esquematicamente, repre- D aparecem juntas e nessa ordem, o número de
sentar: anagramas em que elas somente aparecem juntas
será: 120 × 6 = 720.
Obs. Situações como essa sempre são resolvidas

multiplicando a permutação dos blocos (nesse caso,
são 5) pela permutação interna do bloco em que o
conjunto das letras está, assim:
Para cada consoante escolhida para a primeira casa,
as 6 letras restantes permutam-se nas 6 casas que P5 × P3 = 5! × 3! = 120 × 6 = 720
sobram.
onde: P5 representa a permutação dos blocos;
e
P3 a permutação interna do bloco que
possui as três letras (C M D)
PERMUTAÇÃO SIMPLES
Assim, o número de anagramas que começam com
consoante é 1) Três cavalos disputam um páreo. Qual o número de
resultados possíveis? (não são permitidos empates)
3 × P6 = 3 × 6! = 2.160 2) Quantos anagramas têm a palavra PALCO?
c) Há 4 possibilidades para começar com vogal (O, E, I 3) De quantas maneiras 6 pessoas podem sentar em 6
e A) e 3 para terminar, pois deve-se subtrair a vogal cadeiras alinhadas?
utilizada no início do anagrama, então:
Para os exercícios de 4 a 10, utilizar a palavra LOGICAS
4) Quantos anagramas possuem essa palavra?
5) Quantos anagramas começam com uma consoante?
Para cada vogal escolhida para a primeira e última 6) Quantos anagramas terminam com uma vogal?
casa, as 5 letras restantes permutam-se nas 5 casas 7) Quantos anagramas começam com uma vogal e
que sobram. terminam com uma consoante?
8) Em quantos anagramas as vogais e as consoantes
aparecem juntas?
9) Em quantos anagramas as letras GI estão juntas e
nessa ordem?
10) Em quantos anagramas as letras GI estão juntas ?
Assim, o número de anagramas que começam e
terminam por vogal é:
RESPOSTAS
4 × P5 × 3 = 4 × 5! × 3 = 1.440
1) 6 3) 720 5) 2.880 7) 1.440 9) 720
d) As consoantes juntas e na ordem C M D funcionam 2) 120 4) 5.040 6) 2.160 8) 288 10) 1.440
como se fossem um única letra, por exemplo:
PERMUTAÇÃO COMPOSTA
Esse tipo de permutação se aplica quando o sistema

estudado possui elementos repetidos; por exemplo, a
palavra OVO possui três letras, porém duas delas são
iguais (O), o que significa que se trocarmos o primeiro O
etc. com o último não alteraremos absolutamente nada; não
gerando um anagrama distinto. O número de anagramas
Assim, o número de anagramas que possuem as dessa palavra não é P3 = 3! = 6, e sim 3 como podemos ver
letras C M D juntas e nessa ordem é dado pela permu- abaixo:
tação de 5 elementos:
{OVO – OOV - VOO}
P5 = 5! = 120
Outro exemplo, é a palavra ASAS que, também, não
e) Para cada anagrama em que as letras C M D apare- possui P4 = 4! = 24, e sim 6 anagramas apenas, são eles:
cem juntas e nessa ordem, pode-se permutar essas
3 consoantes entre elas: {ASAS – AASS – SASA – ASSA – SAAS - SSAA}
Esses são exemplos típicos de permutações compos-

tas.
Para calcular o número de anagramas para situações

com elementos repetidos, deve-se, primeiramente, identifi-
car quais são os elementos que se repetem, a seguir,
etc. determinar quantas vezes eles se repetem e, finalmente,
dividir a permutação dos elementos pela permutação das
O número de permutações de 3 elementos é 3! = 6. repetições.
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Para o caso da palavra OVO, a letra que se repete é O EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS:
e ela faz isso duas vezes, assim o número de anagramas é: PERMUTAÇÃO COMPOSTA
1) Determine o número de anagramas da palavra

SOLUÇAO.
o 2! do denominador é devido a repetição da letra O. 2) Determine o número de anagramas da palavra
APOSTILAS.
Para a palavra ASAS, tem-se duas letras se repetindo
e cada uma delas faz isso duas vezes, assim: 3) Determine o número de anagramas da palavra
SAMAMBAIA.
4) Determine o número de anagramas da palavra

OPÇAO.
o primeiro 2! do denominado é relativo a repetição da letra
A e o segundo referente a letra S. Para os exercícios 5 – 10 considera a palavra ENTENDENDO.
Matematicamente, a permutação compostas de n 5) Quantos anagramas pode-se formar?
elementos é definida como:
6) Quantos anagramas começam com a letra T?
7) Quantos anagramas começam com a letra E?
8) Quantos anagramas começam com a letra D?

Onde, a, b, c... é o número de vezes que cada 9) Quantos anagramas as letras E aparecem juntas?
elemento se repete.
10) Quantos anagramas que começam com N, as letras
Vejamos alguns exemplos. D aparecem juntas?
Exemplo 1: Quantos anagramas possui a palavra
BANANA?
Resolução: Essa palavra possui 6 letras, dentre elas

duas se repetem. A que se repete 3 vezes e N que se repete
2 vezes, assim o número de anagramas será dado por:
Pode-se escrever 60 anagramas com a palavra

BANANA.
Exemplo 2: Considere a palavra CONCURSOS.
a) Quantos anagramas podem ser formados?
b) Quantos anagramas começam com a letra C?
Resolução:
a) Essa palavra possui 9 letras, onde C, O e S se repe-

tem 2 vezes cada, assim o número de anagramas
será:
b) Os anagramas que começam com a letra C são da

seguinte forma:
As letras que sobram para colocar nas 8 casa restan-

tes são {O N C U R S O S} e nesse conjunto apenas O
e S se repetem, então o número de possibilidades
para peencher essas casas são:
RESPOSTAS
1) 2.520 6) 5.040
Existem 10.080 anagramas da palavra CONCURSOS 2) 90.720 7) 15.120
3) 7.560 8) 10.080
que começam com a letra C. 4) 60 9) 3.360
5) 50.400 10 3.360
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ARRANJOS Existem 3 maneiras de preencher a primeira lacuna-
(A, B, C) e apenas duas maneiras para a segunda lacuna,
pois uma das letras já foi utilizada na primeira lacuna:
INTRODUÇÃO
Imagine a seguinte situação: Em uma empresa,

deve-se escolher, entre dez funcionários, dois para o cargo
de diretor e vice-diretor. A escolha será feita mediante a um Então, o número de seqüências é: 3 × 2 = 6.
sorteio, com a seguinte regra: o primeiro sorteado será o
diretor e o segundo o vice. Se o resultado do sorteio for Vejamos mais alguns exemplos.
Murilo e Rodrigo, a empresa terá como diretor o Murilo e
como vice o Rodrigo, mas se o sorteio resultar em Rodrigo Exemplo 2: De um grupo de 12 funcionários de uma
e Murilo, as funções se invertem, logo a ordem do sorteio é empresa, 3 serão escolhidos para representar a empresa.
um fator muito importante. Poderíamos nos perguntar De quantas maneiras distintas pode ser escolhida essa
quantas diretorias distintas é possível formar com os dez comissão, se houver um presidente, um diretor e um
funcionários. Esse é um exemplo de quando devemos secretário.
utilizar arranjos.
Resolução: O grupo possui 12 pessoas, assim n = 12
Toda vez que se deve escolher elementos de um e se deve formar comissões de 3 pessoas, então p = 3 , o
grupo, e a ordem na qual eles são escolhidos é um fator que resulta em:
relevante deve-se recorrer a arranjos. Assim, pode-se
definir arranjo como:
O número de possibilidades de escolher em um con-

junto de n elementos p elementos ordenadamente.
É possível formar 1.320 comissões distintas.
É necessário, também, separar os arranjos em
simples e compostos, ou sem e com repetição. Exemplo 3: Supondo que “escalar um time de
futebol” (11 jogadores) seja distribuir as onze camisas entre
os jogadores, determine quantos times é possível escalar
ARRANJO SIMPLES dispondo de 20 jogadores?
Para discutirmos os conceitos que envolvem o Resolução: Nesse caso, temos 20 jogadores (n = 20)
arranjo simples, ou seja, que não há repetições de elemen- que devem ser divididos em times com 11 jogadores
tos, utilizaremos o seguinte exemplo. (p = 11), assim:
Exemplo 1: Determine o número de seqüências de

2 elementos distintos que se pode obter através do conjunto
{A, B, C}.
Resolução: As possíveis seqüências são:
(A, B) (B, A) (C, A)

(A, C) (B, C) (C, B) Exemplo 4: Usando-se, apenas, os algarismos
1,3,5,7,9 quantos números com 3 algarismos podem ser
Observe que (A, B) não é igual a (B, A), pois a ordem montados?
é um fator importante nas seqüências. Assim, o número de
Resolução: Tem-se um grupo formado por 5 elemen-
seqüencias possíveis é 6.
tos e devemos montar números de 3 dígitos, então:
Matematicamente, os arranjos são determinados pela
equação:
É possível montar 60 números com três dígitos.
Exemplo 5: Em uma sala há 8 cadeiras e 4 pessoas.

O número de modos distintos das pessoas ocuparem as
Onde: n é o número de elementos do conjunto cadeiras é?
inicial; e
p o número de elementos a serem esco- Resolução: Para solucionar esse problema basta
lhido. determinar de quantas formas distintas as 8 cadeiras
podem ser distribuídas entre as 4 pessoas, ou seja, como
Para o exemplo acima, n =3 (A, B, C) e p =2 (seqüên- dividir 8 em grupos de 4:
cias de dois elementos), logo:
As pessoas podem ocupar essas cadeiras de 1.680

modos distintos.
Observação: Os problemas de arranjo, sempre
podem ser resolvidos via princípio fundamental da conta-
gem (princípio multiplicativo). ARRANJO COMPOSTOS
Ainda no exemplo anterior, utilizando o princípio Quando se analisa um sistema onde a repetiçao de
multiplicativo teríamos: elementos é permitida, deve-se utilizar o arranjo composto.
Exemplo 6: Determine quantos números de 2 dígitos

podem ser formados com os algarismo {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
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Resolução: Pode-se solucionar esse problema EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS
utilizando o princípio multiplicativo:
1) Quatro times de futebol disputam um torneio, no qual

são atribuídos prêmios ao campeão e ao
vice-campeão. De quantos modos os prêmios podem
ser atribuidos?
Na casa da dezena, temos 5 possibilidades e na casa

da unidade também, pois é permitida a repetição de 2) Um cofre possui um segredo formado por uma
elementos, assim: seqüência de 3 dígitos distintos. Se uma pessoa
tentar abrir o cofre, quantas tentativas deverá fazer
(no máximo) para conseguir abri-lo?
3) Se 9 motociclistas disputam uma corrida, de quantas

maneiras diferentes pode ocorrer a classificação dos
3 primeiros colocados?
Portanto, a quantidade números de 2 dígitos que
podem ser formados é 25 (5 × 5 = 52).
4) Quantas placas de carro como 2 letras e 3 algaris-
Analisando esse resultado, percebe-se que o
mos podem ser criadas, não sendo permitidas
resultado foi dado pelo número de elementos do conjunto
repetições de letras ou números? Considere que o
exponenciado pelo tamanho do grupo que queremos
alfabeto tenha 26 letras.
formar, pois 5 é o número de elementos disponíveis e 2 é a
quantidade de dígitos do número que se quer formar, assim
5²=25.
5) Em uma casa com 12 pessoas existem apenas uma
Generalizando esse raciocínio: cama e um sofá. Um grupo resolve fazer um sorteio
para determinar quem poderia dormir na cama ou no
O número de possibilidades de escolher, em um sofá. Sabendo que o primeiro sorteado desfrutará da
grupo de n elementos, p elementos ordenadamente, cama e o segundo do sofá, determine o número de
permitindo repetições é: resultados possíveis nesse sorteio?
6) Quantos números de 3 algarismos distintos podem

ser formados, usando os algarismos {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
Exemplo 7: Quantas códigos com 4 letras podem ser

formados com o conjunto {A, S, G, H, I, J}? 7) Quantas placas de carro como 2 letras e 3 algaris-
mos podem ser criadas? Considere que o alfabeto
Resolução: Temos que escolher 4 letras entre as 6 tenha 26 letras.
possíveis, permitindo repetições, dessa forma o número
total de códigos será:
8) Um banco permite que seus clientes possuam
senhas com 6 dígitos, sendo que quatro dígitos
devem ser letras escolhidas entre as 26 existentes no
alfabeto e dois dígitos devem ser números de 0 a 9.
Existem 1.296 códigos distintos formados por essas Sabe-se que as letras sempre aparecem juntas e os
letras. números também. Quantos clientes esse banco pode
possuir, se cada cliente tem apenas uma senha e
Exemplo 8: Um banco permite que seus clientes não existem senhas iguais?
possuam senhas com 6 dígitos, sendo que os 4 primeiros
devem ser letras escolhidas entre as 26 existentes no
alfabeto e os 2 últimos números de 0 a 9. Quantos clientes 9) Determine o número de gabaritos possíveis em uma
esse banco pode possuir, se cada cliente possui apenas prova objetiva formada por 20 questões com 3
uma senha e não existam senhas iguais? alternativas cada?
Resolução: O número de clientes que o banco pode
possuir tem que ser igual ao número de senhas distintas
que o banco pode fornecer. O primeira parte da senha é 10) De quantas maneiras pode-se formar um “arco-íris”
formada por 4 letras escolhidas entre 26, então o número de três cores, escolhendo entre 8 cores possíveis?
de possíveis arranjos é:
A segunda parte da senha é formada por 2 números

escolhidos entre 10 possíveis, então:
O número total de senhas é obtido utilizando o

princípio multiplicativo, pois se tem 456.976 maneiras de
criar a primeira parte da senha e 100 maneiras de criar a RESPOSTAS
segunda, logo o número de senhas que o banco pode
oferecer será: 1) 12 6) 60
2) 720 7) 676.000
456.976 × 100 = 456.976.000 3) 504 8) 91.395.200
4) 468.000 9) 3.486.784.401
O que significa que esse banco pode possuir 5) 132 10) 336
456.976.000 clientes.
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COMBINAÇÕES
INTRODUÇÃO
Foram dados 21 apertos de mão nessa reunião.
Assim como no arranjo, a combinação nos permite
calcular o número de possibilidades para se formar um Exemplo 4: Em um jogo da loteria, deve-se escolher
grupo de p elementos em relação a um grupo de n elemen- 6 números entre 1 e 60. Quantos jogos são possíveis de
tos. A diferença é que para as combinações a ordem não é serem feitos?
relevante.
Resolução: Primeiramente, deve-se notar que
É necessário, também, separar os conjuntos em durante o sorteio a ordem em que os números são sortea-
simples e compostos; ou sem e com repetição. dos não influencia no resultado do jogo, aliás, se sair 10 e
32 é igual a sair 32 e, posteriormente, o 10.
COMBINAÇÃO SIMPLES
Como a ordem não é importante, o número de jogos
Para discutirmos os conceitos que envolvem a possíveis é a combinação de 60 elementos (1-60) de 6 em
combinação simples, ou seja, que não há repetições de 6:
elementos, utilizaremos os seguintes exemplos.
Exemplo 1: Determine o número de conjuntos de 2
elementos distintos que se pode obter, através das letras
{A, B, C}.
Resolução: Os possíveis conjuntos são:
(A, B) (A, C) (B, C)

nesse caso, o conjunto (A, B) é igual a (B, A), pois a ordem
não é importante para conjuntos. Assim, o número de
conjunto de 2 elemento distintos é 3.
Nesse jogo são possíveis 50.063.860 resultados
Observação: Esse mesmo exemplo foi feito para o distintos.
caso de arranjo, onde determinou-se o número de seqüên-
cias (a ordem é importante) que poderiam ser feitas e o Observação: A chance de alguém ganhar na me-
resultado obtido foi 6. ga-sena é uma entre 50.063.860.
Matematicamente, poderíamos ter obtido esse Exemplo 5: A diretoria de uma empresa é formada
resultado utilizando a expressão: por 7 diretores, um deles chamado Bruno. São formadas
comissões de 4 diretores. Quantas dessas possuem Bruno
como integrante?
Resolução: Como Bruno deve fazer parte da comis-

são só sobram 3 vagas das 4 disponíveis e essas devem
Onde: n é o número de elementos do conjunto ser preenchidas pelos 6 diretores (7 menos o Bruno) que
inicial; e sobraram. Como a ordem da escolha não altera a comis-
p o número de elementos a ser escolhido. são, o número total de comissões que possuem Bruno
como integrante será:
No exemplo acima, temos que n = 3 (A, B e C) e p =
2 (conjuntos de dois elementos), assim:
É possível formar 20 comissões com a presença de

Bruno.
Exemplo 2: Há 12 inscritos em um torneio de boxe.
Qual é o número de lutas que podem ser realizadas entre
os inscritos? Exemplo 6: Com um grupo de 10 homens e 10
mulheres, quantas comissões de 5 pessoas podemos
Resolução: Uma luta de boxe entre um lutador A e B formar, se em cada uma deve haver 3 homens e 2 mulhe-
é igual a luta entre o lutador B e A, logo a ordem da escolha res?
é irrelevante. Basta, então, calcular a combinação dos 12
inscritos de 2 em 2, pois cada luta ocorre entre dois partici- Resolução: Primeiramente, devemos determinar
pantes. Então, o número total de lutas é: quantos grupos de 3 homens são possíveis de serem feitos
e, posteriormente, os grupos com 2 mulheres. Finalmente,
multiplicaremos os resultados (princípio multiplicativo) e
obteremos o número total de comissões que podem ser
feitas.
Esse torneio pode realizar 66 lutas entre os inscritos.
O número de grupo com 3 homens:
Exemplo 3: Em uma reunião formada por 7 pessoas
todas se cumprimentaram com um aperto de mão. Quantos
apertos de mão forma dados?
Resolução: A ordem em que as pessoas se cumpri-
mentam não é importante, pois quando uma pessoa A Com duas mulheres:
cumprimentar B, imediatamente B cumprimentou A. Assim,
para determinar o número total de apertos de mão deve-se
calcular a combinação das 7 pessoas de 2 em 2.
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Através do princípio multiplicativo, determina-se o COMBINAÇÃO COM REPETIÇÃO
total de comissões possíveis: OU COMPOSTA
120 × 45 = 5.400
São combinações onde é permitida a repetição de
É possível formar 5.400 comissões com três homens elementos.
e duas mulheres.
Exemplo 1: Determine o número de conjuntos de 2

EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS: elementos que se pode obter, através das letras {A, B, C}.
COMBINAÇÃO SIMPLES
Resolução: Os possíveis conjuntos são:
1) Quantos trios é possível formar em um grupo com 7
pessoas? (A, A) (B, B) (C, C) (A, B) (A, C) (B, C)
Assim, o número de conjunto de 2 elemento é 6.

2) Com 12 pessoas, de quantos modos podemos formar
um grupo de 4 pessoas? Matematicamente, as combinações com repetição
são calculadas através da expressão:
3) Em um campeonato de xadrez com 13 participantes,
cada jogador joga uma vez contra todos os demais.
Quantos jogos há, nesse campeonato?
4) Numa classe de 10 estudantes, um grupo de 4 será

selecionado para uma excursão. De quantas manei- Para o exemplo anterior, n = 3 e p = 2 , tem-se:
ras o grupo poderá ser formado, se dois dos dez são
marido e mulher e só irão juntos?
5) Com um grupo de 8 homens e 6 mulheres, quantas

comissões de 6 pessoas podemos formar se em
cada uma deve haver 4 homens e 2 mulheres; ou 4 Exemplo 2: Com duas cores diferentes, de quantas
mulheres e 2 homens? maneiras distintas podemos pintar 3 vasos idênticos,
pintando cada vaso de uma única cor?
6) Uma organização dispõe de 8 economistas e 5 Resolução: Claramente uma cor deverá ser repetida,
engenheiros. De quantos modos podemos formar pois existem 2 cores para três vasos. Então, o número total
uma comissão com 6 membros, se cada comissão de possibilidades será dado pela combinação das duas
deve ter, no mínimo, 3 engenheiros? cores nos três vasos:
7) De quantos modos podemos distribuir dez bolas

numeradas de 1-10 em três gavetas que cabem
respectivamente, 3 bolas, 2 bolas e 5 bolas?
É possível pintar os vasos de 4 formas distintas.
8) Quantos jogos possuem um campeonato de futebol

com turno e returno entre 24 equipes? Exemplo 3: Um menino encontra-se no balcão de
uma sorveteria que oferece 7 opções diferentes de sabores.
Ele tem dinheiro para comprar 4 sorvetes e, também, pode
9) Quantas jogos existem em um jogo da loteria que se escolher sabores repetidos. Nessas condições, quantos
deve escolher 10 números entre 1-20? diferentes pedidos ele pode fazer?
Resolução: O número de pedidos que ele pode fazer

10) Um cozinheiro possui 10 tipos de temperos distintos, é igual a combinação dos 7 sabores de 4 em 4, como os
de quantas maneiras ele pode temperar um carne sabores podem repetir a combinação será composta:
sabendo que deve utilizar sempre 4 temperos?
Ele pode fazer 210 pedidos distintos.
COMBINAÇÃO COMPOSTA
RESPOSTAS 1) Determine o número de conjuntos de 3 elementos que

se pode obter, através das letras {A, B, C,D, E, F}.
1) 35 6) 708
2) 495 7) 2.520
3) 78 8) 552 2) Com cinco cores diferentes, de quantas maneiras
4) 98 9) 184.756 distintas podemos pintar 10 vasos idênticos, pintando
5) 1.470 10) 210 cada vaso de uma única cor?
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3) Um menino está em um parque de diversões e PROBABILIDADES
resolve comprar dois bilhetes. No parque, há 4 tipos
de brinquedos:
INTRODUÇÃO
C– chapéu mexicano
F– trem fantasma A uma pressão de 1 atmosfera, a água sempre ferverá
M– montanha russa a 100ºC quando receber calor e o gelo derreterá a 0ºC. Estes
R– roda gigante são exemplos de experimentos previsíveis ou determinísticos,
porque sempre se repetem nas mesmas condições. Entretan-
O menino pode comprar dois bilhetes do mesmo tipo, to, quando lançamos um dado, não podemos prever com
se ele quiser ir duas vezes no mesmo brinquedo. certeza o número que será obtido, ou mesmo quando
Nessas condições, qual é o número total de possibili- lançamos uma moeda, não temos condições de afirmar
dades de compra dos bilhetes? previamente que o resultado será cara ou coroa.
Experimentos cujos resultados são imprevisíveis são
4) Uma pastelaria vende pastéis de carne, queijo e chamados de aleatórios. Exemplos de experimentos
palmito. De quantas formas uma pessoa pode esco- aleatórios:
lher cinco pastéis?
• sorteio de um número de 0 a 100.
• resultado do 2º jogo da loteria esportiva.
5) De quantos modos podemos comprar 5 refrigerantes
em um bar que possui 4 tipos diferentes? Chamamos de experimentos aleatórios equiprová-
veis, os experimentos em que qualquer resultado pode
ocorrer com a mesma chance, assim no lançamento de
uma moeda a chance de ocorrer cara ou coroa é a mesma.
CONJUNTO UNIVERSO (ESPAÇO AMOSTRAL)

No lançamento de um dado, os resultados possíveis são
1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6. Chamamos de espaço amostral (ou conjunto
universo U, o conjunto de todos os resultados possíveis, logo
neste caso U = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 }, n(U) será o número de
elementos do conjunto U, no caso do dado, n(U) = 6.
EVENTO
É qualquer subconjunto do espaço amostral. Assim,

no lançamento de um dado, o evento “obter número primo”
é A = {2; 3; 5 }, subconjunto de U = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 }.
Quando A = U, o evento é certo.
Quando A = L, o evento é impossível.
EVENTO COMPLEMENTAR
É quando ocorre A F =UeA = L, ou seja

tome o dado como exemplo:
A = { 2; 4; 6 } evento obter um número par
= { 1; 3; 5 } evento obter um número ímpar
A F = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 } = U e
A =L
então A e são eventos complementares.
EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS
1) No experimento aleatório lançamento de 3 moedas,

qual é o espaço amostral?
Solução:
Indicando cara por x e coroa por y, temos:
U = {(x; x; x), (x; x; y), (x; y; x), (x; y; y),
(y; x; x), (y; x; y), (y; y; x), (y; y; y)}
n(U) = 8
2) No lançamento simultâneo de dois dados diferentes,

determinar os seguintes eventos:
RESPOSTAS a) números cuja soma seja 8
b) números iguais
1) 84 3) 10 5) 56 c) números cuja soma seja 14.
2) 1.001 4) 21 Solução:
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Seja U o espaço amostral, então teremos: PROPRIEDADES DAS PROBABILIDADES
U = {(1; 1) (1; 2) (1; 3) (1; 4) (1; 5) (1; 6) Primeira Propriedade: A probabilidade de um
(2; 1) (2; 2) (2; 3) (2; 4) (2; 5) (2; 6) evento certo é igual a 1, isto é: P(A) = 1.
(3; 1) (3; 2) (3; 3) (3; 4) (3; 5) (3; 6)
(4; 1) (4; 2) (4; 3) (4; 4) (4; 5) (4; 6) Exemplo: A probabilidade de sair número menor ou
(5; 1) (5; 2) (5; 3) (5; 4) (5; 5) (5; 6) igual a 6, no lançamento de um dado.
(6; 1) (6; 2) (6; 3) (6; 4) (6; 5) (6; 6)}
Segunda Propriedade: A probabilidade de ocorrer
O evento é um subconjunto do espaço amostral. um evento A no espaço amostral U é sempre maior ou igual
A = { (2; 6); (3; 5); (4; 4); (5; 3); (6; 2) } a zero e menor ou igual a 1, isto é: 0 P(A) 1.
A = { (1; 1);(2; 2); (3; 3); (4; 4); (5; 5); (6; 6) }
A=L
3) Determinar o espaço amostral do experimento
aleatório no lançamento de um dado e duas moedas 1) No lançamento de um dado, determine a probabilida-
e o evento coroa e um número par. de de se obter
Solução: a) o número 3
b) um número par
Indicando cara por c e coroa por d, temos: c) um número maior que 2.
U = {(c; c; 1), (c; c; 2), (c; c; 3), (c; c; 4), Solução:
(c; c; 5), (c; c; 6), (c; d; 1), (c; d; 2),
(c; d; 3), (c; d; 4), (c; d; 5), (c; d; 6), a) Sendo U = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 } e n(U) = 6, então:
(d; c; 1), (d; c; 2), (d; c; 3), (d; c; 4), A = { 3 } n(A) = 1 _ P(A) =
(d; c; 5), (d; c; 6), (d; d; 1), (d; d; 2),
(d; d; 3), (d; d; 4), (d; d; 5), (d; d; 6)}
n(U) = 24 P(A) =
A = { (d; d; 2) ; (d; d; 4) ; (d; d; 6) }
b) A’ = { 2; 4; 6 } n(A’) = 3
EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS
1) No lançamento de um dado, o complementar do c) A” = { 3; 4; 5; 6 } n (A”) = 4
evento “obter um número primo” é:
a) A = { 1; 4; 6 } c) A = { 1; 2; 4; 5 }
b) A = { 1; 2; 3; 5 } d) A = { 2; 3; 5 }
2) No lançamento de 2 dados obter o evento cuja soma 2) Considere o experimento aleatório: “Lançar dois
dos dois números seja igual a 5 aparece quantas vezes? dados e obter as faces voltadas para cima”. Determi-
a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2 ne a probabilidade de se obter:
a) A soma dos pontos igual a 10.
3) Considerando o experimento aleatório nascimento de b) O número em uma das faces igual ao dobro do
2 gatos, qual o número de elementos do espaço número na outra face.
amostral considerando que os gatos podem ser macho c) A soma dos pontos igual a 13.
ou fêmea, nas cores preto, branco, amarelo ou cinza. d) A soma dos pontos menor ou igual a 12.
a) n(U) = 8 c) n(U) = 12 e) sair faces iguais.
b) n(U) = 16 d) n(U) = 14 Solução:
4) No lançamento de um dado, o evento obter um O espaço amostral U é:
número múltiplo de 2 ocorre quantas vezes? U = { (1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (1; 6),
a) 3 b) 2 c) 6 d) 4 (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (2; 5), (2; 6),
(3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3), (3; 4), (3; 5), (3; 6),
5) Considerando o experimento sorteio de um número (4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 3), (4; 4), (4; 5), (4; 6),
de 1 a 15, quais das alternativas representa o evento (5; 1), (5; 2), (5; 3), (5; 4), (5; 5), (5; 6),
obter um número múltiplo de 3. (6; 1), (6; 2), (6; 3), (6; 4), (6; 5), (6; 6)}
a) A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 14 } temos n(U) = 36
b) A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 15 }
c) A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 14; 15 } a) A soma dos pontos igual a 10. Temos:
d) A = { 3; 6; 10; 15 } A = {(4; 6), (5; 5), (6; 4)} e
n(A) = 3, então
RESPOSTAS: 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) a 5) b
CONCEITO DE PROBABILIDADE
b) A1: obter em uma das faces número igual ao
Seja U um espaço amostral equiprovável, de um dobro do número na outra face.
experimento aleatório, e A, um evento desse espaço
amostral. A probabilidade de um evento é definida pelo
número real P(A), tal que:
onde: n(A): número de elementos do evento A.

n(U): número de elementos do espaço c) A2: obter soma dos pontos igual a 13, temos A2
amostral U. = L, então P(A2) = 0 (probabilidade do evento
impossível).
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2) Lançando-se simultaneamente dois dados não
d) A3 = U = n(U), então, viciados, a probabilidade de que suas faces superio-
Portanto, P(A3) _ evento certo.
res exibam soma igual a 7 ou 9 é:
a) b) c) d)
e) A4 = {(1; 1), (2; 2), (3; 3), (4; 4), (5; 5), (6; 6)}
n(A4) = 6
Solução:
Temos: U = {(1, 1), (1, 2) , . . . (6,5), (6,6) },
n(U) = 36
3) No jogo da sena seis números distintos são sortea-
dos dentre os números 1; 2; . . . 50. A probabilidade Para a soma igual a 7, temos:
de que, numa extração, os seis números sorteados A = {(1; 6); (2: 5); (3; 4); (4; 3); (5; 2); (6; 1)}
sejam ímpares, vale aproximadamente: n(A) = 6
Solução:
Para a soma igual a 9, temos:
O número de elementos do evento é uma combina-
ção de 25 algarismos ímpares tomados 6 a 6. B = {(3; 6); (4; 5); (5; 4); (6;3)}
n (E) = C25,6 n(B) = 4
O espaço amostral é o número de extrações ou seja, Como A B = L, então:
uma combinação de 50 algarismos formados 6 a 6.
3) Numa pesquisa feita com 600 pessoas de uma

comunidade, verificou-se que 200 lêem o jornal A,
RESPOSTAS: 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) a 300 lêem o jornal B e 150 lêem os jornais A e B. Qual
a probabilidade de, sorteando-se uma pessoa, ela
ser leitora do jornal A ou do jornal B?
SOMA DE PROBABILIDADES
Solução:
Se A e B são dois eventos de um espaço amostral U,
sabemos que
n(A F B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B)
Dividindo-se essa igualdade por n (U) g 0, temos:
1) Qual a probabilidade de obter, no lançamento de um
dado, um número par ou primo?
a) b) c) d)
Observe que: Se A B = L, os eventos são mutua-
mente exclusivos, isto é, P (A B) = 0.
2) De uma coleção de 8 livros de matemática, 5 de
Daí: P (A F B) = P (A) + P (B). física e 7 de química, retira-se um livro. Calcule a
probabilidade desse livro ser de física ou química.
EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS a) b) c) d)
1) Sorteando um número de 1 a 30, qual a probabilida- 3) Num grupo de 200 estudantes, 60 gostam de mate-
de de que ele seja par ou múltiplo de 5? mática, 40 gostam de música e 20 gostam tanto de
Solução: Seja A (número par) matemática quanto de música. Escolhendo-se um
B (múltiplos de 5) estudante ao acaso, qual é a probabilidade dele
gostar de matemática ou de música?
a) b) c) d)
4) Num lançamento simultâneo de dois dados, qual é a

probabilidade de se obter a soma igual a 3 ou 7?
a) b) c) d)
RESPOSTAS: 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c
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PROBABILIDADE CONDICIONAL
A probabilidade condicional quantifica a "chance" de

dois eventos dependentes e não excludentes ocorrerem em
certa ordem
Seja: : lançar um dado e o evento

A = {sair nº 3}.
Então:
Consideremos agora o evento B = {sair um nº ímpar} Note:

= {1, 3, 5}.
Apenas o par (6,4) é favorável ao evento (A B).
É de grande importância para o cálculo das probabili-
dades, calcularmos as probabilidades condicionais. No
exemplo, poderíamos estar interessados em avaliar a
probabilidade do evento. A condicionada à ocorrência do
evento A.
Em símbolos, designamos por P(A/B): lê-se: "probabi- APLICAÇÕES DA PROBABILIDADE CONDICIONAL

lidade do evento A condicionada à ocorrência de B", ou
ainda, "probabilidade de A dado B".
Existem duas aplicações importantes da probabilida-
de condicional. Uma delas é a possibilidade de determina-
Assim: ção da probabilidade de ocorrência simultânea de dois (ou
mais) eventos; a outra é a chamada regra (ou teorema) de
Bayes, que relaciona a probabilidade de A ter ocorrido após
B em particular, quando ele poderia ter ocorrido após C, D,
Observe: dada a informação da ocorrência de um E, F, etc.
evento, teremos a redução do espaço-amostra; no exemplo
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} foi reduzido para S* = {1, 3, 5} e é neste
espaço-amostra reduzido que avaliaremos a probabilidade TEOREMA DO PRODUTO OU PROBABILIDADE
do evento. DE OCORRÊNCIA SIMULTÂNEA DE 2 EVENTOS
Formalmente definimos probabilidade condicional da "A probabilidade da ocorrência simultânea de dois

seguinte maneira: "dados dois eventos A e B, denotaremos eventos, A e B, do mesmo espaço amostral, é igual ao
P(A/B) a probabilidade condicionada do evento A, quando produto da probabilidade de um deles pela probabilidade
B tiver ocorrido, por: condicional do outro, dado o primeiro."
Assim:
, com P(B) g 0, pois B já ocorreu".
Pode-se constatar que P(A/B), assim definida,

satisfaz os postulados da probabilidade já mencionados.
Para aplicações, convém encontrar uma fórmula mais

prática para o cálculo da probabilidade condicional; assim:
A probabilidade de A e B ocorrerem simultaneamente
é o produto da probabilidade de A pela probabilidade de
ocorrência de B após ter ocorrido A. Exemplo:
Em um lote de 12 peças, 4 são defeituosas, 2 peças

são retiradas uma após a outra, sem reposição. Qual a
probabilidade de que ambas sejam boas?
Solução:
Dados: A = {a primeira peça é boa}
B = {a segunda peça é boa}
Dessa maneira, para avaliarmos a probabilidade de Então:
A, dado B, basta contarmos o número de casos favoráveis
ao evento A B: [ncf(A B)]. Exemplo:
Dois dados são lançados. Consideremos os eventos:

A = {(x1, x2)/ x1 + x2 = 10} e
B = {(x1, x2)/ x1 > x2}
Avaliar: P(A) ; P(B) ; P(A/B) e P(B/A).
8 = se tem 12 peças e 4 são defeituosas, então 8 são
boas
7 = se tem 8 peças boas e eu já tirei 1, então 7 ainda
são boas
12 = número total de peças
11 = número total de peças já que eu tirei uma.
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Solução: a) a P.A. é crescente e r = 3.
SEQÜÊNCIAS NUMÉRICAS: b) a P.A. é constante e r = 0.
c) a P.A. é decrescente e r = –2.
PROGRESSÕES ARITMÉTICAS E
GEOMÉTRICAS. 2) Calcule o primeiro termo de uma P.A., sabendo-se
que a20 = 59 e a razão vale 3.
PROGRESSÃO ARITMÉTICA (P.A.) Solução: a1 = ?

n = 20
É uma seqüência de números reais onde cada termo r = 3
a partir do segundo, é igual ao anterior somado com uma a20 = 59
constante (razão). Exemplos:
a) (3; 5; 7; 9; 11) c) (–1; –3; –5; –7)

b) (2; 2; 2; 2) d) (8; 6; 4; 2; 0)
3) Calcule o número de termos da P.A. (3; 5; 7; . . . 41).

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE UMA P.A.
Solução: a1 = 3
Uma P.A. pode ser classificada em: crescente, r = 2
decrescente ou constante an = 41
n = ?
• CRESCENTE, quando r > 0.
(1; 3; 5; 7) r = 2
(–7; –5; –3; –1) r = 2
• DECRESCENTE, quando r < 0.

(8; 6; 4; 2; 0)
(–2; –5; –8; –11) 4) Calcule a razão da P.A., onde a1 = 3 e a12 = 25.
• CONSTANTE, quando r = 0. Solução: a1 = 3
(5; 5; 5; 5) r = 0 n = 12
(3; 3; 3; 3) r = 0 a12 = 25
REPRESENTAÇÃO DE UMA P.A.
• TRÊS TERMOS
(x; x + r; x + 2r) ou (x – r; x; x + r)
5) Calcular o 20º termo da P.A. (5; 3; . . . ).
• QUATRO TERMOS
Solução: a1 = 5
(x; x + r; x + 2r; x + 3r) ou r = –2
(x – 3r; x – r; x + r; x + 3r) n = 20
• CINCO TERMOS
(x; x + r; x + 2r; x + 3r; x + 4r) ou
(x – 2r; x – r; x; x + r; x + 2r)
FÓRMULA DO TERMO GERAL DE UMA P.A. 6) Determinar o valor de x, de modo que os números 3x;
x + 1 e 5, estejam, nessa ordem, em P.A.
a1
a2 = a1 + r Solução: Temos (3x; x + 1; 5) é uma P.A., onde o
a3 = a2 + r = a1 + r + r = a1 + 2r termo do meio é média aritmética dos outros dois.
a4 = a3 + r = a1 + 2r + r = a1 + 3r
$ $ $ $ Assim sendo, teremos:
$$ $$ $$ $$
an = an – 1 + r = a1 + (n – 1) $ r (3x x + 1; 5)

a1 a2 a3
an = a1 + (n – 1) $ r
onde: an: último termo da P.A.

a1: primeiro termo da P.A.
n: número de termos da P.A.
r: razão
1) Classifique as progressões aritméticas abaixo e 7) Calcule o primeiro termo e a razão de uma P.A., onde
calcule a razão: a2 = 5 e a5 = 11.
a) (2; 5; 8; 11)
b) (5; 5; 5; 5) Solução: a2 = a1 + r = 5
c) (–1; –3; –5; –7) a5 = a1 + 4r = 11
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SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.A.
Seja a P.A. de razão r:

(a1; a2; a3; . . . an)
Calculando a soma dos n primeiros termos da P.A.,

teremos:
a1 + r = 5 _ a1 + 2 = 5 _
a1 = 5 – 2 _ a1 = 3
8) Inserir 4 meios aritméticos entre 2 e 12.

Solução: Considerando 2 e 12 os extremos de
uma P.A., temos:
a1 = 2 n = 6
an = 12 r = ?
onde: Sn: soma dos termos de uma P.A.
a1: primeiro termo da P.A.
an: último termo
n: número de termos
Exemplo: Calcular a soma dos dez primeiros termos

da P.A. (1; 3; 5; . . . ).
Logo, a P.A. será (2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12).
Solução: n = 10
a1 = 1
EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS r = 2
S10 = ?
1) A seqüência é uma:
a) P.A. crescente e r =
b) P.A. decrescente e r = 2
c) P.A. constante e r =
d) P.A. crescente e r =
e) n.r.a. EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS
2) O termo geral da P.A. (3; 5; 7; . . .) é: 1) Calcular a soma dos dez primeiros termos da P.A.
(–8; –6; –4; . . . ).
a) an = 2n + 1 d) an = Solução: a1 = –8
n
r = 2
b) an = 2 + 1 e) n.r.a. n = 10
c) an = n2 + 1 S10 = ?
3) O décimo termo da P.A. (–8; –6; –4; –2; ... ) é igual a:
a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 e) n.d.a
4) A sucessão (m; 2m + 1; 8) é uma P.A.. Sua razão é:

a) 1 b) 4 c) 3 d) 5 e) n.d.a
5) Quantos são os múltiplos de 3 compreendidos entre

14 e 71?
a) 10 b) 15 c) 19 d) 25 e) n.d.a 2) A soma dos 6 termos consecutivos é 42, o primeiro
termo é 2. Calcule o último termo.
6) Numa P.A. sabe-se que a2 = 6 e a4 = 12. O décimo Solução: n = 6
termo é: S6 = 42
a) 30 b) 40 c) 20 d) 50 e) n.d.a. a1 = 2
7) Uma P.A. de três termos tais que sua soma seja 15

e seu produto seja 80, pode ser representada pela
seqüência:
a) (3; 5; 7) d) (2; 3; 10)
b) (2; 5; 8) e) n.d.a.
c) (1; 5; 9)
RESPOSTAS
3) Calcule a soma dos múltiplos de 5 entre 17 e 85.
1) e 3) b 5) c 7) b Solução: (20; 25; . . . 85)
2) a 4) c 6) a
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7) A soma do 4º e 8º termos de uma P.A. é 20. O 31º
termo é o dobro do 16º termo. A P.A. é:
a) (–5; –2; 1; . . .) d) (1; 3; 5; . . .)
b) (5; 6; 7; . . .) e) n.d.a.
c) (0; 2; 4; . . .)
8) A soma dos n primeiros termos de uma P.A. é n2 +

4n. Então, o termo geral dessa P.A. é:
a) 5 + 2n d) n+4
b) 2n + 3 e) n.d.a.
c) 2n + 4
9) A soma dos dez primeiros termos de uma P.A. de

4) Calcular a soma dos 6 primeiros termos de uma P.A., primeiro termo 1,87 e de razão 0,004 é:
sabendo-se que a2 = 5 e a4 = 9. a) 18,88 d) 18,9
Solução: b) 9,5644 e) n.d.a.
c) 9,5674
10) A soma dos múltiplos de 5 entre 100 e 2 000, isto é,

105 + 110 + 115 + . . . + 1 995, vale
a) 397.950 d) 2.100.379
b) 12.985 e) n.d.a.
c) 2.100.399
RESPOSTAS
1) a 3) b 5) a 7) c 9) a
2) b 4) c 6) b 8) b 10) a
PROGRESSÃO GEOMÉTRICA (P.G.)
É uma seqüência de números reais onde cada termo

a partir do segundo, é igual ao anterior multiplicado por uma
constante (razão).
1) A soma dos 15 primeiros termos da P.A. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE UMA P.G.

(3; 5; 7; . . . ) é igual a:
a) 255 b) 275 c) 155 d) 305 e) n.d.a. • CRESCENTE
(3; 6; 12; 24)
2) Calcule a soma dos termos da P.A. finita q > 1, quando seus termos são positivos.
(3; 6; 9; . . . 45 ).
(–8; –4; –2; –1)
a) 160 b) 360 c) 266 d) 300 e) n.d.a. 0 < q < 1, quando seus termos são negativos.
3) Calcule o número de termos da P.A., sabendo-se que • DECRESCENTE

a sua soma é 30, o primeiro termo é 2 e a razão é 8.
(8; 4; 2; 1)
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 e) n.d.a. 0 < q < 1, quando seus termos são positivos.
4) A soma dos n primeiros números ímpares positivos é (–2; –6; –18; –54)
igual a: q > 1, quando seus termos são negativos.
a) 2n b) c) n2 d) 2n2 e) n.d.a. • CONSTANTE

(5; 5; 5; 5)
5) Calculando a soma dos dez primeiros termos da P.A. Nesta P.G., q = 1.
em que:
• ALTERNANTE OU OSCILANTE
(–2; 4; –8, 16)
Esta P.G. tem q < 0.
a) 120 b) 60 c) 80 d) 100 e) n.d.a.
• ESTACIONÁRIA
6) Um automóvel percorre no primeiro dia de viagem, (2; 0; 0; . . . )
uma certa distância x; no segundo dia percorre o Esta P.G. tem a1 g 0 e q = 0.
dobro do que percorreu no primeiro dia; no terceiro
dia, percorre o triplo do primeiro dia; e assim
sucessivamente. Ao final de vinte dias percorreu uma REPRESENTAÇÃO DE UMA P.G.
distância de 6.300 km. A distância percorrida no
primeiro dia foi de:
• DE TRÊS TERMOS
a) 15 km d) 35 km
b) 30 km e) n.d.a.
c) 20 km
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• DE QUATRO TERMOS 5) Calcule o número de termos da P.G.
(1; 3; . . . 243).
Solução: a1 = 1
q = 3
an = 243
• DE CINCO TERMOS n = ?
6) A soma de 3 termos de uma P.G. é 7 e o seu produto

FÓRMULA DO TERMO GERAL DA P.G. é 8.
Solução: Uma P.G. de 3 termos pode ser
a1 representada da seguinte maneira:
a2 = a1 # q
a3 = a2 # q = a1 # q # q = a1 # q2 . Assim sendo, teremos:
a4 = a3 # q = a1 # q2 # q = a1 # q3
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
an = an–1 # q = a1 # qn–1
an = a1 # qn–1
onde: an = último termo da P.G.

a1 = primeiro termo da P.G.
q = razão
n = número de termos da P.G.
1) Classifique as P.G. abaixo e calcule a razão:

a) (3; 3; 3; 3)
b) (4; 0; 0; 0)
c)
d) (–8; –4; –2; –1) Portanto, temos duas possibilidades de escrever a

P.G:
Solução:
para x = 2 e q = 2 (1; 2; 4)
a P.G. é constante e q = 1.
a P.G. é estacinária e q = 0. para x = 2 e q = (4; 2; 1)
a P.G. é decrescente e q = .
7) Calcule o valor de x para que os números, x;
a P.G. é crescente e q = . x + 2 e x + 6 formem, nesta ordem, uma P.G.
Solução: Como (x; x+2; x+6) é uma P.G. e a razão
é uma constante, então teremos:
2) Obtenha o termo geral da P.G. (3; 6; . . .).
Solução:
a1 = 3 an = a1 # qn–1
q = 2 an = 3 # 2n–1
3) Calcule o 10º termo da P.G. (2; 4; . . .).

Solução:
a1 = 2 an = a1 # qn–1
a10 = 2 # 210–1
a10 = 210 _ a10 = 1024
q = 2
n = 10
4) Calcule a razão da P.G., sabendo-se que
a1 = 3 e a5 = 48.
1) A seqüência (2; 0; 0; 0) é uma P.G.:
Solução: a1 = 3 a) estacionária d) decrescente
n = 5 b) crescente e) n.r.a.
a5 = 48 c) alternante
q = ?
2) O termo geral da P.G. (2; 4; 8; . . .) é:
a) an = 2n+1 d) an = n2
b) an = 2n e) n.r.a.
c) an = 2n + 1
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3) O 10º termo da P.G. (8; 4; 2; . . . ) é: EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS
a) b) c) d) e) n.d.a. 1) A soma dos 5 primeiros termos da P.G.

(2; –4; 8; –16 . . . ) é igual a:
Solução: a1 = 2
4) Em uma P.G., o primeiro termo é 2 e o quarto termo q = –2
é 54. O quinto termo dessa P.G. é: n = 5
a) 486 b) 162 c) 68 d) 168 e) n.d.a.
5) Se a seqüência (x; 3x + 2; 10x + 12) é uma P.G.

crescente, a razão é:
a) –2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 8 e) n.r.a.
6) Quantos termos tem a P.G. (2; 4; . . . 128)?

a) 5 b) 6 c) 4 d) 7 e) n.d.a.
2) Quantos termos devemos tomar na P.G.
7) A soma de três números em P.G. crescente é 26 e o (1; 3; 9; . . . ) para que a soma seja 121?
termo do meio é 6. Qual é o maior desses números? Solução: n = ?
a1 = 1
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 18 e) n.d.a. q = 3
Sn = 121
8) Numa P.G. sabe-se que a1 + a2 = 9 e
a3 + a4 = 36. O quinto termo é:
a) 26 b) 3 # 25 c) 2 # 36 d) –36 e) n.d.a.
9) Se a seqüência (4x; 2x + 1; x – 1; . . .) é uma P.G.,

então o valor do 6º termo é:
a) b) c) d) e) n.d.a. 3) Calcule a soma dos 5 primeiros termos da P.G.

sabendo-se que a3 = 12 e a4 = 24.
Solução:
RESPOSTAS
1) a 3) c 5) c 7) d 9) a
2) b 4) b 6) d 8) e
SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.G. FINITA
A soma S dos n termos da P.G. (a1; a2. .. an) é dada

por:
Sn = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + . . . . + a n
Sn = a1 + a1 # q + a1 # q2 + . . . . + a1 # qn–1 (1)
Multiplicando os membros de (1) pela razão q,

teremos:
q # Sn = a1 # q + a1 # q2 + a1 # q3 + . . . + a1 # qn (2)
Fazendo (2) – (1):

1) A soma dos 5 primeiros termos da P.G.

é:
onde: Sn = soma dos termos de uma P.G.

n = número de termos a) b) c) d) e) n.d.a.
a1 = primeiro termo
q = razão
2) Sabendo que numa P.G., Sn = 126, q = 2 e
Exemplo: Calcule a soma dos 6 primeiros termos da n = 6, o valor de a1 é:
P.G. (1; 2; . . .). a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5 e) n.d.a.
Solução: a1 = 1
q = 2 3) A soma dos n primeiros termos da P.G.
n = 6 (a; aq2; aq4; . . .), com aq g 0 e q g ± 1 é:
a) d)
e) n.d.a.
b)
c)
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4) Em uma P.G. de termos positivos, a diferença entre 2) Calcule o valor de x na equação:
o quarto termo e o primeiro termo é 21, e a diferença
entre o terceiro termo e o primeiro, é 9. Podemos
afirmar que a soma dos 8 primeiros termos da
seqüência é: Solução: a1 = x
a) 765 b) 800 c) 856 d) 550 e) n.d.a. S = 9
q = 1/3
5) Numa P.G., a2 = 6 e a3 = 12. A soma dos 6 primeiros
termos é:
a) 89 b) 100 c) 79 d) 189 e) n.d.a.
RESPOSTAS
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) a 5) d logo, a equação ficará:
SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.G. INFINITA
Vamos considerar o seguinte problema: Calcular a

soma das áreas dos quadrados internos de um quadrado de EXERCÍCIOS PROPOSTOS
lado “a” que tenham sempre os seus vértices nos pontos
médios dos lados da figura abaixo, ou seja:
1) A soma dos termos da P.G.
Observamos que as áreas
dos quadrados A1; A2; A3; . . . a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 e) n.d.a.
formam, nessa ordem, a P.G.
2) A solução da equação
a) 37 b) 40 c) 44 d) 50 e) n.d.a.
3) A fração geratriz da dízima periódica 1,666 ... é:
a) b) c) d) e) n.d.a.
4) O valor de x na equação:
onde: a1 = a2
q = ½ a) 1 b) c) d) e) n.d.a.
A “soma” dessas infinitas parcelas, 5) A soma dos termos da P.G.

e de qualquer P.G.
semelhante, pode ser determinada, utilizando-se a fórmula:
onde: a1 = a2 a) b) c) d) e) n.d.a.
q =
6) Achar a soma dos termos de uma P.G. infinita
sabendo-se que o primeiro termo é 2 e a razão é .
a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 4 e) n.d.a.
7) Se x é um número real positivo menor que 1 e se

EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS vale a igualdade
1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn + . . . = ,
1) Calcule a soma dos termos da P.G. infinita
então o valor de x é:
(8; 4; 2; 1; ; . . . ).
a) b) 3 c) d) e) n.d.a.
Solução: a1 = 8
q =
RESPOSTAS
1) a 3) c 5) b 7) a
2) b 4) d 6) d
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a) b)
RAZÕES E PROPORÇÕES, REGRAS
DE TRÊS SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS,
PORCENTAGEM. Nelas, devem ser observados os fatos:
a) O seu produto é sempre igual a 1. Exemplo:
RAZÕES E PROPORÇÕES
RAZÃO: Considere a afirmação: "No concurso que b) Razão de antecedente zero não possui inversa.
você vai prestar, o número de vagas está para o número de
RAZÕES IGUAIS: São duas razões em que as
candidatos na razão de 1 para 5"
frações que as representam são equivalentes, como por
Essa afirmação diz que para cada vaga existente, exemplo , pois se:
correspondem 5 candidatos e pode ser representada em
matemática por 1/5 (lê-se: 1 para 5 ou 1 está para 5).
Afirmações desse tipo, que comparam um número a) e b) _

com outro, por meio de uma divisão do primeiro pelo
(basta multiplicar os termos cruzados)
segundo, chamam-se razões. Então, dizemos que:
Em duas razões iguais observa-se sempre o
"Razão entre dois números racionais a e b, com
seguinte: "os produtos do antecedente de uma pelo
b g 0, é o quociente de a por b." conseqüente da outra são sempre iguais." Veja:
Indica-se: a:b ou e lê-se: "a está para b" Se _

ou "a para b".
(basta multiplicar os termos cruzados)
O número a chama-se antecedente e o número b
conseqüente. Exemplos: Calcular a razão do primeiro APLICAÇÕES: Verificar se as razões são iguais:
número para o segundo:
9e3 _
a) , temos que:
a)
_
b) 12 e 20 _
c) b) temos que:
d) 2,2 e 3,3 _ razão = 2,2 : 3,3 _
_
ESCALA
É uma razão especial que é usada na representação

de mapas, maquetes, plantas de construções, etc., e a
definimos assim:
RAZÃO DE DUAS GRANDEZAS: Chama-se razão de
uma grandeza a para uma grandeza b, da mesma espécie "Escala de um desenho é a razão existente entre o
ao quociente da divisão dos números que exprimem suas comprimento representado no desenho e o correspon-
medidas, tomadas na mesma unidade. Exemplos: (as dente comprimento real", medidos na mesma unidade de
medidas devem estar todas na mesma unidade) comprimento. Então:
a) 10 m e 20 m _ razão = 10 m : 20 m _
_
Assim sendo, na escala 1:800 ou 1/800 (lê-se: escala
de 1 por 800 ), significa que os comprimentos reais são 800
2 m e 5 cm _ razão = 2 m : 5 cm _
vezes maiores que os correspondentes comprimentos no
b) desenho. Exemplos de aplicações:
_ a) Qual é a escala do desenho em que um comprimento
real de 60 cm está representado por um comprimento
de 12 cm?
c) 4 kg e 5.000 g _ razão = 4 kg : 5.000 g _
_
RAZÕES INVERSAS: São duas razões em que o

antecedente de uma é o conseqüente da outra e vice-
versa, tais como: Resposta: A escala é de 1:5 ou 1/5.
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b) Num desenho de escala 1:50, qual é o comprimento Determine o antecedente das seguintes razões, saben-
real correspondente a um comprimento de 8 cm? do que:
Tem-se:
_
21) o conseqüente é 5 e a razão vale
22) o conseqüente é e a razão vale

Então: _ 1 # x = 50 # 8 cm _ TESTES
23) Num concurso público concorreram 24.000 candida-

_
tos para 1.200 vagas. A razão entre o número de
x = 400 cm vagas e o número de candidatos foi de:
Resp.: O comprimento real é de 400 cm. a) b) c) d)
EXERCÍCIOS A RESOLVER 24) Um clube tem 1.600 sócios, dos quais 900 são
moças. A razão entre o número de moços e o núme-
ro de moças é:
Calcular as razões de:
a) b) c) d)
1) 40 e 8
2) 8 e 12 5) 1,2 e
Respostas:
3) 6) 4 m e 200 cm
7) 2,5 m e 0,5 dam 1) 5 9) 1/5 17) 8 cm
8) 2 m2 e 6.000 dm2 2) 2/3 10) não 18) 20/28
4) 3) 3/20 11) sim 19) 12/32
9) 20 5 e 100 dm3 4) 14/3 12) sim 20) 56/128
5) 3/2 13) não 21) 15/2
6) 2 14) 1/4 22) 3/4
Verificar se são iguais os pares de razões: 7) 1/2 15) 135 m2
8) 1/30 16) 12 meninas
10) 12) 4:8e3:6
Testes: 23) c 24) d
11) 13)
PROPORÇÃO
Sejam os números 3, 6, 4 e 8 e nessa ordem, vamos

Resolver os problemas: calcular:
14) Dois quadrados têm respectivamente 3 cm e 6 cm de a) a razão do 1º para o 2º
lado. Qual é a razão entre as superfícies do primeiro
para o segundo?
b) a razão do 3º para o 4º
15) Numa residência, a razão entre a área construída e
a área livre é de 2:3. Sabendo-se que a área cons- Como a razão do 1º para o 2º é igual à razão do 3º
truída é de 90 m2, qual é a área livre?
para o 4º, escrevemos:
16) Em uma classe mista, a razão entre o número de
meninos e o número de meninas é 3:2. Sabendo-se 3:6=4:8 ou
que o número de meninos é 18, qual o número de
meninas?
e dizemos que os números 3, 6, 4 e 8, nessa ordem,
17) Num desenho de escala 1:100, qual é o comprimen- formam uma proporção, donde se conclui que: "proporção
to, no desenho, que corresponde a um comprimento é uma igualdade de duas razões."
real de 8 m?
De um modo geral, representam-se as proporções
Escreva razões equivalentes a: das maneiras:
ou a:b = c:d ou a:b::c:d

18) , cujo antecedente seja 20.
e destacamos:
Sugestão: Estabeleça uma igualdade de razões:
I- A sua leitura é: a está para b assim como c está
para d.
II - a, b, c e d são os termos, na ordem: a é o 1º, b é o
19) , cujo conseqüente seja 32. 2º, c é o 3º e d é o 4º termo.
III - a e d são os extremos e b e c são os meios.
20) , cujo antecedente seja 56. IV - a e c são os antecedentes e b e d são os conse-
qüentes.
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PROPRIEDADE FUNDAMENTAL aplicando a propriedade fundamental:
x # 9 = 3 # 15 _ 9x = 45 _ x = _
DAS PROPORÇÕES
Por ser uma igualdade de razões, pode-se estabele- _x=5

cer que:
"Em toda proporção a : b : : c : d , o produto dos 3) 5 : 6 : : x : 12
meios (b # c) é sempre igual ao produto dos extremos (a aplicando a propriedade fundamental:
6 # x = 5 # 12 _ 6x = 60 _ x = _
# d) e vice-versa", que é a sua propriedade fundamental.
Então, na proporção: temos: _ x = 10
8 # 15 = 6 # 20
120 = 120 4)
onde: 8 # 15 = produto dos meios
6 # 20 = produto dos extremos aplicando a propriedade fundamental:
TRANSFORMAÇÕES DE UMA PROPORÇÃO 3#x=8#6_ 3x = 48 _ x = _

_ x = 16
Transformar uma proporção, significa dispor os
seus termos de modos diferentes de maneira que a igual-
Nota: Pode-se ver que o termo desconhecido pode ser
dade dos produtos dos meios e dos extremos não sofra qualquer dos meios ou qualquer dos extremos.
alteração. Assim, trocando convenientemente a disposição
dos termos de uma proporção, podemos escrevê-la de oito Outros exemplos:
maneiras diferentes. Exemplo:
5)
Escrever das oito maneiras diferentes, a proporção:
1ª) _3 # 4 = 2 # 6
permutando os meios da 1ª:
2ª)
permutando os extremos da 1ª: 6)
3ª)
permutando os meios e os extremos da 1ª:
4ª)
invertendo as razões das proporções: 1ª, 2ª, 3ª e 4ª:
5ª)
7)
6ª)
calculam-se as operações entre parênteses:
7ª)
8ª)
CÁLCULO DO TERMO DESCONHECIDO

DE UMA PROPORÇÃO (RESOLUÇÃO)
Resolver uma proporção significa encontrar o valor

do seu termo desconhecido e para isso basta aplicar a
sua propriedade fundamental. Veja os exemplos seguin- 8)
tes.
Calcular o termo desconhecido em:

1) x:8=5:2
x # 2 = 8 # 5 _ 2x = 40 _ x = 40/2 _
aplicando a propriedade fundamental:
_ x = 20 9)
2)
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QUARTA PROPORCIONAL TERCEIRA PROPORCIONAL
Se quatro números, como por exemplo: 9, 4, 18 e 8, É o quarto termo de uma proporção contínua.
formam, nessa ordem, uma proporção, diz-se que o 4º Então, se numa proporção contínua ocorrer: 2 : 10 = 10 :
número (8) é a quarta proporcional dos números 9, 4 e 18. x , vemos que x é um terceiro elemento diferente, que com
Então, para se encontrar a quarta proporcional dos números os outros dois (2 e 10) formam essa proporção contínua.
a, b e c, basta formar com eles uma proporção, tal que: a : Diz-se, então, que x é a terceira proporcional dos núme-
b = c : x, onde x é a quarta proporcional de a, b e c. ros 2 e 10 e pode-se concluir que, para calcular a terceira
Exemplos: proporcional de dois números, a e b, basta formar com
eles, nessa ordem, uma proporção contínua, onde b é o
1) Calcular a quarta proporcional dos números 3, 6 e meio igual, ou seja: a : b = b : x. Exemplos:
16.
Forma-se com eles, nessa ordem, uma proporção 1) Calcular a terceira proporcional dos números 16 e 8.
onde x é o quarto termo e passa-se a resolvê-la: Forma-se a proporção contínua onde 8 é o meio
3 : 6 = 16 : x _ 3 # x = 6 # 16 _ igual.
_ 3x = 96 _ x = _ x = 32 16 : 8 = 8 : x _
_ 16 # x = 8 . 8 _ 16x = 64 _
Então:
2) Qual é a quarta proporcional dos números _ _x=4
2) Qual é a terceira proporcional dos números

Forma-se a proporção:
Proporção contínua: é aquela que tem ou os meios PROPRIEDADES DAS PROPORÇÕES

ou os extremos iguais, tais como:
1ª) PROPRIEDADE DA SOMA DOS TERMOS
a) b)
Em qualquer proporção, a soma dos dois primeiros
termos está para o primeiro (ou para o segundo), assim
como a soma dos dois últimos termos está para o terceiro
MÉDIA PROPORCIONAL OU GEOMÉTRICA (ou para o quarto).
É o meio ou extremo igual de uma proporção
contínua. Então, em , temos:
Assim, nas proporções 36 : 12 = 12 : 4 e 9 : 3 = 27 :

9, dizemos que 12 é a média proporcional ou geométrica
1 ou 2
dos números 36 e 4 e 9 é a média proporcional ou
geométrica dos números 3 e 27.
Então, quando se quer calcular a média geométrica 2ª) PROPRIEDADE DA DIFERENÇA DOS TERMOS
de dois números, basta formarmos com eles uma propor-
ção contínua, onde os números dados figurem ou como Em qualquer proporção, a diferença dos dois
meios ou como extremos, resolvendo-se a proporção primeiros termos está para o primeiro (ou para o segun-
obtida, em seguida. Exemplos: do), assim como a diferença dos dois últimos termos está
para o terceiro (ou para o quarto).
1) Calcule a média proporcional dos números 20 e 5.
Forma-se a proporção contínua:
20 : x = x : 5 , onde: x # x = 20 # 5 _
Então, em , temos:
_ x2 = 100 _ _ x = 10
(1) ou (2)
2) Qual é a média geométrica dos números ?
APLICAÇÃO: Calcular dois termos de uma propor-
Forma-se a proporção contínua: ção, desde que sejam conhecidos ou a sua soma ou a sua
diferença. Exemplos:
1) Encontrar dois números cuja soma é 48 e que estão
entre si na razão de 3 para 5.
Solução:
Chamando de x e y os números procurados, vem:
Nota: Pode-se concluir que a média proporcional ou

geométrica de dois números é igual à raiz quadrada
do produto desses números.
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Aplicando a propriedade da soma dos termos, vem
(1) ou (2)
, temos:
4ª) PROPRIEDADE DA DIFERENÇA DOS ANTECE-

DENTES E DOS CONSEQÜENTES
(1) ou (2)
Em qualquer proporção a diferença dos anteceden-
tes está para a diferença dos conseqüentes, assim como
Como x + y = 48 e substituindo em (1) e (2), vem: cada antecedente está para o seu conseqüente.
Então em , temos
(1) ou (2)
APLICAÇÃO: Cálculo de dois antecedentes ou dois

conseqüentes de uma proporção, desde que sejam conhe-
cidos ou a sua soma ou a sua diferença. Exemplo:
1) Resolver a proporção , sabendo-se que x +

y = 42.
Resp.: Os números procurados são 18 e 30. Solução:
2) Calcular dois números cuja diferença entre eles é 20 Aplicando a propriedade da soma dos antecedentes
e que estão entre si na razão de 6 : 4. e conseqüentes, vem:
Solução: Sejam a e b os números procurados.
, temos:
Então:
(1) ou (2)
Como x + y = 42 , vem:
Aplicando a propriedade da diferença dos termos,
vem:
, temos:
(1) ou (2)
Como a – b = 20 , vem:
Resp.: x = 18 e y = 24.
2) Resolva a proporção , sabendo-se que

a – b = 21.
Solução:
Aplicando a propriedade da diferença dos anteceden-
tes e conseqüentes, vem:
, temos:
Resp.: Os números procurados são 60 e 40.
(1) ou (2)
3ª) PROPRIEDADE DA SOMA DOS ANTECEDENTES
E DOS CONSEQÜENTES
Como a – b = 21 , vem:
Em qualquer proporção a soma dos antecedentes
está para a soma dos conseqüentes, assim como cada
antecedente está para o seu conseqüente.
Então em , temos:
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2) Calcular x e y na proporção , sabendo-se que

2 2
x + y = 52.
Solução:
Resposta: a = 70 e b = 49. Forma-se o sistema:
5ª) PROPRIEDADE DO PRODUTO DOS ANTECEDEN-

TES E DOS CONSEQÜENTES
Aplicando a conseqüência, vem:
Em qualquer proporção o produto dos anteceden-
tes está para o produto dos conseqüentes, assim como
o quadrado de cada antecedente está para o quadrado
do seu conseqüente. Logo, o sistema fica:
Então em , temos onde, aplicando a propriedade da soma dos ter-

mos (1ª), vem:
(1) ou (2) , temos:
CONSEQÜÊNCIA: Em qualquer proporção, os (1) ou (2)

quadrados de seus termos também formam uma propor-
ção.
Como x2 + y2 = 52 , vem:
Então, se _
APLICAÇÃO: Cálculo de dois termos de uma

proporção, desde que seja conhecido seu produto ou o
quadrado de seus termos. Exemplos:
1) Determinar dois números, sabendo que seu produto

é 180 e sua razão é .
Solução:
Chamando de a e b os números procurados e for-
mando o sistema, vem: Resp.: x = 4 e y = 6.
SÉRIE DE RAZÕES IGUAIS (PROPORÇÃO MÚLTIPLA)
Se as razões forem todas iguais, pode-
Aplicando a propriedade do produto dos antece-

se escrever: , formando uma série de razões
dentes e conseqüentes, vem:
iguais que são chamadas de proporções múltiplas, nas

, temos
quais valem também as propriedades da soma (ou diferen-
ça) dos antecedentes e dos conseqüentes, ou seja: "Em
qualquer proporção múltipla, a soma (ou diferença) dos
(1) ou (2) antecedentes está para a soma (ou diferença) dos
conseqüentes, assim como cada antecedente está para
o seu conseqüente."
Como a # b = 180 , vem:
APLICAÇÃO: Calcular a, b e c em ,
sabendo-se que a – b + c = 33.

Solução:
Aplicando a propriedade da soma (ou diferença)
dos antecedentes e conseqüentes, vem:
_ (1)
ou (2) ou (3)
Resp.: Os números são 12 e 15.
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Como a – b + c = 33 , vem: Resolver os problemas:
26) A diferença entre dois números é 15 e a razão ente

eles é 8/5. Calcule-os.
27) A diferença dos quadrados de dois números é 144 e

estão entre si na razão de 5 para 3. Quais são os
números?
28) O produto de dois números é 96 e a sua razão é 2
para 3. Quais são eles?
29) A soma de dois números é 55 e o maior está para 8

assim como o menor está para 3. Calcule-os.
TESTES
30) A quarta proporcional dos números 1/2, 3/4 e 2/3 é:

a) 4 b) 1/2 c) 1/4 d) 1
Resp.: a = 24, b = 6 e c = 15.
31) A média proporcional dos números 27 e 3 é:
EXERCÍCIOS A RESOLVER a) 1458 b) 729 c) 81 d) 9
Resolver as proporções (aplicar a propriedade funda-
mental) 32) Na proporção , o valor de x é:
1) 5 : 6 = 2x : 3 2) x: a) 9 b) 3 c) –3 d) –9
3) 3x : = 0,4 : 4) 33) Sabendo-se que x – y = 40 e , então
5) 6) x + y é igual a:
a) 72 b) 144 c) 36 d) 18
7)
34) Se , então o valor de x é:
8)
a) b) c) 10 d) 5
Calcular a quarta proporcional de:

35) O valor de x na proporção , é:
9) 8, 12 e 10 10)
11) 0,4; 0,6 e 1,2 a) 8 b) 7 c) 6 d) 4
Calcular a média proporcional de: 36) Um garoto de 1 m de altura projeta uma sombra de
0,5 m. No mesmo instante, um edifício de 18 m irá
12) 8e2 13) projetar uma sombra de:
a) 12 m b) 9 m c) 8 m d) 6 m
14) 3e 15) 3,2 e 0,2
37) Sendo e x – y = 15, o valor de x + y é:
Calcular a terceira proporcional de: a) 41 b) 40 c) 39 d) 37

16) 3 e 12 17) 5 e 20
38) A razão entre a minha idade e a idade do meu primo
18) 1 e 25 19) é de 2 para 5 e juntos temos 42 anos. Então, tenho:
a) 16 anos b) 14 anos c) 12 anos d) 10 anos
Calcular os elementos desconhecidos nas proporções,
39) Cortaram 20 kg de carne em dois pedaços, cuja
usando a propriedade cabível em cada caso: razão é 2/3. O pedaço maior pesa:
a) 11 kg b) 12 kg c) 14 kg d) 15 kg
20) 21)
RESPOSTAS:
22) 23) 1) 5/4 11) 1,8 21) 35 e 7 31) d
2) 1 12) 4 22) 8 e 12 32) b
3) 4/75 13) 9/5 23) 9 e 15 33) a
4) 8 14) 2/3 24) 3,9 e 15 34) a
Calcular os termos desconhecidos em: 5) 12 15) 0,8 25) 25, 10 e 15 35) d
6) – 23 16) 48 26) 40 e 25 36) b
7) 182/27 17) 80 27) 15 e 9 37) c
24) 25) 8) 75/16 18) 625 28) 8 e 12 38) c
9) 15 19) 1/18 29) 40 e 15 39) b
10) 20/27 20) 8 e 12 30) d
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DIVISÃO EM PARTES PROPORCIONAIS DIVISÃO DE UM NÚMERO EM PARTES
DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
NÚMEROS DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
1) Dividir o número 180 em partes diretamente propor-
Sejam os conjuntos A e B de números racionais que cionais a 3, 4 e 11.
estão em correspondência biunívoca (mesma quantidade Solução:
de elementos):
a) representar os números por a, b e c.
A = {2, 5, 8, 11} e B = {6, 15, 24, 33} b) considerar as sucessões (a, b, c) e (3, 4, 11)
como diretamente proporcionais
Formando as razões entre os elementos correspon-
dentes de A e B, temos:
, onde: Então:
e
Calcula-se o coeficiente de proporcionalidade,
aplicando-se a propriedade das proporções múltiplas,
ou seja, essas razões são constantes e todas ou seja:
iguais a , donde se pode escrever:

coeficiente de proporcionalidade, e o valor de cada

uma das partes a, b e c será encontrado pelo produ-
Diz-se então que os elementos dos conjuntos A e B to de cada um dos números 3, 4 e 11 pelo coeficien-
são diretamente proporcionais ou simplesmente propor- te de proporcionalidade.
cionais e conclui-se que:
Então, vem:
"Duas sucessões de números são diretamente
proporcionais quando as razões existentes entre um
elemento qualquer da primeira e o seu correspondente
na segunda sucessão são constantes (iguais)." Resp.: As partes são 30, 40 e 110.
A razão constante que existe entre os dois conjuntos 2) Dividir o número 372 em partes diretamente propor-
chama-se fator de proporcionalidade ou coeficiente de cionais a
proporcionalidade.
Solução:
APLICAÇÃO: O número 372 deve ser dividido em três parcelas: a,
b, c (a+b+c = 372) em que a série de razões iguais
Calcular os valores de a, b e c dos conjuntos de
será:
números diretamente proporcionais:
A = {2, b, 4, 7} e B = {a, 9, c, 21}.
Solução:
Como são diretamente proporcionais os dois
conjuntos, forma-se as razões iguais entre os
elementos correspondentes de A e B: Daí o sistema:
de onde vem:
Então:
coeficiente de proporcionalidade
Como uma proporcionalidade não se altera quando

Igualando cada razão a (coeficiente) e calculan- se multiplica todos os números do conjunto por um
mesmo número, pode-se então reduzir as frações ao
do o termo desconhecido, temos: mesmo denominador e desprezar, em seguida, o
denominador, a fim de que as partes sejam substi-
tuídas por números inteiros. Então, a expressão
anterior fica:
m.m.c. (2, 3, 5) = 30 (despreza-se o denominador)
E, por conseguinte, o problema agora consiste em

Resp.: Os valores são: a = 6, b = 3 e c = 12. dividir 372 em partes diretamente proporcionais a
15, 10 e 6, ou seja, como no primeiro exemplo:
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de onde vem:
3 # 40 = 120 coeficiente de proporcionalidade
Igualando cada produto a 120 (coeficiente) e

calculando o termo desconhecido, temos:
Então:
Resp.: As partes são 180, 120 e 72.
3) (Solução direta) Dividir 183 em partes diretamen- Resp.: Os valores são: a = 30, b = 6 e c = 12.
te proporcionais a
DIVISÃO DE UM NÚMERO EM PARTES
INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
Dividir um número em partes inversamente propor-

cionais a números dados, significa dividi-lo em partes
diretamente proporcionais aos inversos dos números
dados. Exemplo:
1) Dividir o número 18 em partes inversamente proporci-

onais a 2, 3 e 6.
Solução:
O problema consiste em dividir 18 em partes direta-
mente proporcionais aos inversos de 2, 3 e 6, que
Então: são: 1/2, 1/3 e 1/6. Então:
NÚMEROS INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
Sejam agora os conjuntos C e D de números racio-

nais que também estão em correspondência biunívoca:
C = {1, 3, 5, 10} e D = {60, 20, 12, 6}
Calculando os produtos entre os números do
conjunto C e os correspondentes do conjunto D, temos:
1 # 60; 3 # 20; 5 # 12; 10 # 6, vê-se que esses produtos são Logo:
constantes e todos iguais a 60, donde se pode escrever:
1 # 60 = 3 # 20 = 5 # 12 = 10 # 6 = 60
Diz-se então que os elementos dos conjuntos C e D
são inversamente proporcionais e conclui-se que:
2) Dividir o número 200 em partes inversamente pro-
"Duas sucessões de números são inversamente
proporcionais quando os produtos entre um elemento porcionais a
qualquer da primeira pelos correspondentes na segun-
da sucessão são constantes (iguais)."
Solução:
Esses produtos iguais chamam-se também fator de É o mesmo que dividir 200 em partes diretamente
proporcionalidade ou coeficiente de proporcionalidade.
proporcionais aos inversos de , que são: 3
APLICAÇÃO: e 5. Então:
Determinar os valores de a, b e c dos conjuntos de

números inversamente proporcionais: A = {3, 4, b, 10} e B
= {40, a, 20, c}.
Solução:
Como os dois conjuntos são inversamente propor-
cionais, forma-se os produtos iguais entre os
elementos correspondentes de A e B: Logo:
Resp.: As partes são 75 e 125.
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EXERCÍCIOS A RESOLVER TESTES
Verificar se são direta ou inversamente proporcionais a

sucessão de números que formam os conjuntos A e B 18) As sucessões de números são direta-
de cada exercício: mente proporcionais. Então, o coeficiente de propor-
cionalidade é:
1) A={1, 5, 2} 3) A={2, 3, 4, 6} a) 135 c) 75
B={3, 15, 6} B={48, 32, 24, 16}
b) 25 d)
2) A={6, 4, 12, 2}
B={8, 12, 4, 24}
19) As sucessões de números são inversa-
Calcular x e y sabendo-se que os conjuntos A e B são mente proporcionais. Então, o coeficiente de propor-
diretamente proporcionais: cionalidade é:
4) A = {5, x, 20} 6) A = {1, x, 7} a) 60 c)

B = {3, 6, y} B = {5, 15, y}
b) d)
5) A = {x, 12, 15}
B = {28, y, 20}
20) As sucessões de números são
Calcular m e n sabendo-se que os conjuntos A e B são inversamente proporcionais. Então, a+b é igual a:
inversamente proporcionais:
a) 63 c) 28
7) A = {m, 2, 3} 9) A = {2, 10, n} b) d) 21
B = {7, n, 14} B = {m, 9, 15}
8) A = {3, m, 10} 21) Quero repartir o número 380 em parcelas que são
B = {5, 25, n} inversamente proporcionais aos números 2, 5 e 4,
respectivamente. Essas parcelas serão:
a) 200, 80 e 100
Dividir: b) 150, 130 e 100
c) 180, 60 e 140
d) 200, 60 e 120
10) 888 em partes proporcionais a 18, 11, 21 e 24.
22) Uma pessoa divide R$ 13.000,00 proporcionalmente

11) 3.250 em partes proporcionais a 0,4; 1,2 e 3,4. às idades de seus 3 filhos, que têm respectivamente
3, 4 e 6 anos. Quanto receberão o filho mais novo e
o mais velho?
12) 4.000 em partes proporcionais a
a) R$ 2.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
b) R$ 3.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
c) R$ 3.000,00 e R$ 4.000,00
13) 380 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 2, 5 e 4. d) R$ 4.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
14) 459 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3, 4, 10

e 6. RESPOSTAS:
1) diretamente proporcionais
Problemas: 2) inversamente proporcionais
3) inversamente proporcionais
4) x = 10 e y = 12
15) Um pai distribuiu R$ 5.000,00 aos seus três filhos em 5) x = 21 e y = 16
partes diretamente proporcionais às suas idades, que 6) x = 3 e y = 35
são 4, 7 e 9 anos. Quanto coube a cada um?
7) m = 6 e n = 21
8) m = 3/5 e n = 3/2
16) Um tio oferece R$ 6.000,00 para serem repartidos 9) m = 45 e n = 6
entre seus três sobrinhos, em partes inversamente 10) 216, 132, 252 e 288
proporcionais às faltas à escola que deram durante 11) 260, 780 e 2.210
o mês. Quanto coube a cada sobrinho, sabendo que 12) 960, 1.440 e 1.600
dois deles faltaram 2 vezes cada um e outro faltou 5 13) 200, 80 e 100
vezes? 14) 180, 135, 54 e 90
15) R$ 1.000,00; R$ 1.750,00 e
17) Um reservatório de 25.200 m3 de capacidade foi R$ 2.250,00.
completamente cheio por 3 torneiras que despejaram 16) R$ 2.500,00; R$ 2.500,00 e
por minuto 12 5, 8 5 e 16 5 de água respectivamente. R$ 1.000,00.
Determinar o volume de água que cada torneira 17) 8.400 5; 5.600 5 e 11.200 5
despejou. 18) d 19) a 20) c 21) a 22) b
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REGRA DE SOCIEDADE Solução:
1º sócio: 300.000,00 # 12 3.600.000,00 3.600
É uma aplicação da divisão em partes diretamente 2º sócio: 200.000,00 # 9 1.800.000,00 1.800
proporcionais e destacam-se três casos: 3º sócio: 500.000,00 # 4 2.000.000,00 2.000
1º) TEMPOS IGUAIS E CAPITAIS DIFERENTES

Então:
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuízo da sociedade propor-
cionalmente aos capitais dos sócios. Exemplo:
Quatro pessoas formam uma sociedade com os

capitais de: R$ 100.000,00, R$ 120.000,00, R$ 150.000,00
e R$ 200.000,00, respectivamente. No fim de certo tempo, Logo:
a sociedade apresentou um lucro de R$ 2.850.000,00.
Quanto coube a cada sócio?
Solução:
Para facilitar os cálculos, desprezamos os cinco
zeros finais de cada importância do problema, acres-
centando-os depois nos resultados finais. Resp.: Os lucros foram, respectivamente:
R$ 1.800.000,00; R$ 900.000,00 e R$ 1.000.000,00.
Chamando os sócios de a, b, c e d, respectivamente,
formando o sistema e aplicando a divisão em partes
PROBLEMAS PARA RESOLVER:
proporcionais, temos:
1) Três pessoas formam uma sociedade, entrando a
primeira com R$ 30.000,00: a segunda com
R$ 40.000,00 e a terceira com R$ 45.000,00. Calcu-
lar o lucro de cada uma, sabendo-se que o lucro total
foi de R$ 230.000,00.
2) Três pessoas formam uma sociedade comercial.
A primeira empregou R$ 10.000,00; a segunda
R$ 15.000,00 e a terceira, R$ 25.000,00. No fim do
Então: ano, o lucro da sociedade foi de R$ 450.000,00. Qual
a parte de cada uma?
3) A e B formaram uma sociedade com capitais propor-
cionais a 4 e 7, respectivamente. No final de certo
(acrescentando-se os cinco zeros suprimidos no tempo, A recebeu de lucro R$ 15.000,00 menos que
início do cálculo) B. Qual o lucro de cada um?
Resp.: Cada sócio recebeu, respectivamente: 4) Três pessoas formaram uma sociedade com capitais
R$ 500.000,00; R$ 600.000,00; R$ 750.000,00 proporcionais a 3, 5 e 8 respectiva-mente. No fim de
e R$ 1.000.000,00. certo tempo, a sociedade apresentou o lucro de R$
32.000,00. Qual foi o lucro de cada um?
2ª) CAPITAIS IGUAIS E TEMPOS DIFERENTES 5) Duas pessoas formaram uma sociedade com capitais
iguais permanecendo a primeira durante 3 anos e a
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuízo da sociedade propor- segunda durante 4 anos. Após esse tempo, foi feito
cionalmente aos tempos de permanência dos sócios. um balanço geral, pelo qual a segunda recebeu R$
12.000,00 a mais do que a primeira. Determinar o
Exemplo: Três pessoas formam uma sociedade, lucro de cada uma.
permanecendo, o primeiro sócio durante 12 meses, o
segundo 8 meses e o terceiro 6 meses. Quanto ganhou TESTES
cada um, se a sociedade teve um lucro de R$ 520.000,00? 6) Três pessoas formam uma sociedade, permanecen-
do a primeira durante 12 meses; a segunda, 8 meses
e a terceira, 6 meses. Quanto ganhou cada uma, se
a sociedade apresentou um lucro de R$ 520.000,00?
a) R$ 240.000,00; R$ 160.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
Então: b) R$ 210.000,00; R$ 190.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
c) R$ 250.000,00; R$ 150.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
Resp.: O primeiro sócio ganhou R$ 240.000,00; o d) R$ 230.000,00; R$ 160.000,00 e R$ 130.000,00,
segundo, R$ 160.000,00 e o terceiro R$ respectivamente
120.000,00.
7) A, B e C formaram uma sociedade. A entrou com R$
24.000,00; B com R$ 30.000,00 e C com R$
3º) TEMPOS DIFERENTES E CAPITAIS DIFERENTES 36.000,00. Depois de 3 meses tiveram um lucro de
R$ 60.000,00. Quanto recebeu o sócio B?
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuízo da sociedade propor- a) R$ 16.000,00 c) R$ 24.000,00
cionalmente aos produtos do tempo pelo capital, b) R$ 20.000,00 d) R$ 60.000,00
respectivo de cada sócio. Exemplo:
RESPOSTAS:
Três negociantes formam uma sociedade em que o 1) 1ª = R$ 60.000,00; 2ª = R$ 80.000,00 e 3ª = R$ 90.000,00.
primeiro entrou com o capital de R$ 300.000,00; o segundo 2) 1ª = R$ 90.000,00; 2ª = R$ 135.000,00; 3ª = R$ 225.000,00.
com R$ 200.000,00 e o terceiro com R$ 500.000,00. O 3) A=R$ 20.000,00 e B=R$ 35.000,00
primeiro permaneceu 12 meses na sociedade; o segundo, 4) 1ª = R$ 6.000,00; 2ª = R$ 10.000,00 e 3ª = R$ 16.000,00.
9 meses e o terceiro, 4 meses. Qual foi o lucro de cada um, 5) 1ª = R$ 36.000,00 e 2ª = R$ 48.000,00.
se o lucro total da sociedade foi de R$ 3.700.000,00? TESTES: 6) a 7) b
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REGRA DE TRÊS SIMPLES 1) Se 5 operários tecem 800 m de fazenda por dia,
quantos metros tecerão 9 operários?
E COMPOSTAS
Solução:
GRANDEZAS DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS: Indicando por x a quantidade de metros que farão os
9 operários, temos a seguinte disposição prática:
São duas grandezas que, quando o valor de uma
delas aumenta ou diminui, o valor da outra aumenta ou 5 operários . . . . . . . . . . . 800 m
9 operários . . . . . . . . . . . x
diminui o mesmo número de vezes. Então, se:
Se 5 operários tecem 800 m, mais operários tecerão
5 m de tecido custam . . . . . . . . . . . . R$ 20,00 mais metros.
10 m custarão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R$ 40,00
15 m custarão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R$ 60,00 Como nesse exemplo as grandezas: número de
operários e quantidade de metros são diretamente
Nota-se que quando o valor da primeira (comprimen- proporcionais, assinalamos essa variação na
to) torna-se o dobro, o triplo, etc., o mesmo ocorre com o disposição prática, através de flechas no mesmo
valor da outra (custo) e por isso mesmo essas duas grande- sentido. A proporção resultante e sua solução é:
zas são diretamente proporcionais.
A propriedade que caracteriza a existência de
grandezas diretamente proporcionais é: "a razão entre
os valores de uma é igual à razão entre os valores
correspondentes da outra." No exemplo acima, temos:
Resp.: 9 operários tecerão 1.440 metros de fazenda.
ou ou 2) Se 12 operários demoram 15 dias para executar um
trabalho, 10 operários, em quanto tempo farão o
mesmo trabalho?
12 operários . . . . . . 15 dias
onde as flechas de mesmo sentido indicam que as razões 10 operários . . . . . . x
resultaram de grandezas diretamente proporcionais.
É óbvio que, se 12 operários demoram 15 dias,
menos operários demorarão mais dias para fazer o
GRANDEZAS INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS: mesmo trabalho.
Como o tempo necessário para efetuar um trabalho
São duas grandezas que, quando o valor de uma é inversamente proporcional ao número de operá-
delas aumenta ou diminui, o valor da outra diminui ou rios empregados, assinalamos essa variação, na
aumenta o mesmo número de vezes. Então, se: disposição prática, com flechas de sentidos contrá-
rios.
3 operários fazem um serviço em 36 dias
6 operários farão o mesmo serviço em 18 dias
9 operários o farão em 12 dias Invertendo a primeira razão , para que as
Nota-se que quando o valor da primeira (operários) flechas tomem o mesmo sentido, temos a proporção:
torna-se o dobro, o triplo, etc., o valor da outra (tempo)
torna-se a metade, um terço, etc., e por isso mesmo essas
duas grandezas são inversamente proporcionais.
A propriedade que caracteriza a existência de
grandezas inversamente proporcionais é: "a razão entre
os valores de uma é igual ao inverso da razão entre os Resp.: 10 operários farão o mesmo trabalho em 18
valores correspondentes da outra." No exemplo acima, dias.
temos:
3) Certo automóvel percorre 330 km em 5 horas. Con-
servando a mesma velocidade quantos quilômetros
ou ou percorrerá em 9 horas?
330 km . . . . . . . . 5 horas
onde as flechas de sentidos contrários indicam que as x . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 horas
razões resultaram de grandezas inversamente proporcio-
nais. Se, em 5 horas percorre 330 km, em mais horas
percorrerá mais km. Portanto, a regra de três é
direta flechas de mesmo sentido. Então:
REGRA DE TRÊS SIMPLES
São problemas que envolvem duas grandezas direta

ou inversamente proporcionais. Resolvê-los, consiste em
formar com os três valores conhecidos e a incógnita
procurada, uma proporção e dela tirar o valor desejado.
Para isso faz-se:
Resp.: Percorrerá 594 km.
1º) Escreve-se numa mesma coluna as grandezas de
mesma espécie. 4) Um avião, com a velocidade de 320 km/h, vence a
distância entre duas cidades em 6 horas. Outro
2º) Identifica-se se as grandezas são direta ou inversa- avião, com a velocidade de 360 km/h, em quanto
mente proporcionais. tempo percorrerá essa mesma distância?
3º) Escreve-se a proporção correspondente e passa-se 320 km/n . . . . . . . . . . 6 horas

a resolvê-la. Exemplos: 360 km/h . . . . . . . . . . x
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Se, voando a 320 km/h demora 6 horas, voando a Ora, se para fazer 40 metros de muro são necessári-
mais km/h, demorará menos horas. Então, a regra os 8 pedreiros, para fazer mais metros de muro (70)
de três é inversa flechas de sentidos contrários. serão necessários mais pedreiros. Regra de três
direta flechas de mesmo sentido.
f 8x pedreiros
Invertendo a razão e resolvendo a proporção,
Resumindo as letras a e b, vem:
vem:
pedreiros
146 dias
dias
40 m / comp.
70 m / comp.
Notamos, na disposição prática, que as flechas que
têm o mesmo sentido da do grupo que contém x, indicam
grandezas diretamente proporcionais e as de sentido
Transformando 16/3h em horas e minutos, vem: contrário indicam grandezas inversamente proporcio-
nais. Então, a razão desse grupo de grandezas inversa-
mente proporcionais (6 / 14) deve ser invertida, a fim de
_ tomar o mesmo sentido das grandezas diretamente
proporcionais.
No grupo que contiver x, não se faz alterações.

_
Somente escreve-o como se encontrar, na posição do 1º
grupo, e, em seguida, transcreve-se os demais grupos,
fazendo a inversão dos grupos que forem inversamente
Resp.: O outro avião percorrerá a mesma distância proporcionais. Tem-se então:
em 5 horas e 20 minutos.
REGRA DE TRÊS COMPOSTA

Feito isto, conserva-se a razão que tem x e
São problemas que envolvem três ou mais grande- multiplicam-se entre si as demais razões, simplificando-
zas direta ou inversamente proporcionais. Para resolvê- as se for possível. Então vem:
los, faz-se:
1º) Escreve-se numa mesma coluna as grandezas de
mesma espécie.
2º) Identifica-se se as grandezas são direta ou inversa-
mente proporcionais, considerando as colunas duas
a duas, sendo que uma delas deve conter o termo
desconhecido.
3º) Escreve-se a proporção correspondente, igualando
a razão que contém o termo desconhecido com o Resp.: Serão necessários 6 pedreiros.
produto das outras razões, e passa-se a resolvê-la.
Exemplos: 2) Sete operários, em 5 dias de 8 horas, fazem 2.800 m
de tecido. Quantos operários serão necessários para
1) Se 8 pedreiros constroem em 6 dias um muro de 40 fazer 2.160 m do mesmo tecido em 9 dias de 6
m de comprimento, quantos pedreiros serão neces- horas?
f
sários para construir, em 14 dias, um muro de 70 m
de comprimento? (1º Grupo) (2º Grupo) (3º Grupo) (4º Grupo)

Solução 7 operários 5 dias 8 horas 2.800 m
x operários 9 dias 6 horas 2.160 m
Temos a seguinte disposição prática:
f f
(1º Grupo) (2º Grupo) (3º Grupo)
a) Comparação do 2º com o 1º grupo

8 pedreiros 6 dias 40 m/comp.

x pedreiros 14 dias 70 m/comp. 5 dias 7 operários
Para resolvermos o problema proposto, comparamos mais dias menos operários
cada grupo de valores com o grupo em que estiver o x (no
exemplo, o 1º grupo), colocando-lhe à esquerda, uma Regra de três inversa flechas de sentidos con-
flecha de formato diferente das demais para servir como trários.
f
termo de comparação. Nessa comparação deveremos
observar apenas o grupo comparado com o que tem x, b) Comparação do 3º com o 1º grupo

sem preocupação com qualquer outro grupo, para observar- 8 horas 7 operários
mos se esses valores formam regra de três direta ou menos horas mais operários
inversa. Desta forma, temos:
dias serão necessáriosf x pedreiros

a) Comparação do 2º com o 1º grupo: Regra de três inversa flechas de sentidos con-
trários.
Se em
146 dias são necessários 8 pedreiros
f
em c) Comparação do 4º com o 1º grupo
Ora, se em 6 dias são necessários 8 pedreiros para
fazer o muro, em mais dias (14) serão necessários
menos pedreiros. Regra de três inversa flechas
2.800 m
menos metros
7 operários
menos operários
de sentidos contrários. Regra de três direta flechas de mesmo sentido.
f f
b) Comparação do 3º com o 1º grupo: Então:
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SDUDID]HU PGHPXURVHUmRQHFHVViULRV [SHGUHLURV [RSHUiULRV GLDV KRUDV P
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4) Para forrar as paredes de uma sala, são necessárias
f
Invertendo as razões 30 peças de papel de 60 cm de largura. Quantas
peças de 90 cm de largura seriam necessárias para
forrar a mesma sala? R.: 20 peças.
5) Se, de cada 30 kg de café cru resultam 25 kg de café

Conservando-se a razão com x e multiplicando-se torrado, quantos kg de café cru serão necessários
as demais, vem: para se obter 200 kg de café torrado? R.: 240 kg.
Simplificando fica: 6) Um circo é armado por 15 homens que trabalham 10

horas por dia, em 3 dias. Em quanto tempo armariam
esse circo, 10 homens que trabalhassem 9 horas por
dia? R.: 5 dias.
Resp.: Serão necessários 4 operários. 7) Com uma bomba elétrica, eleva-se 4.200 litros de
água à altura de 12 m, em 1 hora e 20 minutos.
3) Foram empregados 24 kg de fio para tecer 120 m de Quanto tempo empregará essa bomba para elevar
fazenda de 0,82 m de largura. Quantos metros da 12.600 litros a altura de 8 metros? R.: 2 h 40 min.
mesma fazenda, de 1,23 m de largura serão tecidos
f
com 30 kg do mesmo fio? 8) Com 15 operários, em 18 dias gastou-se R$ 405,00
para fazer certo trabalho. Quanto se gastaria para um
24 kg / fio 120 m
0,82 m / larg. trabalho semelhante, dispensando-se 8 operários,
f
30 kg / fio x 1,23 m / larg. sendo que os restantes fariam o trabalho em 12
dias? R.: R$ 126,00.
_ 9) Um automóvel com a velocidade média de 60 km / h,
rodando 7 horas por dia, leva 20 dias para fazer certo
Simplificando fica: percurso. Quantos dias levaria o mesmo automóvel,
para fazer aquele percurso, se viajasse 12 horas por
dia, com a velocidade média de 50 km / h?
R.: 14 dias.
10) Um livro tem 250 páginas de 40 linhas cada, sendo

cada linha composta por 66 letras. Reimprimindo-o
com os mesmos caracteres, porém com páginas de
30 linhas de 50 letras cada uma, quantas páginas
Resp.: Serão tecidos 100 metros. terá o novo livro? R.: 440 páginas.
4) Se o transporte, por estrada de ferro, de 15 toneladas 11) Se 80 operários, trabalhando 10 horas por dia tece-
de certa mercadoria, à distância de 400 km custa R$ ram 7.500 m de fazenda em 25 dias, quantos metros
90,00, qual será o frete de 32 toneladas, ao mesmo
f
do mesmo tecido farão 54 operários trabalhando 8
preço por km, em 250 km? horas por dia, durante 30 dias? R.: 4.860 m.

15 toneladas 400 km R$ 90,00
f
32 toneladas 250 km x 12) Um automóvel gasta 10 litros de gasolina para
percorrer 65 km. Quantos litros gastará num percurso
_ de 910 km? R.: 140 litros.
Simplificando fica: TESTES
12) Uma máquina produz 600 peças em 20 minutos.

Quantas peças produzirá em 50 minutos?
a) 675 b) 1500 c) 2000 d) 3000
13) Se 8 tratores realizam certo trabalho em 15 dias, 10

tratores realizariam o mesmo trabalho em:
Resp.: O frete será de R$ 120,00.
a) 12 dias b) 16 dias c) 6 dias d) 8 dias
PROBLEMAS PARA RESOLVER: 14) Na construção de um muro de 24 m de comprimento

foram utilizados 3120 tijolos. Para construir um muro
1) Duas rodas dentadas, engrenadas uma na outra, têm de 60 m de comprimento serão necessários quantos
respectivamente, 24 e 108 dentes. Quantas voltas tijolos:
dará a menor, enquanto a maior dá 16? a) 7728 b) 5184 c) 5400 d) 7800
R.: 72 voltas.
2) Numa cocheira existem 30 cavalos, para os quais 15) Em 3 dias, 4 máquinas produzem 600 peças. Para
uma certa quantidade de feno dura 40 dias. Tendo produzir 900 peças em 2 dias, serão necessárias
sido retirados 10 cavalos, quanto tempo durará agora quantas máquinas:
aquela quantidade de feno? R.: 60 dias. a) 24 b) 15 c) 9 d) 6
3) Uma pessoa, dando 51 passos por minuto, demora 15
minutos para percorrer certa distância. Que tempo
demorará para percorrer a mesma distância, se, em
cada minuto, der 45 passos? R.: 17 minutos. RESPOSTAS: 12) b 13) a 14) d 15) c
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PORCENTAGEM Então: .
A razão entre dois valores quaisquer de uma grande- O caso inverso é:

za pode ser representado com um conseqüente ou deno-
minador qualquer. Suponha então que numa caixa de
frutas, contendo laranjas e mexericas, num total de 90
frutas, 27 delas sejam laranjas. A razão entre o número de (após simplificada).
laranjas e o total de frutas será 27/90, que pode ser
representada de várias formas, como por exemplo: Logo: .
No comércio, para simplicidade nos cálculos, usa-se

, etc. . . determinar as comissões, os lucros, os prejuízos, os
abatimentos, os juros, as corretagens, etc., em proporções
a 100 unidades de outra grandeza da mesma espécie. Isto
Então, se pode dizer, com o mesmo sentido, que na significa que, quando se diz que um corretor recebeu 7% de
caixa de frutas, 27/90 das frutas são laranjas; ou 3/10 das comissão, quer-se dizer que, em cada 100 reais, a parte
frutas são laranjas; ou 12/40 das frutas são laranjas; ou que lhe coube foi 7 reais.
30/100 das frutas são laranjas, etc.
TERMOS DA PORCENTAGEM
RAZÃO CENTESIMAL (OU PERCENTUAL)
Em todo problema de porcentagem, deve-se distin-
É a razão representada com o denominador ou guir quatro elementos
conseqüente 100 e é chamada de percentagem ou
porcentagem. No exemplo acima, a razão com forma de 1º) O PRINCIPAL que é o número total sobre o qual se
porcentagem é 30/100, que pode também ser escrita quer calcular a porcentagem. (todo em espécie). É
"30%", em que o símbolo "%" indica porcentagem. representado por P.
O numerador ou antecedente "30" da razão chama- 2º) A PORCENTAGEM que é a parte que se quer
se taxa de porcentagem e o número total de frutas "90" é encontrar do principal e é da mesma espécie do
chamado principal. principal (parte do principal). É representada por p.
É bom notar que o número de laranjas "27", é uma 3º) O NÚMERO FIXO 100 que representa o total em %
fração do todo "90", ou seja, vale de 90, ou simplesmente (todo em %). Nunca aparece no problema e é
30% de 90. Então se diz que 27 é 30% de 90, ou, 30% das representado por 100.
frutas são laranjas.
4º) A TAXA DE PORCENTAGEM que é o número de
Pode-se representar uma razão sob a forma de partes que devem ser tomadas em cada 100 partes
porcentagem, e, reciprocamente, representar uma porcen- do principal (parte em %). É representada por i.
tagem sob a forma de fração irredutível. Observe:
1º) Representar a razão sob a forma de porcentagem. RESOLUÇÃO DE PROBLEMAS

Solução:
Os problemas relativos a porcentagem são resolvidos
Consiste em achar uma razão igual a 3/5 e de conse- facilmente, por meio de regra de três simples e direta,
qüente 100. Então, representando por x o antecedente seguindo-se o critério:
da razão procurada, forma-se a proporção
Ao principal (todo em espécie) corresponde
, de onde vem: 100% (todo em %) e à porcentagem (parte do principal)
corresponde taxa de porcentagem (parte em %).
PROBLEMAS RESOLVIDOS
Logo, a porcentagem procurada será:
Siga, com muita atenção, os modelos:
1º) Calcular quanto deve receber um corretor pela venda

de um terreno no valor de R$ 50.000,00, se a comis-
Reciprocamente, teríamos: representar 60% sob a são foi estipulada em 3,5%.
forma de fração irredutível.
Solução:
(após simplificada). Distinguindo os quatro elementos do problema,
temos:
Então, a fração irredutível correspondente a 60% é (P) PRINCIPAL = 50.000,00 (todo em espé-
cie) é o valor total.
2º) Representar sob a forma de porcentagem. (p) PORCENTAGEM = x (parte do principal)
é o que vai ser calculado.
Solução:
(100) NÚMERO FIXO = 100% (todo em %)
Segundo o mesmo critério anterior, vem: nunca aparece escrito no problema.
(i) TAXA DE PORCENTAGEM = 3,5% (parte
em %) é a parte do 100% que o corretor
vai ganhar de comissão.
Com esses quatro elementos, arma-se o dispositivo

(regra de três simples direta):
/yJLFD
VALOR CORRESPONDE PORCENTAGEM 4) Sobre uma compra de R$ 68.000,00, se concede um
abatimento de R$ 3.400,00. Qual é a taxa do abati-
(P) 50.000,00 (todo) . . . . . 100 100% (todo) mento?
(p) x (parte) . . . . . (i) 3,5% (parte)
Estabelecendo a proporção e resolvendo-a, vem:

Resp.: A comissão do corretor é de R$ 1.750,00. Resp.: A taxa do abatimento foi de 5%.

2) Ao pagar uma conta de R$ 48.000,00, uma pessoa 5) Em 35 g de uma solução de iodo, a porção de iodo
tem um abatimento de 4%. Quanto pagou pela conta? pesa 0,7 g. Qual a taxa percentual de iodo da solu-
Solução: ção?
Distinguindo os quatro elementos, temos:
(P) PRINCIPAL = 48.000,00 (todo em espé-

cie) valor total.
(p) PORCENTAGEM = x (parte do principal)
o que se vai calcular.
(100) NÚMERO FIXO = 100% (todo em %)
não aparece no problema.
(i) TAXA = 4% (parte do 100%) é o que vai Resp.: A taxa percentual de iodo da solução é de
ser abatido. 2%.
Dispositivo da regra de três: 6) Um rapaz, comprando uma motoneta, conseguiu um
desconto de 3% sobre o preço marcado, e assim
VALOR CORRESPONDE PORCENTAGEM obteve um desconto de R$ 18,00. Qual o preço
marcado?
(P) 48.000,00 (todo) . . . . . 100 100% (todo)
(p) x (parte) . . . . . (i) 4% (parte)

Proporção e cálculo:
Resp.: O preço marcado é de R$ 600,00.
O abatimento foi de R$ 1.920,00, então, a pessoa 7) Em um recipiente contendo álcool puro, derramam-se
pagou: 7,5 5 de água para se obter uma mistura que conti-
vesse 25% de água. Qual o volume da mistura?
R$ 48.000,00 – R$ 1.920,00 = R$ 46.080,00
Resp.: A pessoa pagou R$ 46.080,00 pela conta.

OUTROS EXEMPLOS (RESOLUÇÃO DIRETA)
3) Em uma classe de 35 alunos, 40% são meninos.

Quantas são as meninas?
Resp.: O volume da mistura é de 30 litros.
TAXA MILESIMAL
Se, em lugar de tanto por cento, se tiver tanto por
mil, será uma taxa milesimal, cujo símbolo é "%o" e para

calculá-la, basta substituir nos problemas que a contiver,
o número 100 por 1.000 e se efetuar os cálculos resultantes
como nos problemas anteriores.
EXERCÍCIOS A RESOLVER
O número de meninos é 14; logo o número de meni- Exprimir, sob a forma de porcentagem, as razões:
nas é: 35 – 14 = 21
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Resp.: As meninas são em número de 21.
/yJLFD
Representar, sob a forma de fração irredutível, as TESTES
porcentagens:
39) A razão 7/20 na forma percentual é:
7) 15% 9) 7,5% 11) 38,25% a) 7% b) 25% c) 30% d) 35%
8) 4,5% 10) 24,8% 12) 21,875%
40) 9% de 0,8 é igual a:
Calcular as porcentagens ou taxa milesimal:
a) 0,72 b) 0,072 c) 7,2 d) 72
13) 8% de 175 18) 2%o de 200 g
14) 0,2% de 938 19) 5%o de 500 g 41) Numa classe de 50 alunos, 30 são moças. A taxa
percentual de rapazes é:
15) de 600 20) 3%o de 145 g a) 25% b) 30% c) 40% d) 75%
16) 5% de 3/4 21) 12% de R$ 60.000,00
42) Em sua composição, o feijão tem 22% de proteínas.
17) de 22) 6% de R$180.000,00 Quantos gramas de proteínas fornecem 300 g de
feijão?
a) 66 b) 6,6 c) 17,6 d) 176
Determinar quanto por cento é:
43) Uma jóia contém em seu peso 65% de ouro. Se essa
23) 35 de 700 25) 5 dm3 de 50 da5 jóia pesa 15,4 gramas, a quantidade, em gramas, de
24) 3 m de 24 m 26) 16 kg de 80 kg ouro que esta jóia tem é:
a) 10,10 g b) 10,00 g c) 10,01 g d) 10,11 g
Resolver os problemas:
27) O transporte de um objeto custa R$ 864,00 e esta 44) Sabe-se que 140 representam 35% de um número x.
importância representa 8% do valor do objeto. Qual é Este número x é:
o valor desse objeto? a) 400 b) 500 c) 600 d) 300
28) Uma conta, ao ser paga à vista, sofre um abatimento 45) A taxa percentual que corresponde à fração 3/4 é:
de 5% no valor de R$ 200,00. Qual é o valor da
conta? a) 80% b) 75% c) 70% d) 65%
29) Qual o valor de uma fatura pela qual se pagou R$ 46) Numa cidade, as tarifas de ônibus passaram de R$
1.900,00, sabendo-se que o vendedor concordou em 16,00 para R$ 24,00. O percentual de aumento foi
fazer um abatimento de 5%? de:
a) 50% b) 40% c) 60% d) 70%
30) Um aluno, ao fazer uma composição de 420 palavras,
cometeu 21 erros de ortografia. Qual é a taxa percen- 47) Em certo país, a população atual é de 80 milhões de
tual de erros da composição? habitantes. Sabendo-se que a taxa de crescimento
populacional é de 40% ao ano, a população daqui a
31) Um negociante comprou 156 kg de mercadorias por 2 anos será:
R$ 171,60. Por quanto deve revender o quilo, se
pretende ganhar 30% sobre o preço da compra? a) 83,200 milhões c) 156,8 milhões
b) 112 milhões d) 168,5 milhões
32) Um comerciante compra 310 toneladas de minério a
R$ 45,00 a tonelada. Vende um quinto com lucro de 48) Em um colégio, 38% dos alunos são meninos e as
25%; dois quintos com lucro de 15% e o resto com meninas são 155. Neste colégio, o número de alunos
lucro de 10%. Quanto recebe ao todo e qual o seu é:
lucro? a) 140 b) 240 c) 150 d) 250
33) Uma pessoa compra uma propriedade por R$
30.000,00. Paga de taxa, comissões e escritura, R$ RESPOSTAS:
7.200,00. Por quanto deve revendê-la, para lucrar
12%? 1) 75% 20) 435 mg
2) 12,5% 21) R$ 7.200,00
34) Um comerciante adquiriu 120 kg de certa mercadoria 3) 40% 22) R$ 10.800,00
à razão de R$ 2,40 o quilograma. Obteve um descon- 4) 46,87% 23) 5%
to de 1% e teve uma despesa de transporte de R$ 5) 160% 24) 12,5%
18,80. Revendendo a mercadoria a R$ 3,00 o quilo- 6) 302,5% 25) 1%
grama, qual será sua taxa percentual de lucro? 7) 3/20 26) 20%
8) 9/200 27) R$ 10.800,00
35) Uma betoneira, depois de trabalhar na construção de 9) 3/40 28) R$ 4.000,00
um edifício sofre uma depreciação de 27% de seu 10) 31/125 29) R$ 2.000,00
valor e é, então, avaliada em R$ 3.650,00. Qual é o 11) 153/400 30) 5%
valor primitivo? 12) 31) R$ 1,43
32) R$ 16.042,50 e
36) Uma pessoa compra um apartamento por R$ 13) 14 R$ 2.092,50
170.000,00 e o revende com o lucro de 15% sobre o 14) 1,876 33) R$ 41.664,00
preço de venda. Qual é o preço de venda? 15) 50 34) 18,45%
16) 0,0375 35) R$ 5.000,00
37) Numa cidade, a população adulta é de 18.300 pesso- 17) 10/9 36) R$ 200.000,00
as, 42% das quais são analfabetas. Quantos são os 18) 4 dg 37) 10.614
adultos alfabetizados dessa cidade? 19) 2,5 g 38) 4 alunos
38) Em uma classe com 40 alunos, a taxa de porcenta- TESTES:
gem de comparecimento, certo dia, foi de 90%.
Quantos alunos faltaram nesse dia? 39) d 41) c 43) c 45) b 47) c
40) b 42) a 44) a 46) a 48) d
/yJLFD
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/yJLFD
A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 1
No computador, a área de trabalho possui a mesma idéia de
Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas
uma estação de trabalho física, em um escritório. Com este prin-
LINUX cípio, ao ligar o computador, a primeira tela a ser vista é a área
de trabalho do usuário. Nela, podem-se deixar os atalhos para os
softwares aplicativos, arquivos ou pastas mais acessados.
O Sistema Operacional Linux é um software livre, criado em
1991 por Linus Torvalds, na Universidade Helsinki – Finlândia,
com código fonte aberto (open source) disponível gratuitamente
QD,QWHUQHWSRVVtYHOGHVHUPRGL¿FDGRSRUTXDOTXHUSHVVRD1R
HQWDQWRYiULDVHPSUHVDV¿]HUDPPHOKRULDVFRPRREMHWLYRGH
torná-lo mais simples de usar e com uma interface mais amigá-
vel e o distribuem com preços mais baixos dos que os sistemas
operacionais fechados.
Características do Sistema Linux
3HUPLWHDPRGL¿FDomRHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHPHOKRULDV
no sistema;
É possível ter um sistema dual boot, sendo uma parti-
ção com o Linux e a(s) outra(s) com outros sistemas
operacionais; Ícones
Multitarefa. Permite vários processos paralelos; 6mR¿JXUDVTXHUHSUHVHQWDPWLSRVGHDUTXLYRVRXIXQFLRQD-
Multiusuário. Permite vários usuários; lidades.
Suporte a nomes extensos de arquivos e diretórios;
Permite conectar com máquinas contendo outras pla-
taformas;
Não precisa de um processador potente para funcionar;
Acessa corretamente discos formatados por outros (a) (b) (c) (d)
sistemas operacionais; dentre outras Representação de Arquivos. (a) Arquivo de texto; (b) For-
mulário (c) Arquivo de vídeo; (d) Arquivo de imagem.
Kernel Já os ícones do Quadro abaixo representam as funcionalida-
É o núcleo do sistema operacional, a parte mais próxima des possíveis para uma janela.
do nível físico. É composta de chamadas ao sistema, de acesso
aos dispositivos de entrada e saída e de gerência dos recursos Quadro. Funcionalidades para janelas, no ambiente opera-
da máquina. cional Linux.
Funcionalidade Ícone Para que serve
Shell Apresenta a janela ativa do seu
Restaurar
Shell é o nome genérico de uma classe de programas que tamanho original.
funcionam como interpretador de comandos e linguagem de Permite posicionar a janela em
programação interpretada no Unix. Os Shell mais populares são uma área da tela. Esta funcio-
EDVK FKV WVK ]VK 2 6KHOO p D LQWHUIDFH HQWUH R XVXiULR H R Mover nalidade é útil quando se deseja
.HUQHO2XVXiULRSRGHHVFROKHUTXDOGRVVKHOOVYDLXWLOL]DU2 visualizar o conteúdo de duas ou
Shell padrão do Linux é o bash. mais janelas simultaneamente.
Janelas que não estejam

Script maximizadas podem ser redimen-
sionadas. Ao clicar nesta opção,
Script é um arquivo que contém comandos de Shell, que, numa Tamanho
o usuário movimentará o mouse
situação normal, poderiam ser executados em modo prompt. e a tela será redimensionada. Ao
Esses comandos são executados seqüencialmente, dependendo FOLFDURWDPDQKRVHUiGH¿QLGR
de situações, dependendo de condições estruturais de laço, como
mantém o arquivo aberto, porém
if ....then(se ...então) e do....while (faça ......enquanto). Um script
Minimizar oculta a janela e a torna disponível
também pode usar variáveis. A entrada pode ser recebida por a partir da barra de tarefas
meio do prompt de comando ou de outros arquivos.
amplia a janela para ocupar toda a
área útil da tela.
A Área de Trabalho do Linux – distribuição Maximizar Se clicar duas vezes sobre a barra
Ubuntu de título, a janela maximizará ou
restaurará o seu tamanho.
$iUHDGHWUDEDOKRRXGHVNWRSpXPDLQWHUIDFHJUi¿FDFRP
um menu na parte superior para acesso aos Aplicativos, Locais
Fechar fecha a janela ativa
(que é o Gerenciador de Arquivos) e Programas Utilitários do
Sistema.
2 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso
Propriedades do Linux Menu Aplicativos
Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
O Linux é o sistema operacional da máquina. Sem o seu 2 PHQX $SOLFDWLYRV DSUHVHQWD DWDOKRV SDUD D ORFDOL]DomR
pleno funcionamento, nenhum outro software funcionará. Ele dos programas (softwares) instalados no computador, tais como
é responsável por iniciar o computador e, a partir dele, também $FHVVyULRV)HUUDPHQWDVGH6LVWHPD5HFXUVRV*Ui¿FRV1DYH-
pSRVVtYHOGHVOLJDURFRPSXWDGRUFRQ¿JXUDUGLVSRVLWLYRVDOpP gadores da Internet e Software de correio eletrônico e Recursos
de acessar os demais softwares instalados. Vejamos a seguir, as Multimídia.
principais funcionalidades:
Aplicativos
Desligando o Computador Ajuda
Ao abrir o Menu Sistema, escolha a opção Desligar o Computa- analisador do uso de disco Byobu
dor. O Linux apresentará quatro opções para desligar o computador: Terminal
i) Desligar; ii) Reiniciar; iii) Suspender; e iv) Hibernar. Calculadora
Capturar Imagem da Tela
Acessórios Data e Hora

Editor de Texto
Mapa de Caracteres
Pesquisar por Arquivos
Terminal
Tonboy Notas
K3B
Ferramentas de Sistemas
Nepomuk Backup
%U2I¿FH'UDZ
Digitalizador Simples
*UDÀFRV mtPaint
Desligar: fechará todos os programas abertos e desligará o
*UD¿F(GLWRU
computador.
Reiniciar: desligará o computador e o ligará novamente 2UDJDQL]DGRUGH)RWRV6KRWZHOO
Suspender: o Linux salvará todos os programas abertos e

deixará o computador em modo de espera, com economia de aMSN
HQHUJLDQRUPDOPHQWHRPRQLWRUpGHVOLJDGR1DSUy[LPDYH]
Cliente BitTTorrent Transmission
que o computador for ligado, serão apresentados ao usuário
todos os todos os programas e arquivos que estavam abertos na Internet Cliente do Terminal Server
última seção.
Correio do Evolution
Hibernar: similar ao anterior, mas sem o uso de energia.
Ekiga Solftfone
Trocando de usuário
O Linux permite multiusuários. No menu Sistema, opção Audacity
Encerrar a Sessão, o usuário poderá fechar todos os programas Cabine de Webcam do Cheese
abertos e encerrar sua seção (dar baixa na autenticação do
Conversor de Som
usuário). A máquina permanecerá ligada esperando que outro
usuário se autentique para continuar usando. Editor de Video Pitivi
A opção Trocar usuário abrirá a tela de login, mas deixará todos GnomeBaker CD/DVD Writer
os programas e arquivos abertos pelo usuário suspensos. Ao retornar Gravador de discos Brasero
para o usuário, o ambiente de trabalho será restaurado.
Gravador de som
Multimidia
K3b
5HSURGXWRUGH¿OPHV
Reprodutor de midio Banshee
Reprodutor de Midias VLC
Reprodutor de musicas Rhythmbox
soundKonverter
XCFA
Acessórios Data e Hora
Acessório para alterar a data e o horário do computador,
Analisador do uso do disco DOpPGHSHUPLWLUGH¿QLUVHDSUHVHQWDUiRXQmRRUHOyJLRQDEDUUD
de menu, o formato da hora (se 12 ou 24 horas), se os segundos
Este aplicativo é útil para analisar os discos existentes no serão apresentados ou apenas hora e minutos. Adicionalmente,
computador, informar a capacidade total de cada um dos discos, se o calendário e eventos da Agenda serão apresentados.
TXDQWLGDGHGHDUTXLYRVHVSDoRXWLOL]DGRHHVSDoROLYUH
Calculadora
O Linux possui uma calculadora simples, com funções
básicas matemáticas.
Capturar imagem da Tela Editor de Texto

O Linux possui um sistema para editoração de textos que,
Equivalente a tecla PrintScreen, esta funcionalidade dispo-
embora com recursos limitados, se apenas o sistema operacio-
nível dentro do menu Aplicativos/Acessórios permite salvar a
nal estiver instalado, é possível digitar um texto e imprimi-lo.
imagem da tela, da janela atual ou delimitar (com o mouse) a área
Os recursos deste editor são padrões para todos os softwares
que deseja capturar. No Linux, a imagem da tela capturada pode-
aplicativos que operam sobre o sistema operacional Linux.
UiVHUVDOYDFRPRXPDUTXLYRQRIRUPDWR31*RXDUPD]HQDU
na área de transferência para colar dentro de um outro software.
Pesquisar por arquivos
No menu Aplicativos/Acessórios, opção Pesquisar por Ar-
TXLYRVpSRVVtYHOORFDOL]DUSRUXPDUTXLYRRXSDVWDGLJLWDQGR
uma parte do nome do arquivo e o próprio sistema operacional
VHHQFDUUHJDSHODORFDOL]DomR
Nepomuk Backup
O pURFHVVR GH EDFNXS FRPSUHHQGH ID]HU FySLDV GH
segurança de um ou mais arquivos ou gerar uma imagem
do sistema. A geração da imagem compreende gravar os
arquivos que permitem o funcionamento do computador
como uma imagem. Se alguma alteração for feita ou se al-
gum arquivo for excluído, de modo que o funcionamento do
Terminal computador seja comprometido, restaurar o backup é uma
É o prompt de comando do Linux. Permite ao usuário operar forma de corrigir o problema, pois substituirá os arquivos
RVLVWHPDQRPRGRQmRJUi¿FRDWUDYpVGHOLQKDVGHFRPDQGRV
corrompidos por arquivos bons.
*Ui¿FRV
2VUHFXUVRVJUi¿FRVGR/LQX[FRQWrUP
'LJLWDOL]DGRU VLPSOHV IHUUDPHQWDV SDUD GLJLWDOL]DU
imagens e textos, desde que haja instalado um scanner
ou impressora multifuncional, com função de scanner;
mtPaint: é um simples editor de imagens;
*UD¿F(GLWRUHGLWRUGHJUi¿FRV
2UJDQL]DGRUGHIRWRV
Internet
Tomboy Notas Dentre os recursos de Internet, encontram-se disponíveis
É um programa de anotações, equivalente ao bloco de notas neste menu os navegadores (browsers), softwares de mensagens
do Windows. instantâneas, notícias na web e correio eletrônico.
Menu Locais
7HPSRUREMHWLYRDMXGDURXVXiULRDRUJDQL]DURVVHXVDUTXLYRV
HDPDQLSXOiORVHQWUHRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
Locais – Computador
O menu Locais/Computador apresenta o gerenciador de
DUTXLYRVFRPWRGRVRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRORFDLVH
de rede mapeados.
A Lixeira é um tipo especial de pasta, criada automatica-
PHQWH QD LQVWDODomR GR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO FXMD ¿QDOLGDGH p
Ferramentas de Sistema
receber todos os arquivos ou pastas excluídos, exclusivamente,
do disco rígido (HD, de hard disk). É como um dispositivo de
K3b segurança, quando um arquivo é excluído, o Linux guarda-o na
Ferramenta para reprodução e gravação de CD e DVD. pasta Lixeira.
Locais – Documentos
Locais – Área de Trabalho

Abre a pasta que contém os arquivos do usuário conectado.
eXPDFHVVRUiSLGRSDUDORFDOL]DUDUTXLYRVQDiUHDGHWUDEDOKRGR/LQX[
A solução para seu concurso
N oções de I nformática = 5
RED HAT O objetivo de ter partições diferentes é alcançar maior se-
gurança dos dados em caso de um desastre. Ao dividir o disco
O Red Hat Linux é um sistema operacional baseado no
rígido em partições, os dados podem ser agrupados e separados.
padrão Posix, possuindo recursos como multiusuário (vários
Quando ocorre um acidente, por exemplo, uma falha de eletri-
usuários), multitarefa (várias tarefas sendo processadas ao mes-
cidade, o leitor óptico pode colidir com o disco rígido. Somente
mo tempo), total compatibilidade com a Internet/redes e roda
RVGDGRVQDSDUWLomRTXHIRLDWURSHODGRVHUiGDQL¿FDGRHQTXDQ-
em diversas plataformas de computadores.
to os dados sobre as outras partições muito provavelmente irá
O Red Hat Linux é uma das distribuições Linux mais famo- sobreviver. Imagine a árvore novamente; quando clareamento
sas em todo o mundo. Uma distribuição Linux é um conjunto deve quebrar um galho, o resto da árvore cresce diante.
de diversos programas (pacotes) aglomerados entre si com um
Este princípio datas dos dias em que o Linux não tem siste-
kernel (núcleo do sistema) funcional.
PDVGHDUTXLYRVMRXUQDOHG‫ۅ‬DLQGD$9XVD5HG+DWH
Red Hat Enterprise Linux é uma distro criada pela empresa QmRGRMRUQDOPDVRXVRGHSDUWLo}HVSHUPDQHFHSRUUD]}HVGH
norte-americana Red Hat. segurança, de modo que uma falha de segurança em uma parte
O foco desta distribuição é o mercado corporativo, incluindo GRVLVWHPDQmRVLJQL¿FDDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHTXHWRGRRFRPSXWD-
versões para servidores e para desktops. dor está em perigo.
Visão Geral do Sistema RedHat Arquivo Existem dois tipos de grandes partições em um sistema
Linux:
A descrição mais simples do sistema Unix, que é geralmente
aplicável a Linux e RedHat, é: Partição de dados: dados normais do sistema Linux, in-
FOXLQGRDSDUWLomRUDL]FRQWHQGRWRGRVRVGDGRVGHDUUDQTXHHD
³(PXPVLVWHPD8QL[WXGRpXPDUTXLYR6HQmRIRUXP gestão do sistema; e
DUTXLYRHOHpXPSURFHVVR´
Partição Swap: expansão de memória física do computador,
Isso é parcialmente verdadeiro, porque há arquivos especiais memória extra no disco rígido.
que são mais do que apenas arquivos (pipes nomeados e toma-
GDVSRUH[HPSORPDVSDUDPDQWHUDVFRLVDVVLPSOHVGL]HQGR Num sistema servidor, dados do sistema tende a ser sepa-
TXH WXGR p XP DUTXLYR p XPD JHQHUDOL]DomR DFHLWiYHO 8P rado a partir de dados do usuário. Os programas que oferecem
VLVWHPD/LQX[FRPR81,;QmRID]QHQKXPDGLIHUHQoDHQWUH serviços são mantidos em um lugar diferente do que os dados
XPDUTXLYRHXPGLUHWyULRXPDYH]TXHXPGLUHWyULRpDSHQDV manipulados por este serviço.
um arquivo contendo nomes de outros arquivos. Programas, Partições diferentes serão criados em tais sistemas, por
serviços, textos, imagens, etc, são todos os arquivos. Dispositi- exemplo, uma partição com todos os dados necessários para
vos de entrada e de saída, e, geralmente, todos os dispositivos, é LQLFLDOL]DUDPiTXLQDXPDSDUWLomRFRPGDGRVGHFRQ¿JXUDomR
FRQVLGHUDGRFRPRVHQGRXP¿FKHLURGHDFRUGRFRPRVLVWHPD e programas de servidor, um ou mais partições que conte-
Para gerenciar todos os arquivos de uma maneira ordenada, nham os dados do servidor, por exemplo, um banco de dados,
nós gostamos de pensar neles como uma estrutura de árvore or- e-mails de usuários, um arquivo FTP etc., uma partição com os
denada no disco rígido, relacionando volta para DOS. Há, então, programas do usuário e aplicativo e um ou mais partições para
JUDQGHVUDPRVFRQWHQGRPDLVUDPRVHRVUDPRVQR¿QDOFRQWrP RVDUTXLYRVHVSHFt¿FRVGHXVXiULRV6HUYLGRUHVJHUDOPHQWHWrP
as folhas das árvores ou arquivos normais. Por enquanto, vamos mais memória e, portanto, mais swap.
nos ater a esta imagem da árvore, mas vamos descobrir mais Alguns processos do servidor, tais como bancos de dados,
tarde porque não é realmente uma imagem exata. pode exigir mais espaço de swap do que o habitual, consulte
Tipos de arquivos DGRFXPHQWDomRHVSHFt¿FDSDUDREWHULQIRUPDo}HVGHWDOKDGDV
Para um melhor desempenho, troca é frequentemente dividida
A maioria dos arquivos são apenas arquivos, chamados em diferentes partições de swap.
arquivos regulares: elas contêm dados normais, por exemplo,
arquivos de texto, arquivos executáveis ou programas, entrada Layout do arquivo de sistema
para ou saída de um programa, etc. Para maior comodidade, o sistema de arquivos Linux é
(PERUDVHMDUD]RDYHOPHQWHVHJXURVXSRUTXHWXGRRTXHYRFr geralmente considerado como uma estrutura de árvore, você vai
encontrar em um sistema Linux é um arquivo, há algumas exceções. encontrar o layout geral, segue o esquema.
Diretórios: arquivos que são listas de outros arquivos. A árvore do sistema de arquivos começa no tronco ou barra,
indicado por uma barra (/). Este diretório, contendo todos os
Arquivos Especiais: o mecanismo usado para entrada e diretórios e arquivos subjacentes, também é chamado o dire-
saída. A maioria dos arquivos especiais estão em/dev. WyULRUDL]RX³DUDL]´GRVGLUHWyULRVGRVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVTXH
/LQNVXPVLVWHPDSDUDID]HUXPDUTXLYRRXGLUHWyULRYLVtYHO VmR DSHQDV XP QtYHO DEDL[R GR GLUHWyULR UDL] VmR JHUDOPHQWH
em várias partes da árvore de arquivos do sistema. precedidos por uma barra, para indicar a sua posição e evitar
Sockets (domínio): um tipo de arquivo especial, semelhante confusão com outros diretórios que podem ter o mesmo nome.
a sockets TCP/IP, o fornecimento de redes inter-processo prote-
gido por controle de acesso do sistema de arquivos. NFS SERVIDOR
NFS, ou Network File System, é um protocolo cliente-
PARTITIONING -servidor para compartilhar arquivos entre computadores em
A maioria das pessoas tem um sentimento vago sobre o que uma rede comum. NFS permite que você montar um sistema de
XPD SDUWLomR p XPD YH] TXH TXDVH WRGRV RV VLVWHPDV RSHUD- arquivos em um computador remoto como se fosse local para
cionais têm a possibilidade de criá-los. O fato de que o Linux o seu próprio sistema. Você pode acessar diretamente qualquer
XWLOL]DPDLVGHXPDSDUWLomRQRPHVPRGLVFRPHVPRTXDQGR um dos arquivos em que o sistema de arquivos remoto. O servi-
VH XWLOL]D R SURFHGLPHQWR GH LQVWDODomR SDGUmR SRGH SDUHFHU dor e o cliente não tem que usar o mesmo sistema operacional.
estranho à primeira vista. O sistema cliente só precisa estar executando um cliente NFS
compatível com o servidor NFS.
Por exemplo, servidor NFS poderia ser um sistema Linux FTP ativo
e Unix pode ser um cliente. Mas não pode ser um sistema de
A sequência de eventos para FTP ativo é:
janela porque a janela não é compatível com NFS. As exporta-
ções do Servidor NFS um ou mais diretórios para os sistemas do 1. O cliente se conecta ao servidor FTP através do estabe-
cliente, e os sistemas cliente montar um ou mais dos diretórios lecimento de uma conexão de controle FTP para a porta 21 do
compartilhados para diretórios locais chamados de pontos de servidor. Seus comandos como ‘ls’ e ‘se’ são enviados através
montagem. Após a ação é montado, todos operações I/O são es- desta ligação.
critos de volta ao servidor, e todos os clientes notar a mudança 2. Sempre que o cliente solicita dados sobre a conexão de
como se ocorreu no sistema de arquivos local. controle, o servidor inicia conexões de transferência de dados
$ DWXDOL]DomR PDQXDO QmR p QHFHVViULD SRUTXH R FOLHQWH de volta para o cliente. A porta de origem dessas conexões de
acessa o sistema de arquivos remoto como se fosse local, por- transferência de dados é sempre a porta 20 no servidor, e o porto
que o acesso é concedido por endereço IP; não são necessários de destino é uma porta elevada (superior a 1024) no cliente.
um nome de usuário e senha. No entanto, existem riscos de 3. Assim, a listagem ls que você pediu para voltar pela porta
segurança a considerar, porque o servidor NFS não sabe nada 20 para conexão de alta porta, não a conexão de controle porta 21.
sobre os usuários do sistema cliente.
Portanto, o modo ativo FTP transfere dados de uma forma
&RQÀJXUH1)66HUYLGRU contra-intuitivo para o padrão TCP, como ele seleciona a porta
1HVWHH[HPSORYDPRVFRQ¿JXUDUXPVHUYLGRU1)6HPRQWD- 20, como é porta de origem (não uma porta alta aleatória que
rá diretório compartilhado do lado do cliente. é maior do que 1024) e liga de volta para o cliente em uma
porta alta aleatória que tem sido pré-negociado na conexão de
Para este exemplo, estamos usando dois sistemas de um ser-
controle porta 21.
vidor Linux um cliente Linux. Para completar estes per busca de
servidor NFS, siga este link. FTP Passivo
Per busca de servidor NFS Um servidor Linux com FTP passiva funciona de forma diferente:
HQGHUHoR,3HKRVWQDPHGRVHUYLGRU 1. O cliente se conecta ao servidor FTP através do estabe-
8PFOLHQWH/LQX[FRPHQGHUHoR,3HKRVWQDPH lecimento de uma conexão de controle FTP para a porta 21 do
&OLHQW$WXDOL]DGRHWFKRVWVHPDPERVVLVWHPDV/LQX[ servidor. Seus comandos como ls e se são enviadas por essa
conexão.
Executando serviços portmap e xinetd.
2. Sempre que o cliente solicita dados sobre a conexão de
Firewall deve ser desligado no servidor.
controle, o cliente inicia as conexões de transferência de dados
7HPRV FRQ¿JXUDGR WRGDV HVVDV HWDSDV HP QRVVR DUWLJR para o servidor. A porta de origem dessas conexões de trans-
permeável. ferência de dados é sempre uma porta alta no cliente com uma
&RQ¿JXUDomRQHFHVViULDSDUD1)66HUYLGRU porta de destino de uma porta alta no servidor.
Servidor FTP )73SDVVLYRGHYHVHUYLVWRFRPRRVHUYLGRUQXQFDID]HQGR
uma tentativa ativa para se conectar ao cliente para transferên-
1. Introdução O File Transfer Protocol (FTP) é usado como cias de dados FTP. Porque cliente sempre inicia as conexões
um dos meios mais comuns de cópia de arquivos entre servidores necessárias, FTP passiva funciona melhor para os clientes pro-
através da Internet. A maioria dos sites de download baseadas na WHJLGRVSRUXP¿UHZDOO&RPRSDGUmRGR:LQGRZVSDUD)73
web usar a construída em capacidades de FTP de navegadores da ativo e padrões Linux para passivo, você provavelmente vai ter
web e, portanto, a maioria dos sistemas operacionais de servidor que acomodar as duas formas ao decidir sobre uma política de
orientada geralmente incluem um aplicativo de servidor FTP segurança para o seu servidor
como parte da suíte de software. Linux não é exceção.
FTP regular
2. FTP Overview
Por padrão, o pacote vsftpd permite que os usuários regula-
FTP depende de um par de portas TCP para começar o traba- res do Linux para copiar arquivos de e para seus diretórios com
lho feito. Ela opera em dois canais de conexão como: FTP Control um cliente de FTP usando seus nomes de usuário e senhas do
Channel, porta TCP 21: todos os comandos que você envia e as Linux como as suas credenciais de login. Vsftpd também tem a
respostas do servidor FTP para esses comandos vão passar por opção de permitir que este tipo de acesso apenas a um grupo de
cima da conexão de controle, mas todos os dados enviados de usuários de Linux, permitindo-lhe restringir a adição de novos
YROWDFRPR³OVÓLVWDVGHGLUHWyULRRXUHDOGDGRVGHDUTXLYRVHP DUTXLYRVSDUDRVHXVLVWHPDDRSHVVRDODXWRUL]DGR$GHVYDQWD-
qualquer direção) vai passar por cima da conexão de dados. FTP gem de FTP normal é que ele não é adequado para distribuição
Data Channel, porta TCP 20: Esta porta é usada para todas as de download geral de software como todo mundo quer tem que
transferências de dados posteriores entre o cliente e o servidor. ter uma conta de usuário exclusiva Linux ou tem que usar um
Em adição a estes canais, existem diversas variedades de FTP. nome de usuário e senha compartilhada. FTP Anônimo permite
Tipos de FTP TXHYRFrHYLWHHVVDGL¿FXOGDGH
A partir de uma perspectiva de rede, os dois principais tipos FTP Anônimo
de FTP são ativos e passivos. Em FTP ativo, o servidor FTP FTP Anônimo é a escolha de sites que precisam trocar
inicia uma conexão de transferência de dados de volta para o arquivos com inúmeros usuários remotos desconhecidos. Os
cliente. Para FTP passiva, a conexão é iniciada a partir do cliente XVRVPDLVFRPXQVLQFOXHPDWXDOL]Do}HVGHVRIWZDUHGRZQORDG
de FTP. De uma perspectiva de gerenciamento de usuários, há e upload MP3s e informações de diagnóstico para a atenção de
também dois tipos de FTP: FTP regular em que os arquivos são um técnico engenheiros de suporte. Ao contrário de FTP regu-
transferidos usando o nome de usuário e senha de um servidor ODURQGHYRFrHQWUDFRPXPQRPHGHXVXiULRSUpFRQ¿JXUDGR
FTP usuário regular, e FTP anônimo no qual o acesso geral é Linux e senha, FTP anônimo requer apenas um nome de usuário
fornecido para o servidor FTP usando um universal conhecido GH DQ{QLPR H VHX HQGHUHoR GH HPDLO SDUD D VHQKD 8PD YH]
método de login.
conectado a um servidor vsftpd, você automaticamente tem da placa de rede do cliente (NIC). As informações incluem o seu
acesso apenas ao diretório FTP anônimo padrão (/var/ftp no endereço IP, em conjunto com o servidor de nomes, gateway e
caso de vsftpd) e todos os seus subdiretórios. endereços de proxy da rede, incluindo a máscara de rede. Nada
Na prática: FTP Server é usado para transferir arquivos WHPTXHVHUFRQ¿JXUDGRPDQXDOPHQWHQRVLVWHPDORFDOH[FHWR
entre o servidor e os clientes. Todos os principais sistemas SDUDHVSHFL¿FDURVHUYLGRU'+&3GHYHREWHUVXDFRQ¿JXUDomR
RSHUDFLRQDLVVXSRUWDP)73)73pRSURWRFRORPDLVXWLOL]DGR de rede a partir. Se um endereço IP é atribuído de acordo com o
através da Internet para transferir arquivos. Como a maioria das endereço MAC da placa de rede do cliente, o mesmo endereço
operações de Internet, FTP funciona em um modelo cliente/ser- GH ,3 SRGH VHU DOXJDGR SDUD R FOLHQWH FDGD YH] TXH R FOLHQWH
vidor. Programas cliente de FTP pode permitir que os usuários solicita um. DHCP torna a administração da rede mais fácil e
transferir arquivos de e para um sistema remoto que executa menos propenso a erros.
um programa de servidor de FTP. Qualquer sistema Linux pode SAMBA Server
funcionar como um servidor de FTP. Tem de executar apenas 6DPEDLVDVWURQJQHWZRUNVHUYLFHIRU¿OHDQGSULQWVKDULQJ
RVRIWZDUHGHXPVHUYLGRU)73FRPDFRQ¿JXUDomRDGHTXDGD that works on the majority of operating systems available
As transferências são feitas entre contas de usuário em sistemas today. When well implemented by the administrator, it's faster
de cliente e servidor. Um usuário no sistema remoto tem para DQGPRUHVHFXUHWKDQWKHQDWLYH¿OHVKDULQJVHUYLFHVDYDLODEOH
ID]HUORJLQHPXPDFRQWDHPXPVHUYLGRUHHPVHJXLGDSRGH on Microsoft Windows machines. Samba is the protocol by
transferir arquivos de e para apenas diretórios que da conta. Um ZKLFKDORWRI3&UHODWHGPDFKLQHVVKDUH¿OHVDQGSULQWHUVDQG
tipo especial de conta de usuário, chamado FTP, permite que RWKHULQIRUPDWLRQVXFK DV OLVWV RI DYDLODEOH¿OHV DQG SULQWHUV
qualquer usuário que se conecta a ele com o nome de usuário Operating systems that support this natively include Windows
³DQ{QLPR´(VWDFRQWDWHPVHXSUySULRFRQMXQWRGHGLUHWyULRV 1726DQG/LQX[DQGDGGRQSDFNDJHVWKDWDFKLHYH
e arquivos que são considerados públicos, disponíveis para the similar thing are available for DOS, Windows, VMS, Unix of
TXDOTXHU SHVVRD QD UHGH TXH GHVHMD ID]HU GRZQORDG HOHV 2V all kinds, MVS, and more. Apple Macs and some Web Browsers
inúmeros sites de FTP na Internet são servidores FTP apoio can speak this protocol as well. Alternatives to SMB include
contas de usuário com login FTP anônimo. Qualquer sistema Netware, NFS, AppleTalk, Banyan Vines, Decnet etc. Many of
/LQX[ SRGH VHU FRQ¿JXUDGR SDUD VXSRUWDU R DFHVVR )73 DQ{- WKHVH KDYH DGYDQWDJHV EXW QRQH DUH SXEOLF VSHFL¿FDWLRQV DQG
nimo, transformando-os em sites de FTP de rede. Esses sites widely implemented in desktop machines by default. Samba
podem trabalhar em uma intranet ou na Internet. software includes an SMB server, to provide Windows NT and
D&RQ¿JXUDQGRRVHUYLGRU)73 /$10DQDJHUVW\OH¿OHDQGSULQWVHUYLFHVWR60%FOLHQWVVXFK
2SDFRWH530YVIWSGpQHFHVViULRSDUDFRQ¿JXUDUXPVLVWH- DV :LQGRZV :DUS 6HUYHU VPEIV DQG RWKHUV D 1HW%,26
ma Red Hat Enterprise Linux como um servidor ftp. Se ele não rfc1001/1002 name server, which amongst other things gives
estiver instalado, instale-o com os comandos rpm como descrito browsing support, an ftp-like SMB client so that you can access
em nosso artigo permeável. Depois de instalado, inicie o serviço PC resources; disks and printers from Unix, Netware and other
como root com o comando service vsftpd começar. O sistema é RSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVDQG¿QDOO\DWDUH[WHQVLRQWRWKHFOLHQWIRU
DJRUDXPVHUYLGRUIWSHSRGHDFHLWDUFRQH[}HV3DUDFRQ¿JXUDUR backing up PCs.
servidor para iniciar automaticamente o serviço no momento da Servidor SQUID
LQLFLDOL]DomRH[HFXWDURFRPDQGRFKNFRQ¿JYVIWSGFRPRUDL] Os servidores proxy funcionar como um intermediário entre
Para parar o servidor, execute o comando service vsftpd parada. uma rede local e Internet. Os pedidos dos clientes locais para
3DUDYHUL¿FDUVHRVHUYLGRUHVWiHPH[HFXomRXVHRVWDWXVGR serviços web podem ser manipulados pelo servidor proxy. Squid
comando vsftpd serviço. é um HTTP de alta performance e servidor proxy cache de FTP.
Servidor DHCP É também conhecido como um proxy cache Web. Como ele
'\QDPLF+RVW&RQ¿JXUDWLRQ3URWRFRO'+&3DWULEXLDXWR- DUPD]HQDRVGDGRVGHSiJLQDVGD:HEXVDGRVFRPIUHTXrQFLD
PDWLFDPHQWHHQGHUHoRV,3HRXWUDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHFRQ¿JXUDomR HDUTXLYRVTXHPXLWDVYH]HVSRGHGDUDVHXVXVXiULRVDGDGRV
de rede (máscara de sub-rede, endereço de broadcast, etc) para de que necessitam sem os seus sistemas de ter que olhar para
RV FRPSXWDGRUHV HP XPD UHGH 8P FOLHQWH FRQ¿JXUDGR SDUD a Internet. Do servidor proxy web squid você pode controlar
DHCP irá enviar uma solicitação de transmissão para o servidor o que deve ser o acesso em sua rede de internet. Poderia ser
DHCP solicitando um endereço. O servidor DHCP emitirá, DWXDPFRPRXP¿OWURTXHSRGHULD¿OWUDUWXGRGHVLWHSRUQ{SDUD
HQWmRXP³DUUHQGDPHQWR´HDWULEXtODDHVVHFOLHQWH2SHUtRGR ID]HUSURSDJDQGDYtGHRV(PQRVVRH[HPSORYDPRVFRQ¿JXUDU
de tempo de um contrato de arrendamento válido pode ser RVHUYLGRUVLWHVH¿OWURZHESUR[\VTXLGHQHJDUSHUPLVVmRSDUD
HVSHFL¿FDGRQRVHUYLGRU'+&3UHGX]DTXDQWLGDGHGHWHPSR KRVWHVSHFt¿FRGHDFHVVDULQWHUQHW
QHFHVViULR SDUD FRQ¿JXUDU RV FOLHQWHVH SHUPLWHSDVVDU GH XP Servidor DNS
FRPSXWDGRUSDUDYiULDVUHGHVHVHUFRQ¿JXUDGDFRPRHQGHUHoR Um servidor DNS ou servidor de nome, é usado para resol-
de IP, o gateway e a sub-máscara apropriada. Para ISP conserva ver um endereço IP para um nome de host ou vice-versa. Você
o número limitado de endereços IP, pode usar. Os servidores SRGHFRQ¿JXUDUDWpTXDWURWLSRVGLIHUHQWHVGHVHUYLGRUHV'16
'+&3 SRGH DWULEXLU XP HQGHUHoR ,3 ³HVWiWLFR´ GH KDUGZDUH
HVSHFL¿FDGR,QIRUPDo}HV0LFURVRIW1HW%LRVpIUHTXHQWHPHQWH Um servidor DNS mestre para o seu domínio (s), que arma-
incluída na rede de informação enviada pelo servidor DHCP. ]HQDRVUHJLVWURVGHDXWRULGDGHSDUDVHXGRPtQLR
'+&3 RX '\QDPLF +RVW &RQ¿JXUDWLRQ 3URWRFRO SHUPLWH Um servidor DNS escravo, que se baseia em um servidor de
TXHXPDGPLQLVWUDGRUSDUDFRQ¿JXUDUDVGH¿QLo}HVGHUHGHSDUD DNS para os dados.
todos os clientes em um servidor central. Os clientes DHCP 8P VHUYLGRU '16 VRPHQWH GH FDFKH TXH DUPD]HQD DV
VROLFLWDU XP HQGHUHoR ,3 H RXWUDV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV GH UHGH GR solicitações recentes, como um servidor proxy. É outra forma
VHUYLGRU'+&3QDUHGH2VHUYLGRU'+&3SRUVXDYH]DOXJDR refere-se a outros servidores DNS.
cliente um endereço IP dentro de um determinado intervalo ou
arrenda o cliente um endereço IP com base no endereço MAC Um servidor DNS somente de encaminhamento, que se
refere todas as solicitações para outros servidores DNS.
$QWHV GH FRQ¿JXUDU R %,1' SDUD FULDU XP VHUYLGRU GH same way as the original but use authentication and encryption
DNS, você precisa entender alguns conceitos básicos de DNS. to secure the Telnet connection. Even so, it is advisable never to
Todo o hostname com o seu domínio como server.example. use Telnet to log in to your root account. That why by defaults
FRPpFKDPDGRGHXPQRPHGHGRPtQLRWRWDOPHQWHTXDOL¿FDGR root account is disable for root login.
(FQDN). A parte mais à direita do FQDN como .com ou .net é SSH SERVIDOR
chamado de domínio de nível superior, com as restantes partes
do FQDN, que são separados por pontos, sendo subdomínios. Telnet e FTP são bem conhecidos protocolo, mas eles en-
(VWHVVXEGRPtQLRVVmRXVDGRVSDUDGLYLGLU)4'1VHP]RQDV viam dados em formato de texto simples, que pode ser captura-
FRPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGH'16SDUDFDGD]RQDDVHUPDQWLGRSRU do por alguém usando outro sistema na mesma rede, incluindo
pelo menos um servidor de nomes com autoridade. O servidor D,QWHUQHW3RURXWURODGRWRGRVRVGDGRVWUDQVIHULGRVXWLOL]DQGR
DXWRULWiULRTXHFRQWpPRDUTXLYRGH]RQDSULQFLSDOTXHSRGHVHU ferramentas OpenSSH é criptografada, tornando-se inerente-
PRGL¿FDGRSDUDDWXDOL]DUDVLQIRUPDo}HVGH'16VREUHD]RQD mente mais seguro. O OpenSSH conjunto de ferramentas inclui
é chamado de servidor mestre primário, ou apenas dominar ssh para se autenticar com segurança em um sistema remoto
VHUYLGRU 2V VHUYLGRUHV GH QRPHV DGLFLRQDLV SDUD D ]RQD VmR e executar comandos remotos, scp para criptografar arquivos
chamados de servidores secundários ou servidores escravos. Os enquanto transferindo-os para um sistema remoto, e SFTP para
servidores secundários recuperar informações sobre a região transferências FTP seguras. OpenSSH usa uma relação cliente-
DWUDYpVGHXPDWUDQVIHUrQFLDGH]RQDGRVHUYLGRUPHVWUHRXGH -servidor. O sistema a ser ligado é designado por servidor.
RXWURVHUYLGRUVHFXQGiULR,QIRUPDo}HVVREUHXPD]RQDGH'16 O sistema solicita a conexão é referido como o cliente. Um
QXQFDpPRGL¿FDGRGLUHWDPHQWHQRVHUYLGRUVHFXQGiULR sistema pode ser um servidor e um cliente de SSH. OpenSSH
também tem a vantagem adicional de encaminhamento X11 e
MAIL Server encaminhamento de porta. Encaminhamento X11, se habilitado
In a company environment, email is an essential component no servidor e cliente, permite que os usuários para exibir uma
to the work day. Email is used to communicate with both DSOLFDomR JUi¿FD GR VLVWHPD TXH HVWi ORJDGR QR VLVWHPD SDUD
internal employees and external customers. In exam you will eles está logado partir. O encaminhamento de porta permite que
EHWHVWHGWRFRQ¿JXUHWKHVHQGPDLOVHUYHUIRU\RXORFDO/$1 um pedido de conexão a ser enviado para um servidor, mas ser
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host encaminhada para outro servidor que realmente aceita o pedido.
RQO\6RZHVKRXOGHGLWWKHHWFPDLOVHQGPDLOPF¿OHWRDOORZ Neste artigo, vamos discutir como usar OpenSSH, tanto do lado
FRQQHFWWRRWKHUKRVWV7KHVHQGPDLOGDHPRQLVFRQ¿JXUHGIURP do servidor e do lado do cliente.
DGLUHFWRU\RI¿OHVLQHWFPDLODQGDGLUHFWRU\RIFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ Servidor syslog
¿OHVLQXVUVKDUHVHQGPDLOFI7KHUHDUHWZREDVLFFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ
¿OHV Uma parte importante de manter um sistema seguro é manter
o controle das atividades que ocorrem no sistema. Se você sabe
VHQGPDLOFI7KHPDLQVHQGPDLOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ¿OH o que geralmente acontece, como a compreensão quando os
sendmail.mc A macro that’s easier to edit, which can be usuários autenticar no sistema, você pode usar arquivos de log
XVHGWRJHQHUDWHDQHZVHQGPDLOFI¿OH SDUDGHWHFWDUDWLYLGDGHLQFRPXP9RFrSRGHFRQ¿JXUDURTXHR
For this example we are using two systems one linux server V\VORJGUHJLVWURVDWUDYpVGRDUTXLYRGHFRQ¿JXUDomRHWFV\VORJ
one linux clients. These are the pre quest for a sendmail server conf. O daemon syslogd gerencia todos os logs no seu sistema e
coordena com qualquer uma das operações de extração de outros
$OLQX[VHUYHUZLWKLSDGGUHVVDQGKRVWQDPH VLVWHPDVQDUHGH$VLQIRUPDo}HVGHFRQ¿JXUDomRSDUDRV\VORJG
Server é mantido no arquivo/etc/syslog.conf, que contém os nomes e as
$ OLQX[ FOLHQW ZLWK LS DGGUHVV DQG KRVWQDPH ORFDOL]Do}HVSDUDVHXVDUTXLYRVGHORJGRVLVWHPD3HORVLVWHPD
Client1 padrão aceitar os logs gerados somente a partir do host local.
1HVWHH[HPSORYDPRVFRQ¿JXUDUXPVHUYLGRUGHORJHDFHLWDUi
$&RQ¿JXUHG'16VHUYHURQ/LQX[VHUYHU registros do lado do cliente. Para este exemplo, estamos usando
8SGDWHGHWFKRVWV¿OHRQERWKOLQX[V\VWHP dois sistemas de um servidor linux um clientes Linux.
Running portmap and xinetd services Servidor NIS
Firewall should be off on server NIS, ou Sistemas de Informação de Rede, é um serviço de
:HKDYHFRQ¿JXUHGDOOWKHVHVWHSVLQRXUSHUYLRXVDUWLFOH rede que permite a autenticação e informações de login para
VHUDUPD]HQDGRHPXPVHUYLGRUORFDOL]DGRFHQWUDOPHQWH,VVR
TELNETServer inclui o nome de usuário e senha para autenticação do banco
Telnet Server is used to login into another system. You can de dados de login, banco de dados de grupos de usuários, e as
use the telnet command to log in remotely to another system on ORFDOL]Do}HVGRVGLUHWyULRVKRPH
your network. The system can be on your local area network or WEB Server
available through an Internet connection. Telnet operates as if
you were logging in to another system from a remote terminal. 4XDQGRYRFrYLVXDOL]DUXPDSiJLQDZHEDWUDYpVGD,QWHUQHW
You will be asked for a login name and password. In effect, you o código para criar essa página deve ser recuperada a partir de
are logging in to another account on another system. In fact, if um servidor em algum lugar na internet. O servidor que envia
you have an account on another system, you could use Telnet o seu navegador web o código para exibir uma página da web
to log in to it. You invoke the Telnet utility with the keyword é chamado de servidor web. Há inúmeros servidores web em
telnet. If you know the name of the site you want to connect todo o Internet servindo inúmeros sites para pessoas de todo
with, you can enter telnet and the name of the site on the Linux o mundo. Se você precisa de um servidor web para hospedar
command line. CAUTION The original version of Telnet is um site na Internet um servidor Red Hat Enterprise Linux pode
noted for being very insecure. For secure connections over a funcionar como um servidor web usando o servidor Apache
network or the Internet, you should use the Secure Shell (SSH). HTTP. O servidor Apache HTTP é um popular aplicativo de
We will cover SSH server in next article. SSH operate in the servidor, open source que roda em vários sistemas baseados em
UNIX, bem como Microsoft Windows.
VNC Server Você pode instalar o Red Hat Enterprise Linux como um
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Servidor VNC é um usado para compartilhar área de traba-
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lho com o computador remoto. VNC funciona na arquitetura
32:(5RX,%06\VWHP]
cliente-servidor. Para compartilhar área de trabalho você preci-
sa de pacote vnc-server e ao acesso de outros computadores que Tipos de Sistema de Arquivos
você precisa vnc-viewer. Neste tutoriais vou mostrar-lhe como O Red Hat Enterprise Linux permite que você crie tipos
FRQ¿JXUDURVHUYLGRU91& diferentes de partições baseadas no sistema de arquivos que
HODV XWLOL]DUmR $ VHJXLU YHMD XPD EUHYH GHVFULomR GRV WLSRV
PRINTER Server diferentes de sistemas de arquivos disponíveis e como eles
/LQX[ XWLOL]D R &RPPRQ 81,; 3ULQWLQJ 6\VWHP WDPEpP SRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGRV
conhecido como CUPS. CUPS usa o Internet Printing Protocol Tipo de partição
(IPP) para permitir a impressão local e compartilhamento de im-
SUHVVmR2DUTXLYRHWFFXSVGLUHWyULRDUPD]HQDWRGRVRVDUTXLYRV standard partition – Uma partição padrão pode conter um
GHFRQ¿JXUDomRSDUDLPSUHVVmR1RHQWDQWRHVWHVDUTXLYRVSR- sistema de arquivo ou espaço swap, ou ele pode fornecer um
GHPVHUIDFLOPHQWHFRQWURODGDFRPDIHUUDPHQWDGHFRQ¿JXUDomR container para RAID por software ou um volume físico LVM.
da impressora no Linux. Antes de usar qualquer impressora, você swap – Partições de troca (swap) são usadas para suportar
primeiro tem que instalá-lo em um sistema Linux em sua rede. a memória virtual. Em outras palavras, dados são gravados em
3DUDLQLFLDUDIHUUDPHQWDGHFRQ¿JXUDomRGDLPSUHVVRUDYiSDUD XPDSDUWLomRGHWURFDTXDQGRQmRKi5$0VX¿FLHQWHSDUDDU-
o menu Sistema no painel superior e selecione Administração, PD]HQDURVGDGRVVHQGRSURFHVVDGRVSHORVHXVLVWHPD&RQVXOWH
LPSUHVVmRRXH[HFXWDURV\VWHPFRQ¿JSULQWHUFRPDQGR o Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide para maiores
informações.
YUM Server RAID por software – A criação de duas ou mais partições
O Yum é um acrônimo para Yellow dog Updater, 0RGL¿HG. de RAID por software permite que você crie um dispositivo
eXPDIHUUDPHQWDXWLOL]DGDSDUDJHUHQFLDUDLQVWDODomRHUHPR- RAID. Para maiores informações sobre RAID, consulte o capí-
omRGHSDFRWHVHPGLVWULEXLo}HV/LQX[TXHXWLOL]DPRVLVWHPD tulo RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) no Red Hat
RPM. É um gerenciador de pacotes de arquivos similar ao APT Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
que lida automaticamente com dependências computando-as volume físico (LVM) – A criação de um ou mais partições
e resolvendo o que deve ser feito para tratá-las. Trabalha com de volumes físicos (LVM) permite que você crie um volume
formato .rpm de pacotes de arquivos. lógico LVM. O LVM podem melhorar o desempenho de discos
2 <XP ID] R GRZQORDG GR SDFRWH HVSHFL¿FDGR GH DOJXP físicos. Para maiores informações sobre o LVM, consulte o Red
UHSRVLWyULR3RVVXLXPVLPSOHVDUTXLYRGHFRQ¿JXUDomR)D]XP Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
FiOFXORH¿FD]GDVGHSHQGrQFLDV Sistemas de Arquivo
Vantagens de YUM ext4 – O sistema de arquivos ext4 é baseado no sistema de
arquivos ext3 e tem inúmeras melhorias. Entre elas se encontra
Resolução automática de dependências de software. Se o suporte para sistema de arquivos maiores e alocação de espa-
D LQVWDODomR GR SDFRWH RX VROLFLWDomR GH DWXDOL]DomR p IHLWD H oRGHGLVFRGHDUTXLYRVPDLRUHVPDLVUiSLGRHPDLVH¿FLHQWH
UHTXHUDLQVWDODomRRXDWXDOL]DomRGHSDFRWHVDGLFLRQDLV<80 sem limite no número de subdiretórios dentro de um diretório,
pode listar essas dependências e solicitar ao usuário para insta- YHUL¿FDomR GH VLVWHPD GH DUTXLYRV PDLV UiSLGD H XP DJHQGD-
ODURXDWXDOL]iORV'HOLQKDGHFRPDQGRHYHUV}HVJUi¿FDV$ mento mais robusto. O sistema de arquivo ext4 é selecionado
versão de linha de comando pode ser executada em um sistema por padrão e é altamente recomendado.
com um número mínimo de pacotes de software. As versões
JUi¿FDV RIHUHFHP IDFLOLGDGH GH XWLOL]DomR H XPD LQWHUIDFH ext3 – O sistema de arquivos ext3 é baseado no sistema de
JUi¿FDDPLJiYHOSDUDJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHVRIWZDUH9iULRVORFDLV arquivos ext2 e tem uma vantagem principal – o journaling. O
GH VRIWZDUH GH XPD Vy YH] <80 SRGH VHU FRQ¿JXUDGD SDUD XVRGHXPVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVFRPMRXUQDOLQJUHGX]RWHPSR
examinar os pacotes de software em mais de um local de cada gasto com sua recuperação após ele travar, já que não é necessá-
YH] +DELOLGDGH SDUD HVSHFL¿FDU DV YHUV}HV GH VRIWZDUH SDUWL- rio usar o fsck [3] no sistema de arquivo. ext2 – Um sistema de
culares ou arquiteturas. Locais de software acessível por YUM arquivos ext2 suporta arquivos do tipo Unix (arquivos normais,
pode conter várias versões do mesmo pacote RPM e diferentes diretórios, links simbólicos, etc). Possibilita a atribuição de
YHUV}HVGHGLIHUHQWHVDUTXLWHWXUDVFRPRXPSDUDLH[B QRPHVORQJRVSDUDDUTXLYRVGHDWpFDUDFWHUHV[IV±;)6
SDUDXP\XPSRGHIDFLOPHQWHYHUL¿FDUDYHUVmRDSURSULDGDH é altamente escalável, sistema de arquivo de alto desempenho
baixá-lo. Embora seja improvável que você vai ter uma conexão TXHVXSRUWDRVVLVWHPDVGHDUTXLYRHPDWpH[DE\WHVDSUR[L-
com a Internet durante o exame, você poderia ter uma conexão PDGDPHQWHPLOK}HVWHUDE\WHVDUTXLYRVFRPDWpH[DE\WHV
de rede para um repositório local. Então você deve estar pronto DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOK}HVWHUDE\WHVHHVWUXWXUDVGHGLUHWy-
para usar o comando yum durante o exame Red Hat. ULRVFRQWHQGRGH]HQDVGHPLOK}HVGHHQWUDGDV2;)6VXSRUWD
o agendamento de metadados, o qual facilita a recuperação de
Virtualização travamentos mais rápido. O sistema de arquivo XFS também
$ 9LUWXDOL]DomR p XP WHUPR GD FRPSXWDomR XP WDQWR DPSOR SRGHVHUGHIUDJPHQWDGRHWHUVHXWDPDQKRUHGH¿QLGRHQTXDQWR
para softwares em execução, geralmente sistemas operacionais, é montado e ativado.
simultâneos e isolados de outros programas em um só sistema. A vfat – O sistema de arquivos VFAT é um sistema de arqui-
9LUWXDOL]DomRXVDRK\SHUYLVRUXPWLSRGHVRIWZDUHTXHFRQWURODR vos do Linux compatível com os nomes de arquivos longos do
hardware e fornece sistemas operacionais convidados com acesso ao Microsoft Windows no sistema de arquivos FAT.
hardware adjacente. O hypervisor permite que sistemas operacionais
múltiplos sejam executados no mesmo sistema físico fornecendo um Btrfs – Btrfs está sob desenvolvimento, pois um sistema de
KDUGZDUHYLUWXDOL]DGRDRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOFRQYLGDGR DUTXLYRGHYHVHUFDSD]GHHQGHUHoDUHJHUHQFLDUPDLVDUTXLYRV
arquivos maiores, e volumes maiores do que os sistemas de XWLOL]DPUHFXUVRVGRSURFHVVDGRU2%,26±%DVLF,QSXW2XWSXW
arquivo ext2, ext3 e ext4. Btrfs foi criado para tornar o sistema System – pode iniciar (dar boot) por ela, e uma integração maior
de arquivos mais tolerante quanto à erros e facilitar a detecção com o driver de dispositivo pode oferecer um melhor tratamento
e reparo de erros quando eles ocorrerem. Ele usa o checksums de erros.
para assegurar a validade dos dados e metadados, e manter os Uma implementação de RAID em hardware requer pelo
snapshots do sistema de arquivo, que podem ser usados para menos uma controladora especialmente dedicada para isso. Em
backup ou reparos. uma estação de trabalho (PC comum) isso pode ser uma placa
O Red Hat Enterprise Linux inclui o Btrfs como uma amos- de expansão PCI, PCI-e ou uma placa integrada à placa-mãe.
tra de tecnologia para permitir que você teste este sistema de &RQWURODGRUDVXWLOL]DQGRDPDLRULDGRVWLSRVGHGULYHSRGHPVHU
arquivos. Você não deve escolher o Btrfs para partições que irão usadas – IDE/ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, SSA, Fibre Channel, e
conter dados valiosos ou que são essenciais para a operação de jVYH]HVXPDFRPELQDomR$FRQWURODGRUDHRVGLVFRVXWLOL]DGRV
sistemas importantes. devem estar isolados. Podem estar conectados diretamente ao
Como o Btrfs ainda está sob teste e em desenvolvimento, computador, ou conectados via SAN. A controladora gerencia
o programa de instalação não oferece-o por padrão. Se você RVGULYHVHID]RVFiOFXORVGHSDULGDGHQHFHVViULRVSHORQtYHOGH
quiser criar uma partição Btrfs em um drive, você precisa iniciar RAID escolhido.
RSURFHVVRGHLQVWDODomRFRPDRSomRGHLQLFLDOL]DomREWUIV A maioria das implementações em hardware proveem cache
RAID de leitura e escrita, o que (dependendo da carga de I/O) melhora
a performance. Na maioria dos casos, o cache de escrita é não-
Redundant Array of Independent Disks, também denomi- -volátil (protegido por bateria), e portanto, escritas pendentes
nado Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, mais conhecido não são perdidas no caso de uma falha no suprimento de
como simplesmente RAID ou ainda em português: Conjunto energia. Implementações em hardware promovem performance
Redundante de Discos Independentes ou também Conjunto Re- garantida, não sobrecarregam o processador e podem suportar
dundante de Discos Econômicos ou ainda Arranjo Redundante vários sistemas operacionais, já que a controladora apresentará
de Discos Independentes, é um meio de se criar um sub-sistema ao sistema operacional um disco simples.
GHDUPD]HQDPHQWRFRPSRVWRSRUYiULRVGLVFRVLQGLYLGXDLVFRP
D¿QDOLGDGHGHJDQKDUVHJXUDQoDHGHVHPSHQKR A maioria das implementações em hardware também suporta
R³KRWVZDSSLQJ´SHUPLWLQGRTXHGLVFRVFRPIDOKDVHMDPVXEV-
Popularmente, RAID seriam dois ou mais discos (por tituídos enquanto o sistema está sendo executado.
exemplo, HD ou disco rígido e até SSD) trabalhando simultane-
DPHQWHSDUDXPPHVPR¿PSRUH[HPSORFLWDQGRRH[HPSORGH Comparação entre as arquiteturas
RAID-1 logo abaixo, serviria como um espelhamento simples, Ao compararmos RAIDs por software e por hardware
UiSLGR H FRQ¿iYHO HQWUH GRLV GLVFRV SDUD VH ID]HU XPD FySLD percebe-se que os implementados através de software são mais
idêntica de um disco em outro. O RAID oferece segurança e ÀH[tYHLV TXH RV YLD KDUGZDUH 3RU RXWUR ODGR RV SULPHLURV
FRQ¿DELOLGDGHSRUPHLRGDDGLomRGHUHGXQGkQFLD6HXPGLVFR exigem da CPU mais tempo de processamento. Comparando
falhar, o outro continua funcionando normalmente e o usuário RVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHEORFRVRVHPVRIWZDUHWDPEpPVmRÀH[tYHLV
nem percebe diferença. O administrador é avisado pelo sistema podendo ser usados em discos inteiros, partições ou outro dis-
e substitui o disco que falhou. Apesar disso, o RAID não protege positivo de bloco.
contra falhas de energia ou erros de operação ou contra a falha Níveis de RAID
simultânea dos dois discos. Falhas de energia, código errado de
Q~FOHRRXHUURVRSHUDFLRQDLVSRGHPGDQL¿FDURVGDGRVGHIRUPD Níveis de RAID são as várias maneiras de combinar discos
irrecuperável. Por este motivo, mesmo usando-se o RAID não SDUDXP¿P
se dispensa a tradicional cópia de backup. RAID-0.
Implementação Via software O sistema RAID consiste em um conjunto de dois ou mais
Na implementação via software, o sistema operacional discos rígidos com dois objetivos básicos:
gerencia o RAID através da controladora de discos, sem a ne- Tornar o sistema de disco mais rápido (isto é, acelerar o car-
cessidade de um controlador de RAIDs, tornando-a mais barata. regamento de dados do disco), através de uma técnica chamada
Nesse tipo de implementação, todo o processamento divisão de dados (data striping ou RAID 0);
necessário para o gerenciamento do RAID é feito pela CPU. Tornar o sistema de disco mais seguro, através de uma
Toda movimentação de dados (leitura e escrita) é feita por técnica chamada espelhamento (mirroring ou RAID 1).
XPDFDPDGDGHVRIWZDUHTXHID]DDEVWUDomRHQWUHDRSHUDomR
lógica (RAID) e os discos físicos, e é controlada pelo sistema Essas duas técnicas podem ser usadas isoladamente ou em
operacional. conjunto.
$FRQ¿JXUDomRGR5$,'YLDVRIWZDUHpIHLWDSHORVLVWHPD Vetor RAID 0 Linear

operacional, que precisa ser implementado no próprio núcleo É uma simples concatenação de partições para criar uma
D XWLOL]DomR GH 5$,'V YLD VRIWZDUH e SRVVtYHO FULDU 5$,'V grande partição virtual.
via software no Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD e no RAID 0 (Striping)
Windows (versão server). Alternativamente, podem ser criados
com algum software especialmente dedicado a manutenção de No striping, ou distribuição, os dados são subdivididos em
discos rígidos do fabricante da placa mãe (quando há suporte segmentos consecutivos (stripes, ou faixas) que são escritos
para RAID, é claro). sequencialmente através de cada um dos discos de um array,
RX FRQMXQWR &DGD VHJPHQWR WHP XP WDPDQKR GH¿QLGR HP
Implementação Via hardware blocos. A distribuição, ou striping, oferece melhor desempenho
Controladoras RAID em hardware usam layouts de disco comparado a discos individuais, se o tamanho de cada segmento
proprietários (e diferentes). Por isso, normalmente não é pos- IRUDMXVWDGRGHDFRUGRFRPDDSOLFDomRTXHXWLOL]DUiRFRQMXQWR
sível misturar controladoras de fabricantes diferentes. Eles não ou array.
+i SUREOHPDV GH FRQ¿DELOLGDGH H GHVHPSHQKR 5$,' era necessário a mesma quantidade de discos ECC
não terá desempenho desejado com sistemas operacionais para discos normais, isto é, desperdício de espaço que
que não oferecem suporte a busca combinada de setores. Uma poderia ser usado para dados.
GHVYDQWDJHP GHVWD RUJDQL]DomR p TXH D FRQ¿DQoD VH WRUQD
geometricamente pior. Um disco SLED com um tempo médio
GH YLGD GH KRUDV VHUi YH]HV PDLV VHJXUR GR TXH RAID 3
discos funcionando em paralelo com RAID 0 (admitindo-se que 2 5$,' p XPD YHUVmR VLPSOL¿FDGD GR 5$,' QtYHO
DFDSDFLGDGHGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRVRPDGDGRVTXDWURGLVFRVIRU Nesse arranjo, um único bit de paridade é computado para cada
igual ao do disco SLED). Como não existe redundância, não há palavra de dados e escrito em um drive de paridade. À primeira
FRQ¿DELOLGDGHQHVWHWLSRGHRUJDQL]DomR vista, pode parecer que um único bit de paridade dá somente
Vantagens: detecção de erro, e não correção de erro. Para o caso de erros
aleatórios não detectados, essa observação é verdadeira. Toda-
$FHVVRUiSLGRDVLQIRUPDo}HVDWpPDLVUiSLGR
via, para o caso de uma falha de drive, ela provê correção total
Custo baixo para expansão de memória. GHHUURVGHXPELWXPDYH]TXHDSRVLomRGRELWGHIHLWXRVRp
Desvantagens: FRQKHFLGD6HXPGULYHIDOKDURFRQWURODGRUDSHQDV¿QJHTXH
WRGRVRVVHXVELWVVmR³]HURV´6HXPDSDODYUDDSUHVHQWDUHUUR
Caso algum dos setores de algum dos HD’s venha a de paridade, o bit que vem do drive extinto deve ter sido um
apresentar perda de informações, o mesmo arquivo ³XP´SRUWDQWRpFRUULJLGR
que está dividido entre os mesmos setores dos demais
HD’s não terão mais sentido existir, pois uma parte do $ ¿P GH HYLWDU R DWUDVR HP UD]mR GD ODWrQFLD URWDFLRQDO
arquivo foi corrompida, ou seja, caso algum disco falhe, o RAID 3 exige que todos os eixos das unidades de disco
não tem como recuperar; HVWHMDP VLQFURQL]DGRV $ PDLRULD GDV XQLGDGHV GH GLVFR PDLV
UHFHQWHVQmRSRVVXHPDRSomRGHVLQFURQL]DomRGRHL[RRXVH
Não é usada paridade. VmR FDSD]HV GLVWR IDOWDP RV FRQHFWRUHV QHFHVViULRV FDERV H
documentação do fabricante.
RAID 1 (Mirror) Vantagens:
RAID-1 é o nível de RAID que implementa o espelhamento leitura rápida;
de disco, também conhecido como mirror. Para esta implemen- escrita rápida;
tação são necessários no mínimo dois discos. O funcionamento
deste nível é simples: todos os dados são gravados em dois possui controle de erros.
discos diferentes; se um disco falhar ou for removido, os dados Desvantagem:
preservados no outro disco permitem a não descontinuidade da Montagem difícil via software.
operação do sistema.
Vantagens:
RAID 4
Caso algum setor de um dos discos venha a falhar, basta
recuperar o setor defeituoso copiando os arquivos contidos do O RAID 4 funciona com três ou mais discos iguais. Um dos
segundo disco; discos guarda a paridade (uma forma de soma de segurança) da
informação contida nos discos. Se algum dos discos avariar, a
Segurança nos dados (com relação a possíveis defeitos que
possam ocorrer no HD). SDULGDGH SRGH VHU LPHGLDWDPHQWH XWLOL]DGD SDUD UHFRQVWLWXLU R
VHX FRQWH~GR 2V GLVFRV UHVWDQWHV XVDGRV SDUD DUPD]HQDU GD-
Desvantagens: GRVVmRFRQ¿JXUDGRVSDUDXVDUHPVHJPHQWRVVX¿FLHQWHPHQWH
Custo relativamente alto se comparado ao RAID 0; grandes (tamanho medido em blocos) para acomodar um regis-
Ocorre aumento no tempo de escrita; tro inteiro. Isto permite leituras independentes da informação
DUPD]HQDGDID]HQGRGR5$,'XPDUUD\SHUIHLWDPHQWHDMXV-
RAID 2
tado para ambientes transacionais que requerem muitas leituras
2 5$,' VXUJLX QR ¿QDO GRV DQRV RQGH RV +'V QmR pequenas e simultâneas.
SRVVXtDPFKHFDJHPGHHUURV$VVLPSRGHVHGL]HUTXHR5$,'
2 é similar ao RAID 4, mas possuindo algoritmos de Hamming O RAID 4 assim como outros RAID’s, cuja característica
ECC (Error Correcting Code), que é a informação de controle p XWLOL]DUHP SDULGDGH XVDP XP SURFHVVR GH UHFXSHUDomR GH
de erros, no lugar da paridade. Além disso, pode-se ter várias dados mais envolvente que arrays espelhados, como RAID 1.
FRQ¿JXUDo}HVFRPRGLVFRVQRUPDLVGLVFRVVRPHQWHSDUD Este nível também é útil para criar discos virtuais de grande di-
ECC. Este fato possibilita uma proteção adicional, porém o mensão, pois consegue somar o espaço total oferecido por todos
5$,'¿FRXREVROHWRSHODVQRYDVWHFQRORJLDVGHGLVFRMiSRV- os discos, exceto o disco de paridade. O desempenho oferecido
suírem este tipo de correção internamente. O RAID 2 origina pUD]RiYHOQDVRSHUDo}HVGHOHLWXUDSRLVSRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGRV
uma maior consistência dos dados se houver queda de energia todos os discos em simultâneo.
durante a escrita. Baterias de segurança e um encerramento
correto podem oferecer os mesmos benefícios. Sempre que os dados são escritos no array, as informações
Vantagem: são lidas do disco de paridade e um novo dado sobre paridade
deve ser escrito para o respectivo disco antes da próxima requi-
XVD (&& GLPLQXLQGR D TXDVH ]HUR DV WD[DV GH HUUR
VLomRGHHVFULWDVHUUHDOL]DGD3RUFDXVDGHVVDVGXDVRSHUDo}HV
mesmo com falhas de energia.
de I/O, o disco de paridade é o factor limitante do desempenho
Desvantagem: total do array. Devido ao facto do disco requerer somente um
KRMHHPGLDKiWHFQRORJLDVPHOKRUHVSDUDRPHVPR¿P disco adicional para proteção de dados, este RAID é mais aces-
GHSHQGHQGRGDFRQ¿JXUDomRHQHFHVVLGDGHGDHPSUHVD sível em termos monetários que a implementação do RAID 1.
Vantagens: RAID 01 ou RAID 0 (zero) + 1
taxa de leitura rápida; 25$,'pXPDFRPELQDomRGRVQtYHLV6WULSLQJ
e 1 (Mirroring), onde os dados são divididos entre os discos
possibilidade do aumento de área de discos físicos.
SDUD PHOKRUDU R UHQGLPHQWR PDV WDPEpP XWLOL]DP RXWURV
Desvantagens: GLVFRVSDUDGXSOLFDUDVLQIRUPDo}HV$VVLPpSRVVtYHOXWLOL]DU
taxa de gravação lenta; o bom rendimento do nível 0 com a redundância do nível 1.
No entanto, é necessário pelo menos 4 discos para montar um
em comparação com o RAID 1, em caso de falha do 5$,'GHVVHWLSR7DLVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVID]HPGR5$,'R
disco, a reconstrução é difícil, pois o RAID 1 já tem o mais rápido e seguro, porém o mais caro de ser implantado.
dado pronto no disco espelhado; 1R5$,'VHXPGRVGLVFRVYLHUDIDOKDURVLVWHPDYLUD
um RAID 0.
tecnologia não mais usada por haver melhores para o mes-
PR¿P Ex: se os dois discos que possuam a sequencia A1, A3,
$ IDOKDUHP DR PHVPR WHPSR KDYHUi SHUGD GH GDGRV 6H
apenas uma das controladoras falhar, o sistema continua
RAID 5 funcionando, mas sem outra tolerância a falha e sem o ganho
de velocidade.
25$,'pIUHTXHQWHPHQWHXVDGRHIXQFLRQDVLPLODUPHQWH
ao RAID 4, mas supera alguns dos problemas mais comuns Vantagens:
sofridos por esse tipo. As informações sobre paridade para os segurança contra perda de dados;
dados do array são distribuídas ao longo de todos os discos do pode falhar 1 dos HD's, ou os dois HD's do mesmo
DUUD\ DR LQYpV GH VHUHP DUPD]HQDGDV QXP GLVFR GHGLFDGR 'LVN*URXSSRUpPGHL[DQGRGHVHU5$,'
oferecendo assim mais desempenho que o RAID 4, e, simulta- Desvantagens:
neamente, tolerância a falhas.
alto custo de expansão de hardware (custo mínimo =
Para aumentar o desempenho de leitura de um array RAID 4N HDs);
RWDPDQKRGHFDGDVHJPHQWRHPTXHRVGDGRVVmRGLYLGLGRV
RV GULYHV GHYHP ¿FDU HP VLQFURQLVPR GH YHORFLGDGH
SRGHVHURSWLPL]DGRSDUDRDUUD\TXHHVWLYHUDVHUXWLOL]DGR2 para obter a máxima performance.
GHVHPSHQKRJHUDOGHXPDUUD\5$,'pHTXLYDOHQWHDRGHXP
5$,'H[FHWRQRFDVRGHOHLWXUDVVHTXHQFLDLVTXHUHGX]HP
DH¿FLrQFLDGRVDOJRULWPRVGHOHLWXUDSRUFDXVDGDGLVWULEXLomR RAID 1+0
das informações sobre paridade. A informação sobre paridade é 25$,'RXH[LJHDRPHQRVGLVFRVUtJLGRV&DGD
GLVWULEXtGDSRUWRGRVRVGLVFRVSHUGHQGRVHXPUHGX]VHDGLV- par será espelhado, garantindo redundância, e os pares serão
ponibilidade de ambos os dados e a paridade, até à recuperação distribuídos, melhorando desempenho. Até metade dos discos
do disco que falhou. Isto causa degradação do desempenho de pode falhar simultaneamente, sem colocar o conjunto a perder,
leitura e de escrita. desde que não falhem os dois discos de um espelho qualquer
± UD]mR SHOD TXDO XVDPVH GLVFRV GH ORWHV GLIHUHQWHV GH FDGD
Vantagens: ‘lado’ do espelho. É o nível recomendado para bases de dados,
PDLRUUDSLGH]FRPWUDWDPHQWRGH(&& SRUVHURPDLVVHJXURHGRVPDLVYHOR]HVDVVLPFRPRTXDOTXHU
outro uso onde a necessidade de economia não se sobreponha à
leitura rápida (porém escrita não tão rápida). segurança e desempenho.
Desvantagem: Vantagens:
sistema complexo de controle dos HDs. segurança contra perda de dados;
pode falhar um ou dois dos HDs ao mesmo tempo,
RAID 6 dependendo de qual avaria.
É um padrão relativamente novo, suportado por apenas Desvantagens:

DOJXPDVFRQWURODGRUDVeVHPHOKDQWHDR5$,'SRUpPXVDR alto custo de expansão de hardware (custo mínimo =
dobro de bits de paridade, garantindo a integridade dos dados 4N HDs);
FDVRDWpGRV+'VIDOKHPDRPHVPRWHPSR$RXVDU+'V RV GULYHUV GHYHP ¿FDU HP VLQFURQLVPR GH YHORFLGDGH
GH*%FDGDXPHP5$,'WHUHPRV*%GHGDGRVH para obter a máxima performance.
GB de paridade.
Vantagem:
RAID 50
possibilidade falhar 2 HDs ao mesmo tempo sem per-
das. É um arranjo híbrido que usa as técnicas de RAID com pa-
ridade em conjunção com a segmentação de dados. Um arranjo
Desvantagens: 5$,' p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH XP DUUDQMR FRP DV LQIRUPDo}HV
SUHFLVD GH 1 +'V SDUD LPSOHPHQWDU SRU FDXVD GRV segmentadas através de dois ou mais arranjos. Veja o esquema
discos de paridade; representativo ao lado:
escrita lenta; Vantagens:
sistema complexo de controle dos HDs. alta taxa de transferência;
ótimo para uso em servidores.
Desvantagens: SDUDFRQFOXLU2FOLHQWH&,)6IRLDWXDOL]DGRSDUDJUDYDUGDGRV
alto custo de implementação e expansão de memória. em paralelo sem necessitar esperar por gravações sequenciais.
Esta mudança pode agora resultar em melhorias de desempenho
GHDWp
RAID 100 Autenticação do CIFS NTLMSSP
2 5$,' EDVLFDPHQWH p FRPSRVWR GR 5$,' O suporte para a autenticação do NTLMSSP foi adicionado
1RUPDOPHQWHHOHpLPSOHPHQWDGRXWLOL]DQGRXPDFRPELQDomR DR&,)6$OpPGLVVRR&,)6XVDDJRUDR$3,GHFULSWRJUD¿D
de software e hardware, ou seja, implementa-se o RAID 0 via do kernel.
software sobre o RAID 10 via Hardware.
LDAP
Sistema de arquivo NFS
O Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) é um
NFS (acrônimo para Network File System) é um sistema conjunto de protocolos abertos usados para acessar informações
de arquivos distribuídos desenvolvido inicialmente pela Sun DUPD]HQDGDVFHQWUDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHXPDUHGH(OHpEDVHDGR
0LFURV\VWHPV,QFD¿PGHFRPSDUWLOKDUDUTXLYRVHGLUHWyULRV QRSDGUmR;SDUDRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGHGLUHWyULRPDVp
entre computadores conectados em rede, formando assim um PHQRV FRPSOH[D H GLVSHQGLRVD 3RU HVWD UD]mR /'$3 p SRU
diretório virtual. YH]HVUHIHULGRFRPR³;/LWH´2SDGUmR;pXPGLUHWy-
2 FOLHQWH 1)6 WHP SRU ¿QDOLGDGH WRUQDU R DFHVVR UHPRWR ULRTXHFRQWpPLQIRUPDo}HVKLHUiUTXLFDHFDWHJRUL]DGRVRTXH
transparente para o usuário do computador, e esta interface pode incluir informações como nomes, endereços e números de
cliente e servidor, executada pelo NFS através dos protocolos telefone.
&OLHQWH6HUYLGRU¿FDEHPGH¿QLGDTXDQGRRXVXiULRDRFKDPDU &RPR;/'$3RUJDQL]DDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHXPDIRUPD
um arquivo/diretório no servidor, lhe parece estar acessando KLHUiUTXLFDXVDQGRGLUHWyULRV(VVHVGLUHWyULRVSRGHPDUPD]HQDU
localmente, sendo que está trabalhando com arquivos remotos. uma grande variedade de informações e pode até ser usado de
Para que os clientes tenham acesso aos arquivos, é feita uma maneira semelhante à Network Information Service (NIS),
uma requisição ao servidor que, dependendo das permissões permitindo que qualquer pessoa acessar sua conta a partir de
GR FOLHQWH UHVSRQGH FRQ¿UPDQGR D UHTXLVLomR $ SDUWLU GHVVH qualquer máquina na rede LDAP habilitado.
SRQWRDKLHUDUTXLDGHGLUHWyULRVHDUTXLYRVUHPRWRVSDVVDDID]HU Em muitos casos, LDAP é usado como uma lista telefônica
parte do sistema de arquivos local da máquina. virtual, permitindo aos usuários acessar facilmente informações
Existe neste ponto uma relação com o Sistema de Nomeação GH FRQWDWR GH RXWURV XVXiULRV 0DV /'$3 p PDLV ÀH[tYHO GR
de Arquivos, pois há a necessidade de se criar o endereço da- TXHXPDOLVWDWHOHI{QLFDWUDGLFLRQDOXPDYH]TXHpFDSD]GHVH
TXHOHVDUTXLYRVRXGLUHWyULRV(VWHVLVWHPDFXLGDGHLGHQWL¿FDU referir a consulente a outros servidores LDAP em todo o mun-
DORFDOL]DomRGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRDUTXLYRRXGLUHWyULRTXDQGR do, fornecendo um repositório global de ad-hoc de informações.
se é fornecido seu nome ou caminho. Para isso o sistema deve Atualmente, no entanto, LDAP é mais comumente usada dentro
oferecer uma resolução por nomes (mapeamento de nomes de GDVRUJDQL]Do}HVLQGLYLGXDLVFRPRXQLYHUVLGDGHVGHSDUWDPHQ-
arquivos legíveis por humanos – strings, para nomes de arquivos tos governamentais e empresas privadas.
legíveis por máquinas – números manipuláveis por máquinas) LDAP é um sistema cliente/servidor. O servidor pode
RX UHVROXomR SRU ORFDOL]DomR PDSHDPHQWR GH QRPHV JOREDLV XVDU XPD YDULHGDGH GH EDVHV GH GDGRV SDUD DUPD]HQDU XP
SDUDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDORFDOL]DomRRXDLQGDDPEDV GLUHWyULRFDGDXPRWLPL]DGRSDUDRSHUDo}HVGHOHLWXUDUiSLGD
8PH[HPSORGDXWLOL]DomRGR1)6pDGLVSRQLELOL]DomRGDV e abundante. Quando um aplicativo cliente LDAP se conecta a
áreas de trabalho dos usuários em toda a rede e, quando este um servidor LDAP, ele pode consultar um diretório ou tentar
efetua o login, seu diretório de trabalho pode ser acessado via PRGL¿FiOR(PFDVRGHXPDFRQVXOWDRVHUYLGRURXUHVSRQGH
NFS. Supondo que o usuário mude de estação de trabalho, o seu a consulta localmente, ou ele pode se referir ao consulente para
GLUHWyULR SRGH VHU GLVSRQLELOL]DGR QRYDPHQWH QHVWD HVWDomR H um servidor LDAP que não têm a resposta. Se o aplicativo
VHPTXHQHQKXPDFRQ¿JXUDomRDGLFLRQDOVHMDUHDOL]DGD FOLHQWHHVWiWHQWDQGRPRGL¿FDUDVLQIRUPDo}HVQRSUD]RGHXP
6XDLQWHUIDFHpS~EOLFDHPXLWRXWLOL]DGDSDUDRFRPSDUWLOKD- GLUHWyULR/'$3RVHUYLGRUYHUL¿FDVHRXVXiULRWHPSHUPLVVmR
PHQWRGHOHLWXUDVHRUJDQL]Do}HVDFDGrPLFDVSHODVYDQWDJHQV SDUD ID]HU D PXGDQoD H HP VHJXLGD DGLFLRQD RX DWXDOL]D DV
GHHQWUHRXWUDVWUDQVSDUrQFLDXQL¿FDomRGHFRPDQGRVUHGX- informações.
ção de espaço local; independência de sistemas operacionais e (VWHFDStWXORUHIHUHVHjFRQ¿JXUDomRHXVRGR2SHQ/'$3
hardware. 2.0, uma implementação open source dos protocolos LDAPv2
Para um sistema cliente-Servidor, o cliente pode sempre que e LDAPv3.
ORJDU QD PiTXLQD ³LPSRUWDU´ DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH RV GLUHWyULRV H A principal vantagem de usar LDAP é que as informações
arquivos que o mesmo criou na sua área pessoal, por exemplo SDUD WRGD XPD RUJDQL]DomR SRGHP VHU FRQVROLGDGRV HP XP
(para implementar esse sistema de importação de arquivo asso- UHSRVLWyULRFHQWUDO3RUH[HPSORHPYH]GHJHUHQFLDUOLVWDV
FLDGRDXPXVXiULRHPHVSHFt¿FRpQHFHVViULRWHUFRQ¿JXUDGR GH XVXiULRV SDUD FDGD JUXSR GHQWUR GH XPD RUJDQL]DomR R
um Sistema com LDAP ou NIS, além do NFS). LDAP pode ser usado como um diretório central acessível
Gravações assíncronas em CIFS a partir de qualquer ponto da rede. E porque LDAP suporta
O protocolo CIFS (Common Internet File System) permite Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) e Transport Layer Security
XPD IRUPD XQL¿FDGDGH DFHVVDU DUTXLYRV UHPRWRV HP XP VLV- (TLS), os dados sensíveis podem ser protegidos dos olhares
tema operacional disparado. O cliente CIFS tradicionalmente indiscretos.
SHUPLWLX VRPHQWH JUDYDo}HV DVVtQFURQDV ,VWR VLJQL¿FD TXH R LDAP também suporta um número de bancos de dados de
processo do cliente não voltaria o controle até que as gravações EDFNHQGQRTXDODUPD]HQDUGLUHWyULRV,VVRSHUPLWHDRVDGPL-
fossem bem sucedidas completamente. Isto pode levar ao de- QLVWUDGRUHVDÀH[LELOLGDGHSDUDLPSODQWDUREDQFRGHGDGRVPDLV
sempenho ruim para transações grandes que levam muito tempo adequado para o tipo de informações que o servidor é dissemi-
nar. Porque LDAP também tem uma Application Programming Há três tipos de permissões especiais no Red Hat Enterprise
,QWHUIDFHFOLHQWHEHPGH¿QLGR$3,RQ~PHURGHSHGLGRVGH Linux:
FHUWL¿FDomR/'$3VmRQXPHURVRVHDXPHQWDQGRHPTXDQWLGDGH setuid – usada somente para aplicações, esta permissão
e qualidade. indica que a aplicação deve rodar como o proprietário
,QIRUPDo}HV(VSHFtÀFDVGR5HG+DW(QWHUSUL- do arquivo e não como o usuário executando a apli-
se Linux cação. É indicado pelo caractere s no lugar do x na
categoria proprietário. Se o proprietário do arquivo não
As seções seguintes abordam as diversas funcionalidades
tem permissões para executar, o S torna-se maiúsculo
HVSHFt¿FDVGR5HG+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[UHODFLRQDGDVjDGPL-
SDUDUHÀHWLUHVWHIDWR
nistração de contas de usuário e recursos associados.
setgid – usado principalmente para aplicações, esta per-
Contas de Usuário, Grupos e Permissões
missão indica que a aplicação deve rodar como o grupo
Sob o Red Hat Enterprise Linux, um usuário pode se auten- que detém o arquivo, e não como o grupo do usuário
ticar no sistema e usar qualquer aplicação ou arquivo que tenha executando a aplicação.
permissão para acessar, após a criação de uma conta de usuário
Se aplicada a um diretório, todos os arquivos criados
normal. O Red Hat Enterprise Linux determina se um usuário
dentro do diretório são de propriedade do grupo que
ou grupo pode acessar estes recursos baseado nas permissões
detém o diretório, e não do grupo do usuário criando o
atribuídas a eles.
arquivo. A permissão setgid é indicada pelo caractere s
Há três tipos diferentes de permissões para arquivos, dire- no lugar do x na categoria grupo. Se o grupo proprie-
tórios e aplicações. Estas permissões são usadas para controlar tário do arquivo não tem permissão para executar, o S
os tipos de acesso permitidos. São usados símbolos diferentes WRUQDVHPDL~VFXORSDUDUHÀHWLUHVWHIDWR
de um caractere cada para descrever cada permissão em uma
sticky bit – usado principalmente em diretórios, este
listagem de diretórios. Os seguintes símbolos são usados:
bit dita que um arquivo criado no diretório pode ser
r – Indica que uma determinada categoria de usuários pode removido somente pelo usuário que criou o arquivo. É
ler (read) o arquivo. indicado pelo caractere t no lugar do x na categoria to-
w – Indica que uma determinada categoria de usuários pode dos (everyone). Se a categoria todos não tem permissão
gravar/escrever (write) no arquivo. SDUDH[HFXWDUR7WRUQDVHPDL~VFXORSDUDUHÀHWLUHVWH
fato.
x – Indica que uma determinada categoria de usuários pode
executar (execute) o conteúdo de um arquivo. 6RER5HG+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[RVWLFN\ELWpGH¿QLGRSRU
default no diretório/tmp/exatamente por este motivo.
Um quarto símbolo (–) indica que nenhum acesso é permitido.
Nomes de Usuário e UIDs, Grupos e GIDs
Cada uma das três permissões é atribuída a três categorias
diferentes de usuários. As categorias são: No Red Hat Enterprise Linux, as contas de usuário e nomes
dos grupos são usadas principalmente para a conveniência das
proprietário (owner) – O proprietário do arquivo ou aplicação. SHVVRDV,QWHUQDPHQWHRVLVWHPDXVDLGHQWL¿FDGRUHVQXPpULFRV
grupo (group) – O grupo que detém o arquivo ou aplicação. 3DUD RV XVXiULRV HVWH LGHQWL¿FDGRU p FRQKHFLGR FRPR 8,'
todos (everyone) – Todos os usuários com acesso ao sistema. HQTXDQWRTXHSDUDRVJUXSRVRLGHQWL¿FDGRUpFRQKHFLGRFRPR
*,'2VSURJUDPDVTXHGLVSRQLELOL]DPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGRXVX-
&RQIRUPH H[SRVWR DQWHULRUPHQWH p SRVVtYHO YLVXDOL]DU DV iULRRXJUXSRDRVXVXiULRVWUDGX]HPRVYDORUHV8,'*,'SDUD
permissões de um arquivo invocando uma listagem de formato seus paralelos mais legíveis por humanos.
longo com o comando ls-l. Por exemplo: se o usuário juan criar
um arquivo executável chamado foo, o output do comando ls-l Há duas instâncias nas quais o valor numérico corrente de
foo seria parecido com: XP8,'RX*,'WHPDOJXPVLJQL¿FDGRHVSHFt¿FR8P8,'H
*,'GH]HURVmRXVDGRVSDUDRXVXiULRURRWHVmRWUDWDGRV
especialmente pelo Red Hat Enterprise Linux – o acesso total é
atribuído automaticamente.
$VHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDpTXH8,'VH*,'VDEDL[RGHVmR
As permissões deste arquivo estão listadas no início da linha, UHVHUYDGRVSDUDXVRGRVLVWHPD$RFRQWUiULRGR8,'*,']HUR
FRPHoDQGRFRPUZ[2SULPHLURFRQMXQWRGHVtPERORVGH¿QHR (0), UIDs e GIDs abaixo de 400 não são tratados especialmente
acesso do proprietário – neste exemplo, o proprietário juan tem pelo Red Hat Enterprise Linux. No entanto, estes UIDs/GIDs
acesso total e pode ler (read), gravar (write) e executar (execute) o nunca devem ser atribuídos a um usuário, já que provavelmente
DUTXLYR2SUy[LPRFRQMXQWRGHVtPERORVUZ[GH¿QHRDFHVVRGR algum componente do sistema usa ou usará estes UIDs/GIDs
grupo (novamente, acesso total), enquanto o último conjunto de am algum momento no futuro. Para mais informações sobre
VtPERORVGH¿QHRVWLSRVGHDFHVVRSDUDWRGRVRVRXWURVXVXiULRV estes usuários e grupos padrão, consulte o capítulo Usuários e
Aqui, todos os outros usuários podem ler (read) e executar (exe- Grupos no Guia de Referência do Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
FXWHRDUTXLYRPDVQmRSRGHPPRGL¿FiORGHPDQHLUDDOJXPD
Quando são adicionadas novas contas de usuários usando
Um ponto importante para ter em mente em relação às per- as ferramentas padrão de criação de usuários do Red Hat En-
missões e contas de usuário é que toda aplicação que roda no Red terprise Linux, estas contas recebem os primeiros UID e GID
+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[URGDQRFRQWH[WRGHXPXVXiULRHVSHFt¿FR GLVSRQtYHLVDSDUWLUGH2SUy[LPRXVXiULRQRYRUHFHEHR
,VWRVLJQL¿FDTXHVHRXVXiULRMXDQLQLFLDXPDDSOLFDomRHODURGD 8,'*,'VHJXLGRSHOR8,'*,'HDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
usando o contexto do usuário juan. No entanto, em alguns casos a
aplicação pode precisar de um nível de acesso mais privilegiado Criar usuário
para completar a tarefa. Este tipo de aplicação inclui aquelas que O comando useraddpXWLOL]DGRQR/LQX[HRXWURVVLVWHPDV
HGLWDPFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGRVLVWHPDRXDXWHQWLFDPXVXiULRV3RUHVWD operacionais Unix-like para adicionar novos usuários (também
UD]mRIRUDPFULDGDVSHUPLVV}HVHVSHFLDLV conhecido como contas). Ao adicionar um novo usuário é
SRVVtYHOWDPEpPGH¿QLUGLUHWyULRSDGUmRDGLFLRQDUFRPHQWiULR #Cria o usuário sem diretório HOME
GH¿QLUVHQKDHRXWURVGDGRV root# adduser -M leocosta
O comando adduser é idêntico ao useradd, pois é apenas
um link simbólico para ele. &ULDRXVXiULRFRPRSDGUmRGH¿QLGRQRHWFVNHO
A sintaxe básica deste comando é: root# adduser -m leocosta
useradd [opções] nome_do_usuario # Cria o usuário com o mesmo UID de um usuário existente
no sistema – Imaginamos que há um usuário no sistema cujo
Normalmente o único usuário que tem permissão para ca-
8,'GHOHp
dastrar novos usuários é o usuário root, ou seja, o usuário com
permissões máximas, o usuário onipotente do Linux. URRWDGGXVHURXLGOHRFRVWD
Para cadastrar um novo usuário é simples. No exemplo &ULDXPXVXiULRGH¿QLQGRRVKHOOSDGUmR
DEDL[RYDPRVFULDUXPDFRQWD³MRKQÝHMD
root# adduser leocosta -s /bin/bash
useradd john
A maioria das distribuições Linux ao criar um usuário cria #Cria o usuário mas ele não pode logar no sistema, por que
automaticamente um diretório padrão para este usuário, ao não possui um shell
TXDO p FKDPDGR GH GLUHWyULR +20(B',5 RX VLPSOHVPHQWH root# adduser leocosta -s /sbin/nologin
³KRPH´TXHJHUDOPHQWH¿FDHPKRPH
Arquivos que Controlam Contas de Usuário e
O diretório home da conta do nosso exemplo seria então: Grupos
/home/john/
No Red Hat Enterprise Linux, as informações sobre contas
3RGHRFRUUHUTXHYRFrTXHLUDGH¿QLUXPGLUHWyULRKRPHGLIH- GHXVXiULRHJUXSRVVmRDUPD]HQDGDVHPGLYHUVRVDUTXLYRVWH[WR
rente para o usuário. Por exemplo, você poderia criar o usuário dentro do diretório /etc/. Quando um administrador de sistemas
john H GH¿QLU VHX GLUHWyULR KRPH HP home/conta_de_teste/, cria novas contas de usuário, é necessário editar estes arquivos
SDUDLVVRYRFrXVDULDDRSomR³G´DVVLP manualmente ou usar aplicações para efetuar as alterações
useradd -d/home/conta_de_teste/john necessárias.
(YHQWXDOPHQWH SDUD LGHQWL¿FDU PHOKRU XP XVXiULR YRFr A seção seguinte documenta os arquivos do diretório /etc/
pode adicionar um comentário a este usuário criado, desta TXH DUPD]HQDP LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH XVXiULRV H JUXSRV QR 5HG
forma: Hat Enterprise Linux.
useradd -c “John da Silva” john /etc/passwd
Todo o comentário criado é adicionado ao arquivo /etc/pas- O arquivo /etc/passwd pode ser lido por todos e contém uma
VZGTXHpRDUTXLYRRQGH¿FDPDUPD]HQDGDVDVLQIRUPDo}HV lista de usuários, cada um numa linha separada. Em cada linha,
sobre as contas existentes no Linux. Falaremos mais sobre este há uma lista delimitada por dois pontos contendo as seguintes
DUTXLYR HP RXWUR PRPHQWR PDV DSHQDV SDUD TXH ¿TXH FODUR informações:
FRPR¿FDUiRFRPHQWiULR« Noime de usuário (username) – O nome que o usuário digita
MRKQ[John da Silva:/home/john:/bin/bash ao se autenticar no sistema.
2So}HVPDLVXWLOL]DGDVGRFRPDQGRXVHUDGG6HGHVHMDVD- Senha (password) – Contém a senha criptografada (ou um
ber as funções das demais opções deste comando, digite em seu [ VH HVWLYHU XVDQGR VHQKDV VKDGRZ ± FRQ¿UD PDLV GHWDOKHV
SURPSWXPDGHVWDVRSo}HVVHQGRDPDLVGHWDOKDGDR³PDQ´ posteriormente).
man useradd ID do usuário (UID) – O equivalente numérico do nome de
useradd -h usuário, referenciado pelo sistema e aplicações ao determinar
privilégios de acesso.
useradd –help
ID do grupo (GID) – O equivalente numérico do nome
Exemplos com o adduser:
do grupo principal, referenciado pelo sistema e aplicações ao
#Cria o usuário determinar privilégios de acesso.
root# adduser leocosta GECOS – Nomeado por motivos históricos, o campo
*(&26>@ p RSFLRQDO H p XVDGR SDUD DUPD]HQDU LQIRUPDo}HV
#Cria o usuário com comentário extras (como o nome completo do usuário). Múltiplas entradas
URRWDGGXVHUF³0HXQRPHFRPSOHWRÓHRFRVWD SRGHPVHUDUPD]HQDGDVDTXLQDOLVWDGHOLPLWDGDSRUGRLVSRQ-
WRV8WLOLWiULRVFRPRR¿QJHUDFHVVDPHVWHFDPSRSDUDSURYHU
&ULDRXVXiULRGH¿QLQGRR+20(HDGDWDHPTXHDFRQWD informações adicionais do usuário.
irá expirar.
DLUHWyULRKRPH±$ORFDOL]DomRDEVROXWDGRGLUHWyULRKRPH
root# adduser -d /tmp/leocosta -e 2007-09-12 leocosta do usuário, tal como /home/juan/.
#Cria o usuário em outro grupo – supondo que há no meu Shell – O programa iniciado automaticamente sempre que
sistema um grupo chamado cpd. um usuário se autentica. É, geralmente, um interpretador de
root# adduser -g cpd leocosta comandos (frequentemente chamado de shell). No Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, o valor default é /bin/bash. Se o campo for
#Cria o usuário inserindo ele em outros grupos sem alterar GHL[DGR HP EUDQFR ELQVK p XVDGR 6H IRU FRQ¿JXUDGR SDUD
o seu grupo padrão. um arquivo inexistente, o usuário não poderá se autenticar no
root# adduser -G cpd leocosta sistema.
Aplicações de Conta de Usuário e Grupo Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Admi-
Há dois tipos básicos de aplicações que podem ser usadas nistração de Grupos
para administrar contas de usuários e grupos nos sistemas Red $VIHUUDPHQWDVOLVWDGDVRIHUHFHPXPDJUDQGHÀH[LELOLGDGH
Hat Enterprise Linux: em controlar todos os aspectos das contas de usuário e associa-
$DSOLFDomRJUi¿FD$GPLQLVWUDGRUGH8VXiULRV ção a grupos. Para aprender mais sobre como estas funcionam,
consulte a página man de cada uma delas.
Um conjunto de ferramentas de linha de comando
No entanto, estas aplicações não determinam sobre quais
Para obter instruções detalhadas sobre o uso do Administrador recursos estes usuários e grupos têm controle. Para isso, o admi-
GH8VXiULRVFRQVXOWHRFDStWXOR&RQ¿JXUDomRGH8VXiULRH*UXSR nistrador de sistemas precisa usar as aplicações para permissão
no Guia de Administração de Sistemas Red Hat Enterprise Linux. de arquivos.
Apesar da aplicação Administrador de Usuários e dos utili- Aplicações para Permissão de Arquivos
tários de linha de comando executarem essencialmente a mesma
tarefa, as ferramentas de linha de comando têm a vantagem de As permissões de arquivo são uma parte integral da admi-
serem alteráveis por scripts e, consequentemente, mais fáceis de nistração de recursos dentro de uma empresa. A tabela seguinte
VHUHPDXWRPDWL]DGDV aborda as ferramentas de linha de comando mais comuns utili-
]DGDVSDUDHVWHSURSyVLWR
A tabela seguinte descreve algumas das ferramentas de linha
de comando mais comuns usadas para criar e administrar contas
de usuário e grupos:
Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Administração de

Permissões
Também é possível alterar estes atributos nos ambientes
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ícone do arquivo (por exemplo: enquanto o ícone é exibido
QXPYLVXDOL]DGRUJUi¿FRGHDUTXLYRVRXQDiUHDGHWUDEDOKRH
selecione Propriedades.
Gerenciamento de processos no GNU/Linux
O Linux é um programa monotarefa, mas com time shared
(tempo de execução compartilhado). Processos são programas
HPH[HFXomRSURFHVVR]XPELpTXDQGRRSURFHVVRSDLPRUUH
Todo processo, possui:
Espaço de endereçamento de memória;
Variáveis de ambiente;
Lista de arquivos abertos;
Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Admi- 8PQ~PHURTXHRLGHQWL¿FDFRQKHFLGRFRPR3,'
nistração de Usuários 8PSURFHVVRSDLSDUHQWLGHQWL¿FDGRSHOR33,'
A tabela a seguir descreve algumas das ferramentas de linha ,GHQWL¿FDomRGHXVXiULRHJUXSR
de comando mais comuns usadas para criar e administrar grupos:
Um processo tem uma ou mais linhas de execução (threads).
Existem processos com maior e menor prioridade. Na hierar-
TXLDGHSURFHVVRVGL]HPRVTXHRSURFHVVRTXHFKDPDRRXWUR
pRSURFHVVRSDLHQTXDQWRRQRYRpRSURFHVVR¿OKR$~QLFD
forma de criar um processo novo no Linux, é através da chama-
da de sistema fork().
Rodar um programa na verdade é um fork seguido de uma
chamada de sistema execl.
7RGD YH] TXH VH FULD XP SURFHVVR QD YHUGDGH R VLVWHPD
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programática para acessar os recursos e/ou serviços no kernel
do sistema operacional
Processos – criação
Os programas, usualmente, são de 2 tipos:
Binários : Instruções em linguagem de máquina. Ex.: ELF.
Scripts :: Arquivos de comando (1º linha do tipo !/bin/bash, ou Gerenciando usuários com o YaST
!/usr/bin/pearl).
Durante a instalação, você escolhe um método para autentica-
Comandos: ção do usuário. Esse método pode ser local (via /etc/passwd) ou, se
SV9LVXDOL]DRVSURFHVVRVHPH[HFXomR uma conexão de rede for estabelecida, via NIS, LDAP, Kerberos
RX 6DPED e SRVVtYHO FULDU RX PRGL¿FDU DV FRQWDV GR XVXiULR H
# ps -a # Exibe processos de outros usuários também mudar o método de autenticação com o YaST sempre que desejar.
# ps -u # Exibe os processos detalhadamente inclusive com Todo usuário recebe um ID de usuário de todo o sistema
uso de memória (UID). Além dos usuários que podem efetuar login em sua má-
# ps -x # Exibe os processos que não estão vinculados a quina, há também vários usuários do sistema somente para uso
terminais interno. Cada usuário é atribuído a um ou mais grupos. Parecido
com os usuários do sistema, há também os grupos de sistema
# ps -ef # Exibe todos os processos e mostra o PPID
para uso interno.
WRS([LEHRVSURFHVVRVTXHXWLOL]DP&38HPWHPSRUHDO
Caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário e
WRSG([LEHRVSURFHVVRVTXHXWLOL]DP&38HPWHPSR Grupo
UHDOFRPDWXDOL]DomRGHVHJ
Para administrar usuários ou grupos, inicie o YaST e clique
# kill -9 (processo) # Mata um processo em Segurança e Usuários > Gerenciamento de Usuários e
# kill -l # Mostra as opções do comando kill Grupos. Se preferir, inicie a caixa de diálogo Administração de
Usuário e Grupo diretamente, executando yast2 users & de uma
CRTL-Z # Coloca um processo em segundo plano linha de comando.
# fg (nº) # Coloca um processo em primeiro plano Dependendo do conjunto de usuários que optar por ver e
# jobs # Lista processos que estão em segundo plano PRGL¿FDU H GD FDL[D GH GLiORJR XVXiULRV ORFDLV XVXiULRV GH
rede, usuários de sistema), a janela principal mostrará diversas
3DUDH[HFXWDUGLUHWDPHQWHHPVHJXQGRSODQRXWLOL]DU QR¿QDO guias. Elas permitem que você execute as seguintes tarefas:
Processos – Prioridade
Gerenciando contas de usuário
Dependendo da importância dos processos, pode-se criar
processos com maior e menor prioridade. Na guia Usuários FULH PRGL¿TXH DSDJXH RX GHVDELOLWH
WHPSRUDULDPHQWHDVFRQWDVGRXVXiULR8WLOL]HDVRSo}HVDYDQ-
Além disso, é possível alterar a prioridade de um processo, çadas, como imposição de políticas de senha, uso de diretórios
mesmo depois dele já ter sido criado e estar sendo executado:
pessoais criptografados, uso de autenticação por impressão
QLFHQDSURJUDPD5RGDRSURJUDPDFRPD digital ou gerenciamento de cotas de disco.
prioridade desejada
0XGDQGRDVFRQÀJXUDo}HVSDGUmR
UHQLFHDSURFHVVR3HUPLWHDOWHUDUDSULRULGDGH
do programa estando em execução As contas de usuários locais são criadas de acordo com as
FRQ¿JXUDo}HVGH¿QLGDVQDJXLDPadrões para Novos Usuários.
$ SULRULGDGH YDL GH PDLRU DWp PHQRU 4XDQGR
iniciamos um programa com o comando nice, sua prioridade Atribuindo usuários a grupos
p LJXDO D 6H H[HFXWDPRV R SURJUDPD QRUPDOPHQWH VXD Gerenciando grupos
SULRULGDGHVHUiLJXDOD]HUR
Na guia GruposYRFrSRGHUiDGLFLRQDUPRGL¿FDURXDSDJDU
Processos – Memória
grupos existentes.
3DUDRVSURFHVVRVDPHPyULDpOLQHDUHFRPHoDGR]HUR
Mudando o método de autenticação do
Na memória física, o processo pode estar em páginas não se- usuário
quenciais, em qualquer lugar da memória. Se houver pouca memória
SDUDH[HFXWDURVSURFHVVRVSRGHVHXWLOL]DUDPHPyULD6:$3 Quando a sua máquina está conectada a uma rede que ofe-
Quando a memória física acaba, o sistema grava na SWAP rece métodos de autenticação de usuário como NIS ou LDAP,
as páginas de memória menos acessadas, abrindo espaço para você pode escolher dentre diversos métodos de autenticação na
novas páginas. guia &RQ¿JXUDo}HVGH$XWHQWLFDomR.
SUSE Para o gerenciamento de usuários e grupos, a caixa de
O sistema operacional SUSE Linux Enterprise Server é um diálogo fornece uma funcionalidade semelhante. Para alternar
VLVWHPD EHP WHVWDGR H HVWiYHO ,QIHOL]PHQWH LVVR QmR LPSHGH facilmente entre a tela de administração de usuários e grupos,
falhas de hardware ou outras causas de tempo de espera ou escolha a guia apropriada na parte superior da caixa de diálogo.
perda de dados. Para qualquer tarefa de computação séria em
que possa ocorrer perda de dados, deve ser feito backup regular. $VRSo}HVGH¿OWURSHUPLWHPTXHYRFrGH¿QDRFRQMXQWRGHXVX-
iULRVRXJUXSRVDVHUHPPRGL¿FDGRV1DJXLDUsuários ou Grupo,
Para garantir a segurança ideal e a proteção dos dados, você clique em &RQ¿JXUDU Filtro para ver e editar usuários ou grupos
GHYH ID]HU DWXDOL]Do}HV UHJXODUHV GDV PiTXLQDV XWLOL]DGDV 6H
de acordo com determinadas categorias, como Usuários Locais ou
houver um servidor de missão crítica, convém executar uma
segunda máquina idêntica (pré-produção) em que você possa Usuários LDAPSRUH[HPSORVHYRFr¿]HUSDUWHGHXPDUHGH
DSOLFDUWRGDVDVPXGDQoDVSDUD¿QVGHWHVWHDQWHVGHFRORFDULVVR que usa LDAP). Com &RQ¿JXUDU Filtro > Personalizar Filtro,
em produção. Desse modo, você também poderá alternar entre YRFrWDPEpPSRGHUiFRQ¿JXUDUHXVDUXP¿OWURSHUVRQDOL]DGR
as máquinas no caso de falha de hardware. 'HSHQGHQGR GR ¿OWUR HVFROKLGR QHP WRGDV DV RSo}HV H
funções a seguir estarão disponíveis na caixa de diálogo.
Gerenciando contas de usuário 3 Para apagar uma conta de usuário, selecione o usuário
2<D67VHRIHUHFHSDUDFULDUPRGL¿FDUDSDJDURXGHVDEL- na lista e clique em Apagar.
OLWDUWHPSRUDULDPHQWHDVFRQWDVGHXVXiULRV1mRPRGL¿TXHDV Escolha se também deseja apagar o diretório pessoal do
contas do usuário, a menos que você seja um usuário experiente usuário ou manter os dados.
ou administrador. Opções adicionais para contas de usuários
NOTA: Mudando IDs de usuários existentes $OpP GDV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV GD FRQWD GR XVXiULR SDGUmR R
A propriedade do arquivo está vinculada ao ID de usuário, e SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server oferece mais opções, como as-
não ao nome de usuário. Após uma mudança de ID de usuário, os segurar o uso obrigatórios das políticas de senha, usar diretórios
arquivos no diretório pessoal do usuário serão automaticamente SHVVRDLVFULSWRJUDIDGRVRXGH¿QLUTXRWDVGHGLVFRSDUDXVXiULRV
DMXVWDGRV SDUD UHÀHWLU HVVD PXGDQoD (QWUHWDQWR DSyV XPD e grupos.
mudança de ID, o usuário não tem mais posse dos arquivos que Login automático e login sem senha
ele criou em algum local do sistema de arquivos, a menos que a
SURSULHGDGHGHVVHVDUTXLYRVVHMDPDQXDOPHQWHPRGL¿FDGD Se você usar o ambiente de área de trabalho do KDE ou
*120( SRGHUi FRQ¿JXUDU R Auto Login para determinado
SaLEDDVHJXLUFRPRFRQ¿JXUDUFRQWDVGHXVXiULRVSDGUmR usuário, assim como o Login sem Senha para todos os usuá-
$GLFLRQDQGRRXPRGL¿FDQGRFRQWDVGHXVXiULRV ULRV2ORJLQDXWRPiWLFRID]FRPTXHRXVXiULRVHMDFRQHFWDGR
DXWRPDWLFDPHQWHDRDPELHQWHGHGHVNWRSQDLQLFLDOL]DomR(VVD
1. Abra a caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário e funcionalidade somente poderá ser ativada para um usuário
Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usuários. GHFDGDYH]2ORJLQVHPVHQKDSHUPLWHTXHWRGRVRVXVXiULRV
&RP&RQ¿JXUDU)LOWURGH¿QDRFRQMXQWRGHXVXiULRV efetuem login no sistema após digitarem seus nomes de usuário
que deseja gerenciar. A caixa de diálogo mostra uma lista de no gerenciador de login.
usuários no sistema e os grupos aos quais eles pertencem. Gerenciando diretórios pessoais criptografados
3DUD PRGL¿FDU DV RSo}HV GH XP XVXiULR H[LVWHQWH Para proteger os dados dos diretórios pessoais contra roubo
selecione uma entrada e clique em Editar. e remoção de disco rígido, você pode criar diretórios pessoais
Para criar uma nova conta de usuário, clique em Adicionar. criptografados para os usuários. Eles são criptografados com
/8.6/LQX[8QL¿HG.H\6HWXSTXHUHVXOWDHPXPDLPDJHP
4. Digite os dados de usuário apropriados na primeira e uma chave de imagem gerada para o usuário. A chave de
guia, como Nome do usuário (usado para login) e Senha. Esses imagem é protegida com a senha de login do usuário. Quando o
GDGRVVmRVX¿FLHQWHVSDUDFULDUXPQRYRXVXiULR6HYRFrFOLFDU usuário efetua login no sistema, o diretório pessoal criptografa-
em OK agora, o sistema atribuirá um ID de usuário automa- GRpPRQWDGRHRFRQWH~GRGLVSRQLELOL]DGRDRXVXiULR
WLFDPHQWH H GH¿QLUi WRGRV RV RXWURV YDORUHV GH DFRUGR FRP R
Com o YaST, você poderá criar diretórios pessoais crip-
padrão.
tografados para novos usuários ou usuários existentes. Para
6HGHVHMDUDMXVWDUPDLVGHWDOKHVFRPRR,'GRXVXiULR FULSWRJUDIDURXPRGL¿FDUGLUHWyULRVSHVVRDLVFULSWRJUDIDGRVGH
ou o caminho do diretório pessoal do usuário, faça isso na guia usuários já existentes, você precisará saber a senha de login atu-
Detalhes. al do usuário. Por padrão, todos os dados de usuário existentes
Se precisar realocar o diretório pessoal de um usuário são copiados para o novo diretório pessoal criptografado, mas
existente, digite o caminho do novo diretório pessoal e mova não são apagados do diretório não criptografado.
o conteúdo do diretório pessoal atual usando Mover para Nova Gerenciando cotas
/RFDOL]DomR &DVR FRQWUiULR XP QRYR GLUHWyULR SHVVRDO VHUi Para evitar o esgotamento dos recursos do sistema sem qual-
criado sem nenhum dado existente. TXHUQRWL¿FDomRRVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVGHVLVWHPDSRGHPFRQ¿JX-
3DUDIRUoDURVXVXiULRVDPXGDUUHJXODUPHQWHDVHQKD UDUFRWDVSDUDXVXiULRVRXJUXSRVeSRVVtYHOGH¿QLUTXRWDVSDUD
RXGH¿QLURXWUDVRSo}HVGHVHQKDDOWHUQHSDUD&RQ¿JXUDo}HVGH um ou mais sistemas de arquivos, e restringir a quantidade de
Senha e ajuste as opções. espaço em disco que pode ser usada e o número de inodes (nós
do índice) que podem ser criados lá. Os inodes são estruturas de
&OLTXHHP2.VHWRGDVDVRSo}HVHVWLYHUHPGH¿QLGDV GDGRVHPXPVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVTXHDUPD]HQDPLQIRUPDo}HV
conforme desejado. básicas sobre um arquivo, um diretório ou outro objeto de siste-
&OLTXHHP2So}HVGH(VSHFLDOLVWD!*UDYDU0XGDQoDV PDGHDUTXLYRVFRPXP(OHVDUPD]HQDPWRGRVRVDWULEXWRVGH
Agora para gravar todas as mudanças sem sair da caixa de um objeto de sistema de arquivos (como propriedade do usuário
diálogo Administração de Usuário e Grupo. Clique em OK para e do grupo, permissões de leitura, gravação ou execução), exce-
fechar a caixa de diálogo de administração e gravar as mudan- to nome de arquivo e conteúdo.
ças. Um usuário recém-adicionado agora poderá efetuar login O SUSE Linux Enterprise Server permite o uso de cotas
no sistema usando o nome de login e a senha criada. ÀH[tYHLVH¿[DV$VTXRWDVGHVRIWZDUHQRUPDOPHQWHGH¿QHP
Desabilitando ou apagando contas de usuá- um nível de aviso em que os usuários são informados de que
rios HVWmRDWLQJLQGRVHXOLPLWHHQTXDQWRDVTXRWDVGHKDUGZDUHGH¿-
nem o limite em que as solicitações de gravação são recusadas.
1 Abra a caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário e $OpP GLVVR p SRVVtYHO GH¿QLU LQWHUYDORV H[WUDV TXH SHUPLWHP
Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usuários. que usuários ou grupos violem temporariamente determinadas
2 Para desabilitar uma conta de usuário temporaria- quantidades de suas cotas.
mente sem apagá-la, selecione o usuário na lista e clique em Habilitando o suporte a cotas para uma
Editar. Ative Desabilitar Login de Usuário. O usuário não partição
pode efetuar login na sua máquina até você habilitar a conta
novamente. 3DUDFRQ¿JXUDUFRWDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDGRVXVXiULRVHJUXSRV
habilite primeiro o suporte a cotas para a respectiva partição no
Particionador Técnico do &yast. 5 Na caixa de diálogo seguinte, digite ou mude os
1 No YaST, selecione Sistema > Particionador e clique dados. A lista à direita mostra uma visão geral de todos os
em Sim para continuar. usuários e usuários de sistema disponíveis que podem ser
2. No Particionador Técnico, selecione a partição para membros do grupo.
a qual habilitará cotas e clique em Editar. 6 Para adicionar usuários existentes a um novo gru-
3. Clique em Opções do Fstab e ative Habilitar Supor- po, selecione-os na lista de Membros de Grupo possíveis,
te a Cotas. Se o pacote de quota ainda não estiver instalado, marcando a caixa correspondente. Para removê-los do grupo,
HOH VHUi DVVLP TXH YRFr FRQ¿UPDU D UHVSHFWLYD PHQVDJHP desmarque a caixa.
clicando em Sim. 7 Clique em OK para aplicar as mudanças.
&RQ¿UPH VXDV PXGDQoDV H VDLD GR Particionador 8 Clique em Opções de Especialista > Gravar Mudan-
Técnico. ças Agora para gravar todas as mudanças sem sair da caixa
Atribuindo usuários a grupos de diálogo Administração de Usuário e Grupo.
Os usuários locais são atribuídos a vários grupos de acor- Para apagar um grupo, ele não deve conter membros de
GR FRP DV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV SDGUmR TXH SRGHP VHU DFHVVDGDV grupo. Para apagar um grupo, selecione-o na lista e clique
na caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário e Grupo, na em Apagar. Clique em Opções de Especialista > Gravar
guia Padrões para Novos Usuários. Aprenda a seguir como Mudanças Agora para gravar todas as mudanças sem sair
PRGL¿FDUDDWULEXLomRGHJUXSRGHXPXVXiULRLQGLYLGXDO6H da caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário e Grupo. Cli-
precisar mudar as atribuições de grupo padrão para os novos que em OK para fechar a caixa de diálogo de administração
XVXiULRVFRQVXOWHD6HomR³0XGDQGRDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HV e gravar as mudanças.
SDGUmRSDUDXVXiULRVORFDLV´S XEN
Mudando a atribuição de grupo de um 2 ;HQ6HUYHU p XP K\SHUYLVRU SDUDYLUWXDOL]DGR XVD D
usuário WpFQLFD GH SDUDYLUWXDOL]DomR 3RUWDQWR UHTXHU TXH R SUR-
1 Abra a caixa de diálogo Administração de Usuário cessador existente em seu servidor físico possua suporte a
e Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usuários. Ela mostra uma WHFQRORJLDGHYLUWXDOL]DomRSDUDTXHYRFrDSURYHLWHWRGDVDV
lista de usuários e grupos aos quais eles pertencem. funcionalidades e vantagens dessa tecnologia. É preciso de
2 Clique em Editar e alterne para a guia Detalhes. um mínimo de 2 GB de RAM só para instalar XenServer,
PDV R UHFRPHQGDGR p GH SHOR PHQRV *% HVSHFLDOPHQWH
3 Para mudar o grupo principal ao qual pertence o se você pretende hospedar múltiplas máquinas virtuais.
usuário, clique em Grupo Padrão e selecione o grupo na ;HQ6HUYHU VR]LQKR YDL H[LJLU *% GH HVSDoR HP GLVFR
lista. Mas, novamente, você vai precisar de mais para as máquinas
4 Para atribuir grupos secundários adicionais de virtuais caso deseje hospedá-las localmente.
usuários, ative as caixas de seleção correspondentes na lista Em outras palavras o Xen serve para monitorar todas as
Grupos Adicionais. máquinas virtuais existentes dentro de um servidor físico. Nos
5 Clique em OK para aplicar as mudanças. Servidores instalamos o XenServer e nas máquinas que farão o
6 Clique em Opções de Especialista > Gravar Mudan- monitoramento instalamos o XenCenter. Através do XenCen-
ças Agora para gravar todas as mudanças sem sair da caixa ter monitoramos o funcionamento de todos os servidores da
de diálogo Administração de Usuário e Grupo. Clique em empresa. Os comandos dados no XenCenter são transmitidos
OK para fechar a caixa de diálogo de administração e gravar ao XenServer que os executará, por exemplo, reiniciar ou
as mudanças. desligar uma Máquina Virtual ou o Servidor todo.
Gerenciando grupos Instalação e Requerimentos do XenCenter

&RPR<D67YRFrWDPEpPSRGHDGLFLRQDUPRGL¿FDURX Citrix XenCenter é um aplicativo baseado no Windows
apagar grupos facilmente. que pode ser instalado em uma máquina física ou virtual.
Deve ser instalado em qualquer um dos seguintes Windows:
&ULDQGRHPRGLÀFDQGRJUXSRV :LQGRZV;39LVWD6HUYHUH5
1 Abra a caixa de diálogo Gerenciamento de Usuários (OH UHTXHU 1(7 )UDPHZRUN 2 UHTXLVLWR GH &38
e Grupos do YaST e clique na guia Grupos. PtQLPDpGH0+]H*K]pRPDLVUHFRPHQGDGR5$0
2 Com &RQ¿JXUDU FiltroGH¿QDRFRQMXQWRGHJUXSRV mínima exigida é de 1 GB, mas o recomendado é 2 GB. Ocu-
a serem gerenciados. A caixa de diálogo mostra uma lista de pa 100 MB de espaço em disco e funciona com uma placa de
grupos no sistema. rede com pelo menos 100 Mb de velocidade.
3 Para criar um novo grupo, clique em Adicionar. Após a instalação do XenServer e do XenCenter abra o
4 3DUD PRGL¿FDU XP JUXSR H[LVWHQWH VHOHFLRQH R [HQ&HQWHUHDFUHVFHQWHWRGRVRVVHUYLGRUHVFRQIRUPHD¿JXUD
grupo e clique em Editar. abaixo.
normalmente como se instala em qualquer máquina física.
'HSRLV GH ¿QDOL]DGD YRH SRGHUi ID]HU DFHVVR D PiTXLQD
virtual via SSH ou pelo próprio console do XenCenter.
Instalação e utilização do XenServer Tools
Sem o XenServer Tools não podemos:
Efetuar shutdown, reboot ou suspend em VM.
9LVXDOL]DU GHVHPSHQKR GH GDGRV GDV 90V QR ;HQ-
Center
Migrar uma VM online com o XenMotion
Criar snapshot em memória ou reverter para snapshot
Ajustar o número de vCPUs em uma VM rodando
Linux (VM Windows requerem reboot para surtir
efeito)
Digite o endereço IP do servidor e também a senha que Criação de um único pool com todos os servidores
você atribuiu para a sua conta root. Depois clique em Add.
Criando uma Máquina Virtual (VM)
Para instalar Xenserver Tools clique com botão direito na
No XenCenter Clique com o botão direito do mouse sobre máquina virtual e escolher a opção Instalar XenServer Tools.
o servidor físico que você deseja instalar uma nova máquina Ele deve ser instalado para cada máquina virtual.
YLUWXDO 4XDQGR ¿]HU LVVR VXUJLUi XP PHQX VXVSHQVR QHOH
Então o XenCenter abrirá automaticamente a console da
escolha a opção New VM.
VM na qual deseja instalar o XenServer Tools. Execute os
Surgirá uma tela com várias Templates, você deve esco- comandos abaixo para completar a instalação:
lher uma delas, depois clique em Next.
cd /mnt/
Na próxima tela você vai escolher um nome e escrever
mkdir xs-tools
um comentário para a máquina virtual que está sendo criada.
mount /dev/scd0 xs-tools/
Na próxima tela escolha o dispositivo onde você vai co-
locar o CD/DVD de instalação do Sistema Operacional que cd xs-tools/Linux/
você está instalado na máquina virtual. Para versões baseadas em Debian:
Na próxima tela você vai escolher o local onde vai ins- ./install.sh
talar a máquina virtual, se existisse um pool de servidores
Para versões baseadas em RedHat:
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desse pool pra que você escolhesse onde desejava colocar a USP8KY[H [BUSP
máquina virtual.
Nessa próxima tela, você vai escolher o número de CPUs Depois de instalado o XenServer Tools você poderá
e quantidade de memória que deseja destinar a maquina vir- acompanhar a performance de vários aspectos de hardware
tual. Agora você vai informar o tamanho do disco que deseja de sua VM, como: Processador, Memória e Placas de Rede.
destinar a maquina virtual. Por padrão surgira um disco de É importante ressaltar que também podemos instalar o pacote
*%YRFrSRGHFOLFDUVREUHHOHGHSRLVQRERWmRProprierties para acompanhar o desempenho do Servidor Físico. Abaixo
e alterar o tamanho desse disco. Assim como você também exibimos a tela de performance para o servidor físico e para
pode adicionar um novo disco clicando em Add... uma máquina virtual.
Depois vai escolher qual a placa de rede que deseja
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interfaces que nosso servidor possui. E então, na próxima
janela clique em FinishSDUD¿QDOL]DUDLQVWDODomR3HUFHED
que a opção para deixar a máquina virtual startar automatica-
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instalação está dentro da unidade de CD/DVD para iniciar a
instalação do sistema operacional na VM, o processo de ins-
talação pode ser acompanhado pela console no XenCenter.
Para isso, clique na máquina virtual que você acabou de criar
e depois na aba console. Dê prosseguimento a instalação
Foca na primeira entrada da Superbar.
WINDOWS 7 Tecla Windows + T Pressionando novamente, alterna
entre elas
Tecla Windows +
Mostra o desktop (Aero Peek)
O Windows 7 é o mais recente sistema operacional de- Barra de espaço
senvolvido pela Microsoft. Tecla Windows + G Traz os gadgets à frente, em ordem-z
Mostra opções de monitores/projetores
Tecla Windows + P
externos
Tecla Windows + X Central de mobilidade
Abre uma nova instância do programa
Tecla Windows + # correspondente ao número fixado na
(# = número, de 1 Superbar. Por exemplo: WinKey + 1
a 5) abre o primeiro programa; WinKey +
4, abre o quarto programa
Tecla Windows + +
Estas são as recomendações mínimas de hardware da (sinal de mais) / Tecla
Zoom
Microsoft para os sistemas que executarão o Windows 7: Windows + – (sinal
de menos)
(VSHFLÀFDo}HVPtQLPDV Aero Flip (alterna entre os programas
Processador de 800 MHz (32-bit) Tecla Windows + Tab
abertos)
Memória (RAM) de 512 MB
Placa de Vídeo compatível com DirectX 9.0 e 32 MB Windows Explorer
de memória (sem Windows Aero)
Espaço requerido de 16GB Mostra/oculta painel de
Alt + P
DVD-ROM pré-visualização
Saída de Áudio
(VSHFLÀFDo}HV5HFRPHQGDGDV 0RGLÀFDGRUHVGD6XSHUEDU
Processador de 1 GHz (32 ou 64 bits) Shift + clique Abre nova instância
Memória (RAM) de 1 GB Botão do meio do mouse Abre nova instância
Espaço requerido de disco rígido: 16 GB Abre nova instância
Placa de vídeo com suporte a elementos gráficos Ctrl + Shift + clique com privilégios
DirectX 9 com 128 MB de memória (para habilitar o administrativos
tema do Windows Aero) Abre menu da
Unidade de DVD-R/W janela (maximizar,
Shift + clique (botão direito)
minimizar, mover,
Conexão com a Internet (para obter atualizações) etc.)
Abre menu de janela
Shift + clique (botão direito) em grupo
Principais teclas de atalho do Windows 7 referente a todas as
de janelas
janelas do grupo
Como o nome já indica as teclas de atalho podem ser Circula através das
usados para facilitar ainda mais o uso do sistema operacio- Control + clique em grupo de janelas janelas (ou abas) do
nal Windows. Entre os principais atalhos estão: Restaurar grupo
janela, Maximizar janela, Zoom e entre outras.
Principais atalhos PRINCIPAIS RECURSOS:
Tecla Windows +
Maximiza janela 1. Aero Shake
Seta para cima
Tecla Windows + Precisa vasculhar uma área de trabalho bagunçada para
Restaura janela encontrar uma só janela? Basta clicar em um painel e sacudir o
Seta para baixo
Tecla Windows + mouse. Pronto! Todas as janelas abertas desaparecem, exceto a
Seta para esquerda
Arruma a janela à esquerda que você escolheu. Sacuda de novo – e todas as janelas voltam.
Tecla Windows + 2. Aero Peek
Arruma janela à direita
Seta para direita O Aero Peek permite que você enxergue através de outras
Tecla Windows +
Move janela para monitor da esquerda
janelas abertas no Windows 7. Basta apontar o mouse para a
Shift + Seta para borda direita da barra de tarefas – e veja as janelas abertas fica-
(se houver mais de um)
esquerda rem transparentes na hora, revelando todos os ícones e gadgets.
Tecla Windows + Para mostrar rapidamente uma janela escondida, aponte
Move janela para monitor da direita
Shift + Seta para para a sua miniatura na barra de tarefas. Agora, apenas essa
(se houver mais de um)
direita janela aparece na área de trabalho.
Tecla Windows + Minimiza / restaura todas as janelas, O Peek está incluído nas edições Home Premium, Pro-
Home exceto a que estiver em destaque fessional e Ultimate do Windows 7.
3. Snap
O Snap é um novo e rápido (e divertido!) jeito de redi- Gerencie várias contas de email (como Hotmail)
mensionar as janelas abertas, simplesmente arrastando-as em um só lugar.
para as bordas da tela. Mail
Dependendo de onde você arrastar uma janela, será
possível expandi-la verticalmente, colocá-la na tela inteira Redija seu blog, adicione fotos e vídeos e
ou exibi-la lado a lado com outra janela. O Ajustar faz com poste-os na Web.
que ler, organizar e comparar janelas seja tão fácil quanto... Writer
bem, ajustá-las.
4. Grupo Doméstico Transforme fotos e vídeos em filmes e
O Grupo Doméstico elimina a dor de cabeça do com- apresentações de slides incríveis.
Movie
partilhamento de arquivos e impressoras em uma rede
Maker
doméstica. Conecte dois ou mais PCs com o Windows 7, e o
Grupo Doméstico permitirá iniciar fácil e automaticamente
o compartilhamento de músicas, fotos, vídeos e documentos
em bibliotecas com outros em sua casa. Gerencie e monitore atividades online, para a
Proteção segurança de seus filhos
Privacidade?. É por isso que o Grupo Doméstico é prote-
para a
gido por senha e permite que você tenha controle total. Você
Familia
decide o que é compartilhado – e o que permanece privado.
Também é possível tornar seus arquivos "somente leitura",
para que outras pessoas possam visualizar as suas coisas - Toolbar
mas não tocar nelas.
Pesquise instantaneamente em qualquer página da web
Você pode ingressar em um grupo doméstico usando
qualquer edição do Windows 7, mas só pode criar um nas
edições Home Premium, Professional ou Ultimate. 7. Windows Search
5. Listas de Atalhos No Windows 7, você pode encontrar mais coisas em mais
As Listas de Atalhos – novidade do Windows 7 – levam lugares – e com mais rapidez.
você diretamente aos documentos, fotos, músicas ou sites Comece a digitar na caixa de pesquisa do menu Iniciar – e
que você usa todos os dias. Para abrir uma Lista de Atalhos, você verá instantaneamente uma lista de documentos, fotos,
basta clicar com o botão direito do mouse em um ícone de músicas e emails relevantes no seu PC. Os resultados serão
programa na barra de tarefas do Windows 7. (Você também agrupados agora por categoria e conterão palavras realçadas
os encontrará no menu Iniciar.) e trechos de textos para facilitar sua verificação.
O que você vê em uma Lista de Atalhos depende total- Poucas pessoas armazenam todos os seus arquivos
mente do programa. A Lista de Atalhos do Internet Explo- em um lugar hoje em dia. Então, o Windows 7 também é
rer 8 mostra os sites visitados com frequência. Windows projetado para procurar em discos rígidos externos, PCs em
Media Player 12 lista músicas que você escuta mais. Sua rede e bibliotecas. Sobrecarregado com os resultados da sua
Lista de Atalhos está com um favorito faltando? Você pode pesquisa? Agora você pode filtrá-los instantaneamente por
"fixar" o arquivo que desejar nela. data, tipo de arquivo e outras categorias úteis.
As Listas de Atalhos não mostram apenas atalhos de
arquivos. Às vezes, elas também fornecem acesso rápido a
comandos para coisas como redigir novas mensagens de e- 8. Barra de Tarefas do Windows
-mail ou reproduzir músicas. A nova barra de tarefas do Windows 7 ainda é o mesmo
6. Windows Live Essentials local familiar para alternar entre janelas. Mas agora ela está
mais fácil de se visualizar
O que é o Windows Live Essentials? Resumindo, é um
software gratuito que permite a um computador com o Por exemplo, no Windows 7, é possível "fixar" programas
Windows 7 fazer mais coisas como email, mensagens instan- favoritos em qualquer lugar da barra de tarefas, para fácil
tâneas, edição de fotos e publicação em blogs. acesso. Não gostou muito do alinhamento de ícones? Agora
você pode reorganizá-los do modo que desejar, clicando e ar-
O Windows Live Essentials está disponível no site do
rastando. Finalmente, há novas maneiras para se visualizar
Windows Live. O download gratuito inclui:
janelas. Aponte o mouse sobre um ícone da barra de tarefas
para ter uma visualização em miniatura dos programas e
arquivos abertos. Em seguida, mova seu mouse sobre uma
Converse instantaneamente com os amigos e miniatura para visualizar a janela em tela inteira. Você pode
familiares no PC ou dispositivo móvel. até mesmo fechar janelas das visualizações em miniatura – o
Messenger que economiza bastante tempo.
9. Suporte para 64 bits
Se você foi comprar um PC recentemente, é provável que
Encontre, corrija e compartilhe suas fotos.
tenha percebido que há um número maior de computadores
Galeria de com processadores de 64 bits e deve ter se perguntado quais
Fotos
as vantagens deles.
Grosso modo, um PC de 64 bits pode gerenciar quantida- Você pode usar o Aero Peek para ver rapidamente outras
des maiores de informação que um sistema de 32 bits. Como janelas abertas sem clicar fora da janela em que você está
pode usar mais RAM – de 4 GB para cima – um computador trabalhando. Aponte o mouse para um botão da barra de
de 64 bits pode ser muito mais rápido ao executar vários tarefas, e as visualizações em miniatura de qualquer janela
programas de uma vez. aberta associada a esse botão serão exibidas acima da barra
Qualquer que seja a sua escolha, o Windows 7 está pronto. de tarefas. Se desejar abrir uma janela que esteja visualizan-
Todas as edições comerciais em caixa do Windows 7 (exceto do, basta clicar em sua miniatura.
pelo Home Basic) incluem software de 32 e de 64 bits. ,WHQVGHÀ[DomR
10. Área de trabalho A fixação de programas na barra de tarefas complementa
Com o Windows 7 ficou mais fácil fazer mais na área de a fixação de programas no menu Iniciar, como nas versões
trabalho. anteriores do Windows. Quando você fixa um programa
favorito à barra de tarefas, você sempre pode vê-lo nela e
Novas maneiras de manipular janelas acessá-lo facilmente com um único clique. O Windows 7
Sobrecarregado de janelas abertas? O Windows 7 vem também inclui Listas de Atalhos, de forma que, além de
com três novos recursos simples e poderosos chamados Aero iniciar um programa a partir da barra de tarefas, você pode
Shake, Aero Peeke Snap para ajudá-lo a eliminar instantane- agora iniciar itens favoritos e usados recentemente a partir
amente a bagunça na área de trabalho. desse programa, apenas clicando no mesmo botão.
Peek-esconde: O Aero Peek deixa as janelas abertas As Listas de Saltos são listas de itens abertos recente-
translúcidas, para que você possa ver o que está na sua área mente ou com frequência, como arquivos, pastas ou sites,
de trabalho. organizados pelo programa que você usa para abri-los. Além
de poder abrir os itens recentes usando uma Lista de Saltos,
Novos papéis de parede espetaculares você pode também fixar itens favoritos em uma Lista de
Nós passamos muito tempo olhando nossos PCs. A Saltos, para que possa acessar rapidamente os itens que usa
estética não deveria ser apenas algo secundário. É por isso todos os dias.
que o Windows 7 inclui uma grande variedade de novos Na barra de tarefas, Listas de Saltos aparecem para pro-
planos de fundo de área de trabalho – papéis de parede – gramas que você fixou à barra de tarefas e programas que
que variam do sublime ao caricato. Ou experimente a nova estão atualmente em execução. Você pode exibir a Lista de
apresentação de slides para área de trabalho, que exibe uma Atalhos de um programa, clicando com o botão direito no
série de fotos. botão da barra de tarefas ou arrastando o botão para a área
O Windows 7 permite que você expresse facilmente a sua de trabalho. Os itens da Lista de Salto se abrem ao serem
personalidade, com novos temas criativos e outros toques clicados.
personalizados. ÉUHDGHQRWLÀFDomR
A barra de tarefas do Windows 7? Uma nova forma de gerenciar a área de notificação ao
No Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi completamente final da barra de tarefas significa que você obtém menos
reprojetada para ajudar você a gerenciar e acessar mais facil- notificações, e as que você recebe são coletadas em um único
mente seus arquivos e programas mais importantes. lugar no Windows.
Botões da barra de tarefas No passado, a área de notificação podia às vezes ficar
cheia de ícones. Agora, você pode escolher quais ícones
Os botões da barra de tarefas têm um nova aparência e estão sempre visíveis. E você pode manter o resto dos ícones
fazem mais do que apenas mostrar quais programas estão em disponíveis em uma área de excedentes, onde eles estão
execução. acessíveis com um único clique de mouse..
Na exibição padrão, cada programa aparece como um Central de Ações é uma única área que coleta mensa-
botão único sem rótulo - mesmo quando vários itens de gens de notificação importantes sobre configurações de
um programa estão abertos - para se obter uma aparência segurança e manutenção. Você pode revisar essas mensa-
limpa e organizada. Você pode personalizar o aspecto da gens mais tarde se não quiser ser interrompido. Quando
barra de tarefas para alterar como os botões são exibidos e você clica no ícone da Central de Ações e em Abrir Central
como eles se agrupam quando você tem vários itens aber- de Ações, você vê informações sobre os itens a respeito
tos. Você pode também optar por ver botões individuais dos quais você precisará tomar medidas e encontra links
para cada arquivo aberto. úteis para solução de problemas e outras ferramentas que
Você pode também reordenar e organizar os botões na podem ajudar a corrigir problemas.
barra de tarefas, incluindo programas fixos e programas Exibindo a área de trabalho
em execução que não foram fixados, para que eles sejam
exibidos na ordem que você preferir. Para reorganizar a O botão Mostrar área de trabalho foi movido para a
ordem dos botões na barra de tarefas, arraste um botão de extremidade oposta da barra de tarefas do botão Iniciar,
sua posição atual para uma posição diferente na barra de facilitando clicar ou apontar para o botão sem abrir aciden-
tarefas. Você pode reorganizar botões com a frequência talmente o menu Iniciar.
que desejar.
Visualizando janelas abertas com Aero Peek
Quando você abre várias janelas na área de trabalho,
algumas vezes pode ser um desafio ver janelas separadas e
alternar entre elas. Mostrar botão da área de trabalho na barra de tarefas
Além de clicar no botão Mostrar área de trabalho O recurso Reproduzir em funciona com outros PCs com
para chegar à área de trabalho, você pode exibir tempo- Windows 7 e dispositivos com o logotipo "Compatível com o
rariamente ou espiar a área de trabalho simplesmente Windows 7". Para encontrar um, visite o Centro de Compa-
apontando o mouse para o botão Mostrar área de tra- tibilidade do Windows 7.
balho, sem clicar nele. Quando você aponta para o botão
Mostrar área de trabalho ao final da barra de tarefas, 13. Streaming de mídia remoto
qualquer janela aberta esmaece da exibição, revelando a O Windows 7 apresenta o streaming de mídia remoto,
área de trabalho. Para fazer as janelas reaparecerem, afaste que fornece acesso à biblioteca do Windows Media Player
o mouse do botão Mostrar área de trabalho. 12 pela Internet.
Isso pode ser útil para exibir rapidamente gadgets de Para usar o streaming de mídia remoto, ambos os com-
área de trabalho ou quando você não deseja minimizar todas putadores devem ter o Windows 7 em execução. Ative-o
as janelas abertas e depois precisar restaurá-las. Para mais usando o novo menu Fluxo no Windows Media Player 12 e
informações, consulte Visualizar temporariamente a área de associe ambos a um ID online, como um endereço de email
trabalho usando o Peek. do Windows Live.
Barra de tarefas reformulada O Streaming de Mídia Remoto é apenas uma das opções
Desde o Windows 95, a barra de tarefas tem sido o local para desfrutar de sua biblioteca de mídia em outro lugar,
usado para iniciar programas e alternar janelas. Agora, isso usando o Windows 7. Se você tiver um grupo doméstico, é
mudou . Assim, no Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi total- fácil transmitir mídia entre os computadores da sua casa. Você
mente reprojetada.. também pode fazer transmissões para o seu aparelho de som
ou TV usando o Reproduzir em (pode ser necessário hardware
Os aperfeiçoamentos da nova barra de tarefas do Windo- adicional).
ws 7 incluem visualizações em miniatura de páginas da web,
documentos – e mesmo de vídeos em exibição Ouça músicas e outras mídias longe de casa com o strea-
ming de mídia remoto.
Gadgets aprimorados
14. Windows Touch
Gadgets, os populares miniprogramas introduzidos no
Windows Vista, estão mais flexíveis e divertidos. Com base nos Ao emparelhar o Windows 7 a um PC com uma tela sen-
seus comentários, eliminamos a Barra lateral. Agora, você pode sível ao toque, você pode ler jornais online, movimentar-se
deixar seus gadgets em qualquer lugar da área de trabalho. por álbuns de fotos e mudar arquivos e pastas de posição
– usando apenas os seus dedos.
Os seus gadgets favoritos podem ficar em qualquer lugar
da área de trabalho do Windows 7. Um recurso de toque limitado esteve disponível no
Windows por anos. Mas o Windows 7 é o primeiro a adotar
11. Aprimoramentos do desempenho a tecnologia multitoque. Precisa ampliar algo? Coloque dois
Os principais aprimoramentos de desempenho incluem: dedos na tela de um PC compatível com multitoque e afaste-
-os um do outro. Para clicar com o botão direito do mouse
Dormir
em um arquivo, toque-o com um dedo e toque a tela por um
O Windows 7 foi projetado para entrar em suspensão, segundo.
retornar dela e reconectar à rede sem fio mais rápido.
O Windows Touch – disponível apenas nas edições
Pesquisar Home Premium, Professional e Ultimate do Windows 7 –
Ao procurar alguma coisa, você quer respostas, não atra- é divertido de aprender e fácil de usar. O menu Iniciar e
sos. No Windows 7, os resultados das pesquisas aparecem a barra de tarefas agora ostentam ícones maiores, prontos
mais rápido. Organizar e agrupar os resultados das pesquisas para serem usados com os dedos. Todos os seus programas
também é muito mais rápido. favoritos do Windows 7 também estão prontos para o toque.
Você até mesmo pintar com o dedo no Paint!
Dispositivos USB
Quando você conecta um pen drive ou um outro dispo- A Área de trabalho do Windows 7
sitivo USB pela primeira vez, o Windows 7 pode prepará-lo
para você em segundos. Se você já tiver usado o dispositivo,
a espera é ainda menor.
Mais leve e menos ocupado
Ao contrário das versões anteriores, o Windows 7 foi fei-
to para executar serviços em segundo plano somente quando
você precisar deles. Não está usando nenhum dispositivo
Bluetooth? Portanto, o serviço Bluetooth do Windows 7 fica
desativado. O Windows 7 também consome menos memória
do que o Windows Vista – outro aperfeiçoamento interno
que pode melhorar o desempenho geral.
12. Reproduzir em
Reproduzir em, um recurso novo do Windows 7, facilita a
reprodução das suas músicas e vídeos em outros PCs, TVs ou
aparelhos de som pela casa. Basta clicar com o botão direito
nas faixas que você quiser ou adicioná-las à lista de reprodução O novo sistema de Backup e Restauração que faz parte do
do Windows Media Player 12 e selecionar Reproduzir em – Windows 7 tem muitas mudanças e melhorias.
A ferramenta faz backups de imagem para proteção do Você pode excluir permanentemente um arquivo do
sistema e backups de arquivos para proteção dos dados. computador sem enviá-lo para a Lixeira, clicando no arqui-
Para o backup de arquivos, o programa já tem um padrão vo e pressionado as teclas Shift+Delete.
do que gravar (bibliotecas, appdata, meus documentos), mas
Instalando e reinstalando o Windows 7
também permite que você selecione e insira as pastas que
quer proteger. Há duas opções para se escolher durante o processo de
instalação do Windows 7:
A ferramenta é capaz de fazer backup apenas dos arquivos
que foram criados e/ou alterados depois que o último backup Atualização. Essa opção substitui sua versão atual do
foi feito. E, caso haja mais de uma versão de um mesmo Windows pelo Windows 7 e mantém seus arquivos, configu-
arquivo salva, o aplicativo dá ao usuário a opção de escolher rações e programas no lugar, em seu computador.
qual deve ser recuperada mas, por padrão, o programa irá Personalizado. Essa opção substitui sua versão atual
restaurar a versão mais recente dele. do Windows pelo Windows 7, mas não preserva arquivos,
O sistema de Backup e Restauração deixa o usuário configurações e programas. Às vezes, ela é chamada de insta-
escolher qual drive deve ser utilizado para o backup, mas lação limpa por esse motivo.
não deixa que se selecione apenas uma pasta do drive. Além Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de Atu-
disso, restaurar uma imagem ISO não é simples e talvez não alização
seja a melhor ferramenta para esta função.
1. Ligue o computador para que o Windows inicie
Para iniciar o programa, clique no botão Iniciar e digite normalmente. (Para realizar uma atualização, você
backup, e a página de Backup e Restauração irá abrir. Co- não pode iniciar ou inicializar o computador com a
necte seu disco externo – local onde a cópia de segurança mídia de atualização do Windows 7).
será gravada – e clique em Configurar Backup.
2. Após a inicialização do Windows, faça o seguinte:
Escolha os ajustes, mas quando chegar à última página
clique em Modificar Agendamento. Desmarque a opção Se você tiver baixado o Windows 7, vá até onde está
Executar Backup Agendado (recomendado), e clique em OK. o arquivo de instalação que você baixou e dê um
duplo-clique nele.
Para fazer backup de seus dados (e o recomendável é
que isso ocorra diariamente!), conecte o drive externo, Se você tiver um disco de instalação do Windows 7,
inicie o programa de backup e clique em Fazer Backup. insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalação
Não haverá problemas em usar o computador enquanto o deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Senão, clique
backup estiver rodando. no botão Iniciar , em Computador, dê um duplo-
-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de
A Lixeira instalação do Windows 7 e dê outro duplo-clique em
Quando você exclui um arquivo ou pasta, eles na verdade setup.exe.
não são excluídos imediatamente; eles vão para a Lixeira. Se você tiver baixado os arquivos de instalação do
Isso é bom porque, se você mudar de idéia e precisar de um Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
arquivo excluído, poderá obtê-lo de volta. no seu computador. O Programa de Instalação deve
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrário, clique
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas
A Lixeira vazia (à esquerda) e cheia (à direita) vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe.
3. Na página Instalar o Windows, clique em Instalar
Se tiver certeza de que não precisará mais dos itens agora.
excluídos, poderá esvaziar a Lixeira. Ao fazer isso, excluirá 4. Na página Obter atualizações importantes para
permanentemente os itens e recuperará o espaço em disco instalação, recomendamos obter as atualizações mais
por eles ocupados. recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalação bem-
Ao excluir um arquivo, geralmente ele é movido para a -sucedida e a proteger o computador contra ameaças
Lixeira, de forma que você possa restaurá-lo posteriormente, de segurança. É preciso ter uma conexão com a
se necessário. Internet para obter as atualizações para a instalação.
Para remover arquivos permanentemente do computa- 5. Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar
dor e recuperar o espaço que eles estavam ocupando no disco os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
rígido, é necessário excluí-los da Lixeira. Você pode excluir licença e em Avançar.
arquivos específicos da Lixeira ou esvaziá-la totalmente de
uma só vez. 6. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?, clique
em Atualizar para começar a atualização. Pode ser
1. Clique duas vezes na Lixeira na área de trabalho
exibido um relatório de compatibilidade.
para abri-la.
2. Siga um destes procedimentos: 1. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
Windows 7.
Para excluir permanentemente um arquivo, clique
nele, pressione Excluir e clique em Sim. Observação
Para excluir todos os arquivos, na barra de ferramen- Poderá ser necessário atualizar os drivers após a instala-
tas, clique em Esvaziar Lixeira e em Sim. ção do Windows 7. Para isso, clique no botão Iniciar , em
Todos os Programas e em Windows Update. Se o Win-
Dicas dows Update não tiver o driver de que você precisa, acesse
Você pode esvaziar a Lixeira, sem abri-la, clicando com o Atualizar um driver de hardware que não está funcionando
botão direito do mouse em Lixeira e depois em Esvaziar Lixeira. adequadamente
Para compartilhar impressoras 7. Na caixa de diálogo Windows.old, clique em OK.
Se você compartilhava impressoras no Windows Vista, 8. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
precisará compartilhá-las novamente, seguindo estas instru- Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do compu-
ções:
tador e a configuração de uma conta do usuário
1. Clique no botão Iniciar e em Dispositivos e Im- inicial.
pressoras.
2. Clique com o botão direito do mouse na impressora
que deseja compartilhar e clique em Propriedades da Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de instalação
impressora. Personalizada e formatando o disco rígido
3. Clique na guia Compartilhamento, marque a caixa Para formatar o disco rígido durante a instalação do
de seleção Compartilhar esta impressora e clique em Windows 7, você precisa inicializar o computador usando o
OK. disco de instalação do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB.
Se outros computadores ainda não puderem acessar a 1. Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows se
impressora, exclua-a dos outros computadores e adicione-a de inicialize normalmente, insira do disco de instalação
novo. do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB e desligue o seu
computador.
Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de instalação
Personalizada sem formatar o disco rígido 2. Reinicie o computador.
1. Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows 3. Pressione qualquer tecla, quando solicitado a fazer
se inicialize normalmente, e siga uma destas opções: isso, e siga as instruções exibidas.
Se você tiver baixado o Windows 7, vá até onde está 4. Na página Instalar o Windows, insira o seu idioma e
o arquivo de instalação que você baixou e dê um outras preferências e clique em Avançar.
duplo-clique nele. Se a página Instalar o Windows não aparecer e o
Se você tiver um disco de instalação do Windows 7, sistema não solicitar que você pressione uma tecla,
insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalação poderá ser necessário alterar algumas configurações
deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Senão, clique do sistema.
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, dê um duplo- Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar
-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
instalação do Windows 7 e dê outro duplo-clique em licença e em Avançar.
setup.exe.
5. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?,
Se você tiver baixado os arquivos de instalação do clique em Personalizada.
Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
no seu computador. O Programa de Instalação deve 6. Na página Onde deseja instalar o Windows?, clique
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrário, clique em Opções de unidade (avançadas).
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas 7. Clique na partição que você quiser alterar, clique na
vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe. opção de formatação desejada e siga as instruções.
2. Na página Instalar o Windows, siga as instruções 8. Quando a formatação terminar, clique em Avançar.
exibidas e clique em Instalar agora.
9. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
3. Na página Obtenha atualizações importantes para Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do compu-
instalação, recomendamos obter as atualizações tador e a configuração de uma conta do usuário
mais recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalação inicial.
bem-sucedida e a proteger o computador contra
ameaças de segurança. É preciso ter uma conexão
com a Internet para obter as atualizações para a Windows Defender
instalação.
O Windows Defender é sua primeira linha de defesa
4. Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar contra spyware e outros programas indesejados.
os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
E, no Windows 7, ele possui notificações mais simples,
licença e em Avançar.
mais opções de verificação e menos impacto no desempenho
5. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?, do seu computador também. Um novo recurso chamado
clique em Personalizada. "Sistema Limpo" permite eliminar, com um clique, todos os
6. Na página Onde você deseja instalar o Windows?, programas suspeitos. Windows O Defender agora faz parte
selecione a partição que contém a versão anterior do da Central de Ações o novo e simplificado local para manter
Windows (geralmente, é a unidade C: do computa- o bom funcionamento do seu PC.
dor) e clique em Avançar.
ou software potencialmente indesejado e alertá-lo sobre pos-
síveis riscos. Para ajudar a manter as definições atualizadas,
o Windows Defender trabalha com o Windows Update para
instalar automaticamente novas definições à medida que
elas são lançadas. Também é possível definir o Windows
Defender para conferir se há definições atualizadas antes da
verificação.
Trabalhando com o Painel de Controle

Você pode usar o Painel de Controle para alterar as confi-
gurações do Windows. Essas configurações controlam quase
tudo a respeito do visual e do funcionamento do Windows,
e você pode usá-las para configurar o Windows da melhor
Windows O Defender ajuda a livrar seu PC de spywares. forma para você.
Para abrir o Painel de Controle, clique no botão Iniciar
Usando o Windows Defender e em Painel de Controle.
É importante executar software anti-spyware sempre que
você estiver usando o computador. Spyware e outros softwa-
res potencialmente indesejados podem tentar se instalar no
seu computador toda vez que você se conectar à Internet.
Eles também podem infectar o computador quando você
instalar alguns programas usando CD, DVD ou outra mídia
removível. Software mal-intencionado ou potencialmente
indesejado também pode ser programado para ser executado
em horários inesperados, e não apenas quando é instalado.
O Windows Defender oferece três formas de ajudar a
impedir que spyware e outros softwares potencialmente
indesejados infectem o computador:
Proteção em tempo real.O Windows Defender Use a caixa de pesquisa para localizar as tarefas rapidamente.
alerta quando spyware ou software potencialmente
indesejado tenta se instalar ou ser executado no seu Há dois modos de localizar itens no Painel de Controle:
computador. Ele também alerta caso os programas
Use a Pesquisa. Para localizar as configurações nas
tentem alterar configurações importantes do Win-
quais está interessado ou uma tarefa que você deseja
dows.
realizar, digite uma palavra ou uma frase na caixa de
Comunidade SpyNet. A comunidade online do pesquisa. Por exemplo, digite "som" para localizar as
Microsoft SpyNet ajuda você a ver como outras configurações específicas da placa de som, sons do
pessoas respondem a software que ainda não tenha sistema e o ícone de volume na barra de tarefas.
sido classificado com relação aos riscos. Ver se outros Procurar. Você pode explorar o Painel de Controle
membros da comunidade permitem a execução do clicando em diferentes categorias (por exemplo,
software poderá ajudá-lo a decidir se deve ou não Sistema e Segurança, Programas ou Facilidade de
permitir no seu computador. Por sua vez, se você Acesso) e exibindo as tarefas comuns listadas em
participar, suas opções serão adicionadas às classificada categoria. Ou em Exibir por, clique em Ícones
cações da comunidade para ajudar outras pessoas a grandes ou Ícones pequenos para exibir uma lista
escolherem o que devem fazer. de todos os itens do Painel de Controle.
Opções de verificação. Você pode usar o Windows
Defender para verificar se há spyware e outros
Dicas
softwares potencialmente indesejados instalados em
seu computador, agendar verificações regularmente Se você navegar por ícones no Painel de Controle,
e remover automaticamente qualquer software poderá encontrar rapidamente um item da lista
mal-intencionado que seja detectado durante a digitando a primeira letra do nome do item. Por
verificação. exemplo, para encontrar Teclado, digite T e uma
lista de itens do Painel de Controle começando com
Ao usar o Windows Defender, é importante manter as a letra T, incluindo Teclado, será exibida.
definições atualizadas. As definições são arquivos que atuam Você também pode usar as teclas de direção (Seta
como uma enciclopédia de possíveis ameaças de software para Cima, Seta para Baixo, Seta para a Esquerda e
em constante crescimento. O Windows Defender usa as Seta para a Direita) para rolar a lista de ícones no
definições para determinar se o que ele detectou é spyware Painel de Controle.
Firewall do Windows
O Firewall do Windows ajuda a proteger seu PC de
hackers e programas mal-intencionados. No Windows 7, ele
ainda é eficiente – mas nós o deixamos mais flexível e fácil
de usar.
Por exemplo, agora você pode ajustar a proteção e as
notificações desejadas para cada um de seus perfis de rede
– Casa, Trabalho e Público. Quando estiver conectado a
uma rede pública, como de uma biblioteca ou uma cafeteria,
convém bloquear todas as conexões recebidas. Em casa ou
no trabalho, isso pode ser um exagero. Qualquer que seja o Obtenha atualizações do Windows com poucos cliques.
nível de proteção escolhido para os seus perfis, você poderá
alternar entre eles com facilidade. Conexão da Área de Trabalho Remota
A Área de Trabalho Remota conecta dois computadores
através de uma rede ou da Internet. Uma vez conectado, você
verá a área de trabalho do computador remoto como se estivesse
bem na frente dele e terá acesso a todos os programas e arquivos.
Esse recurso está presente em todas as versões do Windo-
ws 7, mas você só pode se conectar a computadores com as
edições Professional, Ultimate ou Enterprise.
O Firewall do Windows pode personalizar

a proteção para diferentes ambientes de rede.
([LELUHHGLWDURSo}HVGHÀUHZDOODYDQoDGDV
Você deve estar com logon de administrador para realizar
essas etapas.
O Firewall do Windows com Segurança Avançada é um
snap-in do Console de Gerenciamento Microsoft (MMC)
que fornece opções mais avançadas para profissionais de TI.
Com este firewall, você pode configurar e exibir regras deta-
lhadas de entrada e saída, e integrar com o protocolo IPsec.
Siga estas etapas para abrir o Firewall do Windows com
Segurança Avançada:
1. Para abrir Firewall do Windows, clique no botão Ini-
ciar e em Painel de Controle. Na caixa de pesquisa,
digite firewall e clique em Firewall do Windows.
2. No painel esquerdo, clique em Configurações avan-
çadas. Se você for solicitado a informar uma senha
de administrador ou sua confirmação, digite a senha
ou forneça a confirmação. Conecte-se ao seu computador, de qualquer lugar,
com a Conexão de Área de Trabalho Remota.
Windows Update Alterar opções de pasta
O Windows Update mantém seu PC mais seguro – e seu Você pode alterar a forma como arquivos e pastas fun-
software atualizado – buscando as atualizações e recursos cionam e como itens são exibidos no computador usando
mais recentes da Microsoft pela Internet. Opções de Pasta, no Painel de Controle.
No Windows 7, Windows Update agora é parte da Para abrir Opções de Pasta, clique no botão Iniciar ,
Central de Ações, o que torna a atualização do seu PC ainda em Painel de Controle, em Aparência e Personalização e
mais conveniente. Para verificar atualizações, basta clicar no em Opções de Pasta.
ícone da Central de Ações, na barra de tarefas. Fonte: adaptado de http://windows.microsoft.com/pt-BR/windows7/
O Windows 8 PRO é a versão completa deste
software. Esta versão contém recursos de criptografia e
WINDOWS 8 e 8.1 PRO Rede.
A primeira grande diferença encontrada pelo usuário
padrão do Windows é a Tela Inicial – antiga Área de Tra-
balho. Completamente remodelada com uma sequência
de ícones lado-a-lado - como uma parede, um mosaico,
sem barra de tarefa, sem botão iniciar se utilizar a versão
não atualizada para Windows 8.1. É muita mudança jun-
ta, nunca a Microsoft inovou tanto em um novo Sistema
Operacional.
O Windows 8 é o mais novo Sistema Operacional desen-

volvido pela empresa americana Microsoft. Trata-se de um
Sistema Operacional revolucionário, pois, além de quebrar
alguns paradigmas da Microsoft, tenta unir dois universos
tão diferentes em sua maneira de utilizar e tão próximos na
sua finalidade. A ideia de Bill Gates é unir neste programa
conceitos utilizados nos Tablet e Smartphones com o já
conhecido programa de computador.
A forma de trabalhar entre um Tablet e Computador
diferem um pouco, pois os Sistemas Operacionais para O conceito da Tela Inicial é reunir os comandos e apli-
dispositivos móveis mais difundidos no mercado, IOs e An- cativos do “Menu Iniciar”, como se todos os comandos
droid, são desenvolvidos pelos concorrentes do Windows, e atalhos do menu iniciar do Windows XP, Vista ou 7
por isso trabalham de forma diferente do Windows. fossem espalhados pela tela representados por pequenos
ícones. Vamos exemplificar, nas versões anteriores do
Devido a grande aceitação e rápida adaptação do
Windows para se carregar o aplicativo “calculadora” era
mercado nos Sistemas Operacionais desenvolvido para
necessário clicar no botão “iniciar”, parar o mouse sobre
dispositivos móveis a Microsoft lança seu novo Sistema
“Todos os Programas”, clicar em “Acessórios” e clicar em
Operacional bem diferente do padrão Windows e tenta
“Calculadora”. No W8 a tela iniciar exibe alguns ícones
tirar proveito da familiarização dos softwares que geren-
dos novos aplicativos como e-mail, pessoas, mensagens,
ciam os Tablet e Smartphone.
etc. Encoste seu mouse no canto superior inferior ou
A Microsoft disponibilizou três versões do novo Sof- superior direito e aparecerá outra novidade do Windows
tware: Window 8 RT, Windows 8 e Windows 8 PRO. 8, a “Charms bar”, clique no ícone “lupa” desta barra
A versão RT (Run Time) é a versão direcionada ex- e digite “calculadora”. Do lado esquerdo desta tela será
clusivamente para dispositivos móveis como Tablet. Esta exibido o aplicativo calculadora, basta pressionar a tecla
versão não pode ser instalada em Desktop ou Notebook “Enter” ou clique sobre ele e o aplicativo será executado.
e não é compatível com os programas destinados a Win- Para deslocar a tela Iniciar para a esquerda basta
dows Desktop. Seus aplicativos deverão ser baixados da utilizar o “scroll” do mouse (rodinha), encostar a seta do
Windows Store e são otimizados para tela toutch. mouse no lateral direita do monitor, pressionar a tecla
A versão Windows 8 pode ser instalada tanto em seta para a direita ou se sua tela for touchscreen, sensível
dispositivos móveis como em computadores Desktop. ao toque, poderá arrastar a tela utilizando o dedo, seme-
Possui compatibilidade com os programas desenvolvi- lhante ao que é feito no celular ou tablet.
dos para o Windows Desktop e com os aplicativos da O primeiro bloco de ícones são os principais apli-
Store, enfim, é o mais versátil e recomendado para o cativos interativo como e-mail, pessoas, calendário,
usuário comum, atendendo todas as necessidades dos mensagens, etc. Depois exibe alguns aplicativos que você
usuários Windows. utilizou por último, semelhante ao menu iniciar das ver-
Alguns programas desenvolvidos para Windows sões anteriores. Viu como as coisas mudaram de lugar,
ainda não se adaptaram ao novo padrão do Windows a forma de trabalhar mudou um pouquinho mas muita
8, isto fará com que, caso você utilize estes programas, coisa funciona de forma bem parecida, é só se acostumar.
como por exemplo o Adobe Acrobat, você o verá seme- A Área de Trabalho se transformou num aplicati-
lhante a forma como o vê no Windows 7, sem o layout vo, podendo ser acionado quando desejado e é também
diferenciado do Windows 8, os programas funcionarão representado por um ícone na tela Iniciar ou através do
perfeitamente, somente o layout será o mesmo do Win- atalho de teclado +d.
dows 7 como já mencionado.
Como todo aplicativo a tela Iniciar é completamente dinâmico” na barra que aparecerá na parte inferior da tela.
customizável, que significa personalizável, ou seja, fica do Para reverter o processo escolha “habilitar bloco dinâmico”
jeito que você quiser. na mesma barra.
Você pode excluir aplicativos que não utiliza, inclui os Para fechar uma aplicação metro clique na parte superior
de sua preferência, pode criar blocos de aplicativos em da tela do aplicativo, mantenha o mouse pressionado e puxe
comum, mantendo-os ligeiramente afastados de outros a janela até o final da tela e ela será fechada.
blocos facilitando sua localização e organização. Clicando
com o botão secundário do mouse na tela Iniciar aparece As aplicações metro não aparecerão na barra de tarefas
uma barra, na parte inferior dos blocos, com o comando da Área de Trabalho. Para acessá-las encoste o mouse na
“Todos os Aplicativos”, clicando deste comando todos os parte superior esquerda da tela e deslize o mouse para
programas instalados são exibidos em um layout próprio baixo e todas as aplicações metro que estão rodando serão
do Windows 8 que é conhecido como “Interface Metro”, o exibidas. Basta escolher a que deseja fechar e clicar com
mesmo layout da tela Iniciar. Nesta tela é possível fixa-lo o botão direito do mouse sobre ela e escolher “fechar” ou
na Tela Iniciar, barra de tarefas, abrir nova janela, abrir clique sobre ela e feche-a arrastando a janela do aplicativo
como administrador e abrir o local do arquivo (pasta onde para a parte inferior da tela.
o aplicativo está armazenado). Na barra de tarefas somente serão exibidos os aplica-
Os ícones recebem atualizações constantemente e tivos que rodam na área de trabalho. Uma pegadinha de
apresentam uma animação com conteúdo interativo á suas concurso é sobre o Internet Explorer. Existem dois aplica-
pesquisas e modo de utilização, adequando o conteúdo tivos um para a Área de Trabalho e outra para a Interface
ao seu perfil de utilização. Os ícones recebem atualização Metro chamado de Navegador Imersivo.
dinâmica informando novos e-mail, post de redes sociais, Como já dissemos o aplicativo metro será exibido ape-
mesmo antes de abrir qualquer aplicativo, tudo atualizado nas na barra lateral esquerda e é acionado na Interface
e personalizado utilizando uma conta Microsoft. metro na tela Iniciar. Já o aplicativo que roda na Área de
Para executar qualquer aplicativo no W8 basca clicar Trabalho tem seu ícone na barra de tarefas e poderá ser
ou utilizar o dedo, caso seu dispositivo seja TouchScreen, controlado por ele semelhantemente ao Windows 7.
sobre o ícone na tela Iniciar, caso ele não esteja nesta tela Pessoas: Veja informações atualizadas dos seus con-
encoste o mouse no canto superior ou inferior direito e tatos das suas contas de e-mail, Facebook, Twitter e todos
clique sobre “pesquisar” na barra Charms. Abrirá uma os posts das redes sociais que você acessa.
nova Interface metro com todos os aplicativos instalados
no seu computador e um campo de busca, bastando digitar Mensagens: Envie mensagens para seus contatos
o que esteja procurando e selecionar aplicativos, arquivos (disponível no Windows 8 e retirado na atualização para
ou configuração. Digitando o nome do aplicativo desejado Windows 8.1).
e o Windows 8 exibirá os aplicativos, arquivos e programas E-mail: Centralize todas as suas contas Microsoft,
de configuração que conferem com sua pesquisa. Gmail e Yahoo! Em um só aplicativo.
É possível utilizar os atalhos de teclado com as se- SkyDrive (OneDrive): Um local “nas nuvens” para
guintes combinações: +q para abrir a tela de pesquisa armazenar arquivos e tê-los disponíveis em qualquer dispo-
na versão Windows 8, com a atualização para Windows sitivo com Tablet ou computador em qualquer lugar com
8.1 o atalho é +s, +f para pesquisar um arquivo no acesso à Internet. Compartilhe seus arquivos com amigos do
seu computador ou no Onedrive ou +w para pesquisar trabalho elaborando trabalhos em colaboração e veja este
aplicativos de configuração. Na atualização do Windows arquivo atualizado e disponível sempre que necessitar. É
8.1 é possível encontrar o botão pesquisar diretamente na possível utilizar este espaço para fazer um backup dos seus
tela Iniciar. arquivos mais importante e mantenha-os a salvo.
Da mesma forma como encostamos o mouse nos cantos
O nome foi alterado de SkyDrive para OneDrive, po-
superior e inferior direito do monitor para acessar a barra
rém, não há necessidade de novo cadastro nem há perda
Charms, do lado esquerdo os vértices também tem sua
de arquivos que se encontravam no antigo serviço de
função. Quando o mouse é encostado no canto superior
armazenamento em nuvem. Possui um pacote office on-
é exibido o último aplicativo usado, deslocando o mouse
line que permite editar, carregar e compartilhar arquivos,
para baixo é aberta uma barra com os últimos aplicativos
planilhas e apresentações sem a necessidade de possuir a
e na parte inferior o ícone da tela Iniciar.
suíte Microsoft instalada.
Uma grande novidade no Windows 8 são os aplicativos
Calendário: Sua agenda pessoal. Anote seus compro-
para suas atividades diárias que se encontram na tela
missos e receba aviso na hora marcada e nunca mais perca
Iniciar. Estes aplicativos são chamados de TILES.
um compromisso.
Os Tiles são animados via rede, são atualizados cons-
Notícias: As principais notícias de forma fácil de
tantemente com informações sobre atualizações de seus
acessar. Veja fotos e notícias com apenas um clique e
contatos, redes sociais, locais, etc.
mantenha-se atualizado.
Para desabilitar estas atualizações, clique com o botão Jogos: Veja os games atuais e compartilhe com seus
direito do mouse sobre o tile e escolha “desabilitar bloco amigos.
Clima: Tenha um acompanhamento do clima por você procura esteja relacionado na lista basta clicar ou
hora, ou dias de qualquer local com gráfico e estatística. tocar sobre ela e o arquivo, pasta ou aplicativo será aberto.
Veja fotos de satélite, precipitações e nuvens de forma Você pode acessar diretamente a página de pesquisa
dinâmica e divertida. utilizando +S.
Vídeo: Assista a filmes armazenados em seu computa- Clique ou toque sobre Pesquisar para acessar a
dor ou online. página de resultado da pesquisa se o que você procura não
Mapa: Visualize mapas com o Bing Maps. É possível esteja na lista apresentada.
traçar rotas, mostrar o trânsito, condições de ruas, vistas Na página de resultado da pesquisa seus resultados são
de satélite e muito mais. agrupados por categoria e pelo local de origem. Por exem-
Música: Veja todos os álbuns e músicas que estão plo, as fotos em seu computador serão agrupadas juntas,
no PC e as últimas notícias e músicas online. Crie e edite bem como as fotos da Internet. Os resultados de arquivos
listas de reprodução e as execute quando quiser. Veja seus pessoais em seu computador e no OneDrive serão listados
principais artistas e bandas com informações atualizadas primeiro e, em seguida, os resultados de aplicativos e da
dinamicamente. Internet. As miniaturas dão uma ideia do que você está ob-
Fotos: Veja suas fotos que estão em qualquer lugar, tendo antes de tocar ou clicar. Para ver todos os resultados
computador, nuvem, redes sociais. da pesquisa de uma categoria específica, toque ou clique
no link Ver tudo dessa categoria.
Viagem: O aplicativo Bing Viagem facilita sua vida
procurando passagens aéreas, hotéis e fotos de vários Para limitar os resultados da pesquisa
locais pelo mundo além de te manter informado com O Botão Pesquisar automaticamente pesquisa os aplica-
notícias importantes sobre viagem. Selecione um destino tivos, os arquivos e as configurações em seu computador,
e veja informações sobre o país, fotos atrações turísticas e no OneDrive e na Internet. Mas você pode pesquisar ape-
locais para compra. nas um tipo de resultado, como configurações ou imagens
L oja: Ideia copiada dos Sistemas Operacionais para na Internet. E, em alguns aplicativos, você pode optar por
dispositivos móveis como IOs e o Android, loja de aplica- pesquisar somente o aplicativo.
tivos, a Microsoft implantou uma Store no seu Windows No campo pesquisar toque ou clique na seta acima da
8 para facilitar o download de aplicativos. Chamada de caixa de pesquisa e toque ou clique na categoria desejada.
Windows Store este aplicativo apresenta uma enorme lista Para alterar as configurações de Pesquisar
de aplicativos grátis e pagos.
É possível limpar o histórico de pesquisa, escolher
Todos estes aplicativos ficam personalizados ligados a como suas informações de pesquisa são compartilhadas
sua conta Microsoft, basta logar em outro computador e com o Bing e alterar opções de Pesquisa Segura que fil-
tudo estará exatamente como você havia deixado. tram conteúdo adulto dos resultados de sua pesquisa. E, se
quiser, você poderá desativar a pesquisa na Internet para
Charms Bar ver somente os resultados do computador e do OneDrive.
Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Con-
Esta barra contém figurações e em Alterar configurações do PC. Se estiver
os comandos Pesquisar, usando um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior direito
Compartilhar, Iniciar, da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima, clique em
Dispositivos e Configu- Configurações e em Alterar configurações do PC.
rações. É acionada com
o mouse encostado no Toque ou clique em Pesquisar e aplicativos e depois em
canto superior ou infe- Pesquisar.
rior direito ou passando Altere as configurações que desejar.
o dedo a partir da borda Compartilhar: Compartilhe informações com seus
da direita do monitor contatos de e-mail, redes sociais diretamente de qualquer
em dispositivos Touch aplicativo. Para compartilhar um link recebido por e-mail
Screen. Ela terá variações e postá-lo na rede social basta acionar o compartilhar
de layout de acordo com através da Charms bar sem abrir outra aba no navegador
o aplicativo que estiver ou outro procedimento alternando aplicativos.
utilizando.
As opções de compartilhamento são personalizadas de
Pesquisar: Pesquise acordo com o aplicativo que estiver utilizando.
por arquivos e aplicativos
de forma prática digitan- Para compartilhar arquivos
do uma parte do nome Em um aplicativo, passe o dedo no item que deseja
do que você procura e o compartilhar para selecioná-lo. Se estiver usando um mou-
Windows 8 exibirá uma se, clique com o botão direito no item a ser compartilhado
lista com o resultado que para selecioná-lo.
confere com a palavra que você está digitando. Caso o que
Passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela e toque em Um conceito forte do Windows 8 é a integração entre os
Compartilhar. Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto aplicativos e entre seus contatos. Para a Microsoft o computa-
superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para dor deve te manter atualizado com o que acontece com seus
baixo e clique em Compartilhar. amigos e sobre os assuntos que mais lhe interessam.
É possível executar vários aplicativos ao mesmo tempo
Toque ou clique na pessoa, no aplicativo ou no disposi-
integrá-los. Utilize dois monitores e execute uma tarefa em
tivo a ser compartilhado e siga as instruções na tela. cada um deles, te dando mais liberdade de ação de forma
Para compartilhar um link flexível e altamente produtiva.
Abra um aplicativo e procure o site, o artigo ou o mapa Para alterar as configurações de um aplicativo
que deseja compartilhar. Se você estiver em um aplicativo ao abrir o Botão Con-
figurações, verá as configurações desse aplicativo listadas
Passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela e toque em primeiro. Cada aplicativo é um pouco diferente, portanto
Compartilhar. Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto as configurações também podem ser diferentes. Se você
superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para estiver na tela Inicial ou na área de trabalho, poderá usar
baixo e clique em Compartilhar. o Botão Configurações para personalizar e alterar outras
opções.
Toque ou clique na pessoa, no aplicativo ou no disposi-
tivo a ser compartilhado e siga as instruções na tela. Abra um aplicativo ou vá para a tela Inicial ou a área
de trabalho.
Para alterar as configurações de Compartilhar
Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela e toque em Con-
Você pode alterar os aplicativos que são listados no figurações. Se você estiver usando um mouse, aponte para
Botão Compartilhar e a forma como eles aparecem. o canto inferior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
para cima e clique em Configurações.
Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Con-
Toque ou clique na configuração que deseja alterar.
figurações e em Alterar configurações do PC. Se estiver
Se você está usando um aplicativo e não vê o que deseja,
usando um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior direito
verifique as configurações do computador — algumas
da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima, clique em
configurações de aplicativos aparecem lá.
Configurações e em Alterar configurações do PC.
Toque ou clique em Pesquisar e aplicativos e depois em
Compartilhar. Novidades
O Gerenciador de Tarefas está mais completo e simples
Altere as configurações que desejar.
com informações detalhadas sobre os processos a aplicativos
Iniciar: Use o Botão Iniciar para acessar a tela Inicial, que estão rodando no seu PC. É possível analisar os aplicativos
não importa onde você esteja no Windows. Ou, se já esti- quanto ao seu processo e desempenho, ver o histórico de como
ver na tela Inicial, use-o para voltar ao último aplicativo os aplicativos utilizam a memória e a CPU, ver quais progra-
que estava usando. mas são inicializados juntamente com o Windows, saber quais
são os usuários conectados no PC, saber todos os detalhes de
Dispositivos: O Botão Dispositivos é um modo rápido
cada aplicativo e ainda saber quais são os serviços que estão
de enviar arquivos e informações a outros dispositivos que
rodando no seu computador.
estão conectados ao seu computador, como impressora,
Xbox, telefone, alto-falantes, TV ou projetor. A lista de
dispositivos disponíveis no Botão Dispositivos depende
dos dispositivos que você tem e do fato de eles estarem
conectados ou não ao computador.
Escolha uma das seguintes opções:
Transmita vídeos, música ou uma apresenta-
ção de slides de fotos para outro dispositivo (como
uma TV ou um aparelho de som). Toque ou clique em
Executar e siga as instruções na tela. Para saber mais sobre
como configurar a execução, consulte Transmitir imagens,
vídeos e músicas usando Executar.
Imprima um documento, uma foto ou um e-
-mail. Toque ou clique em Imprimir e siga as instruções
na tela.
Projete o que estiver em seu computador
(como uma apresentação de trabalho, uma apresentação Delete arquivos sem confirmação. O Windows 8 não
de slides ou qualquer outra coisa) em outra tela. Toque ou pede mais sua confirmação caso queira enviar um arquivo
clique em Projetar e siga as instruções na tela. ou pasta para a lixeira, pois é possível recuperá-lo caso
Configurações: Altere qualquer configuração do tenha acidentalmente, porém, ao utilizar Shift+Del, que
computador ou de aplicativos. exclui um arquivo ou pasta permanentemente, sem passar
pela lixeira, a mensagem de confirmação aparece, pois não Os aplicativos Modern ui (Modern User Interfa-
é possível a recuperação deste objeto caso ele seja excluído ce) ou aplicativos da Windows Store ou ainda aplicati-
permanentemente. vos Metro são exibidos em tela cheia e seus ícones ficam
ocultos b na barra da esquerda (guarde bem estes nomes,
A transferência de arquivos é feita com a exibição
eles certamente aparecerão nos concursos). Para fechá-los
de um gráfico informando a velocidade de transmissão,
basta passar o dedo na parte superior da janela e empurrar
tempo para completar a ação e é possível pausar ou
para baixo, ou encostar o mouse na parte superior da jane-
cancelar a transferência através de dois botões.
la, onde ficava a barra de título, seu mouse se tornará uma
“mãozinha” clique, mantenha clicado e puxar a janela para
baixo até ela sumir, pronto, seu aplicativo foi fechado.
Para sair de um aplicativo Modern e voltar a Área de
Trabalho sem fechar o aplicativo basta encostar mouse na
parte superior ou inferior esquerda da tela e a barra da
esquerda exibe a área de trabalho, basta clicar sobre ela.
Cada aplicativo possui uma particularidade e forma de
funcionamento, mas todos terão as propriedades acima.
Os aplicativos que ficarem inativos por algum tempo o O segundo tipo de aplicativo é aquele que roda no
próprio sistema salvará seu estado e o colocará em inativi- Windows 8 mas não foi desenvolvido especialmente pra
dade para aumentar a performance. ele. Neste caso eles serão executados na Área de Trabalho
O antigo Windows Explorer agora se chama Explo- normalmente como nas versões anteriores do Windows.
rador de Arquivos, de visual novo a forma de trabalhar
continua da mesma forma com nas versões anteriores Conexão Internet
do Windows. O visual trás o mesmo layout do Office
com Guias e faixas de opção. No modo de exibição Conectando-se em casa
houve uma alteração no nome de como as pastas e Se tiver uma conta com um provedor de serviços de
arquivos são exibidos. No Windows 7 há uma forma Internet (ISP), como uma empresa de telefonia ou de cabo,
de exibição denominada lado a lado e agora se chama você já deverá ter acesso à Internet em casa. Você poderá
BLOCOS. conectar o computador ao modem com um cabo Ethernet e
abrir o navegador da Internet para acessar a Internet.
Com relação a segurança o Windows Update e o De-
fender não podem ser desativados, eles estarão sempre Se quiser que vários computadores ou dispositivos
ativados juntamente com o Firewall. compartilhem a mesma conexão, ou se desejar ter uma
conexão protegida por senha, você poderá configurar
Para alternar entre as janelas dos aplicativos em exe- uma rede doméstica. Após a configuração, você poderá
cução pode ser utilizada as teclas de atalho +TAB ou selecionar a rede através do botão Configurações.Quando
posicionar o mouse no canto superior esquerdo e deslizar se conectar em casa, você também poderá criar um grupo
o mouse para baixo quando o primeiro ícone aparecer e doméstico, que será perfeito se você quiser transmitir
serão exibidos todos os aplicativos bastando clicar sobre música ou vídeo de um computador para outro lugar ou
o programa desejado. Pode ainda clicar tradicionalmente compartilhar arquivos e dispositivos (como impressoras)
sobre o ícone do programa na Barra de tarefas. entre computadores
Outra alteração de nome ocorre com o aplicativo na-
tivo do Windows 7 Backup e Restauração, no Windows Conectando-se em qualquer lugar
8 ele se chama Backup da imagem do Sistema. Estas Inúmeros locais públicos oferecem conexão Wi-Fi,
alterações de nome sempre são cobradas em concurso, como cafés ou aeroportos. Enquanto estiver aguardando
memorize! sua xícara de café ou seu voo, você poderá verificar seus
No Windows 8 e 8.1 Update ao inserir uma mídia de CD e-mails ou navegar pela Internet.
ou DVD ou conectar um Pendrive ou mesmo um cartão de Se estiver em um local sem Wi-Fi disponível, você
memória o Windows exibe, próximo ao canto superior direi- poderá se inscrever em uma banda larga móvel (3G ou
to da tela, uma mensagem pedindo para tocar com o dedo 4G). Uma conexão de banda larga móvel é uma cone-
ou clicando com mouse sobre a mensagem e escolher qual xão com a Internet que você leva com você e poderá
procedimento o Windows deverá adotar com aquele tipo de usar sempre que houver um serviço de celular disponí-
mídia ou dispositivo externo. vel. Em geral, sua empresa de telefonia tem planos de
conexão com a Internet.
Aplicativos Algumas conexões (principalmente as conexões de
No Windows 8 ou 8.1 existem dois tipos de aplicativos. banda larga móvel) são limitadas, ou seja, seu plano é ofe-
O primeiro é quando o aplicativo foi desenvolvido para recido com uma quantidade máxima de dados que podem
o Windows 8 e se comporta de maneira diferenciada dos ser transmitidos por mês.
demais aplicativos.
Internet Explorer 11 Para ver uma lista de redes disponíveis
O Internet Explorer 11 é fornecido junto com a atuali- Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela e toque em Con-
zação do Windows 8.1 ou do Windows RT 8.1. figurações (Se você estiver usando um mouse, aponte para
o canto inferior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
Com o novo navegador Internet Explorer 11 a barra
para cima e clique em Configurações.)
de endereço combina três funções: navegação, pesquisa e
sugestão. Verifique o ícone de rede. Ele mostrará se você está
conectado e a intensidade do sinal.
Navegação: basta inserir a URL (endereço do site) na
barra e clicar em ou tecle o “Enter”. Ela exibe ainda os Se não estiver conectado, toque ou clique no ícone de
sites mais visitados. rede ( ou ).
Pesquisa: basta digitar o texto na barra e teclar o Toque ou clique no nome da rede à qual deseja se
“Enter” ou clicar em e a pesquisa será feita pelo seu conectar e, em seguida, toque ou clique em Conectar.
mecanismo de busca padrão que será o Bing caso você não Caso a rede esteja protegida por senha o sistema soli-
faça nenhuma alteração. citará a senha da rede. Você pode obtê-la com o adminis-
Sugestão: Não sabe exatamente como iniciar sua trador da rede. Se você estiver em casa, provavelmente ele
pesquisa, comece a digitar e aparecerão sugestões de sites, será algum familiar. Se você estiver no trabalho, solicite a
aplicativos e pesquisa que conferem com sua digitação, basta informação ao administrador de TI. Se você estiver em um
escolher o que mais se assemelha com sua necessidade. local público, por exemplo, um café, solicite a informação
a algum funcionário.
Diferentemente do padrão executado pelos navegado-
res, as guias com as páginas web que você já abriu ficam Se desejar se conectar a essa rede sempre que ela
ocultas na parte inferior da janela, para exibi-las, basta estiver disponível, marque a caixa de seleção Conectar-se
passar o dedo da parte inferior da janela e subir ou clicar automaticamente.
com o mouse na parte inferior da janela e a Barra de Guias
será exibida permitindo abrir, fechar e alternar entre os
Windows 8.1 - PRO
sites abertos. A barra de endereço também fica nesta barra.
Muito cuidado com este detalhe. A Microsoft lançou um
Para abrir uma nova guia clique ou toque sobre o co-
upgrade chamado Windows 8.1 e mudou algumas coisas
mando Nova Guia .
que poderão ser cobrados nas questões. Fique atento com
Para fechar uma guia clique sobre Fechar no canto o edital
da Guia.
Algumas principais mudanças é a volta do botão
Para alternar entre os sites abertos clique na guia que iniciar que ficou quadradinho. Este botão não exibe
contém o site e ele aparecerá em primeiro plano. mais os aplicativos instalados, isto permanece sendo
Dado importante para concurso público: é exibido na interface Metro da tela Iniciar, mas te leva
permitido abrir até 100 Guias na mesma janela. direto a área de trabalho - Desktop. Na tela Iniciar os
blocos ficaram mais enxutos, a quantidade ficou bem
reduzida e somente são exibidos os aplicativos princi-
Lista de leitura pais e próximo ao canto inferior esquerdo da tela existe
A Lista de Leitura ajuda a controlar tudo aquilo que uma seta para baixo, clicando nela são exibidos todos os
você quer ler. Se você não tiver tempo de ler alguma coisa aplicativos instalados no seu PC, esta é a maneira mais
assim que a encontrar na Web ou em seus aplicativos fa- fácil de se encontrar os aplicativos, lembrando que esta
voritos, você poderá compartilhar esse conteúdo com sua opção só existe na atualização 8.1 do Windows.
Lista de Leitura e retomá-lo mais tarde. Clicando com o botão direito do mouse no botão
Abrindo a Charms bar toque ou clique em Comparti- iniciar aparecerá um menu de acesso para: Progra-
lhar e escolha a opção Lista de Leitura. mas e Recursos, Mobility Center, Opções de Energia,
Visualizador de Eventos, Sistema, Gerenciador de Dis-
Importante: Somente os aplicativos Modern mos-
positivos, Conexões de Rede, Gerenciamento de Disco,
tram esta opção de compartilhamento, se esta opção não
Gerenciamento do Computador, Prompt de Comando,
aparecer em um navegador por exemplo é porque você
Prompt de Comando (Admin), Gerenciador de Tarefas,
está utilizando um navegador da Área de Trabalho.
Painel de Controle, Explorador de Arquivos, Pesquisar,
Os artigos, histórias e outros tipos de conteúdo adicio- Executar, Desligar ou Sair e Área de Trabalho.
nados à Lista de Leitura aparecerão em uma lista cronoló-
Programas e Recursos: Utilize este aplicativo para
gica com recursos visuais. Você pode ler esse conteúdo no
desinstalar qualquer software ou fazer alguma alteração,
seu tempo livre e excluí-lo quando terminar.
inclusão ou exclusão de recursos em qualquer programa
Conectando-se a uma rede instalado no seu PC. Habilite ou desabilite recursos do
Ao configurar o Windows pela primeira vez, é possível Windows neste local. Quer saber quais são as atualizações
que você já tenha se conectado a uma rede. Caso contrário, instaladas, é aqui também. É possível verificar e/ou desins-
você poderá ver uma lista de redes disponíveis e se conec- talar alguma atualização que esteja com algum conflito ou
tar a uma delas. problema com qualquer atualização.
Mobility Center: Com este aplicativo faça ajustes no Gerenciador de Tarefas: Muito útil quando al-
brilho do monitor, volume do sistema, status da bateria, gum processo ou aplicativo trava indisponibilizando seu
controle de vídeos externos, central de conexão e conexão Windows, com este aplicativo basta fechar aquilo que não
com projetores. está respondendo e continue a trabalhar normalmente.
Opções de Energia: Configure facilmente o compor- Este aplicativo também lhe dá muitas informações sobre
tamento do computador relacionado à energia. Defina o o consumo de memória, processamento, rede e Disco. No
que acontecerá ao notebook quando fechar a tampa supe- Windows 8 este aplicativo está mais completo, permite
rior como hibernação, desligar, etc. Quanto tempo o PC escolher os aplicativos que serão inicializados juntamente
aguarda para desligar o monitor, desligar o disco rígido, com o Windows, desabilite os aplicativos desnecessários e
portas USB, etc. ganhe performance.
Visualizador de Eventos: Tudo de errado que Painel de Controle: Sem alterações das versões an-
acontece com seu Windows ele cria um evento chamado teriores do Windows este aplicativo permite fazer ajustes
Log. Neste local você pode verificar uma organizada re- gerais no seu PC.
lação de todos os eventos ocorridos. É possível verificar Pesquisar: Abre o campo para pesquisar aplicativos,
eventos separados por categoria como eventos críticos, pastas e arquivo.
erros de sistema, avisos, etc. Informações com problemas Executar: Abre o campo executar que permite você
sobre instalação, segurança, sistema e aplicativos. abrir qualquer aplicativo instalado ou de sistema.
Sistema: Informações sobre a versão do seu Windows Desligar ou Sair: Permite desligar, reiniciar, suspen-
8, quantidade de memória RAM instalada, tipo de sistema der ou sair.
32 ou 64 bits, nome do computador e domínio de rede.
Novidade é a falta do Índice de Experiência do Windows Área de Trabalho: Exibe a Área de Trabalho –
na versão Windows 8.1. Desktop.
Na Interface Metro da tela Iniciar, clicando com o bo-
tão direito do mouse em qualquer local fora dos blocos ou
tiles, aparecerá no canto inferior direito o botão “persona-
lizar” exibido em uma barra. Através deste botão é possível
reagrupar os blocos separando os aplicativos conforme sua
vontade e pode nomear estes blocos.
No Windows 8.1 é possível iniciar o computador direto
Gerenciador de Dispositivos: Aplicativo muito na área de trabalho pulando a tela inicial. Esta configu-
útil para monitorar o funcionamento do hardware. Instale, ração está disponível na configuração da barra de tarefas
desinstale e configure drivers que afetam a performance clicando com o botão direito do mouse sobre ela e esco-
do seu computador. lhendo personalizar.
Conexões de Rede: Configure todas as conexões de Você pode personalizar sua tela iniciar abrindo o
rede cabeado e wireless. Charms bar, quando estiver na tela iniciar, clique em
configurações e depois em personalizar e escolher o
Gerenciamento de Disco: Aplicativo que ficava
papel de parede que desejar e a tonalidade de cor,
oculto dentro das ferramentas administrativas nas outras
podendo ainda escolher o mesmo papel de parede da
versões do Windows agora tem um link no novo botão área de trabalho.
iniciar. Com este aplicativo é possível gerenciar todos os
discos instalados no PC. Crie partições, exclua, formate As buscas feitas diretamente do campo pesquisar da
qualquer partição em qualquer dispositivo, mesmo em Charms bar abre um aplicativo com o resultado da busca
do Bing bem completo. Por exemplo, faça uma busca
PenDrives e cartões de memória.
sobre sua banda preferida e o resultado serão textos
Gerenciamento do Computador: Como o nome sobre a banda em vários locais, músicas em MP3 e muito
já diz com este aplicativo você tem acesso as informações mais. As buscas ficaram bem mais charmosas.
mais importantes do seu PC reunindo alguns dos aplicati- Exibir dois metros ao mesmo tempo também ficou
vos que acabamos de ver como gerenciamento de disco, possível no Windows 8.1. Seu monitor será divido
gerenciador de dispositivos, visualizador de eventos e aproximadamente ao meio, dependerá da resolução, e
muito mais. Altere o perfil de usuários e grupos, gerencie você verá cada App ser executado em uma parte do
pastas compartilhadas, acesse ferramentas de desempenho monitor.
e monitoramento úteis além do Agendador de Tarefas que A versão Metro do Internet Explorer permite que o
possibilita executar aplicativos com horário programado. usuário deixe a lista de abas abertas e a barra de endereços
Prompt de Comando e Prompt de Comando sempre visíveis. Além disso, a versão Metro do navegador
(Admin): Abre aquela “telinha preta” onde se executa no Windows 8.1 permite a sincronização de abas abertas
comando em modo texto como usuário comum ou como entre diferentes dispositivos e os usuários podem criar
administrador (Admin). blocos dinâmicos a partir de sites das Web.
No Windows 8.1, o usuário pode responder a chamadas — círculos, linhas retas ou toques — que vai usar e onde eles
do Skype a partir da tela de bloqueio e pode configurar serão traçados na imagem. É possível desenhar uma senha
uma apresentação de slides como plano de fundo. com imagem diretamente na tela touch com o dedo ou usar
um mouse para desenhar suas formas. Todos que tiverem uma
Quando um usuário fizer o login em um segundo PC/ conta da Microsoft em seu computador poderão configurar a
tablet/notebook/ultrabook com Windows 8.1, os mesmos própria senha com imagem.
App presentes no primeiro poderão ser baixados, insta-
lados e sincronizados no segundo dispositivo. É possível
3DUDFRQ¿JXUDUXPDVHQKDFRPLPDJHP
também definir quais App e aparelhos serão deixados de
fora deste processo. Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Con-
figurações e em Alterar configurações do PC. (Se estiver
Uma das diferenças entre o Windows 8 e o Windows 8.1
usando um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior direito
é que o App do SkyDrive também pode ser usado como um
da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima, clique em
gerenciador de arquivos off-line no novo sistema operacio-
Configurações e em Alterar configurações do PC.)
nal da Microsoft (imagine algo como uma versão Metro do
Explorador de Arquivos) salvando e recuperando arquivos Toque ou clique em Contas e depois em Opções de
diretamente do armazenamento nas nuvens. entrada.
Em Senha com imagem, toque ou clique em Adicionar.
Mover um bloco na tela inicial Entre com suas informações de conta da Microsoft e siga as
Na tela Iniciar toque sobre o bloco que deseja mover etapas na tela para escolher uma imagem e os gestos.
ou clique, se estiver usando um mouse, e segure o bloco e
arraste o bloco para o local desejado. Alterando a imagem de sua conta
A imagem da conta está associada à sua conta da
Redimensionar um bloco na tela Iniciar Microsoft, portanto você a verá sempre que entrar em
Na tela inicial, toque e segure o bloco que deseja re- seu computador na tela Inicial. Além disso, seus amigos
dimensionar. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique com o e familiares verão essa imagem onde você estiver listado
botão direito no bloco.) como um contato.
Toque ou clique em Redimensionar. Você pode usar uma de suas fotos favoritas para uma
imagem da conta, ou usar um aplicativo para criar ou edi-
Escolha o tamanho desejado.
tar uma. E, se você tiver uma webcam, poderá tirar uma
foto ou criar um videoclipe.
Criar um grupo de blocos
Na tela inicial, toque e segure os blocos que deseja Personalizando a tela Inicial
agrupar ou clique neles com o botão direito do mouse.
Você pode escolher os blocos, as cores e as imagens de
Arraste e solte os blocos em um espaço aberto e, quan- sua tela Inicial, além de organizar seus aplicativos. Se outras
do uma barra cinza for exibida atrás deles, solte-os. Isso pessoas usam seu computador, assegure-se de que elas en-
criará um novo grupo. trem com as próprias contas da Microsoft. Dessa forma, cada
Se quiser nomear o grupo, toque ou clique no local que pessoa pode ter a própria tela Inicial personalizada.
diz Nomear grupo, acima do grupo, e insira um novo nome. Como o próprio nome diz, a tela Inicial é o ponto de
Depois de criar um grupo, você pode movê-lo pela tela partida para as mais diferentes tarefas do seu computador.
inicial. É nela que você escolhe seus aplicativos, vê o que seus
amigos estão fazendo através das redes sociais e acessa
Mover um grupo de blocos seus sites, e-mail e arquivos favoritos.
Na tela inicial, pince para reduzir o zoom. (Se estiver Os blocos na tela Inicial podem mostrar atualizações de
usando um mouse, clique no ícone de zoom no canto seus amigos, novos e-mails, notificações de aplicativos e o
inferior direito da tela.) próximo compromisso em seu calendário de uma só vez,
sem a necessidade de abrir nenhum aplicativo, tudo atu-
Pressione ou clique no grupo de blocos que deseja alizado instantaneamente. E, como qualquer pessoa que
mover e arraste-o para o local desejado. use um computador pode entrar usando sua própria conta
Ao terminar a movimentação dos grupos, toque ou clique da Microsoft, cada um pode personalizar seus blocos, suas
em qualquer ponto da tela para aumentar o zoom novamente. cores e suas telas de fundo.
A partir da tela Inicial é possível fixar um aplicativo na
barra de tarefa ou na Tela Inicial, bastando clicar com o botão 3DUDGHVD¿[DUDSOLFDWLYRV
direito do mouse sobre o bloco de qualquer aplicativo e apare-
cerá uma barra horizontal na parte inferior da tela com estas Desafixar um aplicativo é diferente de desinstalar um
opções e ainda o comando “Desinstalar”. aplicativo — se você desafixar um aplicativo em sua tela
Inicial, o aplicativo ainda será mostrado quando você o
Utilize um movimento qualquer dentro de uma foto e
procurar, e ainda estará na exibição Aplicativos se você
transforme isto em uma senha muito segura. Com a atuali-
zação do Windows para 8.1 você escolhe a imagem, os gestos precisar localizá-lo novamente.
Abra a tela Inicial passando o dedo na borda direita contraste, Teclado, Mouse e Outras Opções para pessoas
da tela e tocando em Iniciar. (Ou, se você estiver usando com necessidades especiais.
um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior esquerdo da tela, Atualização e Recuperação: Windows Update,
mova o mouse pelo canto e clique em Pesquisar.) históricos de arquivos e Recuperação.
Pressione e segure ou clique com o botão direito no
aplicativo que deseja desafixar para selecioná-lo.
Manipulação de janelas
Toque ou clique em Desafixar da Tela Inicial.
Se estiver trabalhando na Área de Trabalho basta
utilizar os ícones da barra de tarefas para alternar entre
Para mover um bloco os aplicativos abertos. Pode utilizar o atalho de teclado
Na tela Inicial, pressione e segure um bloco que queira Alt+Tab ou Alt+Esc ou encostar o mouse ou tocar na
mover. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique e segure o borda superior esquerda e o último aplicativo utilizado
bloco.) estará disponível para que você volte a ele rapidamente,
deslizando o mouse para baixo os aplicativos abertos tam-
Arraste o bloco para o local desejado.
bém estarão disponíveis pra você escolher.
Quando estiver executando qualquer outro aplicativo
Para redimensionar um bloco utilize a última opção descrita acima encostando o mouse
Na tela Inicial, pressione e segure o bloco que deseja na parte superior esquerda da tela para escolher seu outro
redimensionar. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique com aplicativo.
o botão direito no bloco.)
Toque ou clique em Redimensionar e escolha o tama- Barra de tarefas – Área de trabalho
nho desejado.
A barra de tarefas é a principal barra que está sempre
Personalizando o computador disponível na parte inferior da tela exibindo o botão ini-
Para configurar o PC e deixa-lo exatamente com a sua ciar, se estiver utilizando a versão 8.1 do Windows, área
cara vá até a Charms Bar e clique em configurações e em de notificação e ícones que representam os aplicativos
“Mudar configurações do computador” que fica na parte abertos ou atalhos fixados nesta barra.
inferior da barra. Aparecerá uma nova tela com as se- Os aplicativos Metro nativos e os adquiridos pela
guintes opções: Computador e dispositivo, Contas, Windows Store por default (padrão) não são exibidos
SkyDrive, Pesquisas e aplicativos, Privacidade, nesta barra, eles ficam ocultos na barra da esquerda, mas
Rede, Hora e idioma, Facilidade de acesso e Atu- na atualização 8.1 o Windows permite a sua exibição na
alização e recuperação. barra de tarefas bastando escolher o comando Proprie-
Computador e dispositivo: permite configurar os dades da Barra de tarefas e habilitar “Mostrar aplicativos
seguintes recursos: Tela de bloqueio, Vídeo, Dispositivos, da Windows Store na barra de tarefas” assim todos os
Mouse e touchpad, Digitação, Cantos e bordas, Energia e aplicativos que estiverem rodando serão exibidos nesta
suspenção, Reprodução automática e Informações do PC. barra facilitando alternar entre eles que também serão
exibidos na mini janela do Aero e, semelhante aos demais
Conta: local de configuração de sua conta, Opções de
aplicativos, podem ser fechados clicando no X da janela ou
entrada e Outras contas.
simplesmente clicar com o Scrool (rodinha) do mouse no
A diferença é a possibilidade de configurar três movi- centro da mini janela.
mentos que você escolhe para substituir uma senha. Ao
Caso queira fixar estes aplicativos na barra de tarefas basta
invés de digitar uma senha, você escolhe uma fotografia
clicar com o botão direito do mouse com a tecla shift pressio-
qualquer e escolhe três movimentos nesta foto.
nada e escolher “Inserir à esquerda” ou “Inserir à direita”.
Em SkyDrive você configura Armazenamento de ar-
A barra de tarefas normalmente é exibida na parte
quivos, Imagens da câmera, Configurações e sincronização
inferior da área de trabalho, mas é possível movê-la para
e Conexões limitadas.
as laterais ou para a parte superior da área de trabalho. É
Pesquisas e aplicativos: Você escolhe como serão preciso desbloquear a barra de tarefas para poder movê-la.
feitas suas Pesquisas, Compartilhamento, Notificações,
É possível alterar a ordem dos botões da barra de
Tamanhos de aplicativos e Padrões.
tarefas, escolher o modo como eles são agrupados
Privacidade: Geral, Localização, Webcam, Microfone quando há mais de uma janela aberta e alterar o tama-
e Outros aplicativos. nho dos botões.
Rede: Conexões, Modo avião, Proxy, Grupo doméstico Para alterar a ordem dos botões na barra de tarefas, arras-
e Local de trabalho. te um botão de sua posição atual para uma posição diferente.
Hora e idioma: Configura a data e hora do sistema e Você pode os reorganizar com a frequência desejada. Todos
local e o idioma. os arquivos abertos do mesmo aplicativo sempre são agrupa-
dos, mesmo que você não os tenha aberto um após o outro.
Facilidade de Acesso: Permite configurar diversos
Isso ocorre para que você possa ver todas as visualizações
recursos de acessibilidade como Narrador, Lupa, Auto
desse aplicativo ao mesmo tempo.
Para alterar a aparência dos botões da canto superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
barra de tarefas para baixo e clique em Pesquisar), digite Barra de Tarefas
na caixa de pesquisa e, nos resultados, toque ou clique em
Abra as propriedades Barra de Tarefas e Navegação: Barra de Tarefas e Navegação.
passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela, toque em
Pesquisar (ou, se estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o Em Múltiplos vídeos, selecione uma das opções da lista
canto superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse Mostrar botões da barra de tarefas em e toque ou clique
para baixo e clique em Pesquisar), digite Barra de Tarefas em OK.
na caixa de pesquisa e, nos resultados, toque ou clique em Todas as barras de tarefas: Os botões da barra de
Barra de Tarefas e Navegação. tarefas de todas as janelas abertas serão duplicadas nas
Na guia Barra de Tarefas, selecione uma das opções na barras de tarefas em cada vídeo.
lista Botões da barra de tarefas: Barra de tarefas principal e barra de tarefas
Sempre combinar, ocultar rótulos: Essa é a con- onde a janela é aberta: O botão da barra de tarefas
figuração padrão. Cada aplicativo aparece como um botão aparecerá no monitor principal e também na barra de
único e sem rótulo, mesmo quando várias janelas desse tarefas, no vídeo em que a janela está aberta.
aplicativo estiverem abertas.
Barra de tarefas onde a janela é aberta: Um
Combinar quando a barra de tarefas estiver botão da barra de tarefas aparecerá apenas no vídeo em
cheia: Essa configuração mostra cada janela como um que a janela está aberta. Nenhum dos botões é duplicado
botão individual e rotulado. Quando a barra de tarefas fica em outras barras de tarefas.
cheia, aplicativos com várias janelas abertas são recolhidos
em um só botão de aplicativo. Toque ou clique no botão
para ver uma lista das janelas abertas. Personalizar cor das janelas
Nunca combinar: Essa configuração mostra cada
Para personalizar a cor das janelas do Windows 8.1 abra
janela como um botão individual rotulado e nunca o
o Charms bar e clique em Configurações, depois clique em
agrupa, não importando quantas janelas estejam abertas.
Personalização, na próxima tela faça as configurações de
Conforme mais aplicativos e janelas são abertas, os botões
cor que desejar.
ficam menores e, eventualmente, são rolados.
Para usar botões pequenos na barra de tarefas, marque a
caixa de seleção Usar botões pequenos da barra de tarefas. Instalação e desinstalação de programas
Para usar botões grandes, desmarque a caixa de seleção. O Windows 8 tem um aplicativo poderoso aplicativo
chamado Loja. Ele possui o mesmo conceito dos App Store
$OWHUDUFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGDEDUUDGHWDUHIDV dos celulares. Um local onde é possível baixar de forma
para múltiplos vídeos segura aplicativos para o Sistema Operacional Windows
Se você estiver usando mais de um vídeo (por 8. Para os demais aplicativos de outros fornecedores de
exemplo, se tem mais de um monitor), pode decidir software o procedimento é através do velho Download ou
se deseja ter uma barra de tarefas em todos os vídeos mídia como CD, DVD ou PenDrive.
e como deseja que os botões sejam organizados nas Uma novidade é a proteção que bloqueia a instalação
barras de tarefas. de software possivelmente prejudiciais ao PC chamado
SmartScreen. Esta proteção já existia no Internet Explo-
Para mostrar uma barra de tarefas em rer há algum tempo e agora passa a proteger seu com-
todos os vídeos putador verificando o nível de segurança do software
Abra as propriedades Barra de Tarefas e Navegação: que pretende instalar. Caso o SmartScreen bloquear a
passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela, toque em instalação de um aplicativo ele exibirá uma mensagem
Pesquisar (ou, se estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o no centro da tela lhe informando que o aplicativo é de
canto superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse uma fonte insegura, porém, o administrador do sistema
para baixo e clique em Pesquisar), digite Barra de Tarefas pode desbloquear e instalar o software assim mesmo.
na caixa de pesquisa e, nos resultados, toque ou clique em
Barra de Tarefas e Navegação. Usando dois aplicativos lado a lado
Em Múltiplos vídeos, verifique se a caixa de seleção Abra um aplicativo que deseja usar.
Mostrar barra de tarefas em todas as exibições está marca- Deslize o dedo na parte superior da tela até que uma
da e toque ou clique em OK. abertura apareça atrás do aplicativo. Em seguida, arraste o
aplicativo para a esquerda ou a direita. Se estiver usando
Para escolher como os botões da barra de o mouse, aponte para o canto superior esquerdo da tela e
tarefas são mostrados em vários vídeos clique com o botão direito do mouse no ícone de aplicativo
na barra de título. Escolha Dividir Esquerda ou Dividir
Abra as propriedades Barra de Tarefas e Navegação:
Direita.
passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela, toque em
Pesquisar (ou, se estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o
Volte para a tela Inicial e abra um segundo aplicativo. 3DFRWH2I¿FHH
Ele será exibido ao lado do primeiro aplicativo.
MS Word: .docx, .dotx, .rtf, .txt, .pdf
Para redimensionar os aplicativos, arraste o divisor
MS Excel: .xlsx, .pdf
entre eles.
MS Power Point: .pptx, .ppsx, .pdf
Para abrir um terceiro aplicativo
Se você voltar para a tela Inicial e abrir um terceiro Impressão de documentos
aplicativo, ele será exibido na parte superior dos dois É possível instalar e configurar várias impressoras no
primeiros. Você pode tocar ou clicar no lado esquerdo Windows 8. Entre todas as impressoras instaladas sempre
ou direito do terceiro aplicativo para substituir um dos haverá uma “impressora padrão”. O Windows mantém todas
aplicativos sob ele. as impressões a serem realizadas na chamada “fila de impres-
Se desejar usar todos os três aplicativos na mesma são”, esta fila está disponível nas propriedades da impressora
tela, arraste o terceiro aplicativo até que um espaço aberto que se mandou imprimir. Nesta fila é possível ver seu status,
apareça ao lado dos outros aplicativos ou entre eles. Se um o proprietário do documento, as páginas a serem impressas
espaço não for aberto, sua tela somente poderá exibir dois e é possível cancelar, exibir, reiniciar, pausar, continuar ou
aplicativos de cada vez. cancelar os trabalhos de impressão.
Diferença entre Arquivos Grupo Doméstico

Cada aplicativo cria um tipo de arquivo diferente de outro Para facilitar o compartilhamento de arquivos e dispo-
aplicativo. Editores de texto geram tipos de arquivos que não sitivos o Windows 8 configura automaticamente o recurso
ser abertos por tocadores de música. Existem arquivos de Grupo Doméstico. Sempre que uma conexão de rede é
fotos, filmes, apresentações Power Point, planilhas, etc. configurada como sendo “privada”, é possível criar uma
Cada aplicativo cria seu próprio tipo e são identifica- senha e todos os dispositivos conectados nesta rede pode-
dos por algumas letras inseridas automaticamente pelo rão trocar informações facilmente, isto porque o próprio
Sistema Operacional no final do nome que você atribuiu Windows configura sua rede.
ao arquivo. Dois arquivos com o mesmo nome e mesma Dentro deste pequeno mundo formado pelos disposi-
extensão não podem ficar na mesma pasta. tivos interligados nesta rede o usuário decide o que ele
Alguns caracteres especiais não poderão ser utilizados gostaria de compartilhar como arquivos, pastas, músicas,
para nomear uma pasta ou arquivo: etc. Os outros dispositivos desta rede poderão retirar, inse-
rir ou editar arquivos contidos nos locais compartilhados.
\ / ? : * " > < | Para compartilhar uma pasta, diretório, basta clicar com o
Alguns nomes, utilizados pelo Sistema Operacional, botão direito do mouse sobre a pasta desejada e escolher
também não podem ser utilizados para nomear pastas ou a opção propriedades, clique na aba compartilhamento e
arquivos. na opção compartilhar. Na nova janela escolha o usuário
ou rede que terá acesso à aquela pasta. É possível compar-
CON, PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL, COM0, COM1,
tilhar arquivos utilizando o aplicativo de vídeo chamada e
COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8,
conferência Skype.
COM9, LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6,
LPT7, LPT8, LPT9
Contas de usuário
Quanto a quantidade de caracteres possíveis para se
nomear um arquivo isso depende do tamanho do caminho No Windows 8 é muito fácil ter sua personalização
completo para o nome que arquivo terá (como C:\usuá- em qualquer dispositivo, basta sempre logar-se com uma
rio\nome_do_usuario\documentos\nome do arquivo. conta Microsoft. A conta Microsoft é um endereço de e-
extensão). O Windows limita um único caminho a 260 -mail que não necessita ser da Microsoft, é possível utilizar
caracteres. É por isso que você pode, ocasionalmente, um e-mail do Gmail, Yahoo ou Outlook para sua conta
encontrar um erro ao copiar um arquivo com um nome Microsoft.
muito longo para um local que possua um caminho mais É possível também criar uma conta local, como nas
longo do que o local original do arquivo. versões anteriores do Windows, porém, você não terá a
configuração nem os aplicativos que instalou em outro
Principais aplicativos acessórios e suas dispositivo, recursos que uma conta Microsoft possibilita.
extensões Se tiver entrado no seu computador com uma conta
local, poderá alternar para uma conta Microsoft desta
Bloco de Notas: .txt, .sys, .bat, .html
forma: Passe o dedo na borda direita da tela, toque em
Paint: .png, .bmp, .jpg, .gif, .tiff Configurações e toque em Mudar configurações do PC. Se
WordPad: .rtf, .docx, .odt e .txt você estiver usando o mouse, aponte para o canto inferior
direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima,
clique em Configurações e, em seguida, clique em Mudar
configurações do PC. Toque ou clique em Contas, toque
ou clique em Sua conta e, em seguida, toque ou clique em Ao criar uma nova conta no Windows 8 você pode
Conectar à conta da Microsoft. Em seguida, escolha uma escolher uma conta infantil que possibilita medidas de
das seguintes opções: monitoramentos extras de segurança, com ou sem e-mail,
onde elas terão acesso somente ao conteúdo que você
Conectar-se a uma conta da Microsoft escolher.
existente
3DUD YHUL¿FDU VH YRFr HQWURX FRP XPD
Mesmo que não tenha entrado no seu computador com
uma conta da Microsoft, é possível que você já tenha essa conta da Microsoft
conta se usar outros serviços Microsoft, como Xbox, Hotmail, Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Con-
Outlook.com ou Skype. Sua conta da Microsoft é composta figurações e em Alterar configurações do PC. Se estiver
pelo endereço de e-mail que você usa para entrar nesses usando um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior direito
serviços. Insira o endereço de e-mail existente e a senha da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima, clique em
usados para entrar nos outros serviços Microsoft, toque ou Configurações e em Alterar configurações do PC.
clique em Avançar e siga as instruções. Toque ou clique em Contas e depois em Sua conta.
Caso tenha utilizado uma conta Microsoft para se logar,
Inscrever-se para obter o endereço de e- seu nome e e-mail aparecerão na tela. Se você utilizou uma
-mail usado com mais frequência conta local logo abaixo do seu nome será exibido “Conta
Se não tiver usado os serviços Microsoft anteriormente, Local” ao invés do e-mail.
você poderá usar qualquer endereço de e-mail que você
tenha para se inscrever para uma nova conta da Microsoft, Outlook.com
incluindo endereços do Outlook.com, do Yahoo! ou do O Outlook.com é um serviço de webmail gratuito. Você
Gmail. Para usar seu endereço de e-mail favorito: pode usá-lo para acessar seus e-mails de qualquer navega-
Insira o endereço de e-mail a ser usado e toque ou dor ou em qualquer computador ou dispositivo. Se já tiver
clique em Criar uma nova conta. uma conta da Microsoft, você poderá entrar diretamente
Siga as instruções para preencher suas informações no Outlook.com e não precisará criar uma nova conta.
pessoais e de segurança. Se quiser um novo endereço de e-mail do Outlook.com,
você poderá configurá-lo facilmente para torná-lo auto-
maticamente uma conta da Microsoft. Se quiser manter
Obtenha um novo endereço de e-mail
seu endereço de e-mail atual, mas também criar um novo
Se desejar iniciar uma nova conta da Microsoft e obter endereço do Outlook.com, você poderá adicionar um alias
um endereço de e-mail totalmente novo, você poderá fazer (apelido).
isso gratuitamente:
Toque ou clique em Criar uma nova conta. Para criar uma nova conta da Microsoft e
Siga as instruções para preencher suas informações entrar no Outlook.com
pessoais e de segurança para um novo endereço de e-mail
e pronto. Vá para o www.outlook.com e siga as orientações de
Com certeza a grande vantagem em sempre se logar cadastro.
com uma conta Microsoft é que em todo e qualquer dispo- Configure seu Windows 8.1 para se conectar sempre
sitivo que utilizar será como se fosse o mesmo dispositivo. através da sua conta Microsoft em Charms bar, Configura-
Toda personalização com relação a tela inicial, cores, blo- ções, Mudar configurações do computador, Contas.
cos, dimensões dos tiles, contatos, histórico e favorito dos
navegadores e aplicativos instalados serão sincronizados e
disponibilizados do mesmo jeito que estavam nos outros Atalhos de teclado
dispositivos que utiliza.
Este é um assunto muito cobrado em qualquer concurso
O conceito é que você use qualquer dispositivo sempre público, estude e pratique pois, com certeza cairá na sua
da mesma forma, sem faltar nada. Os seus arquivos estarão prova.
disponíveis também se você os salvou na nuvem utilizando
o SkyDrive (OneDrive). É como ter um pendrive virtual Alt: Em algumas janelas, mostra a barra de ferramentas
com todos os arquivos importantes seguros e disponíveis oculta
em qualquer lugar. Alt + P: Mostra o painel de visualização no Explorer
Através de uma conta Microsoft no Windows 8 é possível Alt + Tab: Alterna entre as janelas ou aplicativos abertos;
obter aplicativos na Windows Store, fazer backup de todos Segurando Alt, vá teclando Tab para ir para os próximos
os seus arquivos importantes utilizando o armazenamento
Alt + Shift + Tab: Idem anterior, porém em sentido
em nuvem gratuito e manter seus vídeos, fotos, amigos,
inverso
configuração atualizados independente do aplicativo uti-
lizado, ao se logar com uma conta Microsoft seus Apps e Alt + F4: Fecha a janela atual; chama a tela de desliga-
configurações serão atualizados e sincronizados para este mento do computador se for dado no desktop (ou quando
dispositivo através da Internet. não tiver mais janelas abertas)
Alt + Espaço: Abre o menu de sistema da janela atual Ctrl + L: Vai para a barra de endereços no Explorer
(útil para mover, redimensionar...) (e em boa parte dos navegadores); aí basta digitar o que
quiser e dar enter
Alt + Esc: Alterna entre os programas pela ordem na
qual foram abertos Ctrl + Shift + N: Criar nova pasta no Explorer
Alt + Enter: Propriedades do item selecionado (nor- Ctrl+ Shift + Esc: Abre o gerenciador de tarefas
malmente usado com arquivos e pastas) Ctrl + Alt + Tab: Abre a tela do Alt + Tab mas fica
Alt + Print Screen: captura numa imagem apenas a ja- parado; use as setas direcionais para navegar e enter para
nela ativa, jogando os dados para a área de transferência; selecionar uma janela
para ver ou salvar a imagem é necessário usar o comando Ctrl + Alt + Del: Tela de segurança, com opções para
colar num programa que aceite gráficos bloquear a tela, sair, trocar usuário, chamar o gerenciador
de tarefas, alterar senhas, etc.
Alt + Seta para cima: Vai para a pasta pai no Explorer
(a pasta superior da atual) Ctrl + Clique em algum item selecionável: Permite
selecionar vários itens (arquivos, itens em listas multi-
Alt + Seta para a esquerda: Vai para a pasta anterior -seleção, etc)
Alt + Seta para a direita: Vai para a próxima pasta Ctrl + Clique e arraste: Copia os itens para a mesma
Shift + Del: Exclui um arquivo permanentemente, sem pasta
passar pela lixeira Ctrl + Shift + Clique e arraste: Cria um atalho para os
Shift + F6: Navega pelos elementos da janela atual itens na mesma pasta
Ctrl + Tab: Move entre janelas abertas dentro de um
Shift + F10: Acessa o menu de contexto do item atual
programa MDI, ou entre abas no navegador, por exemplo
(corresponde a clicar com o direito no item selecionado)
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Idem anterior, mas na ordem in-
Tab: Navega entre os elementos da janela atual
versa
Shift + Tab: Também navega entre os elementos da Ctrl + Shift + Clique num programa da barra de tare-
janela atual, em ordem inversa (útil para acessar itens em fas: Abre uma nova instância do programa com direitos
janelas de diálogo) administrativos
Shift + Clique num botão na barra de tarefas: Abre uma Ctrl + Clique num botão agrupado na barra de tarefas:
nova instância do programa (em vez de alternar para a aberta) Alterna entre as janelas agrupadas
Shift + Clique com o direito num botão na barra de
tarefas: Acessa o menu de contexto clássico (sem passar
Lista de atalhos com a tecla do logotipo do
pela Jump List)
Windows:
Ctrl + A: Selecionar tudo (todos os arquivos, todo o
texto, etc) : Chama a tela inicial e/ou alterna entre ela e o
desktop
Ctrl + C: Copia a seleção para a área de transferência
Ctrl + X: Recorta a seleção para a área de transferência; + C: Chama a barra de charms (a da lateral direita)
se for texto, cuidado: se recortar ou copiar outro depois
sem ter colado antes, o anterior será perdido + Tab: Alterna entre os apps modernos e o desktop
Ctrl + V: Cola o conteúdo da área de transferência + Shift + Tab: Idem item anterior, mas em sentido
Ctrl + D: Exclui o item selecionado (mesma coisa do inverso
Del ou Delete)
+ I: Charm de configurações
Ctrl + Z: Desfaz a última ação na maioria dos progra-
mas; alguns permitem inúmeros níveis de desfazer, outros + H: Charm de compartilhamento (para os apps
apenas um modernos)
Ctrl + Shift + Z ou Ctrl + Y: Refaz a última ação des-
feita; alguns programas usam um atalho diferente, e nem + K: Charm de dispositivo
todos oferecem essa possibilidade
+ Q: Busca de apps
Ctrl + N: Abre uma nova janela do Explorer ou de
outros aplicativos + F: Busca de arquivos
Ctrl + W: Fecha a janela ou aba atual
+ W: Busca de configurações
Ctrl + E ou Ctrl + F: Vai para o campo de busca no topo
à direita das janelas com campo de busca (normalmente + P: Barra de configuração do segundo monitor ou
no Explorer) projetor
+ Z: Barra de menus e botões nos apps modernos + M: Minimiza todas as janelas
(mesmo efeito de clicar num local vazio deles com o botão
direito) + Shift + M: Restaura todas as janelas minimizadas
com o Win + M
+ X: Menu de ferramentas do Windows
+ D: Mostra ou oculta a área de trabalho
+ . (ponto): Move o divisor de tela para a direita (o
divisor dos apps modernos) + L: Bloqueia o computador, exigindo a senha para
acessar novamente; útil quando tiver outras pessoas por
+ Shift + . (ponto): Move o divisor de tela para a perto ou se você tem gatos, já que eles podem ficar teclan-
esquerda do algumas coisas..
+ V: Exibe as notificações + Seta para cima: Maximiza a janela atual
+ Shift + V: Exibe as notificações, em ordem inversa + Seta para baixo: Minimiza ou restaura a janela
atual
+ Print Screen: Captura uma imagem da tela e salva
na pasta Screenshots ou Capturas de Tela, dentro da pasta + Home: Minimiza tudo exceto a janela atual
Imagens
+ Seta à esquerda: Move a janela para a metade
+ Enter: Abre o Narrator, sintetizador de voz esquerda da tela
+ E: Abre o Explorer, gerenciador de arquivos + Seta à direita: Move a janela para a metade direita
da tela
+ R: Abre a janela Executar
+ Shift + Seta para cima: Expande a janela atual
+ U: Abre o centro de acessibilidade verticalmente
+ Ctrl + F: Busca de computadores + Shift + Seta para a esquerda ou direita: Move

a janela atual para o monitor à esquerda ou direita, em
+ Pause Break: Propriedades do sistema (corres- configurações com várias telas
pondente às propriedades do item Computador ou Meu
computador) + F1: Ajuda e suporte
+ números de 1 a 0: Abre um programa fixo na barra

de tarefas, onde o primeiro ícone é o 1 e o décimo é o 0. Se
você não tiver mudado a ordem ou removido o atalho, Win Atalhos na tela inicial:
+ 1 abre o Internet Explorer no desktop, por exemplo
PageUp e PageDown: permite rolar na tela Inicial
+ Shift + números de 1 a 0: Abre uma nova ins-
tância do programa correspondente ao número na barra Esc: Fecha uma barra ou charm
de tarefas. Se fosse pelo mouse, daria para segurar Shift
enquanto clica Ctrl + Esc: Alterna entre a tela inicial e o último app
acessado
+ Ctrl + números de 1 a 0: Acessa a última instância
ativada do programa correspondente ao número Ctrl + Giro na rodinha do mouse: Ativa o zoom semân-
tico na tela inicial (o mesmo de clicar no botão inferior
+ Alt + números de 1 a 0: Acessa a Jump List do direito dela)
programa correspondente ao número. É correspondente a
clicar com o botão direito no ícone do programa na barra
de tarefas
+ B: Seleciona o primeiro item na área de notifica-

ções. Use as setas direcionais para navegar e enter para
abrir algum item
+ Ctrl + B: Acessa o programa que está exibindo

alguma mensagem na área de notificações
+ T: Alterna entre os botões na barra de tarefas. Use

as setas para navegar e enter para abrir
As funções e Layout do MS-Word 2013 tiveram pouca
MICROSOFT OFFICE 2013 alteração desde sua última versão, MS-Word 2010, porém, sua
integração com a nuvem, Cloud Computing, possibilita mais
uma forma de trabalho.
Salve um arquivo no OneDrive e acesse-o de qualquer
A suíte MS-OFFICE é fabricada pela empresa Microsoft, outro dispositivo conectado à Internet em qualquer local,
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entre vários usuários editando o mesmo documento de forma
Desde sua primeira versão, MS-OFFICE 4.0, muitos
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programas foram acrescentados à esta suíte, porém, quatro
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MS-WORD
MS-EXCEL Janela de apresentação
MS-POWER POINT Como disse anteriormente o Layout do novo MS-Word 2013
não foi muito alterado, agora existe mais uma Guia chamada
MS-ACCESS 'HVLJQHODpH[DWDPHQWHDPHVPDGR063RZHU3RLQWWUD]HQGR
modelos de layout de texto.
Este grupo, ou conjunto de programas, chamamos de pacote.
É muito comum chamamos este conjunto de programas de
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que vamos estudar, Word, Excel e Power Point, pertencem a um
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pela Microsoft. A suíte vem acrescentando com o tempo cada No topo da janela deste programa temos a Barra De Títulos,
YH] PDLV IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV QRV VHXV DSOLFDWLYRV EHP FRPR que é responsável por exibir o nome do arquivo seguido do
aumentando também a quantidade de aplicativos que formam QRPH GR SURJUDPD H ¿FDP FHQWUDOL]DGRV QHVWD EDUUD$ EDUUD
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acordo com a quantidade de programas incorporados e com o encontra-se restaurada. Em uma janela restaurada dando-se um
SHU¿OGHXVXiULRVRXHPSUHVDV duplo clique com o botão primário do mouse em qualquer local
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Clicando e arrastando a janela pela barra de título até o topo
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HVWLYHUPD[LPL]DGDFOLFDQGRQHVWDEDUUDHSX[DQGRDSDUDEDL[R
Word, do Excel, do PowerPoint e dos demais programas. Porém,
a janela será restaurada, permitindo assim sua movimentação.
o primeiro segue o formato de venda tradicional, ou seja, você
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À esquerda temos a
ou anual.
Barra de Acesso Rápido,
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possibilidade de qualquer aplicativo abrir e editar arquivos alguns comandos mais
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e selecionar os comandos. Na instalação padrão (Default),
MS-WORD VRPHQWHVmRH[LELGRVRVtFRQHV6DOYDU'HVID]HUH5HID]HU
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e é considerado o principal produto dela pois, sem dúvida, é o
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Menu Arquivo
com o aplicativo MS-Word é chamado de DOCUMENTO. Através deste Menu, podemos criar novos documentos,
6HPSUHTXHQRVUHIHULPRVDXPDUTXLYRGR06:RUGGL]HPRV abrir arquivos existentes, salvar documentos, imprimir, obter
TXHVHWUDWDGHXP³'RFXPHQWRGR:RUG´ LQIRUPDo}HV SURWHJHU R GRFXPHQWR YHUL¿FDU YHUV}HV DOpP
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compartilhar o arquivo através de e-mail ou exportá-lo para
criar qualquer tipo de texto. Com este aplicativo é possível
PDF ou XPS.
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a fonte (letra), colorindo, animando, aplicando formatações em Guias ou Abas
qualquer parte do texto.
No MS-Word 2013 os comandos
Por ser o software mais popular para esse tipo função, saber SDUDDHGLomRGHWH[WR¿FDPDJUXSDGDV
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trabalho, além de facilitar a produção de trabalhos acadêmicos
ou mesmo de documentos de cunho particular, sendo muito Nas guias temos os GRUPOS
cobrado em concurso público, estude! de ferramentas, por exemplo, na
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os principais comandos, para acessar os demais comandos 9LVXDOL]DU5HVXOWDGRVH
destes grupos de ferramentas, alguns destes grupos possuem
Concluir.
pequenas setas na sua direita inferior que abre as janelas de
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Guia REVISÃO contém os seguintes grupos:
O Word possui também guias contextuais quando
determinados elementos, dentro de seu texto, são selecionados, Revisão de Texto;
por exemplo, ao selecionar uma imagem, é criado Idioma;
automaticamente uma guia com comandos para manipulação Comentários;
de imagem. É possível esconder a barra de Guias clicando na
Controle;
seta que aponta para cima logo abaixo do indicativo da conta de
XVXiULRGR062I¿FH Alterações;
Comparar e
Proteger.
Guia PÁGINA INICIAL contém os seguintes grupos:
Área de Transferência;
Guia EXIBIÇÃO contém os seguintes grupos:
Fonte;
Modos de Exibição;
Parágrafos;
Mostrar;
Estilo e
Zoom;
Edição.
Janela e
Macros.
Guia INSERIR contém os seguintes grupos:
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Páginas;
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Tabelas; Faixa de Opções.
Ilustrações;
Aplicativos;
Barra de Status
Mídia;
A Barra de Status exibe informações sobre o status (situação,
Links;
estado, qualidade ou circunstância) atual do documento e do
Comentários; aplicativo de forma mais enxuta do que das versões anteriores.
Cabeçalho e Rodapé;
Ela exibe: o número da página onde se encontra o cursor;
Texto e o número de páginas do documento. A contagem de palavras,
Símbolos. clicando sobre esta informação abrirá uma janela com outras
informações como quantidade de caracteres com e sem espaços,
quantidade de parágrafos e linhas, palavras e páginas. Exibe
Guia DESIGN contém os seguintes grupos:
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Temas; GHVOL]DQWHGH]RRP
Formatação de Documento e
Plano de Fundo da Página.
Salvando Arquivos
É importante salvar seu trabalho no início da digitação
Guia LAYOUT DE PÁGINA contém os seguintes grupos:
evitando que ele se perca caso haja falta de energia elétrica.
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Parágrafo e
arquivo, em seu computador, pen drive ou outro dispositivo de
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Para salvar seu documento, clique no botão salvar no
Guia REFERÊNCIAS contém os seguintes grupos: WRSR GD WHOD 0HQX $UTXLYR RSomR 6DOYDU RX &75/ % QR
Sumário; teclado. Será aberta o Menu Arquivo com a opção Salvar como
Notas de Rodapé; selecionada e, na parte direita da janela, serão exibidas opções
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&LWDo}HVH%LEOLRJUD¿D
no computador ou na nuvem em seu disco virtual, OneDrive, ou
Legendas; outro local da Web. Escolha o nome do arquivo e o tipo.
Índice e
Índice de Autoridades.
Tipos de documento do Word
Word 2003- .doc , .dot , .html , .rtf, .txt (entre outros)
Guia CORRESPONDÊNCIAS contém os seguintes
grupos: Word 2007/2010/2013: .docx , .dotx , .html , .txt, .rtf (entre
Criar; outros)
Iniciar Mala Direta;
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Página Inicial e os grupos Fonte, Parágrafo e Estilo.
Arquivos com extensão .docx : são os arquivos normais do Word.
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Arquivos com extensão .dotx : são os arquivos de modelo.
de letra, cor, espaçamento entre caracteres, etc., para formatar
São usados para manter um modelo ou padrão preservado.
uma palavra, basta apenas clicar sobre ela, para duas ou mais é
([HPSORXPD¿FKDRXIRUPXOiULRDVHUSUHHQFKLGR
necessário selecionar o texto, se quiser formatar somente uma
$UTXLYRVFRPH[WHQVmRKWPR:RUGSRGHSURGX]LUSiJLQDV letra também é necessário selecionar a letra.
para a Web (sites). Estes arquivos levam a extensão .htm,.html,
No grupo Fonte, temos visível o tipo de letra, tamanho,
.mht, .mhtml
botões para aumentar e diminuir fonte, limpar formatação,
$UTXLYRVFRPH[WHQVmRUWIR:RUGSRGHSURGX]LUDUTXLYRV negrito, itálico, sublinhado, observe que ao lado de sublinhado
no formato RTF (Rich Text Format). O Rich Text Format ou temos uma seta apontando para baixo, ao clicar nessa seta, é
RTF atribui a um arquivo a formatação mais próxima possível possível escolher tipo e cor de linha.
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Ao lado do botão de sublinhado temos o botão Tachado
o arquivo bem próximo do que foi criado quando estes forem
– que coloca um risco no meio da palavra, botão subscrito e
abertos em outro aplicativo.
sobrescrito e o botão Maiúsculas e Minúsculas.
O RTF é um formato criado pela Microsoft com o objetivo
GH UHDOL]DU D WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH GRFXPHQWRV HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV O botão Maiúscula e Minúsculas permite alterar entre letras
programas (suítes), e não só para o Word. maiúsculas e minúsculas em seu texto.
Após esse botão temos o de realce – que permite altera a cor
de fundo para realçar o texto e o botão de cor do texto.
Abrindo um arquivo do Word
A janela Fonte contém os principais comandos de
Para abrir um arquivo, você precisa clicar na ABA Arquivo formatação e permite que você possa observar as alterações
HHVFROKHUDRSomR$EULURXGLJLWDU&75/$QDSDUWHjGLUHLWD antes de aplica-las. Ainda nessa janela temos a opção
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além dos últimos arquivos abertos pelo programa. espaçamento entre os caracteres que pode ser condensado
ou comprimido, a posição, que é referente ao sobrescrito e
subscrito, permitindo que se faça algo como: X23.
Visualização do Documento
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No canto inferior direto da tela temos o controle de Zoom, ao
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documento que podem também ser acessados pela Aba Exibição
com mais duas possibilidades: Fonte
Layout de Impressão: Formato atual de seu documento é
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3RVVXLXPDSURSRUomRUHDOGHFRPRVHXDUTXLYR¿FDUiTXDQGR
manda-lo imprimir.
Modo de Leitura: Ele oculta todas as barras da sua janela,
facilitando a leitura em tela, observe que no documento à direita
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inferior da tela.
Layout da Web: Aproxima o layout do seu texto de uma
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resultados, tendo em vista que muitos usuários postam textos 1R:RUG³IRQWH´VHUHIHUHDRGHVLJQJUi¿FRDSOLFDWLYRDXP
SURGX]LGRV QR :RUG HP VLWHV H EORJV QD ,QWHUQHW RX DLQGD conjunto de números, símbolos e caracteres.
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Uma fonte descreve um certo tipo de letra, juntamente com
(VWUXWXUD GH 7ySLFRV 3HUPLWH YLVXDOL]DU VHX GRFXPHQWR outras qualidades, como, por exemplo, tamanho, espaçamento
em tópicos, o formato terá melhor compreensão quando e densidade.
trabalharmos com marcadores.
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Rascunho: É o formato bruto, permite aplicar diversos é a fonte Arial em tamanho 12, e também a fonte Times New
UHFXUVRV GH SURGXomR GH WH[WR SRUpP QmR YLVXDOL]D FRPR Roman em tamanho 12, ambas em estilo normal (que não é
impressão nem outro tipo de meio. itálico, negrito ou sublinhado).
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apenas na guia Exibição. Guia Página Inicial e o Grupo Fonte, siga os comandos a seguir:
selecione o texto ou parte do texto a ser aplicada à fonte, na
caixa de seleção escolha a Fonte que desejar, ao parar o mouse
Formatação de texto sobre o nome da Fonte e o texto selecionado será formatado,
Um dos maiores recursos de uma edição de texto é a temporariamente, com o estilo da Fonte que o mouse estiver
possibilidade de se formatar o texto. posicionado, para escolher a fonte basta clicar sobre ela.
eSRVVtYHODLQGDH[HFXWDURPHVPRSURFHGLPHQWRXWLOL]DQGR No grupo da Guia Página Inicial, temos as opções de
o menu suspenso que aparece quando o texto é selecionado. marcadores (bullets e numeração e listas de vários níveis),
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este botão exibe todos os caracteres não imprimíveis existente
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e Colar
Na segunda linha temos os botões de alinhamentos:
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de um determinado documento. Para isso, existem os comandos SDUDEDL[RSHUPLWLQGRTXHVHSRVVDGH¿QLUTXDORHVSDoDPHQWR
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Transferência da Guia Página Inicial. Para executar estes Existem dois tipos de marcadores: Símbolos e Numeração.
comandos, o texto ou objeto precisa estar selecionado. Cuidado com isso na prova, principalmente com os marcadores
numéricos pois eles englobam as letras, portanto, se na
Recortar prova houver uma questão perguntando sobre onde estão os
marcadores com letras, eles estarão nos marcadores numéricos.
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em outra posição. Para recortar um objeto ou texto, siga os Selecionando Textos
comandos: selecione o texto ou objeto a ser movimentado,
Ao posicionar o mouse
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o cursor se tornará uma seta e
Copiar apontará para a direita:
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original intacto. Para copiar objeto ou texto: Clique em Copiar Ao dar duplo clique ele
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ou texto que foi recortado ou copiado e enviados para a Área de texto:
Transferência) no ponto onde se encontra o Cursor. Para colar Ao dar um clique o cursor
objeto ou texto Posicionar o cursor no local a ser transferido se posiciona onde foi clicado.
(colado) o texto ou objeto; Clique em Colar na Guia Página
Ao dar duplo clique, ele seleciona toda a palavra.
Inicial;
Ao dar triplo clique ele seleciona todo o parágrafo.
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como imagem; para isso basta selecionar a parte do documento
que deseja transformar em imagem; clicar na seta que aponta
pra baixo junto ao ícone de Colar na Guia Página Inicial, depois
em Colar Especial para abrir a caixa de diálogo Colar especial.
Nesta caixa, escolha o tipo do arquivo, exemplo, Imagem JPEG,
Imagem GIF, e clique em OK. Formatando o documento
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A principal regra da formatação de parágrafos é que alterar a orientação do papel, escolher o tamanho do papel,
independente de onde estiver o cursor a formatação será aplicada dividir o texto em colunas e inserir quebras, números de linha
em todo o parágrafo, tendo ele uma linha ou mais. Quando se HKLIHQL]DomR
trata de dois ou mais parágrafos será necessário selecionar os Para dividir o texto em colunas dentro da mesma página
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Página Inicial, e os recuos também na ABA Layout da Página.
GH¿QLGDV PDV YRFr SRGH FRORFDU HP XP Q~PHUR PDLRU GH 2VGHRUWRJUD¿DHOHPDUFDHPvermelho e os de gramática
FROXQDVDGLFLRQDUOLQKDHQWUHDVFROXQDVGH¿QLUDODUJXUDHR em a]XO. É importante lembrar que estas marcações não serão
espaçamento entre as colunas. impressas.
É bastante comum em documentos que estão sendo Dica de prova!!!
elaborados como página WEB acrescentar numeração nas
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Quebras
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O Word insere uma quebra de página automaticamente uma correspondência para todos os sócios.
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de página automáticas sejam colocadas no local desejado.
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Para inserir uma quebra de página clique sobre o botão
quebras e escolha Página e tudo que estiver à direita do cursor Crie uma carta com o texto que será enviado a todos os
será deslocado para o início da próxima página. sócios, não coloque o nome nem endereço, deixe lacunas ou
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Recuos e alinhamentos deixando-os em negrito e itálico para destaca-los bem do
restante do texto.
Podemos trabalhar os recuos de texto também pelas réguas
superiores. Terceiro passo:
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como fonte de dados para enviar suas cartas, crie uma
planilha no MS-Excel contendo todos os campos que
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documento mestre.
Quarto passo:
Para criar a mala direta clique na guia Correspondências

e clique em Iniciar Mala Direta ‫ ڳ‬Cartas.
Agora, clique no botão Selecionar Destinatários ‫ ڳ‬Usar

Lista Existente. Selecione a planilha que será importada e a lista
criada no Excel.
Quinto passo:
No documento mestre (Word) selecione a local onde serão
inseridos os dados do banco de dados, o local onde estão os
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,QVHULQGR(OHPHQWRV*Ui¿FRV Correspondência. Selecione o campo corresponde da planilha.
O Word permite que se insira em seus documentos arquivos Os campos do Excel inserirão nas lacunas os dados necessários
JUi¿FRV FRPR ,PDJHP &OLSDUW )RUPDV HWF DV RSo}HV GH para completar o esqueleto.
inserção estão disponíveis na ABA Inserir.
Para cada sócio o MS-Word criará uma folha com o
mesmo esqueleto (documento mestre – Word), mas com dados
ABA Revisão pertinentes a cada sócio, conforme planilha Excel ou Banco de
Dados selecionados.
A ABA revisão é responsável por correção, proteção,
comentários, e outros de seu documento. O primeiro grupo Sexto passo:
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Gramática. 3DUD VDEHU FRPR ¿FDUi R GRFXPHQWR ¿QDO FOLTXH HP
Correspondências ‫ ڳ‬9LVXDOL]DU 5HVXOWDGRV H XVH RV ERW}HV
2REMHWLYRGHVWDIHUUDPHQWDpYHUL¿FDUWRGRRVHXGRFXPHQWR Próximo Registro e Registro anterior para navegar pelas
em busca de possíveis erros. páginas. Clique nesses botões para conferir se as páginas foram
criadas corretamente.
Sétimo passo: Macros mais avançadas permitem a alteração de formatação
de páginas ou margens automaticamente.
Para concluir a mala direta e usar o resultado da união entre
o esqueleto e os dados, basta clicar na guia Correspondências e Para se trabalhar com Macros é necessário habilitar a
no botão Concluir e Mesclar. Guia Desenvolvedor, para isso, Clique no menu Arquivo‫ڳ‬
Opções ‫ ڳ‬3HUVRQDOL]DU )DL[D GH 2So}HV +DELOLWH D *XLD
A seguir, você tem duas opções:
Desenvolvedor e clique OK.
Ɣ Imprimir Documentos ou
Ɣ Editar Documentos Individualmente.
Na primeira opção, é possível imprimir diretamente todos

os documentos em conjunto. Na segunda, você cria todos os
documentos, com as informações já mescladas, prontas para
serem editadas individualmente por você.
É possível criar mala direta para cartas, e-mail, envelopes,
etiquetas e diretório.
Impressão
Para imprimir seu documento o processo é muito simples.
Clique no menu Arquivo e clique sobre Imprimir.
Na janela da direita será exibido o documento a ser impresso
A partir deste momento no MS-Word há uma nova guia
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chamada Desenvolvedor, agora é possível trabalhar com
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Macros. Para acessar o painel de gravação de Macros, vá
Word, você pode dividir um documento em seções múltiplas
na aba Desenvolvedor e clique em Gravar Macro. Lá você
que usam numeração de página diferentes em cada seção.
escolherá entre um atalho de botão ou no teclado e se ela
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serem impressas, você deve fornecer o número da página e o documentos criados daqui para frente. Algo importante para
número de seção para o intervalo que você deseja imprimir. se ter em mente é que durante esse processo não é possível
Em um documento de várias seções que contém mais de usar o mouse no documento em si. Sendo assim é preciso
uma página 1, o Word não pode determinar qual página 1 para saber quais são os atalhos de teclado usados para navegar
imprimir a menos que você também fornecer um número de entre as guias. Para maior facilidade, opte para todos os
seção para a página. documentos e clique em OK.
Para imprimir um intervalo de páginas em seções, use a A partir desse momento a sua macro começará a ser gravada.
seguinte sintaxe na caixa páginas: Digite um texto e clique em Parar Gravação. O ícone do
Por exemplo, você digitaria p1s1 p1s2 para imprimir a macro será então criado na guia de acesso rápido. Ao clicar nele,
página 1 da seção 1 página 1 da seção 2. o texto será adicionado automaticamente em seu documento.
3DUDLPSULPLUDSiJLQDGDVHomRSiJLQDGDVHomR Esse exemplo básico se aplica a praticamente tudo que você

GLJLWHSVSV desejar criar com Macros no Word. Quer um espaçamento de
página? Clique em Gravar Macro, dê um nome, um atalho,
Para imprimir as páginas não-adjacentes ou seções não efetue as etapas e clique em Parar gravação. Uma dica
adjacentes, digite os números de página e seção separados por LPSRUWDQWH p VHPSUH WHQWDU FULDU DV HWDSDV H ID]HODV DQWHV GH
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Macros
Macros são ações graváveis que facilitam ou aceleram o
uso de certas ações ou conjunto de propriedades que podem
ser adicionadas a um texto. Por exemplo, você pode criar uma
macro para adicionar um texto em um documento sem ter que
digitá-lo ou copiá-lo de outro lugar.
MS - EXCEL <F9> (Calcular Agora): Quando se opta pelo cálculo
manual, deixa-se de efetuar o cálculo automaticamente como é
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eletronicamente uma planilha. Planilha é uma tabela que contém os valores e fórmulas.
cálculos. O programa Excel simula uma enorme folha de papel
TXDGULFXODGD H p PXLWR XWLOL]DGR SDUD FRQWUROHV GH HVWRTXH <F10> (Menu): Equivalente ao uso do <ALT> da esquerda
folhas de pagamento e controles em geral. do teclado ou ao clicar na Barra de
A tela do computador exibe uma folha onde podemos Menu.
observar uma série de linhas (representada por números) e <F12> SALVAR COMO...
colunas (representadas por letras).
A cada encontro de uma linha com uma coluna temos uma
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Uma Folha de Cálculo é, por tradição, um conjunto de células que está dentro dela. Ao aplicar um AutoAjuste, a coluna
que formam uma grelha ou tabela e que podem relacionar-se WDQWR SRGHUi VHU UHGX]LGD FRPR DPSOLDGD 9DL GHSHQGHU GD
entre si através de expressões lógicas e/ou matemáticas. quantidade de conteúdo existente em suas células.
(VWDSODQLOKDFRQWpPFROXQDVHOLQKDV2V Para aplicar um AutoAjuste à largura da coluna, posicione o

arquivos criados pelo Excel são chamados de Pasta de Trabalho. ponteiro do mouse na linha que divide a coluna que você deseja
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Um arquivo do Excel inicia com três guias de planilha, estas Alterando a Altura da Linha
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mais de uma planilha, inicialmente o Excel possui três planilhas, Posicione o ponteiro do mouse na divisão da linha com a
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uma nova planilha. Você pode clicar com o botão direito do Clique, segure e arraste, para baixo ou para cima (aumentando
mouse em uma planilha existente para manipular as planilhas. RX UHGX]LQGR 2 $XWR$MXVWH FRP R FOLTXHGXSOR WDPEpP
Clicando com o botão secundário do mouse abre uma janela pode ser usado em linhas.
que torna possível inserir uma nova planilha, excluir uma
planilha existente, renomear uma planilha, mover ou copiar essa
planilha, etc... Seleção com o Mouse
Assim como nos demais programas que já foram estudados,
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observação da aparência do ponteiro do mouse. Você já deve
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com as teclas setas.
Selecionar Intervalo Contínuo Salvando e Abrindo Arquivos
Chamamos de Intervalo duas ou mais células em uma Para salvar uma planilha o processo é igual ao feito no
planilha. Ele pode ser adjacente ou não. Células adjacentes, são Word, clique no menu Arquivo e clique em Salvar. Escolha o
FpOXODVYL]LQKDV$VHOHomRGHXPLQWHUYDORGHFpOXODVDGMDFHQWHV local onde deseja salvar a planilha, dê um nome ao seu arquivo e
GHVWDFDFpOXODVYL]LQKDXPDVGDVRXWUDV8PLQWHUYDORGHFpOXODV clique em Salvar, o formato padrão das planilhas do Excel 2013
adjacentes também é conhecido como contínuo. é o xlsx, se precisar salvar em xls para manter compatibilidade
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um intervalo de seleção contínuo, execute um dos procedimentos Pasta de Trabalho do Excel 97 – 2003. Para abrir um arquivo
abaixo: existente, clique no menu Arquivo e depois no botão Abrir,
ORFDOL]HVHXDUTXLYRHFOLTXHVREUHHOHHGHSRLVHPDEULU
Clique na célula inicial, segure o botão do mouse e arraste
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Você pode selecionar uma ou mais células e formata-las através
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caixa de diálogo é dividida em Guias, que agrupam os comandos
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que se encontram entre essas duas referências. Guia Número
O Excel trabalha com números sob um formato Geral,
sem nenhum valor ou formatação especial. Através desta guia,
Selecionar Intervalo Alternado clique em uma opção na caixa Categoria e selecione as opções
Um intervalo de células alternado, ou não adjacente, destaca que você deseja aplicar a um número. A caixa Exemplo mostra a
duas ou mais células sem selecionar as que estão entre elas. Para aparência das células selecionadas com a formatação escolhida.
ID]HUXPDVHOHomRDOWHUQDGDpSUHFLVRFRPELQDURXVRGDWHFOD A caixa de diálogo muda, conforme as propriedades da
&75/ HQTXDQWR ID] R GHVWDTXH 2X VHMD SDUD VHOHFLRQDU $ categoria escolhida. Por exemplo, para a categoria Data,
H&VHPGHVWDFDUDVFpOXODVHQWUHHODVFOLTXHQD$HVROWH selecione a localidade na lista para as opções de formatação
VHJXUH&75/HFOLTXHGHSRLVQD& HVSHFt¿FDVGHORFDOTXHDSDUHFHUmRHP7LSR
&OLTXHQDFDWHJRULD3HUVRQDOL]DGRVHGHVHMDUFULDUIRUPDWRV
Entrada de textos e números SHUVRQDOL]DGRVSDUDQ~PHURVFRPRFyGLJRVGHSURGXWRV
Na área de trabalho do Excel podem ser digitados
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seus dados, você pode pressionar a tecla ENTER, ou com
as setas mudar de célula, esse recurso somente não será $VRSo}HVGHVWDJXLDHVSHFL¿FDPFULWpULRVGHDOLQKDPHQWRH
válido quando estiver efetuando um cálculo. Caso precise distribuição de texto nas células.
alterar o conteúdo de uma célula sem precisar redigitar É dividida em quatro seções:
tudo novamente, clique sobre ela e pressione F2, faça sua
alteração e pressione ENTER em seu teclado. Alinhamento de texto $OWHUD R DOLQKDPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO RX
vertical do conteúdo da célula, com base nas opções escolhidas.
Constantes: 6HOHFLRQHXPDRSomRQDFDL[DGHOLVWDJHP+RUL]RQWDOSDUDDOWHUDU
Um valor constante pode ser do tipo numérico, lógico, R DOLQKDPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO GR FRQWH~GR GD FpOXOD 3RU SDGUmR R
indicativo de data e hora, ou texto: Microsoft Excel alinha texto à esquerda, números à direita e valores
OyJLFRVHGHHUURQRFHQWUR2DOLQKDPHQWRKRUL]RQWDOSDGUmRp*HUDO
Ɣ Valor numérico: qualquer combinação dos algarismos Selecione uma opção na caixa Vertical para alterar o alinhamento
GHHDLQGDRVVtPERORVYLUJXOD vertical do conteúdo da célula. Por padrão, o Microsoft Excel alinha
SRQWRH[SRQHQFLDomR(HPDLVHPHQRV texto verticalmente na parte inferior da célula. A caixa Recuo, recua
Ɣ 9DORU/yJLFRR([FHOXWLOL]DRVYDORUHVOyJLFRV9HUGD- o conteúdo da célula a partir de qualquer borda, dependendo da
RSomRHVFROKLGDHP+RUL]RQWDOH9HUWLFDO&DGDLQFUHPHQWRQDFDL[D
deiro (True) e Falso (False).
Recuo equivale à largura de um caractere.
Ɣ Datas e horas: a informação relativa a datas e horas é
Controle de Texto: Selecione opções para ajustar a forma
DUPD]HQDGDVREDIRUPDGHXPQ~PHURUHDOHPTXHD como você deseja que o texto apareça em uma célula. Quebrar
SDUWHLQWHLUDGL]UHVSHLWRjGDWDQ~PHURGHGLDVGHVGH texto automaticamente quebra o texto em várias linhas em uma
HDSDUWHUHDOGL]UHVSHLWRjVKRUDVPLQXWRVHVH- célula. O número de quebras de linha depende da largura da
gundos (número de segundos desde a meia-noite). Ex: FROXQD H GR FRPSULPHQWR GR FRQWH~GR GDV FpOXODV 5HGX]LU
pHTXLYDOHQWHDKGH para caber diminui o tamanho aparente dos caracteres para que
todos os dados em uma célula selecionada caibam na coluna.
Ɣ Texto: é todo o conjunto de caracteres que não é consi-
O tamanho dos caracteres será ajustado automaticamente se
derado valor lógico, numérico, data e hora ou fórmulas. você alterar a largura da coluna. O tamanho de fonte aplicado
3DUD HVFODUHFHU VLWXDo}HV FRQIXVDV SRGHVH LGHQWL¿FDU não é alterado. Mesclar células combina duas ou mais células
como sendo do tipo texto antecedendo a constante com selecionadas em uma única célula. A referência de célula para
o símbolo apóstrofo ( ‘ ). uma célula mesclada é a célula superior esquerda no intervalo
selecionado original.
Da direita para a esquerda: Selecione uma opção na caixa Imagine que, em uma planilha, você quisesse destacar em
'LUHomRGRWH[WRSDUDHVSHFL¿FDUDOHLWXUDHRDOLQKDPHQWR$V vermelho os produtos que venderam quantidades abaixo do
opções são Contexto, da esquerda para a direita e da direita para YDORU PtQLPR TXH VHULDP XQLGDGHV ( DLQGD GHVWDFDU GH
a esquerda. D]XO RV TXH VXSHUDUDP DV PHWDV XOWUDSDVVDQGR XQLGDGHV
Observe: Selecione a faixa de células que terão os valores
Orientação: Selecione uma opção em Orientação para DQDOLVDGRVD¿PGHREWHUXPDIRUPDWDomRSRUFRQGLo}HV1R
alterar a orientação do texto nas células selecionadas. As opções caso, a faixa de células com as quantidades vendidas de todos
de rotação poderão não estar disponíveis se outras opções de os produtos. Na Guia Página Inicial clique em Formatação
alinhamento estiverem selecionadas. Condicional no Grupo estilo e escolha suas opções para obter o
resultado desejado. Ao selecionar uma parte do texto, também é
Guia Fonte possível clicar no menu de opções que aparecerá logo abaixo da
área selecionada, este menu se chama OHQWHVGHDQiOLVHUiSLGD
Através desta guia você poderá escolher um modelo de fonte nele você encontra várias opções de formatação.
GLIHUHQWHDSOLFDUXPHVWLORPRGL¿FDUWDPDQKRGHWHUPLQDUXP
modelo de sublinhado, alterar a cor da fonte e ainda aplicar
um dos três efeitos. Embora as opções desta guia não sejam &ODVVL¿FDU
tão completas quanto a formatação de fonte no Word, são
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selecionadas ou lista as informações em ordem alfabética, por
número ou por data.
Guia Borda 3DUDFODVVL¿FDURVGDGRVR([FHOVHJXHDOJXQVFULWpULRVGH
As linhas de grade que dividem as células na planilha só SULRULGDGHHRUJDQL]DomR1XPD&ODVVL¿FDomRGRWLSR&UHVFHQWH
VmRYLVXDOL]DGDVQDWHODGRFRPSXWDGRU6HLPSULPLUDSODQLOKD por exemplo, a ordem é a seguinte:
do jeito que está, nenhuma linha de separação de células seria 1~PHURV2VQ~PHURVVmRFODVVL¿FDGRVGRPHQRUQ~PHUR
LPSUHVVDDRPHQRVTXHQDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHLPSUHVVmRHVWHMD negativo, ao maior número positivo.
habilitada para imprimir linhas de grade.
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3DUDGHWHUPLQDUHSHUVRQDOL]DUFRQWRUQRVSDUDXPDRXPDLV DOIDQXPpULFR R ([FHO FODVVL¿FD GD HVTXHUGD SDUD D GLUHLWD
células da planilha, use as opções desta guia. caractere por caractere. Por exemplo, se uma célula contém o
texto B100, o Excel coloca a célula depois de uma célula que
Guia Preenchimento contenha a entrada B1, e antes de uma célula que contenha a
entrada B11. Apóstrofos (') e hifens (-): São ignorados, com
Selecione uma cor de plano de fundo escolhendo uma das uma exceção - se duas sequências de caracteres de texto forem
cores disponíveis LJXDLV H[FHWR SHOR KtIHQ R WH[WR FRP KtIHQ p FODVVL¿FDGR SRU
último.
É importante que o preenchimento escolhido para a célula
esteja de acordo com a cor escolhida para a fonte. Por exemplo, 9DORUHVOyJLFRV(PYDORUHVOyJLFRV³)$/62´pFRORFDGR
VHYRFrDSOLFDXPDFRUGHWH[WRD]XOHVFXURGHYHHVFROKHUXP DQWHVGH³9(5'$'(,52´
WRPGHSUHHQFKLPHQWRFODURTXHQmRDWUDSDOKHDYLVXDOL]DomRGR
9D]LDV$VFpOXODVHPEUDQFRVmRVHPSUHFODVVL¿FDGDVSRU
texto. Da mesma forma se escolhe uma fonte clara, deve aplicar
último.
um preenchimento escuro.
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É possível aplicar Efeitos de Preenchimento no botão FODVVL¿FDomRpLQYHUWLGDH[FHWRSDUDDVFpOXODVHPEUDQFRTXH
adequado e Mais cores se necessitar de outra cor que não esteja serão sempre colocadas por último.
disponível nos padrões exibidos.
AutoFiltro
Guia Proteção
Esse é o meio mais rápido de selecionar apenas os itens que
Bloqueadas: Evita que as células selecionadas sejam você deseja exibir em uma lista. Para aplicar o AutoFiltro, não
alteradas, movidas, redimensionadas ou excluídas. precisa selecionar. Basta deixar a seleção em qualquer célula da
SODQLOKDFOLFDUQD*XLD'DGRVHQR*UXSR&ODVVL¿FDUH)LOWUDU
Ocultas: Oculta uma fórmula em uma célula para que ela não
clicar em Filtro.
apareça na barra de fórmulas quando a célula for selecionada.
$XWRPDWLFDPHQWHR([FHOLGHQWL¿FDDVOLQKDVGHFDEHoDOKR
Bloquear células ou ocultar fórmulas não tem efeito algum
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a menos que a planilha esteja protegida. Para proteger uma
evidente pelas setas pretas apontando para baixo, que surgem
planilha, vá até a Guia Revisão, Grupo Alterações, é possível
imediatamente nas células que contém os rótulos das colunas.
selecionar as ações que serão permitidas aos outros usuários.
A partir daí você pode controlar a exibição dos itens de cada
coluna acessando as opções referentes a ela através das caixas
Formatação condicional GHVHOHomR9RFrWHPDRSomRGH¿OWUDUSRUQ~PHURVVHDFROXQD
Este recurso do Excel 2013 aplica formatos a células WLYHUQ~PHURVRX¿OWUDUSRUWH[WRVHDFROXQDWLYHUWH[WRV
VHOHFLRQDGDV TXH DWHQGHP D FULWpULRV HVSHFt¿FRV EDVHDGRV Para voltar a exibir todos os registros, deve clicar no seletor
HP YDORUHV RX IyUPXODV TXH YRFr HVSHFL¿FDU 2V IRUPDWRV TXHFRQWpPXPSHTXHQRIXQLOVtPERORGR¿OWURLVVRLQGLFDTXH
condicionais continuam aplicados à célula até que o usuário os você mudou o controle de exibição daquela coluna) e selecionar
remova, mesmo que nenhuma das condições seja atendida e os a opção Selecionar Tudo. Isso deve ser feito em todas as colunas
IRUPDWRVGDVFpOXODVHVSHFL¿FDGDVQmRVHMDPH[LELGRV RQGHIRLDSOLFDGRR¿OWUR
3DUD UHPRYHU R DXWR¿OWUR FOLTXH QRYDPHQWH HP )LOWUR QD Exemplos de planilhas com cálculos de porcentagem:
Guia Dados.
GRÁFICOS
Conceitos e Tipos
Lidar com números e estatísticas não é fácil. Reunir esses
números numa apresentação pode ser ainda mais complicado.
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informações numéricas e valores estatísticos é através da criação
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colunas de números de planilha, você pode ver rapidamente se Fórmulas e Funções
as vendas estão caindo ou subindo a cada trimestre, ou como ([LVWHP GXDV IRUPDV GH ID]HUPRV FiOFXORV FRP R ([FHO
as vendas reais se comparam às vendas estimadas. Você pode Fórmulas e Funções. Inicialmente todos cálculos começa com
FULDUXPJUi¿FRFRPRSODQLOKDLQGLYLGXDORXFRPRXPREMHWR VLQDOGHLJXDO 7RGRFiOFXORpIHLWRXWLOL]DQGRRHQGHUHoR
incorporado a uma planilha. da célula e não os valores embutidos nelas. Alguns operadores
PDWHPiWLFRVGLIHUHPGRVXWLOL]DGRVQDPDWHPiWLFDWUDGLFLRQDO
(VWUXWXUDGHXP*Ui¿FR
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altera os dados desta planilha.
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GDGRVGDSODQLOKDIRUHPDWXDOL]DGRV
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FULDGR 8VH JUi¿FRV LQFRUSRUDGRV TXDQGR TXLVHU H[LELU RX
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dentro da sua pasta de trabalho que tem um nome próprio. Use uma
IROKDGHJUi¿FRTXDQGRTXLVHUH[LELURXHGLWDUJUi¿FRVH[WHQVRV
ou complexos separados dos dados da planilha ou quando desejar
preservar espaço na tela enquanto trabalha na planilha.
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RSomRGHVHMDGD*Ui¿FRVUHFRPHQGDGRV*Ui¿FR'LQkPLFRRX
QRV PRGHORV H[LVWHQWH 3L]]D %DUUDV &ROXQDV /LQKDV ÈUHD
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extraídos da planilha. Aparecerá também uma Guia de contexto Repetição de Fórmulas e Utilização de
SHUVRQDOL]DGDDSHQDVFRPFRPDQGRVVREUHJUi¿FRV1HVWD*XLD Referências
YRFrWHUiWRWDOFRQWUROHVREUHRJUi¿FRSRGHQGRDOWHUDURVHX
WLSRLQYHUWHUDVUHIHUrQFLDVDOWHUDUGHJUi¿FRLQFRUSRUDGRSDUD e QRUPDO XWLOL]DUPRV QR ([FHO FROXQDV RX OLQKDV FRP
uma nova planilha e vice-versa, alterar seu layout, etc. várias cópias da mesma fórmula, variando só as referências,
nestes casos podemos inserir manualmente todas as fórmulas
tornando se um processo desagradável, moroso e sujeito a
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Quando for necessário extrair a porcentagem de alguma DXWRPiWLFRGHFpOXODVHpQHVVDVVLWXDo}HVTXHDXWLOL]DomR
célula é simples, basta multiplicar o endereço da célula pela de referências relativas, absolutas e mistas se revestem da
porcentagem propriamente dita que se deseja extrair. maior importância.
23UHHQFKLPHQWR$XWRPiWLFRpUHDOL]DGRSHOR([FHOTXDQGR (QWHQGD RV GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH UHIHUrQFLD XWLOL]DGD SHOR
Excel e como são as variações. A referência são os endereços
8WLOL]DPRV R FRPDQGR &RSLDU H GHSRLV R FRPDQGR &RODU
de célula onde estão os valores que a função que você está
tendo como destino várias células.
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Remotas: são referências feitas a dados de outros aplicativos
comando Editar ‫ ڳ‬Preencher. (ex: uma planilha com referência a uma tabela do Access)
2XDLQGDXWLOL]DPRVDDOoDGHSUHHQFKLPHQWRTXDGUDGRQR Externas: são referências feitas a células de outras planilhas.
canto inferior direito da célula selecionada).
Internas: são referências feitas a células da mesma planilha.
As referências relativas são incrementadas pelo Excel na Nas referências externas e internas existem 3 categorias de
linha e/ou na coluna consoante se preenche as células ao longo referências: Relativas, Absolutas e Mistas:
das colunas e das linhas. As referências absolutas não são
alteradas. As referências mistas só são alteradas na parte não Relativas: Ao Copiar uma célula e Colar seu conteúdo em
¿[D2FDUDFWHUH³´QXPDUHIHUrQFLDVLJQL¿FD³¿[DU´ outras células seu valor será alterado relativamente a primeira
célula que foi digitada (copiada). Como representa uma posição
Dica: É possível pressionar a tecla de função F4 para relativa, sempre que a referência é copiada ou deslocada, ela
autocompletar a sequência previamente feita. DWXDOL]DVHHPIXQomRGDQRYDSRVLomR
Alça de cópia ou Alça de preenchimento

No canto inferior direito de célula ativa há um pequeno
quadrado denominado Alça de cópia ou preenchimento. Este
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se for texto, e o cola nas demais células sequenciais caso
você posicione o mouse sobre este botão, clique, mantenha
pressionado e desloque o mouse pelas linhas ou colunas
desejadas, repare que somente nas células sequenciais. Caso
o conteúdo da célula seja número ou texto com número, o
programa incrementa o valor existente na célula e altera o valor
nas demais células. Incrementar é somar 1. Por exemplo na Absolutas: Mas nem sempre desejamos que a fórmula se
célula C1 nós temos o texto: Solução 1. Posicionando o mouse "propague". Neste caso colocamos um cifrão - $ - antes da letra
VREUHDDOoDRPRXVHPXGDUiVHXOD\RXWGHFUX]EUDQFDHODUJD para evitar que a coluna seja alterada (incrementada), ou antes
SDUDSUHWDH¿QDHVWHpRLQGLFDWLYRTXHRPRXVHHVWiVREUHD do número para evitar que a linha seja alterada. Observe que
alça de cópia – preenchimento. Neste caso, se eu clicar sobre a agora a fórmula se manteve constante.
alça e puxar até a célula c10, o conteúdo de C10 será preenchido
automaticamente pelo programa para: Solução 10, o programa
incrementou, somou 1, a contagem existente na célula.
Mistas: Quando precisamos de uma combinação das duas

Utilização de Nomes situações, colocamos o cifrão à frente apenas da letra da coluna
Uma outra forma alternativa para referir uma célula ou um (ex: $A1) ou do número da linha (ex:A$1). Assim, "travamos a
LQWHUYDORGHFpOXODVpDSURSRUFLRQDGDSHODXWLOL]DomRGHQRPHV propagação" da Coluna ou da Linha.
8PQRPHpXPLGHQWL¿FDGRUTXHSRGHVHUDWULEXtGRDXPDRX Observe, a seguir, que parte da fórmula está sem o cifrão - e
PDLVFpOXODVDXPYDORURXDXPDIyUPXOD$GH¿QLomRGHXP SRULVVRVHDOWHURXHDRXWUDSDUWH¿RXWUDYDGDHP%HP
QRPH SRGH VHU IHLWD DWUDYpV GR PHQX ,QVHULU!1RPH!'H¿QLU virtude da colocação do cifrão antes de B e de 1.
ou editar diretamente na caixa de nomes da barra de fórmulas.
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são mais sugestivos e de fácil dedução em planilhas a mesma
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Tipos de Referências
2 ([FHO XWLOL]D HQGHUHoRV GH FpOXODV SDUD PRQWDU VHXV
cálculos, como já vimos, é possível expandirmos as funções
sem a necessidade de redigitar a fórmula.
Se você criou uma fórmula e deseja alterar as referências $$
relativas para absolutas (e vice-versa), selecione a célula &'
que contém a fórmula. Na barra de fórmulas, selecione
a referência que você deseja alterar e pressione a tecla =G44*S79
de função F4. Sempre que você pressionar F4, o Excel 0'
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'57 65)3
o número, ambos ou nenhum. Para editar uma célula basta
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tecla de função F2. Função
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Funções embutidas ou encastrada rápido a montagem de fórmulas que envolvem cálculos mais
complexos e vários valores. Existem funções para os cálculos
'L]VH TXH XPD IXQomR VH HQFRQWUD HPEXWLGD DQLQKDGD
PDWHPiWLFRV¿QDQFHLURVHHVWDWtVWLFRV3RUH[HPSORQDIXQomR
TXDQGRpXWLOL]DGDFRPRDUJXPHQWRRSHUDQGRGHRXWUDIXQomR
620$$$VHULDRPHVPRTXH $$$$$
Exemplo:
$$$$$VyTXHFRPDIXQomRRSURFHVVRSDVVDD
=SOMA(2;3;4;A1:B7;A9) ser mais fácil e com menor probabilidade de erro de digitação.
Uma função possui a seguinte sintaxe:
Dá o mesmo resultado de: Sempre inicia com sinal de igual = ou @
Nome da função, o que será executado por ela: 620$
08/76(0È;,02, etc.
Os endereços de células (parâmetros) que possuem os
valores que serão usados pela função sempre virão entre
parênteses ($$ entre os endereços podem ser inseridos
O Excel suporta até SETE níveis de ANINHAMENTO
dois pontos ou ponto e vírgula (A2:A10) (A2;A10)
Quando os endereços são separados por dois pontos (A2 :
Utilização do Assistente de Funções A10), a função obterá os valores de todas as células entre A2 e
As funções podem ser digitadas: diretamente na planilha A10, ou seja, A2, A3, A4 ... A10)
ou através do Assistente de Funções que dá acesso à lista das Quando os endereços são separados por ponto e vírgula (A2
funções, ajudando também a construir a estrutura da função $VRPHQWHRVHQGHUHoRVLQIRUPDGRVVHUmRXWLOL]DGRVSHOD
função, ou seja, somente os valores existentes nas células A2 e
Mensagens de Erros mais comuns no Excel $VHUmRXWLOL]DGRV
2 WDPDQKR GD FROXQD QmR p VX¿FLHQWH SDUD H[LELU No MS-Excel não se preocupe em digitar o nome da
seu valor. Somente com números função com letra maiúscula ou acentua-la, isto o programa
#REF! Na fórmula existe a referência para uma célula que UHDOL]DDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHEDVWDVRPHQWHGLJLWDURQRPHFRUUHWR
não existe. GD IXQomR (P RXWUDV VXtWHV FRPR R %U2I¿FH p REULJDWyULR
acentuar a palavra, caso contrário, o programa exibirá um erro e
#DIV/0! A fórmula está tentando dividir um valor por 0. QmRUHDOL]DUiRFiOFXOR
#NOME? A fórmula possui um texto que o Excel não
A função SOMA( ), por exemplo, exige como argumentos
reconhece.
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#VALOR! Fórmula possui um tipo errado de argumento. por dois-pontos ou, então, uma série de endereços de células
separados por ponto-e-vírgula.
Comentários na célula Cada função possui uma sintaxe própria, ou seja, espera-
É possível inserir comentários nas células. Os comentários VHTXHRVVHXVDUJXPHQWRVVHMDPHVSHFL¿FDGRVHPXPDRUGHP
servem para esclarecer o conteúdo da célula. GHWHUPLQDGD6HLVVRQmRRFRUUHUKDYHUiXPHUURTXHID]FRP
TXH R UHVXOWDGR QmR VHMD SURGX]LGR RX XPD PHQVDJHP GH
Basta clicar com o botão secundário do mouse sobre uma advertência seja exibida.
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comentário possui um pequeno triangulo vermelho no canto O número e tipo de argumentos requeridos variam de função
superior direito. para função. Um argumento pode ser: Números, Texto, Valores
OyJLFRV9DORUHVGHHUUR5HIHUrQFLDVRX0DWUL]HV
Fórmulas 8VDQGRUHIHUrQFLDVDRXWUDVFpOXODVYRFrSRGHHVSHFL¿FDU
diretamente o endereço de uma célula ou então uma faixa de
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Excel.
Quando uma função possuir mais de um argumento, eles devem
Basta iniciar com o sinal de igual (=) ser separados por um ponto-e-vírgula.
Digitar o endereço da célula e o operador matemático.
MODELOS DE FUNÇÕES MENOR =MENOR(A1:A30;4)
AGORA =AGORA() Semelhante a função anterior, funciona do mesmo jeito,
apenas o K-ésimo referenciará o menor número.
Retorna a data e hora atuais. Se o formato da célula era Geral
antes de a função ser inserida, o resultado será formatado como
uma data. Esta função não possui argumentos, os parênteses MÉDIA =MÉDIA(B1:H1)
devem digitados sem nada entre eles.
Esta função retorna a média aritmética do intervalo. NÃO
É NECESSÁRIO INSERIR DIVISÃO NA FUNÇÃO, ELA
HOJE =HOJE() MESMA FARÁ OS CÁLCULOS AUTOMATICAMENTE.
Esta função retorna a data atual. Sempre que a planilha for
DEHUWDDGDWDpDWXDOL]DGD(VWDIXQomRpLPSRUWDQWHTXDQGRVH
tem um controle de estoque com o controle de vencimento de SE =SE(F2>=5;”APROVADO”;”REPROVADO”)
produtos por exemplo. (VWDIXQomRpGLYLGLGDHPWUrVSDUWHVVHSDUDGDVSRU³´$
SULPHLUDSDUWH³)! ´pFKDPDGDGH7(67(/Ï*,&2(VWH
WHVWHpXPDYHUL¿FDomRTXHR([FHOUHDOL]D1RH[HPSORR([FHO
SOMA =SOMA(A1:A10)
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(VWDIXQomRUHDOL]DDVRPDGHWRGRVDVFpOXODVUHODFLRQDGDV TXHLVWRpUHSUHVHQWDGRSHORVVtPERORV³! ´$VHJXQGDSDUWH
entre parênteses. Lembrando que os endereços separados entre GDQRVVDIXQomR³$3529$'2´pDDomRTXHR([FHOH[HFXWDUi
GRLVSRQWRV³ÍRUPDPXPLQWHUYDORRXVHMDDTXLVmRH[LELGRV caso o teste lógico for verdadeiro. Já a terceira parte da função
RVHQGHUHoRVLQLFLDOH¿QDOGDVFpOXODVHWRGRVRVLQWHUPHGLiULRV ³5(3529$'2´pDDomRH[HFXWDGDSHORSURJUDPDFDVRRWHVWH
WDPEpPID]HPSDUWHGRFiOFXOR-iRVHQGHUHoRVVHSDUDGRVSRU
lógico for falso.
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parte do cálculo. Ficou um pouco confuso, então vamos falar mais um pouco
sobre nosso exemplo. A função SE executa uma ação baseada
QRWHVWHOyJLFR&RPRYLPRV)! pQRVVRWHVWH9DPRVVXSRU
que o valor existente na célula F2 seja um número maior que
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DIXQomRGLVVH)PDLRURXLJXDODVHRQ~PHURHQFRQWUDGR
IRU H[DWDPHQWH R RX TXDOTXHU RXWUR Q~PHUR PDLRU TXH
nosso teste é verdadeiro. Agora, se a função encontrar em F2
XP Q~PHUR PHQRU TXH TXDOTXHU XP LQFOXVLYH QHJDWLYR R
WHVWHVHUiIDOVRIDOVH$JRUDRTXHDIXQomR6(ID]FRPHVWH
resultado, verdadeiro ou falso? Executa UMA DAS AÇÕES
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(QWmR VH R Q~PHUR HQFRQWUDGR HP ) IRU LJXDO D RX PDLRU
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MULT =MULT(C8:C10) elas indicam para a função que é um texto. Se o valor existente
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Esta função multiplica todos os valores que se encontram
dentro do intervalo. a função vai inserir a palavra REPROVADO. Quando o teste
lógico der verdadeiro a função executa o que estiver após o
SULPHLUR³´4XDQGRRWHVWHOyJLFRGHUIDOVRDIXQomRH[HFXWDR
MÁXIMO =MÁXIMO(D1:D10) TXHHVWLYHUDSyVRVHJXQGR³´QRQRVVRFDVRLQVHUHXPWH[WR
que é REPROVADO.
Esta função exibe o maior valor existente no intervalo.
Existem casos que são inseridas outras funções dentro da
função SE. Por exemplo:
MÍNIMO =MÍNIMO(F5:F20)
=SE(F2>=5;SOMA(A1:A10;SOMA(B1:B10))
Esta função exibe o menor valor existente no intervalo.
Neste exemplo quando o teste lógico for verdadeiro a
função somará os valores de todas as células iniciando em A1
MAIOR =MAIOR(A1:A30;2) e terminando em A10 e exibirá o resultado desta soma. Caso o
teste lógico for falso, a função somará os valores de todas as
Esta função retorna o MAIOR valor do intervalo células iniciando em B1 até B10.
referenciado pelo K-ésimo. Na função de exemplo o 2º maior
número será exibido. O K-ésimo é o número inserido após o
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K-ésimo for 3, será exibido o 3º maior número existente no
intervalo. CUIDADO: OS NÚMERO REPETIDOS TAMBÉM
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para saber qual o valor referenciado no K-ésimo.
Aproveitando o exemplo anterior vamos contar quantos
atletas participarão da corrida, no caso, 2 atletas.
CONCATENAR = CONCATENAR(A1;B1)
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junta o que estiver em A1 com o que estiver em B1, conforme
SE E = SE(E(1ªCONDIÇÃO;2ª CONDIÇÃO);
VERDADEIRO;FALSO) o exemplo acima.
Nesta função duas condições são analisadas ao invés de uma 6HHP$HVWLYHURWH[WR³(GLWRUD´HHP%RWH[WR³6ROXomR´

como na função anterior. Veja o exemplo a seguir: R UHVXOWDGR GD IXQomR GR H[HPSOR VHUi ³(GLWRUD6ROXomR´
sem espaço entre os textos. Para inserir o espaço digite
&21&$7(1$5$´³%GHVWDIRUPDDIXQomRYDLLQVHULU
o que estiver em A1, o espaço em branco que está entre as aspas
H R TXH HVWLYHU HP % ¿FDQGR ³(GLWRUD 6ROXomR´ e SRVVtYHO
XWLOL]DU R FDUDFWHUH ³ ´ QR OXJDU GD IXQomR ¿FDQGR DVVLP
$ ´³ %LVVRWHUiRPHVPRHIHLWR
SOMASE =SOMASE(A1:A5;”<5”)
Esta função soma os valores de um intervalo que atendem
Para que o atleta possa participar da corrida é necessário a um critério. No exemplo serão somados apenas os valores
atender a dois requisitos: ter 17 anos ou mais e ter mais de TXH IRUHP PDLRU TXH $PSOLDQGR XP SRXFR QD IXQomR
1,70m. Para que o teste lógico seja verdadeiro ambas as
condições devem ser verdadeiras. Desta forma montamos o 620$6($$´´%%DVRPDRFRUUHUiQRLQWHUYDOR
7(67(/Ï*,&2FRPGXDVFRQGLo}HVLGDGHHDOWXUDRQGH% %%DSHQDVQDVFpOXODVTXHRFULWpULRIRUDWLQJLGRQRLQWHUYDOR
(idade) >=17 e C2 (altura) >1,7. $$9DPRVVXSRUTXHQRLQWHUYDOR$$VRPHQWH$H$
Analisando o resultado: Márcio tem idade mas não tem possuam valores maiores que cinco, porém as células que serão
altura, por isso, a função retornou Não competirá (falso). somadas serão B1 e B3.
Ana não tem idade mas tem altura, por isso, a função
retornou Não competirá (falso). Referência entre Planilhas
Maria tem idade e altura, por isso, a função retornou &RPR YLPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH R ([FHO QD VXD FRQ¿JXUDomR
Competirá (verdadeiro).
padrão, inicia com três planilhas como vemos abaixo:
João tem idade e altura, por isso, a função retornou
Competirá (verdadeiro).
CONTSE =CONTSE(D2:D5;”COMPETIRÁ”)
Esta função conta quantas células possuem o parâmetro que
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RXWUDVSODQLOKDVXWLOL]DPRVDVHJXLQWHVLQWD[H
=SOMA(Plan1!D2:D5;B1:B15)
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TXH HVWDPRV GLJLWDQGRD QD SODQLOKD ³3ODQ´ (QWmR D IXQomR
620$5ÈRVYDORUHVTXHHVWmRQRLQWHUYDOR''GDSODQLOKD
³3ODQ´FRPRVYDORUHVTXHVHHQFRQWUDPQRLQWHUYDOR%%
da planilha atual, nRFDVR³3ODQ´
MS-POWER POINT Layouts de slides
O Power Point é um aplicativo que permite elaborar apre-
VHQWDo}HVFRQWHQGRWH[WR¿JXUDVHVRP(VWHDSOLFDWLYRpPXLWR
usado em reuniões empresariais, aulas e trabalhos escolares. É
um programa muito intuitivo e com muitos recursos multimídia,
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integração com a nuvem é muito fácil e incentivado.
O Modo de Exibição do Apresentador se adapta automati-
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em um único monitor. Os temas agora possuem variações,
ID]HQGRFRPTXH¿TXHPDLVIiFLODSULPRUiORVSDUDTXHWHQKDP
a aparência desejada.
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o layout do Power Point 2013 é baseado em Guias e Grupos de
comando.
Barra de Status: No Power Point 2013 esta barra exibe o
slide atual e a quantidade total da apresentação, o idioma,
oculta e exibe o Painel de anotações, oculta e exibe a barra de
FRPHQWiULRVHDVWUrVIRUPDVGHH[LELomR1RUPDOFODVVL¿FDomR
de slide e modo de exibição de leitura, botão de apresentação de
VOLGHEDUUDGHVOL]DQWHGHFRQWUROHGH]RRPHDMXVWHGRVOLGHQD Montando a apresentação
janela atual
Na maioria das opções de Layout de slide disponíveis é
A Área de Trabalho (Desktop), ou Vista Normal do SRVVtYHO LQVHULU WDEHODV JUi¿FRV 6PDUW$UWV ¿JXUD &OLSDUW H
Power Point 2013, por padrão, é dividida em 3 partes: Slide vídeos bastando clicar nos ícones no dentro do slide conforme
em tamanho grande permitindo sua edição com facilidade, ¿JXUDDEDL[R
à esquerda, separado por uma linha na vertical são exibidos
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WDQGRDYLVXDOL]DomRGRVOLGHDQWHULRUHSRVWHULRUDRTXHHVWi
VHQGR HGLWDGR QR PRPHQWR H SRU ¿P R SDLQHO GH QRWDV QD
parte inferior da janela.
Slide: São os painéis que serão exibidos sequencialmente
durante a apresentação. Existem alguns modelos que se ade-
quam a sua necessidade, há slides para inserir texto outros para
LQVHULU¿JXUD¿OPHVJUi¿FRVHWF&DGDVOLGHFRQWpPPDUFDGR-
res onde serão inseridos todos os objetos que compõem o slide.
Design: São modelos com cores, molduras e efeitos visuais
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GR3RZHU3RLQWWUD]HPQRYDVFRUHVHWHPDVFRPFRPEL-
nações variadas.
Animação: São Efeitos visuais animados que podem ser
SHUVRQDOL]DGRVQDHQWUDGDGXUDQWHHQD¿QDOL]DomRGRVREMHWRV
de um Slide.
Transição: São efeitos na saída de um Slide e a entrada do
SUy[LPR6OLGH6mRRVHIHLWRVTXHID]HPDWURFDGHVOLGHV
Inserindo e deletando slides

Para inserir um slide basta clicar no botão Novo Slide
no Grupo Slide da Guia Página Inicial, ou atalho de teclado
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Não se preocupe com o layout agora, se preocupe em
ou clique com o botão secundário do mouse sobre ele terá um
montar sua apresentação inserindo os slides e digitando o texto,
menu de atalho com a opção Excluir slide. Outras opções úteis
LQVHULQGR¿JXUDVJUi¿FRVVRQVWXGRTXHDFKDUQHFHVViULRSDUD
neste menu são Duplicar slide, Layout (permitindo alterar) e
uma boa explicação ou apresentação do assunto abordado. Não
Ocultar Slide.
existe uma regra para a sequência dos slides, use a criatividade.
Salvando sua apresentação Com este comando podemos escolher os objetos que vão
sobrepor ao outro e podemos uni-los através do comando
Semelhante ao Word e Excel 2013 o salvar funciona da ³DJUXSDU´RQGHRVREMHWRVVHOHFLRQDGRVVHUmRWUDWDGRVFRPRXP
mesma forma: clique no menu arquivo e comando Salvar ou único objeto.
Salvar como conforme sua necessidade, escolha o local, nome,
tipo e clique OK.
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Você pode acessá-lo a qualquer momento que estiver online Na Guia Inserir no Grupo Imagens tem o botão Álbum de
e de qualquer dispositivo conectado à Internet. Agora é fácil IRWRJUD¿DFRPHOHYRFrHVFROKHXPDSDVWDFRPIRWRVHR3RZHU
VDOYDUVHXVDUTXLYRVGR2I¿FHQRVHX2QH'ULYHRXQRVLWHGD Point cria automaticamente uma apresentação com todas as
VXDRUJDQL]DomR'HOiYRFrSRGHDFHVVDUHFRPSDUWLOKDUVXDV fotos da pasta colocando cada foto em um slide diferente.
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pode até mesmo trabalhar com seus colegas no mesmo arquivo
ao mesmo tempo. Basta ter uma conta no OneDrive Microsoft Imprimir
Ao término da montagem clique na Guia Design e escolha No menu Arquivo está o comando imprimir que pode ser
o modelo que mais lhe agrada, ao parar o mouse sobre qualquer DFHVVDGRWDPEpPDWUDYpVGDVWHFODV&75/31RODGRGLUHLWR
modelo os slides já aplicam, temporariamente, o tema a sua GDMDQHODpH[LELGRDYLVXDOL]DomRGDLPSUHVVmRHjHVTXHUGD
apresentação, quando escolher o modelo desejado clique sobre DQWHVGRPHQX$UTXLYR¿FDPDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHLPSUHVVmR
ele e todos os slides serão formatados com o modelo escolhido. 2LWHPTXHH[LVWHDSHQDVQR3RZHU3RLQWpDFRQ¿JXUDomRGH
quantos slides é possível imprimir na mesma página, veja as
Após escolher o Layout da apresentação clique sobre a Guia opções abaixo:
transições e escolha um tipo de efeito para cada mudança ou
XWLOL]H R PHVPR HIHLWR SDUD WRGRV DV PXGDQoDV WUDQVLomR GH É possível imprimir as seguintes opções: Slide em Página
slide da sua apresentação. Inteira, Anotações, Estrutura de tópicos, até 9 slides na Vertical,
VOLGHVQDKRUL]RQWDORXWUrVVOLGHVFRPFRPHQWiULReSRVVtYHO
ainda Enquadrar Slides, Dimensionar para ajustar papel e Alta
Qualidade.
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Neste momento você decide se quer inserir um som para

a transição, o tempo e se quer aplicar a todos o mesmo efeito.
Escolhe ainda se a transição ocorrerá através de um comando
seu ou com um tempo programado.
Após o efeito de transição clique na Guia Animações e
escolha um efeito para cada objeto no seu slide. Os objetos
VmRFDL[DVGHWH[WR¿JXUDVJUi¿FRV6PDUWDUWVHWFHPWRGRV
os slides.
Pronto! Sua apresentação está montada, agora execute
a apresentação clicando na Guia Apresentação de Slides e
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IXQomR)SDUDLQLFLDUDDSUHVHQWDomRGRLQtFLR3DUDSDUDUXPD
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e a apresentação será interrompida. A apresentação é sempre
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na tela do seu computador será exibido a tela do apresentado
que contém o slide atual as notas que você digitou no Painel
de notas e o próximo slide, na apresentação para o público, via
projetor, será exibido apenas o slide atual.
Slide Mestre
Controla a aparência da apresentação inteira, inclusive
as cores, fontes, segundo plano, efeitos e praticamente todo
conteúdo de uma apresentação. Você pode inserir uma forma
ou logomarca no slide mestre, por exemplo, para que ela seja
mostrada em todos os slides automaticamente.
Comando Organizar
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quando trabalhamos com vários objetos no mesmo Slide.
MS-ACCESS Tabela
2$FFHVVpXPDSOLFDWLYRWDPEpPGDIDPtOLDGR3DFRWH2I¿FH Após criar o banco, você verá uma tabela criada para você
2013 e tem a função de criar um banco de dados relacional. É DGLFLRQDU DV LQIRUPDo}HV$ WDEHOD p H[LELGD QR ³0RGR IROKD
aplicativo muito útil para controle de estoque. GHGDGRV´&OLTXHQRtFRQHGRFDQWRLQIHULRUGLUHLWRSDUDWURFDU
SDUD ³0RGR GH GHVLJQ´ $R VHU VROLFLWDGR D VDOYDU D WDEHOD
Um banco de dados é uma coleção de dados estruturados. salve-a com um nome qualquer e clique em OK.
Como a distribuição dos dados é possível, manipularmos os itens
para extrair informações úteis. O componente mais básico de
Campos
um banco de dados Access é uma tabela na qual as informações
estão ordenadas em linhas e colunas. Além das tabelas, um Você deve criar um campo para cada informação que você
banco de dados Access pode incluir consultas, formulários, deseja receber. A tabela criada recebe as seguintes informações
relatórios e outros componentes, todos os quais nos permitem pessoais do usuário: Nome, Endereço, Cidade, Estado, CEP,
YLVXDOL]DUHPDQLSXODUQRVVDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHEDQFRGHGDGRV Telefone, Celular, RG, CPF e E-mail.
de diferentes maneiras. Na primeira linha, você verá um campo chamado Código
com tipo de dados Numeração Automática. Não altere esse
Muito útil para uso geral, não é, porém, recomendado para campo, ele é a chave primária da sua tabela.
bancos de dados de grande porte, pois sobrecarrega o sistema
devido ao alto tráfego de informações na rede. O Microsoft Na segunda linha, crie um campo chamado Nome e selecione
Access, também conhecido por MS-Access, é um banco de Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
dados relacional que permite o desenvolvimento rápido de Na terceira linha, crie um campo chamado Endereço e
aplicações que envolvem tanto a modelagem e estrutura de selecione Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
GDGRVFRPRWDPEpPDLQWHUIDFHDVHUXWLOL]DGDSHORVXVXiULRV Na quarta linha, crie um campo chamado Cidade e selecione
O desenvolvimento da estrutura de dados se dá de forma muito Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
intuitiva, bastando que o desenvolvedor possua conhecimentos
Na quinta linha, crie um campo chamado Estado e selecione
básicos em modelagem de dados e lógica de programação.
Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
Com o Microsoft Access é possível desenvolver desde Na sexta linha, crie um campo chamado CEP e selecione
aplicações simples como, por exemplo, um cadastro de clientes, Número como tipo de dados.
controle de pedidos até aplicações mais complexas como,
por exemplo, todo o controle operacional, administrativo e Na sétima linha, crie um campo chamado Telefone e
¿QDQFHLUR GH XPD SHTXHQD RX DWp PHVPR GH XPD PpGLD RX selecione Número como tipo de dados.
grande em presa, pois os aplicativos desenvolvidos podem Na oitava linha, crie um campo chamado Celular e selecione
rodar perfeitamente em uma rede de computadores e os dados Número como tipo de dados.
DUPD]HQDGRVSHORVLVWHPDSRGHPVHUSXEOLFDGRVQD,QWUDQHWRX Na nona linha, crie um campo chamado RG e selecione
até mesmo na Internet. Número como tipo de dados.
Na décima linha, crie um campo chamado CPF e selecione
O que é um Banco de Dados Relacional? Número como tipo de dados.
%DQFR GH GDGRV UHODFLRQDO p DTXHOH TXH SHUPLWH ID]HU Na décima primeira linha, crie um campo chamado E-mail e
relações entre os seus dados. Assim, como por exemplo selecione Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
usarmos uma agenda telefônica, esta representará um banco de
dados relacional, pois permite relacionar para cada NOME um
TELEFONE e um ENDEREÇO. É importante notar que, sendo Tamanho dos Campos
um banco de dados um conjunto de dados, ele é algo abstrato. 9RFr SRGH GH¿QLU R YDORU Pi[LPR GH FDUDFWHUHV D VHUHP
O Access é apenas um software que permite a manipulação e o LQVHULGRVHPFDGDFDPSRQDSURSULHGDGH³7DPDQKRGR&DPSR´
gerenciamento deste banco de dados com o uso do computador. (VVDHRXWUDVSURSULHGDGHVHVWmRQDJXLD³*HUDO´DEDL[RGDVXD
tabela ao selecionar um dos campos.
O que é um Objeto?
Objeto é qualquer coisa que possa ser manipulada, como Cadastrando
uma tabela, um campo ou um relatório.
'HSRLVGHDOWHUDUSDUDR³0RGRIROKDGHGDGRVÝRFrYHUi
&DPSRH5HJLVWURQRH[HPSORGDDJHQGDWHOHI{QLFDGL]VH que todos os campos que você criou estão disponíveis para
que cada NOME, TELEFONE ou ENDEREÇO é um campo, ao receber informações. Para cadastrar, basta você inserir os dados
passo que cada conjunto de NOME, seu respectivo TELEFONE em cada um deles.
e ENDEREÇO formam um registro. Você pode conferir os cadastros criando um formulário.
3DUDLVVR9iHP³&ULDU´HFOLTXHHP³)RUPXOiULR´(OHVVmR
exibidos em paginação.
Criando um novo banco de dados
Faça as alterações que julgar necessário se quiser criar seu
Abra o Microsoft Access, você verá uma tela inicial com próprio banco de dados.
RSo}HVGHDUTXLYRVDVHUHPFULDGRV&OLTXHHP³%DQFRGHGDGRV
GRGHVNWRSHPEUDQFR´1RPHLHRDUTXLYRHFOLTXHHP³&ULDU´ O interessante em um BD (Banco de Dados) relacional é
deixarmos as pesquisas prontas e salvas. Vamos supor que você
montará um BD no Access de uma agência de carros usados. Na Provedor de Serviços de Internet (ISP)
HODERUDomRGDWDEHODYRFrHVSHFL¿FDFRPRFDPSRVGHVWDWDEHOD Trata-se de uma empresa comercial que fornece acesso
para cadastro dos carros à venda na loja possui os campos: à Internet para e-mail, salas de chat ou uso da World
Fabricante, Modelo, Ano, Cor e Preço. Quando chega um cliente Wide Web. Alguns Provedores de Serviços de Internet
TXH SUH¿UD FDUURV GD )RUG SRU H[HPSOR VH VXD SHVTXLVD SRU são multinacionais, oferecendo acesso em muitos locais,
fabricantes estiver pronta, basta abrir o arquivo de Consultas por HQTXDQWR RXWURV VH OLPLWDP D XPD UHJLmR HVSHFt¿FD 2 ,63
fabricantes e sua resposta está pronta para informar ao cliente. fornece a sua conexão com a Internet.
Se for um taxista e necessitar de um carro Branco, então é só
abrir o arquivo de Consulta por Cor e selecionar a Cor Branco O aplicativo Outlook é responsável pelo gerenciamento de
e pronto, todos os carros Branco estarão relacionados pra você, VXDVPHQVDJHQVHOHWU{QLFDV3DUDXWLOL]DUR2XWORRNpQHFHVViULR
podendo imprimir esta relação e deixar com o cliente se você D FRQ¿JXUDomR GH XPD FRQWD GH HPDLO H[LVWHQWH $R DEULU R
quiser. Veja como é fácil criar uma Consulta: 2XWORRNSHODSULPHLUDYH]VHUiH[LELGDXPDMDQHODFKDPDGD
³$GLFLRQDUFRQWD´QHVWDMDQHODFOLTXHHP³&RQ¿JXUDomRPDQXDO
Abra o banco de dados e, na guia Criar, clique em Design RX WLSRV GH VHUYLGRUHV DGLFLRQDLV´ H FOLTXH HP DYDQoDU ,Ui
da Consulta. aparecer a uma nova janela para Escolher o Serviço Selecione a
1DFDL[D0RVWUDU7DEHODQDJXLD7DEHODVFOLTXHGXDVYH]HV RSomRTXHGL]323RX,0$3H&OLTXHHP$YDQoDU
na tabela Carros à Venda (onde tem todos os seus dados – este é ,Ui DSDUHFHU D XPD QRYD MDQHOD SDUD DV &RQ¿JXUDo}HV GH
o seu Banco de Dados) e feche a caixa de diálogo. E-mail na Internet
Na tabela Carros à Venda, vamos supor que você tenha os (VWDV VmR DV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV PDLV FRPXQV 0$6 YRFr
campos Fabricante, Modelo, Ano, Cor e Preço. Clique duas GHYH VHPSUH FRQVXOWDU VHX SURYHGRU H XVDU DV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV
YH]HV HP )DEULFDQWH H GHSRLV QRV RXWURV FDPSRV GHVWD SDUD fornecidas por ele.
adicionar esses campos à consulta. Servidor de entrada (POP3): mail.seuservidor.com | porta
110 | Tipo de conexão: Nenhum
Na guia Design, clique em Executar. A consulta é
0DVWDPEpPSRGHUiVHUPDLORXWURVHUYLGRUFRP_SRUWD
executada e exibe uma lista de Carros onde a primeira coluna
| Tipo de conexão: SSL
são os Fabricantes e todas as outras informações como Ano,
&RU 0RGHOR H 3UHoR 6DOYH D &RQVXOWD FRPR ³&RQVXOWD SRU Servidor de saída (SMTP): mail.seuservidor.com | porta
IDEULFDQWH´ 5HSLWD D RSHUDomR FRORFDQGR &RU FRPR SULPHLUD _7LSRGHFRQH[mR1HQKXP
FROXQD GD FRQVXOWD H VDOYH FRPR ³&RQVXOWD SRU &RU´ GHSRLV 0DVWDPEpPSRGHUiVHUPDLORXWURVHUYLGRUFRP_SRUWD
coloque Preço na primeira coluna e salve a consulta como | Tipo de conexão: SSL
³&RQVXOWDSRU3UHoR´HDVVLPSRUGLDQWH Requer autenticação com o seu usuário (seu e-mail) e sua
Como se trata de um BD Relacional toda e qualquer alteração password (enviado pelo seu provedor)
feita na tabela principal será alterada AUTOMATICAMENTE Avalie sobre deixar cópias de mensagens no servidor neste
as Consultas, não necessita alterar as consultas ou salvar caso, as caixas de e-mail do servidor irão acumular e-mails até
novamente. No nosso exemplo da agência de carros, quando ¿FDUHP VHP HVSDoR UHVXOWDQGR HP HUURV H LPSHGLQGR R HQYLR H
PFDUURpYHQGLGRHH[FOXtGRGDWDEHOD³&DUURVj9HQGD´HVWH recepção de e-mails (mesmo que apaguem as mensagens da vossa
veículo também é excluído na hora de todas as Consultas. aplicação de e-mail), monitore constantemente a capacidade de sua
Caso seja adquirido novos carros basta cadastrá-los na Tabela FDSDFLGDGHGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRLVWRGHSHQGHGRVHXSURYHGRU
³&DUURVj9HQGD´HHVWHVQRYRVFDUURVVmRLQFOXtGRVQDKRUDSHOR
Agora imagine que os seus dados são os seguintes:
SURJUDPD'HVWDIRUPDDVFRQVXOWDVHVWDUmRVHPSUHDWXDOL]DGDV
Seu nome: Pedro Silva
MS-Outlook Seu E-mail: pedrosilva@servidor.com
O Correio Eletrônico ou e-mail é uma das formas de &RQ¿JXUHFRQIRUPHDVLPDJHQVDEDL[R

FRPXQLFDomRPDLVXWLOL]DGDVQDDWXDOLGDGHYLQGRDFRPSDUDU
se somente com os posts de redes sociais.
É um serviço de comunicação em rede, que provê
comunicação entre as pessoas conectadas nesta rede, podendo
ser a Internet (WebMail) ou Intranet (corporativo).
Para obter um Webmail, basta se cadastrar em qualquer site
TXHIRUQHoDXPDFRQWDGHFRUUHLRHOHWU{QLFRHGLVSRQLELOL]HHVWH
serviço. Algumas opções existentes: OutLook (ex Hotmail),
Gmail, Yahoo mail, Uol, Bol, Terra, etc...
Um endereço de e-mail possui o seguinte Layout: nome_
de.usuario1@provedor.com.br
Onde o nome de usuário deve ser único naquele provedor
XPDYH]TXHVHXHPDLOpVXDLGHQWL¿FDomRSHVVRDOQmRSRGHQGR
haver dois endereços de e-mail idênticos no mesmo provedor.
É possível obter contas a partir de fontes como o Provedor
de Serviço de Internet (ISP), seu empregador ou serviços da
Web como o Yahoo! Mail, Google Gmail e Windows Live Mail.
&RPHVWDVLQIRUPDo}HVYRFrFRQFOXLXDFRQ¿JXUDomRGDVXD %FF VLJQL¿FD %OLQG &DUERQ &RS\ FySLD FHJD RX &FR
conta de e-mail no Outlook 2013. Carbon Copy Occult. É usada sempre que quisermos enviar
uma cópia da mensagem para alguém, sem que os destinatários
Na guia Página Inicial estão os comandos para criar e saibam dos outros endereços que receberam a mensagem.
trabalhar com itens do Outlook como mensagens, itens de
calendário ou contatos. Clique na guia Enviar/Receber para 2VGHVWLQDWiULRVGRVFDPSRV3DUDH&FQmRYLVXDOL]DPRV
FRPDQGRVUHODFLRQDGRVDRHQYLRGHLWHQVRXjYHUL¿FDomRGD HPDLOVFRORFDGRVQHVWHFDPSRHQHPPHVPRVmRYLVXDOL]DGRV
existência de novos itens do Outlook no servidor. Na guia entre si os e-mails que estiverem como cópia oculta.
Pasta estão os comandos para criar, mover ou compartilhar 1R2XWORRNHPVXDFRQ¿JXUDomRSDGUmRQmRH[LEHRFDPSR
SDVWDV 1D JXLD ([LELU p SRVVtYHO DOWHUDU H SHUVRQDOL]DU D Cco, para exibi-lo clique na Guia Opções, e no Grupo Mostrar
exibição das pastas. Campos, clique no comando Cco na janela de composição da
Os comandos para E-mail, que são os mais usados, estão mensagem.
na guia Página Inicial. Eles incluem Novo E-mail, Responder, Assunto ou Subject - neste local você vai colocar o assunto
Encaminhar e Excluir. que se refere a sua correspondência.
Clique em qualquer mensagem para exibi-la no Painel de É opcional, mas quando preenchido é muito bom pois o
/HLWXUDRXFOLTXHGXDVYH]HVQDPHQVDJHPSDUDDEULOD6HXPD destinatário já sabe do que se trata e poderá dar prioridade na resposta
mensagem tiver um anexo, clique nele para exibi-lo no Painel HDLQGDFULDU¿OWURVSDUDGLUHFLRQDUVXDPHQVDJHPSDUDXPDSDVWD
GH/HLWXUDRXFOLTXHGXDVYH]HVSDUDDEULURDQH[RQRSURJUDPD ORFDOGHQWURGRSURJUDPDRUJDQL]DQGRVXDFDL[DGHHQWUDGD
associado.
Anexar documentos
As Etapas Rápidas facilitam a execução
É possível anexar arquivos em qualquer mensagem
de ações eletrônica.
Na guia Página Inicial, o grupo Etapas Rápidas combina Pode-se anexar arquivos de texto, planilhas, músicas, vídeos,
em um único clique os diversos comandos necessários para PDF, etc. Porém, arquivos executáveis ( *.exe), por segurança,
H[HFXWDU Do}HV FRPXQV 3RU H[HPSOR p SRVVtYHO FDWHJRUL]DU não serão transmitidos, pois trata-se de um software executável
VLQDOL]DUHPRYHUXPDPHQVDJHPFRPDSHQDVXPFOLTXH9RFr HTXHSRGHUiGDQL¿FDURFRPSXWDGRUGRGHVWLQDWiULRYtUXV
SRGHSHUVRQDOL]DUDV(WDSDV5iSLGDVSDGUmRHFULDUVHXVSUySULRV
botões combinando suas ações mais frequentes. A faixa de
opções no Outlook 2013 fornece ícones grandes para mostrar Caixas e Pastas
DVPDQHLUDVFRPRRFDOHQGiULRSRGHVHURUJDQL]DGRHH[LELGR Todo site gerenciador de e-mail, assim como qualquer
8VHRVFRPDQGRVGDJXLD([LELUSDUDSHUVRQDOL]DUDLQGDPDLVDV aplicativo, terá uma composição de caixas padrão. Alguns
LQIRUPDo}HVTXHYRFrYrQR&DOHQGiULR&OLTXHGXDVYH]HVHP poderão ter caixas adicionais.
qualquer item de calendário para abri-lo e editar ou ver detalhes.
Caixa de Entrada: local onde suas mensagens novas serão
Na guia Página Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo para depositadas.
criar itens de calendário. A reunião ou o compromisso aberto
WHPPXLWRVGRVPHVPRVFRPDQGRVGDIDL[DGHRSo}HVGR2I¿FH Caixa de Saída: mensagens que você enviou, respondeu ou
Outlook 2010, inclusive as opções de lembrete e recorrência. encaminhou, mas ainda não foram enviadas.
Enviados: e-mail enviados encaminhados e respondidos
¿FDP DUPD]HQDGRV QHVWD FDL[D TXDQGR IRUHP HQYLDGRV SHOR
Pessoas (Antigo Contatos) servidor.
Na guia Página Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo para Rascunho: mensagens que você iniciou uma edição e não
DGLFLRQDUXPFRQWDWR&OLTXHGXDVYH]HVHPTXDOTXHUFRQWDWR enviou.
SDUD DEULOR H HGLWiOR 3DUD FULDU XPD OLVWD UHXWLOL]iYHO GH
contatos (conhecida anteriormente como lista de distribuição), Lixo: mensagens que foram deletadas pelo usuário.
no grupo Novo, clique em Novo Grupo de Contatos. Spam ou Lixo Eletrônico: são mensagens que, baseado em
Na guia Página Inicial, o grupo Modo de Exibição Atual DOJXPDVUHJUDVIRUDPGH¿QLGDVFRPRSHULJRVDVRXSXEOLFLWiULDV
SHUPLWH DOWHUDU D FODVVL¿FDomR H D H[LELomR GRV FRQWDWRV 3RU Particulares: são pastas criadas pelo usuário que auxiliam a
exemplo, exibir contatos como uma lista de telefones ou na RUJDQL]DomRGDVPHQVDJHQV
forma de cartão de visitas. No grupo Comunicar estão comandos
que conectam você diretamente a um contato (por mensagem
de e-mail, solicitação de reunião, mensagem instantânea ou Sinalização
telefonema, por exemplo).
$VPHQVDJHQVSRGHPVHUVLQDOL]DGDVGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
Campos de destinatário
To ou Para - endereço de e-mail do destinatário – Para quem
você está enviando a mensagem.
&F VLJQL¿FD &DUERQ &RS\ FySLD FDUERQDGD$TXL YRFr
deverá colocar o endereço de e-mail da pessoa que você quer
HQYLDUXPDFySLD(VWHLWHPSRGHUi¿FDUHPEUDQFRFDVRYRFr
não queira enviar cópia.
$V PHQVDJHQV GH HPDLO VLQDOL]DGDV PHOKRUDP R Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Alta
JHUHQFLDPHQWRGRVHPDLOV$VPHQVDJHQVVLQDOL]DGDVFULDPLWHQV Prioridade ou Baixa Prioridade para ativar e desativar a
pendentes apenas para você ou para você e os destinatários da FRQ¿JXUDomR 2 tFRQH VHOHFLRQDGR DSDUHFHUi UHDOoDGR SDUD
PHQVDJHP3RUH[HPSORpSRVVtYHOVLQDOL]DUXPDPHQVDJHPGH indicar que está ativo.
e-mail que solicita informações de que você precisa até uma data
HVSHFt¿FD4XDQGRRGHVWLQDWiULRUHFHEHURHPDLOXPVLQDOL]DGRU
será exibido com ela, e uma mensagem será apresentada na
'H¿QLUDGDWDGHYDOLGDGH
Barra de Informações no Painel de Leitura e na parte superior da Quando uma mensagem expira, seu cabeçalho permanece
mensagem de e-mail quando ela for aberta no Outlook. visível, agora tachado, nas pastas do Outlook, e a mensagem
ainda pode ser aberta.
8PDPHQVDJHPTXHHVWHMDVLQDOL]DGDSDUDYRFrPHVPRSRGH
ajudá-lo a controlar quem respondeu a ela. No cenário anterior, Na guia Opções, no grupo Mais Opções, clique no Iniciador
YRFr HQYLRX XPD PHQVDJHP GH HPDLO VLQDOL]DGD VROLFLWDQGR de Caixa de Diálogo Opções de Mensagem Imagem do botão.
LQIRUPDo}HV DWp FHUWD GDWD $ VLQDOL]DomR GD PHQVDJHP Na caixa de diálogo Propriedades, em Opções de Entrega,
para você também serve como um lembrete para que você marque a caixa de seleção Vencimento após e clique em uma
YHUL¿TXHDVUHVSRVWDV22XWORRNSRGHDWpDMXGiORDORFDOL]DU data e hora.
DXWRPDWLFDPHQWHDVUHVSRVWDVjPHQVDJHPRULJLQDOVLQDOL]DGD Adicionar cor de plano de fundo, gradiente, textura, padrão
Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Acompanhar ou imagem
e selecione a data de conclusão de acompanhamento ou clique Na guia Opções, no grupo Temas, clique em Cor da Página.
HP3HUVRQDOL]DU
Clique em uma cor na paleta Cores do Tema ou Cores
Se desejar receber um lembrete sobre essa mensagem Padrão. Clique em Mais Cores para obter uma paleta mais
VLQDOL]DGDQDJXLD0HQVDJHPQRJUXSR(WLTXHWDVFOLTXHHP detalhada. Para remover a cor, clique em Sem Cor.
Acompanhar e em Adicionar Lembrete. Se você desejar, poderá
alterar a data e a hora do lembrete. Para adicionar um gradiente, uma textura, um padrão ou
uma imagem, clique em Efeitos de Preenchimento.
e SRVVtYHO LQFOXLU XP VLQDOL]DGRU SDUD RV GHVWLQDWiULRV GH
modo que eles sejam alertados a respeito da data limite. Na guia Selecione as opções de preenchimento que deseja.
Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Acompanhar e, em
VHJXLGDFOLTXHHP6LQDOL]DUSDUD'HVWLQDWiULRV3DUDLQFOXLUXP $GLFLRQDUJUi¿FRV
OHPEUHWH SDUD R GHVWLQDWiULR VREUH HVVD PHQVDJHP VLQDOL]DGD 2V JUi¿FRV SRGHP DWUDLU D DWHQomR GH VHXV GHVWLQDWiULRV
marque a caixa de seleção Lembrete e, em seguida, se for Eles também podem aumentar o tamanho do arquivo de
necessário, altere a data e a hora. sua mensagem de e-mail, portanto, devem ser usados com
moderação. Para alterar a aparência do plano de fundo da
2EWHUXPDFRQ¿UPDomRGHHQWUHJDRXGHOHLWXUD mensagem, consulte a seção anterior, Adicionar cor de plano de
$ FRQ¿UPDomR GH HQWUHJD LQIRUPD TXH D VXD PHQVDJHP GH fundo, gradiente, textura, padrão ou imagem.
e-mail foi entregue na caixa de correio do destinatário, mas não Na guia Inserir, no grupo Ilustrações, clique em uma das
LQIRUPDVHRGHVWLQDWiULRDYLXRXDOHX8PDFRQ¿UPDomRGHOHLWXUD seguintes opções:
informa que a sua mensagem foi aberta. Em ambos os casos, você Imagem: Navegue até a pasta onde a imagem que deseja está
UHFHEHUiXPDQRWL¿FDomRTXDQGRDVXDPHQVDJHPIRUHQWUHJXHRX salva, selecione-a e clique em Inserir. É possível redimensionar
OLGD2FRQWH~GRGDVQRWL¿FDo}HVpDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHUHJLVWUDGRQD ou girar a imagem por meio de suas alças. Para obter opções
mensagem original na pasta Itens Enviados. de imagem adicionais, clique com o botão direito do mouse na
1R HQWDQWR QmR GHSHQGD DSHQDV GHVVDV FRQ¿UPDo}HV 2 imagem e clique em um comando no menu de atalho.
destinatário da mensagem pode determinar se uma solicitação Clip-art: Digite uma descrição para a arte que deseja
GH OHLWXUD IRL UHTXLVLWDGD H QmR TXHUHU HQYLDU XPD FRQ¿UPDomR encontrar e clique em Ir. Marque a caixa de seleção Incluir
Se a mensagem for somente leitura no Painel de Leitura, uma FRQWH~GRGR2I¿FH2QOLQHSDUDLQFOXLUFOLSDUWVGLVSRQtYHLVQR
FRQ¿UPDomRSRGHQmRVHUHQYLDGD$OpPGLVVRRSURJUDPDGHHPDLO 2I¿FHFRP&OLTXHQDLPDJHPTXHGHVHMDLQVHULU
GRGHVWLQDWiULRWDOYH]QmRWUDEDOKHFRPFRQ¿UPDo}HVGHOHLWXUD
Formas: Clique em uma forma. Para opções adicionais de
Na mensagem, na guia Opções, no grupo Controle, marque forma, clique com o botão direito do mouse na forma e clique
DFDL[DGHVHOHomR6ROLFLWDU&RQ¿UPDomRGH(QWUHJDRX6ROLFLWDU em um comando no menu de atalho.
&RQ¿UPDomRGH/HLWXUD
SmartArt6HOHFLRQHXPOD\RXWSDUDRJUi¿FR6PDUW$UWH
Para ativar essas opções para todas as mensagens de e-mail FOLTXHHP2.&OLTXHQRJUi¿FR6PDUW$UWSDUDDGLFLRQDUXP
que você enviar: texto. Para obter opções adicionais, clique com o botão direito
Clique na guia Arquivo para abrir o modo de GR PRXVH QR JUi¿FR 6PDUW$UW H FOLTXH HP XP FRPDQGR QR
H[LELomR0LFURVRIW2I¿FH%DFNVWDJH menu de atalho.
Clique em Opções. *Ui¿FR 6HOHFLRQH XP WLSR GH JUi¿FR H FOLTXH HP 2. 1D
Clique em E-mail. planilha do Microsoft Excel 2013 exibida, insira os dados do
JUi¿FR3DUDIHFKDUDSODQLOKDFOLTXHQRERWmR([FHOHHP)HFKDU
Em Controle, escolha as opções desejadas.
3DUDREWHURSo}HVDGLFLRQDLVGHJUi¿FRFOLTXHFRPRERWmRGLUHLWR
GRPRXVHQRJUi¿FRHFOLTXHHPXPFRPDQGRQRPHQXGHDWDOKR
Atribuir o nível de prioridade
Instantâneo &OLTXH HP XPD GDV SiJLQDV YLVXDOL]DGDV RX
eSRVVtYHOGH¿QLURQtYHOGHSULRULGDGHGHXPDPHQVDJHP
em Recorte de Tela. Selecione a área da tela que deseja capturar.
para que os destinatários possam ver o indicador na Caixa de
(QWUDGDDQWHVGHDEULURLWHP$GH¿QLomRGRQtYHOGHSULRULGDGH Para inserir WordArt, no menu Inserir, no grupo Texto
WDPEpPSHUPLWHTXHRVGHVWLQDWiULRVFODVVL¿TXHPVXDVSUySULDV clique em WordArt.
mensagens por prioridade.
Adicionar uma assinatura RASCUNHO
Você pode criar uma assinatura padrão a ser adicionada a
todas as suas mensagens de saída ou pode inserir uma assinatura
manualmente em mensagens de saída individualmente. Siga um
destes procedimentos:
Inserir uma mensagem automaticamente

Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura
e em Assinaturas.
Observação: Você também pode acessar as opções de
assinatura disponíveis na guia Mensagem depois de clicar
em Responder, Responder a Todos ou Encaminhar em uma
mensagem aberta.
Na caixa de diálogo Assinaturas e Papel de Carta, na guia
Assinatura de Correio, na lista Selecione a assinatura a ser
editada, selecione a assinatura desejada, ou clique no botão
Novo para criar uma assinatura.
Em Escolher assinatura padrão na parte superior direita
da caixa de diálogo, na lista Novas mensagens, selecione a
assinatura desejada.
Para incluir uma assinatura nas mensagens que você responde
e nas que encaminha, na lista Respostas/encaminhamentos,
selecione a assinatura. Se não deseja uma assinatura nessas
mensagens, selecione nenhuma.
Clique em OK.
Para adicionar a assinatura padrão a uma mensagem, na guia
Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura e selecione
a assinatura.
Inserir uma mensagem manualmente

Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura
e selecione a assinatura desejada.
Observação: Você também pode acessar as opções de
assinatura disponíveis na guia Mensagem depois de clicar
em Responder, Responder a Todos ou Encaminhar em uma
mensagem aberta.
Protocolos de Conta de e-mail

323±3RVW2I¿FH3URWRFRO323pRWLSRGHFRQWDGH
e-mail principal da Internet. Com uma conta de e-mail POP3,
suas mensagens podem ser baixadas em seu computador e, por
default, excluídas do servidor de e-mail.
A principal desvantagem das contas POP3 é a
impossibilidade de salvar e exibir suas mensagens em vários
computadores. Além disso, as mensagens que você enviar de
um computador não serão copiadas na pasta Itens Enviados dos
outros computadores ou servidor.
IMAP – Com uma conta de Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP), você tem acesso a pastas de e-mail direto no servidor e
SRGHDUPD]HQDUHSURFHVVDUVXDVPHQVDJHQVVHPEDL[iORVSDUD
o computador no qual está trabalhando. Portanto, você pode
usar um computador diferente para ler suas mensagens onde
quer que esteja.
&RVR VHMD FRQ¿JXUDGR XP FOLHQWH GH HPDLO DWUDYpV GR
SURWRFROR ,0$3 p SRVVtYHO D VLQFURQL]DomR HQWUH VXDV SDVWDV
existente no servidor e no seu cliente, ou mesmo através do
acesso via celular ou tablet.
$VPHQVDJHQVH[FOXtGDVPRYLPHQWDGDVHWF6mRDWXDOL]DGDV
periodicamente entre seu servidor e todos os clientes.
BANCO DE DADOS
A palavra informática é a fusão das palavras informação
automática. Para entender o conceito de informação, fala-
remos sobre três conceitos: i) dado; ii) informação; e iii)
conhecimento.
Um dado é um valor bruto, que por si só não é capaz de
identificar algo ou alguém. Por exemplo, o nome JOSÉ DA
O arquivo com os dados poderá ser gravado em diferen-
SILVA. Pode haver várias pessoas com este nome e, o dado
tes tipos de mídia, tais como Planilhas Eletrônicas, Tabela
JOSÉ DA SILVA, neste contexto é apenas um nome, alguém
do Word, em documento de Texto ou fisicamente dentro de
não possível identificar.
uma pasta suspensa em um armário.
Uma informação é um conjunto de dados agregados,
Os softwares que gerenciam dados são denominados
ou seja, quando reunimos mais de um dado sobre o mesmo
Sistemas Gerenciadores de Bancos de Dados (SGBD). Um
objeto ou indivíduo. Por exemplo:
SGBD é um programa que permite acessar, armazenar,
NOME DADOS recuperar e modificar dados.
CPF TELEFONE Os bancos de dados podem ser do seguinte tipo: hie-
989.125.999-87 11-25863366 UF rárquico, de rede, relacional e de objeto. Trataremos nesta
JOSÉ DA SILVA
ENDEREÇO MUNICÍPIO SP apostila do banco de dados relacional e apresentaremos foco
RUA 02 DE JULHO, 12 SÃO PAULO no banco de dados para geração de relatórios gerenciais,
CPF TELEFONE partindo do princípio que quem utilizará são profissionais
981.654.108-87 11-3777-0900 UF
de áreas diferentes a área de informática.
JOÃO SANTOS
ENDEREÇO MUNICÍPIO SP Banco de Dados Relacional
RUA BARÃO DE MAUÁ SUZANO
Um banco de dados relacional utiliza um modelo relacio-
nal, baseado na lógica e teoria dos conjuntos. Cada entidade
os dados NOME, CPF, TELEFONE, ENDEREÇO, deve ser identificada e estruturada como uma tabela do ban-
CIDADE, UF juntos, identificam indivíduos. O conjunto co de dados e os atributos como campos da tabela.
destes dados organizados em linhas gera uma informação. Exemplos de entidades: CLIENTE, FORNECEDOR,
No exemplo acima temos duas informações: a identificação PRODUTO, PEDIDO
dos Srs. JOSÉ DA SILVA e JOÃO SANTOS. Exemplos de atributos: nome, e-mail, telefone, código,
O conhecimento é o agrupamento de informações. Se descrição, valor, quantidade, ....
desejássemos saber quantas pessoas residem no município O tipo de relação é estabelecido da forma
de SÃO PAULO, teríamos que agrupar todos os indivíduos,
cujo dado cidade seja igual a SÃO PAULO. um-para-muitos
Obviamente que, este agrupamento requer uma organi- muitos-para-muitos
zação estruturada dos dados, de modo que a recuperação da um-para-um
informação seja possível de forma rápida. Um banco de da-
De acordo com o tutorial do MS-Access, segue detalha-
dos é um conjunto organizado de informações, estruturado
mento sobre as relações:
de tal modo que permite o agrupamento e a recuperação da
informação necessária para tomada de decisão.
Organização da informação Relação um-para-muitos
Para entender a organização da informação, imagine que Considere um banco de dados de controle de Produtos
você está em um consultório médico e precisa preencher que inclua uma tabela Fornecedores. Um Fornecedor po-
um cadastro para que o seu prontuário (ficha médica) seja derá fornecer um ou mais produtos. Assim, para qualquer
aberto. Todos os dados relevantes para identifica-lo como fornecedor representado na tabela Fornecedores, poderá
paciente serão questionados a partir da ficha médica. haver vários produtos representados na tabela Produtos.
A relação entre a tabela Fornecedor e a tabela Produtos é,
portanto, uma relação um-para-muitos.
Um Fornecedor tem muitos Produtos.
Não há produto sem fornecedor.
Para representar uma relação um-para-muitos na estru-

tura de dados das tabelas, é necessário especificar a chave
primária (CódigoDoFornecedor) do lado "um" da relação
(Tabela Fornecedores) e adicione-o como um campo à tabela
Cada paciente preencherá um cadastro com os seus no lado "muitos" da relação (Tabela Produtos). Nesse caso,
dados pessoais. O conjunto de dados sobre o mesmo pa- por exemplo, adicione um novo campo — o campo Código
ciente forma um Registro. Vários registros juntos formam da tabela Fornecedores à tabela Produtos e nomeie-o como
Código do Fornecedor.
um arquivo (ou tabela).
Uma relação muitos-para-muitos
Este campo armazena um
Considere a relação entre uma tabela Produtos e uma valor correspondente a uma
tabela Pedidos. Um único pedido pode incluir mais de um data ou hora. Ele permite
produto. Por outro lado, um único produto pode constar Data e Hora E\WHV cálculos de horas e datas e a
em vários pedidos. Assim, para todos os registros da tabela apresentação já é mascarada
Pedidos, pode haver vários registros na tabela Produtos. com barras (/) para datas e
pontos (:) para horas.
Além disso, para cada registro na tabela Produtos, pode
haver muitos registros na tabela Pedidos. Esse tipo de rela- 8PYDORUSRQWRÀXWXDQWHGH
ção é denominado relação muitos-para-muitos porque com precisão simples com um
relação a todos os produtos pode haver vários pedidos, e para intervalo de -3,402823E38 a
todos os pedidos pode haver vários produtos. Observe que Single 4 bytes -1,401298E-45 para valores
para detectar relações muitos-para-muitos existentes entre negativos, 1,401298E-45 a
as tabelas é importante considerar ambos os lados da relação. 3,402823E38 para valores
positivos e 0.
Para representar uma relação muitos-para-muitos, você
deve criar uma terceira tabela, geralmente chamada de ta- 8PYDORUSRQWRÀX-
bela de associação, que divide a relação muitos-para-muitos tuante de precisão
em duas relações um-para-muitos. Insira a chave primária dupla com um intervalo de
de cada uma das duas tabelas na terceira tabela. Como resul- -1,79769313486232E308 a
tado, a terceira tabela registra cada ocorrência, ou instância, Double 8 bytes -4,94065645841247E-324
da relação. Por exemplo, a tabela Pedidos e a tabela Produtos para valores negativos,
possuem uma relação muitos-para-muitos que é definida 4,94065645841247E-324 a
criando-se duas relações um-para-muitos com a tabela Deta- 1,79769313486232E308 para
lhes do Pedido. Um pedido pode ter muitos produtos, e cada valores positivos e 0.
produto pode aparecer em muitos pedidos.
Uma relação um-para-um Um inteiro curto entre -32.768
Short 2 bytes e 32.767
Em uma relação um-para-um, cada registro na primeira
tabela pode ter somente um registro correspondente na Um inteiro longo entre
segunda tabela, e cada registro na segunda tabela pode ter Long 4 bytes -2.147.483.648 e
somente um registro correspondente na primeira tabela. 2.147.483.647.
Esse tipo de relação não é comum porque, geralmente, as 1 byte por Zero até um máximo de 1,2
informações relacionadas dessa maneira são armazenadas na Longtext caractere gigabytes. (Consulte Text.)
mesma tabela. A utilização de uma relação um-para-um é reco-
mendada para dividir uma tabela com muitos campos, isolar Zero a um máximo de
Como
parte de uma tabela por motivos de segurança ou armazenar Longbinary aproximadamente 1 gigabyte.
GH¿QLGR Usado para objetos OLE.
informações que se apliquem somente a um subconjunto da
tabela principal. Quando você identificar esse tipo de relação, 1 byte por
ambas as tabelas devem compartilhar um campo em comum. Texto Zero a 255 caracteres.
caractere
Nos Sistemas Gerenciadores de Banco de Dados, os da-
dos são organizados em Tabelas e podem ser acessados por 7DPDQKRLQGH¿QLGR5H-
meio de Consultas, Formulários e Relatórios. Monetário
servará o número de bytes
de acordo com o conteúdo
Tipos de Dados digitado no campo.
Tipo de dado Tamanho Descrição

TABELAS
As tabelas são os objetos do Banco de Dados responsáveis
BYTE 1 byte Um valor inteiro entre 0 e 255. pelo armazenamento dos dados. Devem ser estruturadas
para guardar todos os dados (atributos) relevantes e os tipos
Campo Numérico (inteiro de dados para cada atributo.
longo), iniciado com 1 e in-
crementado automaticamente
Contador 4 bytes pelo Microsoft Access quando
um novo registro é adicionado
a uma tabela.
Campo numérico que aceita

casas decimais. Utilizado para
armazenar dados monetários,
Monetário E\WHV tais como salário, impostos,
preço de produtos, dentre
outros. Representação dos Tipos de Dados na estrutura da Tabela
Cada Tipo de Dados possui um conjunto de proprie-

dades que podem ser definidas, a fim de evitar entradas
de dados erradas.
Propriedades Propriedades do Tipo Monetário
Tamanho do Campo .. GH¿QHRQ~PHURPi[LPRGHFDUDF-
teres que serão aceitos na entrada do
campo.
Formato.....................: nesta propriedade, transformará todas
as letras do campo em maiúscula
transformará todas as letras em
minúscula
Máscara de Entrada .. IRUoD XP FRQMXQWR GH¿QLGR GH FDUDF-

teres. Por exemplo. Se a entrada for
XP FDPSR GH &3) SRGHUHPRV GH¿QLU
que, apesar do campo ser do tipo texto,
apenas números serão aceitos e com as
pontuações. 999.999.999-99. O número
9 indica que haverão três dígitos, sepa- Propriedades do Tipo Data
rados por ponto e os últimos dois dígitos
serão separados por hífen. O número 9
na máscara indica que a digitação do
número é obrigatória. Se substituir o
número 9 pelo número 0, a digitação
será opcional.
Legenda ...................: Legenda é um nome amigável para
R FDPSR$SHQDV QD YLVXDOL]DomR GD
tabela no modo folha de dados será
apresentada como cabeçalho da colu-
na, a legenda do campo no lugar do
nome.
Valor Padrão .............: O valor a ser automaticamente preenchi-
do a cada novo registro. Por exemplo,
VHDWDEHODpGHFOLHQWHVHDHPSUHVD¿FD
em São Paulo, o Campo Cidade poderá
DVVXPLUFRPRYDORUSDGUmRRWH[WR³6mR
3DXOR´DVVLPVHPSUHTXHRFDGDVWURGH
um novo cliente for feito, este campo já
virá automaticamente preenchido com
este valor.
Requerido .................: Sim ou Não. Se sim, o preenchimento
é obrigatório.
Os formatos de um campo data são opções de apresenta-
3HUPLWLUFRPSULPHQWR]HUR6LPVLJQL¿FDTXHRFDPSRSRGH- ção da data, conforme apresentam-se na figura a seguir.
rá ser nulo.
Regra de Validação ...: Propriedade muito importante quan-
GR VH WHP XP FRQMXQWR GH¿QLGR GH
valores que o campo poderá assumir.
Por exemplo, o campo Estado (UF),
quando o país é Brasil. A lista de
siglas poderão constar na Regra de
Validação do campo UF, evitando que
o usuário preencha uma sigla que não
corresponde a uma Unidade de Fede-
ração.
Texto de Validação....: O texto a ser apresentado para o usuário
quando a regra de validação não for
atendida de modo satisfatório.
Propriedades do Tipo Número
Site Texto 50
FORNECEDOR
Campo Tipo Tamanho
CódigoFornecedor Contador (long int)
Nome Texto 50
Endereço Texto 50
Bairro Texto 30
Cep Texto 09
Cidade Texto 30
UF Texto 02
Telefone Texto 09
Celular Texto 09
Site Texto 50
CONTATO
Campo Tipo Tamanho
O tamanho de um campo do tipo Número poderá variar CódigoContato Contador (long int)
de acordo com o propósito.
TipoContato Número Inteiro
Nome Texto 50
Cargo Texto 40
Telefone Texto 09
Ramal Texto 10
Celular Texto 09
Email Texto 50
CATEGORIA
Byte ............................. Q~PHURV LQWHLURV GH D
,GHDO SDUD DUPD]HQDU GDGRV Campo Tipo Tamanho
como idade de uma pessoa, que CódigoCategoria Contador (long int)
QXQFDVHUiPDLRUTXHDQRV Descrição Texto
Inteiro e Inteiro Longo : números inteiros
Simples e Duplo .......... : número que aceita decimais, ide-
ais para valores monetários PRODUTO
Código com replicação : número de um código que é cha- Campo Tipo Tamanho
ve estrangeira na tabela
Decimal ....................... : número com casas decimais, com CódigoProduto Contador (long int)
intervalo entre . CódigoCategoria Número Inteiro
CódigoFornecedor Número Inteiro
Sugestão de Estrutura de Dados para criação de Tabelas
DescricaoProduto Texto 50
PrecoVenda Monetário double
CLIENTE
PEDIDO
Campo Tipo Tamanho
Campo Tipo Tamanho
CódigoCliente Contador (long int) númeroPedido Contador (long int)
Nome Texto 50 dataPedido DataHora
Endereço Texto 50
Bairro Texto 30 DETALHES DO PEDIDO

Cep Texto 09 Campo Tipo Tamanho
Código Contador (long int)
Cidade Texto 30
númeroPedido Número (long int)
UF Texto 02
códigoProduto Número (long int)
Telefone Texto 09 Quantidade Número Int
Celular Texto 09 Total do item Monetário Double

Chave Primária e Chave Estrangeira
Chave primária é uma propriedade do campo que indica Lista Alfabética de Produtos Ativos
que o mesmo identificará cada registro, não poderá ser nulo,
o preenchimento é obrigatório e não poderá haver, na tabela,
dois ou mais registros com o mesmo valor.
Na tabela Categoria, o campo CódigoDaCategoria é defini-
do como Chave Primária. Os campos chave primária possuem
um valor exclusivo. Normalmente, os campos códigos na tabela
da Entidade principal são definidos como chaves primárias.
O campo CódigoDoCliente na Tabela de CLIENTE. O
campo CódigoDoFornecedor na Tabela FORNECEDOR. O
campo CódigoDoProduto na Tabela PRODUTO.
Chave estrangeira é o campo que estabelece a associação de
uma tabela com outra. A chave estrangeira não poderá ser nula,
mas poderá haver dois ou mais registros com o mesmo conteúdo.
Por exemplo: Para cada CATEGORIA de Produtos, há
vários produtos, de diferentes marcas.
Categoria Bebidas, cujo código é 0001.
Produtos desta categoria: Refrigerante de Laranja, Gua- Outros exemplos de expressão para a consulta acima,
raná, Refrigerante de Uva, Suco, Leite, dentre muitos outros. seriam:
Na organização das tabelas, todas as bebidas citadas pos-
suem um código único e exclusivo de Produto, mas possuem Produtos com Preço Unitário entre 100 e 200 reais.
o mesmo código de Categoria de Produtos, por pertencerem Campo: PreçoUnitário
à mesma categoria. Tabela: Produtos
O campo CódigoDaCategoria é Chave Primária na Tabe- &ODVVL¿FDomR
la CATEGORIA e chave-estrangeira na tabela PRODUTO Mostrar:
Critério: >=100 E <200
Consultas
Ou
As consultas são os objetos do Banco de Dados respon-
sáveis pela seleção dos dados armazenados nas tabelas, res-
peitando um conjunto de critérios. É por meio de consultas Produtos com menos de 10 Unidades em Estoque
que dados de duas ou mais tabelas podem ser combinados Campo: UnidadesEmEstoque
e/ou agrupados de modo a apresentar uma informação re- Tabela: Produtos
levante para subsidiar um processo decisório. As consultas &ODVVL¿FDomR Decrescente
Mostrar:
correspondem a pesquisas no BD.
Critério: <10
Tabelas e Consultas são apresentadas de modo similar, Ou
como planilhas ou Folhas de Dados.
É possível especificar linhas de dados que aparecem
Observação - Se estiver trabalhando com várias tabelas, o
na consulta estabelecendo critérios de pesquisa. Se, por criador de consultas examina cada critério de pesquisa para
exemplo, você estiver consultando uma tabela CLIENTE, determinar se a comparação feita gera uma associação. No
poderá especificar que deseja localizar apenas os que estão exemplo da Lista Alfabética de Produtos Ativos, duas tabe-
localizados em determinada região. las são usadas. Para cada produto, é apresentada a Categoria
Os critérios de pesquisa são especificados por uma expressão. dele. Esta associação é feita pelo campo Código da Categoria.
As consultas são bases para a geração de conhecimento.
Normalmente, a expressão consiste em um operador e um

valor de pesquisa. Na consulta Lista Alfabética de Produtos
Ativos ilustrada abaixo, a expressão é o valor “Não”.
Formulários
Os formulários são objetos do banco de dados cujo obje-
tivo é estabelecer uma interface de comunicação com o usuá-
rio, ou seja, para edição e visualização dos dados disponíveis
nas tabelas e consultas. Os formulários são organizados
como um formulário impresso, para ser preenchido.
Formulário para cadastro de pedidos. Os campos são

os mesmos definidos na Tabela Pedidos. A folha de dados
destacada é o sub-formulário do formulário pedidos e traz os
dados da Tabela Detalhes do Pedido.
O formulário mostrado aqui inclui informações retiradas
Os formulários poderão ter diferentes formatos, a fim de várias tabelas:
de facilitar a digitação dos dados das tabelas. Apresenta-se a
seguir uma lista de formulários como exemplo.
As informações desse formulário são originárias da tabe-

la Clientes. Na tabela Pedidos, a única informação gravada
sobre o cliente é o Código, o nome, endereço e demais dados
sobre o cliente são obtidos pela associação um-para-muitos
entre as duas tabelas.
Um CLIENTE tem muitos PEDIDOS.
Formulário para cadastro de clientes. Os campos são os As informações desse sub-formulário são originárias da
mesmos definidos na Tabela Clientes. tabela Detalhes do Pedido. Na tabela Detalhes do Pedido,
a única informação gravada sobre o produto é o Código. A
descrição do produto e o preço unitário são obtidos pela asso-
ciação um-para-muitos entre as tabelas Detalhes do Pedido e
Produtos.
Um PEDIDO tem muitos PRODUTOS.
Relatórios
Os relatórios são objetos do banco de dados que orga-
nizam os resultados das consultas ou para apresentação dos
conteúdos das tabelas, em interface para impressão.
Formulário para cadastro de Fornecedores. Os campos

são os mesmos definidos na Tabela Fornecedores.
VENDAS POR CATEGORIA

A solução para seu concurso
N oções de I nformática = 71
NOÇÕES BÁSICAS DE
ARMAZENAMENTO DE DADOS
E REALIZAÇÃO DE
CÓPIA DE SEGURANÇA (BACKUP).
DISPOSITIVOS PARA ARMAZENAMENTO

DE DADOS
O HD (hard disk), ou disco Rígido, é a parte do compu-
WDGRURQGHVmRDUPD]HQDGRVRVGDGRVeHOHTXHJXDUGDWRGRV
os seus arquivos como fotos, músicas, trabalhos, jogos, vídeos e
tudo mais que você tenha de informações e dados. Com o passar
do tempo esses arquivos vão se acumulando e a falta de espaço
se torna um problema pra quem não pode jogá-los fora, e é pra
isso que serve o HD externo. Com ele você não precisa mais se
preocupar em trocar seu HD ou até mesmo o seu computador.
O HD externo funciona como um periférico, como se fosse
XP3HQ'ULYHVyTXHFRPXPDFDSDFLGDGHLQ¿QLWDPHQWHPDLRU
A maioria dos modelos funciona através da porta USB 2.0, Você pluga na entrada USB do seu micro e, em segundos,
basta você ligar o HD externo na tomada e então conectar na acessa os dados ali contidos ou grava novos arquivos.
USB. Existem vários modelos de HD externo, uns com funções 6XUJLUDPQR¿QDOGHHKRMHDOFDQoDUDPWDPDQKDSRSX-
a mais que os outros, outros com mais capacidades que outros e laridade que já são solicitados até mesmo em listas de material
por aí vai. Os mais simples são aqueles que conectamos e logo de algumas escolas.
em seguida aparecem no computador como mais um disco,
Existem modelos com softwares internos que gerenciam
mas como a briga pelo mercado é grande, muitos fabricantes
esses arquivos, podem ser bloqueados por senhas e até mesmo
³LQFUHPHQWDP´RV+'VH[WHUQRVFRPSURJUDPDVMiLQVWDODGRV
carregar aplicativos diretamente, como se fosse uma central de
Mas como todos os produtos tecnológicos, a melhor opção
programas portátil.
pra você depende das suas próprias necessidades. Esses novos
PRGHORV Mi YrP FRP SURJUDPDV OHJDLV TXH ID]HP FRP TXH
você tenha a aparência do seu desktop em qualquer outro com- O que é um HD Externo?
SXWDGRURXWURVYHPFRPFDERTXHSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGRWDPEpP São iguais aos HDs que você tem dentro do seu micro
em câmeras digitais, handhelds, smartphones, e já existem ou notebook e podem ser encontrados em diferentes formatos,
WDPEpP RV TXH ID]HP FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GH GDGRV HP UHGH FDSDFLGDGHVHSURFHVVRVGHPRQWDJHPGLIHUHQWHV1mRXWLOL]DP
o que é incrível. De qualquer forma é super legal você pensar PHPyULDÀDVKPDVVLPGLVFRVUtJLGRVGHPDLRUFDSDFLGDGHH
HPWHUXPDFHVVyULRTXHDUPD]HQHWXGRTXHSUHFLVDLQFOXVLYH velocidade no acesso aos dados.
programas como photoshop portátil, que você pode levar pra
onde você quiser e usar em qualquer computador que estiver
a sua frente!
O QUE DIFERE O PEN DRIVE DO HD EXTERNO?

O primeiro (PEN DRIVE) é centrado na portabilidade e
simplicidade de uso e o segundo (HD EXTERNO), claro, na
FDSDFLGDGHTXDVHDVWURQ{PLFDGHDUPD]HQDUDUTXLYRV3RUWDQWR
tenha em mente que você deve primeiro traçar suas necessida-
des básicas para, depois, escolher seu produto.
O que é um Pen drive?

3HQ GULYHV VmR XQLGDGHV GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR TXH XWLOL]DP
PHPyULDÀDVK$PHPyULDÀDVKpXPWLSRGHPHPyULDTXHSHU-
PLWHTXHGDGRVVHMDPDSDJDGRVHHVFULWRVPXLWDVYH]HVeFRPR
se fosse um chip re-escrevível que preserva o seu conteúdo sem
a necessidade de fonte de alimentação. Um pen drive tem a
aparência de um isqueiro ou chaveiro.
São indicados para outro tipo de aplicação: backup e arma- Entre os vários tipos de cartões de memória Flash existentes,
]HQDPHQWRGHJUDQGHVDFHUYRVGHGRFXPHQWRVIRWRVP~VLFDV o tipo SD (sigla para Secure Digital) é, certamente, o mais po-
e vídeos. Embora existam alguns modelos do tamanho de uma pular. Seu uso é bastante comum em câmeras digitais, telefones
carteira masculina, sua portabilidade é um pouco menor do celulares, tablets e até mesmo em consoles de videogame.
que a do Pen Drive e em alguns casos necessitam de fonte de Antes de conhecermos as características dos cartões SD, é
DOLPHQWDomRHSURWHomRFRPRXPHVWDELOL]DGRURXQREUHDN FRQYHQLHQWHVDEHUPRVRTXHpPHPyULD)ODVKD¿QDOHVWDpD
WHFQRORJLDTXHSHUPLWHRDUPD]HQDPHQWRHRDFHVVRDRVGDGRV
Velocidades Tendo a Toshiba como principal nome por trás do seu de-
3RUGH¿QLomRXP+'H[WHUQRGDGRDRWLSRGHOHLWXUDHSURWRFROR senvolvimento, a memória Flash é, essencialmente, um chip do
de comunicação com o micro, é mais rápido do que um pen drive, tipo EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read Only
SULQFLSDOPHQWHVHXWLOL]DUDVDtGD¿UHZLUHWLSRGHFRQH[mRXWLOL]D- 0HPRU\RTXHVLJQL¿FDTXHQHOHDJUDYDomRHDHOLPLQDomR
da para transportar grandes quantidades de arquivos). Existem pen de dados são feitas eletricamente, sem necessidade de uso de
drives com tecnologias que aumentam esta velocidade, mas elas HTXLSDPHQWRVHVSHFLDLVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGHVWDVWDUHIDV7UDWDVH
¿FDPDLQGDGHQWURGDUHDOLGDGHGHYHORFLGDGHVGHSHQGULYH GHXPDWHFQRORJLD³QmRYROiWLO´LVWRpRQGHDVLQIRUPDo}HVSRGHP
¿FDUDUPD]HQDGDVSRUEDVWDQWHWHPSRQRVFKLSVVHPTXHEDWHULDV
Capacidades RXRXWUDVIRQWHVGHHQHUJLDWHQKDPTXHVHUXVDGDVSDUDHVWH¿P
Pen Drives têm capacidade menor, variando de 1 Gb até Os cartões SD são, na verdade, uma evolução de um padrão
*EVX¿FLHQWHVSDUDDPDLRULDGDVDSOLFDo}HVQDVTXDLVXWLOL- anterior chamado MultiMedia Card (MMC), lançado em 1997
]DPRVHVWHHTXLSDPHQWR-i+'H[WHUQRVDSUHVHQWDPPRGHORV graças a uma parceria entre SanDisk e Siemens. Ambos são, de
com capacidade de 120Gb até incríveis 2 Terabytes (2 mil Gi- fato, bastante parecidos, inclusive nos aspectos técnicos e nas
babytes), recomendados para redes de empresas. dimensões físicas.
O padrão SD (Secure Digital) foi anunciado pouco tempo
Preço depois, em 1999, e é fruto de uma parceria entre SanDisk, Pana-
sonic e Toshiba. Entre as suas principais características estão:
9DOHOHPEUDUPDLVXPDYH]TXHHVWDPRVIDODQGRGHSURGX- compatibilidade com determinações de segurança da Secure
tos com objetivos diferentes. Logo, uma comparação de preços Digital Music Initiative (SDMI), que visa evitar a distribuição
nunca será precisa. Existe uma fronteira onde Pen Drives muito ilegal de músicas; uma pequena trava de segurança que impede
bons custam quase a mesma coisa que HDs Externos com ca- a eliminação de dados do dispositivo; e melhor desempenho na
SDFLGDGHUHGX]LGD3RUH[HPSORDRID]HUXPFRPSDUDWLYRHQWUH transferência de dados.
XP3HQ'ULYHGH*EHXP+'([WHUQRGH*EYRFrFKHJD
a um preço semelhante. Mas, novamente, são produtos com OB- Vários tipos de cartões SD foram lançados pela indústria:
JETIVOS diferentes. Avalie primeiro sua necessidade, sempre.
Cartão SD
Durabilidade Este é o primeiro tipo a ser lançado e, também, é o mais
$PHPyULDÀDVKGRVSHQGULYHVWHPXVRSURMHWDGRSDUDDWp SRSXODUePXLWRFRPXPHQFRQWUiORHPFkPHUDVRX¿OPDGRUDV
10 anos. HDs externos podem durar até um pouco mais, se bem digitais, por exemplo, assim como é fácil encontrar entradas
LQVWDODGRVSURWHJLGRVSRU¿OWURVGHOLQKDWUDWDGRVHQHOHVVHUHP para este tipo em laptops.
programadas manutenções periódicas. Os cartões SD possuem as seguintes medidas: 24 mm x 32
PP[PP(PXPDGHVXDVODWHUDLVKiXPSHTXHQR³FRUWH´
CARTÕES DE ARMAZENAMENTO TXH ID] R GLVSRVLWLYR OHPEUDU YDJDPHQWH XPD IROKD GH SDSHO
com a ponta dobrada. Este tipo possui uma pequena trava lateral
&DUWmRGHPHPyULDRXFDUWmRGHPHPyULDÀDVKpXPGLVSR- de segurança que o usuário pode ativar para evitar gravação ou
VLWLYRGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGHGDGRVFRPPHPyULDÀDVKXWLOL]DGR eliminação de dados. Além disso, possui 9 pinos de contato.
em videogames, câmeras digitais, telefones celulares, palms/
PDAs, MP3 players, computadores e outros aparelhos eletrônicos.
Cartão miniSD
3RGHP VHU UHJUDYDGRV YiULDV YH]HV QmR QHFHVVLWDP GH
HOHWULFLGDGH SDUD PDQWHU RV GDGRV DUPD]HQDGRV VmR SRUWiWHLV Anunciado em 2003, o cartão miniSD é, tal como o nome
HVXSRUWDPFRQGLo}HVGHXVRHDUPD]HQDPHQWRPDLVULJRURVRV VXJHUHXPDYHUVmRGHGLPHQV}HVUHGX]LGDVGRFDUWmR6'
que outros dispositivos baseados em peças móveis. PHQRUSRVVXLQGRDVVHJXLQWHVPHGLGDVPP[PP[
PP (VWH WLSR QmR SRVVXL WUDYD GH VHJXUDQoD H XWLOL]D
SLQRVGHFRQWDWR7UDWDVHGHXPWLSRFRPXPHQWHXWLOL]DGRHP
WHOHIRQHVFHOXODUHVPDVTXHQmR¿FRXWmRSRSXODUSRUFDXVDGR
surgimento dos cartões microSD.
Cartão microSD
2TXHMiHUDSHTXHQR¿FRXPHQRUDLQGDFRPRODQoDPHQWR
GRVFDUW}HVPLFUR6'DQXQFLDGRVHP$VGLPHQV}HVGHVWH
Imagem ilustrativa de um cartão de memória de 16 GB e IRUPDWRVmRDVVHJXLQWHVPP[PP[PP(VWDYHUVmR
outro de 4 GB QmRSRVVXLWUDYDGHVHJXUDQoDHID]XVRGHSLQRVGHFRQWDWR
Cartão SDHC Facilidade de automatização;
2VFDUW}HV6'GH0%*%RX*%VmRVX¿FLHQWHVj Recuperação;
boa parte das aplicações, mas a evolução dos aparelhos - como Gerenciamento.
¿OPDGRUDVGHDOWDGH¿QLomRH[LJLXPDLVFDSDFLGDGHGHDUPD- Assim, a ferramenta deve realizar, sem a intervenção
]HQDPHQWR $ UHVSRVWD SDUD HVVD QHFHVVLGDGH VmR RV FDUW}HV humana, determinadas rotinas, como abrir e fechar a base de
6HFXUH'LJLWDO+LJK&DSDFLW\6'+&DSUHVHQWDGRVHP dados ou copiar somente os arquivos alterados. É importante
Trata-se de uma categoria de cartão com as mesmas medidas que o produto também realize o gerenciamento centralizado,
do tipo SD. O seu diferencial é justamente a capacidade: dis- permitindo fazer o backup tanto dos arquivos quanto do
banco de dados através da mesma interface. Como escolher
positivos SDHC são facilmente encontrados com capacidades
um sistema de backup:
entre 4 GB e 32 GB.
Procure o tipo de mídia de armazenamento adequado ao
Cartão SDXC volume de dados e às necessidades de sua empresa;
$HVSHFL¿FDomR6HFXUH'LJLWDO([WHQGHG&DSDFLW\6';& O ramo de atividade da empresa também é determinante.
é a mais recente, tendo sido anunciada no início de 2009. No- Companhias com sistemas non-stop necessitam de siste-
vamente, o foco aqui é o expressivo aumento da capacidade de mas rápidos e seguros;
DUPD]HQDPHQWRGHGDGRVFDUW}HV6';&SRGHPVXSRUWDUHQWUH
32 GB e 2 TB (terabytes). Naturalmente, esse tipo de cartão tem O software de backup deve realizar tarefas automatizadas,
preço elevado. como cópia periódica dos dados e atualização dos arqui-
vos modificados;
Se a empresa possuir banco de dados, é importante que a
CÓPIA DE SEGURANÇA (BACKUP)
ferramenta gerencie através da mesma interface tanto o
Conceito: Backup é uma cópia dos arquivos que con- backup de arquivos quando do próprio banco de dados;
sideramos mais importantes, ou aqueles arquivos chaves
(fundamentais) para uma empresa. Com o uso cada vez É muito mais prático um software que permita o gerencia-
mais constante de computadores, um sistema de backup que mento centralizado de toda rede, mesmo em redes hetero-
garanta a segurança e disponibilidade full-time dos dados gêneas.
corporativos é fundamental. Apesar de ser uma medida de
segurança antiga, muitas empresas não possuem um sistema Falando em Internet, um mercado que vem surgindo é
de backup ou, o fazem de maneira incorreta. Montar um siste- justamente o de backup via Web. O usuário pode alugar um
ma de backup requer um pouco de cautela. É importante por espaço no servidor para armazenar o backup de seus dados,
exemplo, saber escolher o tipo de mídia para se armazenar as podendo atualizá-los ou carregá-los quando bem entender.
informações, como fitas magnéticas, discos óticos ou sistemas A prestadora do serviço é responsável pela segurança.
RAID. No Brasil, como em outros países o dispositivo mais Porém, este serviço de backup via Internet ainda não é uma
usado é o DAT (Digital Audio Tape), pois oferece capacidade solução adequada para as empresas, devido a dois problemas
de armazenamento de até 16GB, a um custo médio de um básicos: falta de infra-estrutura e de segurança. Nenhuma
centavo por megabyte. Para pessoas físicas e pequenas empre- empresa deseja ter seus dados armazenados em um lugar
sas, não é necessário um grande investimento para implantar qualquer (indefinido) na Internet.
um sistema de backup. Os mais usados trabalham com drives
externos -Zip e Jaz-, equipamentos que possuem preço bem Outro ponto muito importante e que é sempre bom
mais em conta, embora possuam menor capacidade de arma- lembrar, é que a maioria de falhas na rede corporativa são
zenamento, que já é suficiente para estes casos. frutos de erro humano. Isto significa que é necessário um
Dispositivos: Embora as mídias óticas se mostrem como treinamento dos envolvidos, para que estes possam agir de
última palavra em backup, não são muito viáveis, pois pos- maneira correta em caso de emergência (restauração do ba-
suem capacidade de armazenamento relativamente pequena ckup). Entre as falhas mais comuns, além da falta de preparo
(cerca de 700 MB em um CD) e, em muitos casos não são re- dos envolvidos, é o armazenamento dos disquetes ou outra
graváveis. Um ponto a favor das mídias óticas é a segurança, mídia de armazenamento no próprio local onde se localiza o
porém atualmente estão sendo utilizadas para a criação de computador, o que no caso de qualquer desastre (incêndio,
uma biblioteca de dados, o que caracteriza armazenamento enchente), levará a perda total dos dados. Os backups são
de dados e não backup. importantes porque nos permite recuperar a informação e
A tecnologia RAID, consiste num conjunto de drives que perdas causadas pelos usuários, administradores, falhas de
é visto pelo sistema como uma única unidade, continuando a hardware, software ou social, desastres de uma forma geral
propiciar acesso contínuo aos dados, mesmo que um dos dri- e permitem também o arquivamento das informações para
ves venha a falhar. Os dados são passam pelo nível 1, que sig- eventual uso futuro.
nifica espelhamento de drives ou servidores (cópia dos dados
O backup é a sobrevivência de suas informações, ele
de drives ou servidores), até o nível 5, que é o particionamento
poderá ser feito por qualquer sistema de backup existente no
com paridade (o mesmo arquivo repetido em diferentes dis-
mercado, tais como: ZIP Drives, Fita DAT, CD, ou mesmo
cos). Esta tecnologia é uma opção segura e confiável, sendo
em disquetes, sendo que estes não são tão confiáveis como os
muito utilizada em empresas que possuem rede non-stop e
citados anteriormente.
que não podem perder tempo interrompendo o sistema para
fazer backup. Após a escolha da mídia para armazenamento, Os programas que executam o backup dependem do
é muito importante decidir qual software de backup é mais tipo de equipamento que esta sendo usado, alguns tem seu
adequado para atender às necessidades do usuário. São três os próprio programa de backup, outros aceitam que você use o
requisitos básicos que devem ser observados: programa de backup do próprio Windows.
ESTRATÉGIAS POR ONDE COMEÇAR?
Fazer backup do que? Backup apenas de tudo que é Em primeiro lugar, organize seus arquivos. Não é neces-
único ao seu sistema: banco de usuários, arquivos de dados, sário fazer backup de todos os arquivos do micro, portanto
configuração do seu sistema,... ou Backup completo. procure deixar em pastas separadas os arquivos importantes
(suas planilhas, seus documentos e textos). Utilize a pasta
De que deve ser feito backup? Ao fazer apenas do que “Meus documentos”, ou crie uma pasta com seu nome, onde
for particular ao nosso sistema economizaremos mídia e você pode criar subpastas, como Trabalho, Lazer, etc. Ao
tempo de backup. Numa eventual pane geral poderemos incluir as pastas que deseja salvar no backup, lembre-se de
instalar o sistema novamente a partir das mídias originais incluir alguns arquivos que você pode precisar mais tarde,
e reconfigurá-lo auxiliado pelo backup para finalmente e que não estão em suas pastas pessoais: os favoritos do In-
restaurar os dados. ternet Explorer, que ficam sob a pasta \Windows\Favoritos;
Se fizermos o backup completo o processo será mais as pastas do Outlook Express, que ficam em um lugar meio
complexo, demorado e custará mais mídia de backup mas, escondido, como \ Windows \ Application Data \ Identities
em compensação a restauração tende a ser mais simples. (se não localizar, pesquise por arquivo de nome *. dbx); e o
Catálogo de Endereços, que fica em \ Windows \ Application
TIPOS DE BACKUP Data \ Microsoft \ Address Book (extensão WAB).
Do dia zero, feito logo após a instalação do sistema. Em segundo lugar, escolha o meio de armazenamento.
Completo, cópia de todos os arquivos. Incremental, cópia Como visto anteriormente, disquete é o mais simples, mas
apenas dos arquivos modificados desde o último backup. também é o menos confiável e de menor capacidade de arma-
O backup do dia zero pode ser útil para recuperação ou zenamento. Você terá que usar um programa de compactação
detecção problemas no sistema, como arquivos modificados que divida o seu backup em blocos de 1.44 MB, como o Winzip,
ou omissos. Alguns sistemas operacionais, como o FreeBSD ou o próprio programa de Backup do Windows. O disquete é
e algumas distribuições do Linux são distribuídos com um uma mídia que apresenta erros com freqüência, portanto se
backup do dia zero, sem as devidas configurações do sistema, você escolher utilizá-lo, salve a mesma informação em dois
em um CD a parte. Uma boa política de backup pode mistu- disquetes, para o caso de um deles apresentar problema.
rar os três ou os dois últimos tipos. Outro meio de armazenamento é o Zip Drive. Com
Devemos lembrar de guardar as mídias de backup em um capacidade para 100 MB ou 250 MB, ele apresenta menos
local fisicamente seguro, de preferência longe do sistema, tal problemas que disquetes, e tem maior capacidade. Você
precaução poderá um dia viabilizar a recuperação de dados tanto pode utilizar uma unidade externa, conectada à portal
perdidos em uma catástrofe, por exemplo. serial ou USB, ou uma interna.
A política de backup pode incorporar métodos e períodos Se utilizar a externa, prefira a porta USB, pois a veloci-
diferentes para diferentes tipos de arquivos do sistema. Por dade de transmissão de dados da serial é muito baixa; além
exemplo, arquivos do sistema operacional costumam ser modi- disso, o externo pode ser compartilhado com outros colegas;
ficados com muito menor freqüência do que dados do usuário, o interno só compensa a compra se você utilizar também
assim pode-se adotar uma política de backup completo mensal para outros fins. A solução mais racional para backup é um
para o sistema operacional e incremental semanal e para o / gravador de CDs. O preço é razoável, e a mídia utilizada
home uma política semanal completa e incremental diária. é óptica, muito mais confiável e durável que a magnética.
Você pode utilizar CD-RW, que é regravável, e apagar os
SOFTWARE DE BACKUP mais antigos para sobrepor os novos backups.
Cópias simples A capacidade é 650 ou 700 MB. Também pode optar por
Arquivadores simples um externo, se quiser compartilhar com outras máquinas, ou
Programas especializados se não tiver espaço interno.
Backups pela rede Por último, decida a periodicidade do backup. Se as infor-
mações não sofrem alterações constantes (caso da maioria dos
Há uma vasta disponibilidade de ferramentas para backups usuários domésticos), considere o backup uma vez por semana,
algumas para simples cópias, outras para arquivar diretórios e ou mesmo a cada duas semanas. Existe também outra forma
arquivos em um único arquivo, há aquelas ferramentas próprias de backup que chama-se imagem do disco rígido. Usando um
para backup de sistema, geralmente utilizadas pelos administra- programa como o Norton Ghost, você cria um “arquivão” que
dores. Os sistemas especializados preocupam-se em geral não tem todo o conteúdo de seu disco rígido. Salve este arquivo
apenas na confecção de um backup mas também no controle das em um CD, e no caso de um desastre, basta formatar o HD, e
mídias de backup e na sua realização para toda a rede. fazer a restauração desta imagem, e o Windows estará idêntico
ao que estava no momento do backup.
PERIDIOCIDADE DOS BACKUPS
A atividade de Backup é curiosa: aparentemente inútil
Crie conjuntos de backup para cada dia da semana (um tempo perdido para copiar arquivos e mais arquivos),
(Segunda-feira, Terça-feira....), você sempre irá criar torna-se subitamente muito útil, quando menos se espera.
o backup de Segunda-feira no conjunto de backup de
Segunda-feira, e assim por diante. A vantagem deste Portanto, sempre faça backup, criando sua própria rotina
sistema é que você terá no mínimo 5 conjuntos de backup de “recuperação de desastres”, segundo sua necessidade.
para restaurar as suas informações caso algum conjunto Concluindo, deve se ter um plano de ação para montar um
não esteja funcionando. Guarde uma cópia de cada mês sistema de backup, ou seja, as estratégias tanto de emer-
por 24 meses e guarde também uma cópia do final de cada gência quanto as da própria rotina devem ser estudadas e
ano por pelo menos 10 anos. padronizadas para que todos estejam preparados.
A Intranet utiliza os serviços e protocolos da Internet
dentro de uma mesma empresa. Possibilita, por exemplo,
&RQFHLWRVEiVLFRVIHUUDPHQWDV que possamos mandar um e-mail para alguém dentro da em-
aplicativos e procedimentos presa ou enviar um arquivo por FTP a um computador em
outro andar. Também permite a criação de uma homepage
associados à Internet e intranet com sua identificação e os trabalhos que está desenvolvendo.
Enquanto a Internet estabelece os padrões e as tecnolo-
gias para comunicação entre computadores, através de uma
Uma rede pode ser um computador ligado à Internet ou um rede mundial que conecta muitas redes, a Intranet aplica
computador ligado a outros computadores. A Internet é uma estas tecnologias dentro da organização via rede LAN/WAN
rede que conecta milhões de computadores ao redor do mundo corporativa, com todos os mesmos benefícios. Exatamente
e permite a comunicação e tráfego de milhões de informações. A pela Internet ser um padrão bem estabelecido, montar a
World Wide Web é a parte da Internet mais utilizada por usuários infra-estrutura é simples. O Clássico problema de como fazer
de computadores. A Internet compreende tráfego de informações um se conectar com muitos é resolvida pelo uso de tecnologia
por meio de páginas de hipertexto, notícias e e-mails. Internet via WAN/LAN. O controle de acesso e segurança,
É possível usar o serviço de e-mails sem acessar o conte- problema complicado nos modelos informacionais atuais
údo disponível na Internet. também encontra solução nos moldes da Internet.
A Internet é útil para: A tecnologia da Internet passa a se incorporar na nova logís-
encontrar informações; tica empresarial de fora para dentro, ou seja, para suportar toda
esta nova dinâmica externa a logística interna (suprimento-
trocar mensagens; -fabricação-entrega) precisa acompanhar, a questão básica é:
a empresa quer responder pronta e corretamente às demandas
acessar grupos de notícias; apresentadas pelo seu canal de vendas e seus parceiros.
compartilhar arquivos de fotos, vídeos e documentos; Não dar respostas, seja por telefone ou Internet é igual-
mente inadmissível. Portanto, é hora de começar a operar via
pesquisar e comprar produtos;
Internet, aos poucos, sempre consciente de que a essência do
entretenimentos: jogos, sites de relacionamentos, sucesso operacional neste novo cenário passa, aos poucos, por
dentre outros; uma integração de todos os sistemas computacionais desde o
nível de simples coleta de dados até a apresentação multimídia
Duas coisas são importantes para conectar o computador via Internet. O caminho, não tão longo, passa por:
à Internet:
Criar uma ponte entre os sistemas corporativos de
1. um Provedor de acesso à Internet e logística e os acessos via Internet;
2. um modem. Simplificar as operações, pois virtualmente estamos
todos trabalhando na mesma sala;
As empresas provedoras de acesso oferecem dois tipos de
conexões à Internet: Criar bases de dados abertas que possam ser consul-
tadas facilmente;
Acesso por conexão banda-larga (ADSL, ISDN), Li-
nha Privativa, dentre outras; e Montar uma estrutura de divulgação e pesquisa
Acesso por conexão discada (dial-up) rápidas de informação entre os diversos grupos de
trabalho da empresa via Intranet. Ou seja, Compras
A conexão por banda-larga requer um tipo especial / Engenharia, Produção / Engenharia, Compras
de modem, visto que esta conexão possui um cabo e, / Qualidade / Fornecedores, Vendas / Produção,
normalmente, a contratação do serviço inclui o hardware.
enfim... todos com todos.
Contratado o serviço de acesso de um provedor, é necessário
ter instalado um navegador. Sobre navegadores, falaremos
mais adiante. Intranet e as Organizações: Já é ponto pacífico que
apoiarmos a estrutura de comunicações corporativas em
Dentre os serviços de uma empresa provedora de acesso, uma Intranet, dá para simplificar o trabalho, pois, como já
inclui-se o serviço de email, página de web, hospedagem de foi dito, estamos virtualmente todos na mesma sala. De qual-
arquivos, sites e serviços de bancos de dados.Intranet quer modo, é cedo para se afirmar onde a Intranet vai ser
É uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como mais efetiva para unir (no sentido operacional) os diversos
navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicação, mas o profissionais de uma empresa. Mas em algumas áreas já se
acesso é privativo às pessoas vinculadas à uma organização, vislumbram benefícios, por exemplo:
tais como funcionários, estagiários, etc.. Marketing e Vendas: Informações sobre produtos, Listas
de Preços, Promoções Leads de Vendas (Indicativos para
prospecção), Informações sobre a concorrência, Análises
Intranet sobre negócios ganhos e pedidos, Planejamento de Eventos,
Pense na Internet e em todos os seu serviços: a WWW, Consultas sobre ATP (Availability to Promise), Material
para divulgação de informações; o FTP, para a troca de para Treinamento etc.
arquivos; o Telnet, para o uso de computadores remotos; e
Desenvolvimento de Produtos: Especificações, Designs,
o e-mail, para troca de mensagens etc. Imagine agora que a
Planejamentos, Milestones de Projeto, Mudanças de Eng., Lis-
sua empresa é o mundo e os vários computadores no mundo
tas de Responsabilidades de membros das equipes, Situação de
todo – isso é uma Intranet.
Projetos, Características de Produtos da Concorrência etc.
Serviço ao Cliente e Suporte: Relatórios sobre problemas todo o mundo e, agora, graças ao arsenal de tecnologia ami-
comuns, Perguntas e repostas. Andamentos de Ordens de gável dos micros, toma conta das casas e empresas do nosso
Serviços, Treinamentos e dicas para atender a reclamações combalido planeta.
gerais etc. E, finalmente, para se montar uma Intranet é tecnica-
Recursos Humanos: Informações sobre benefícios, políti- mente muito fácil, mas quando for para implementá-la de
cas da companhia, etc. Missões da Companhia Oportunidades modo a alterar mais profundamente o modus operandi e a
de Trabalho, Programas de Desenvolvimento Pessoal etc. logística das corporações, então enfrentaremos tarefas como
Utilização da Intranet: A questão é: por dificuldades aculturação de executivos, remodelamentos operacionais,
de tirar informação de um lugar e disponibilizar para todos renovação de ambientes computacionais (principalmente
os interessados, as empresas replicam esforços em diversas nas grandes corporações, onde realmente este esforço é Her-
áreas e, na falta de unicidade de informações, as decisões cúleo), etc. Mas é errado tentar repensar a empresa inteira
tomadas em áreas diferentes, mas inter-relacionadas, são primeiro e implementar depois, a remodelação correta será
muitas vezes conflitantes. Isso é até natural que aconteça, fruto do uso, que trará os feed-backs necessários. Comece aos
uma vez que os executivos que as tomaram simplesmente poucos, das pontas para o meio, mas comece já.
basearam-se em visões muito diferentes que têm da mesma A conexão com a Internet: Como vimos, a Intranet pode
realidade que a empresa em que trabalham. ser utilizada apenas para acesso dentro da corporação, po-
A Intranet (ou Internet Corporativa) ajuda neste caso? rém se a empresa desejar conectar-se remotamente a outras
Sim, é a melhor ferramenta para disponibilizar a reapresen- Intranets, pode se utilizar de uma Rede de Longa Distância
tação de uma mesma realidade para muitas pessoas. (WAN - Wide Area Network) própria, com custos relativa-
mente altos; pode utilizar a RENPAC - Rede Nacional de
E é exatamente por isso que ela se estabelece como uma Pacotes da Embratel, de médio custo; ou ainda a Internet, de
explosão de remodelamento empresarial e se transforma tão rapi- baixo custo com uma boa relação custo / benefício.
damente, de um sistema de integração pública, a uma estratégia
de comunicação corporativa. Agora, por que ela ajuda? Nestes casos, é recomendado um estudo apropriado para
verificar qual é a melhor forma de conexão.
Motivos para utilização da Intranet: Primeiro, porque
ela é uma estrutura de comunicações ONIPRESENTE, No caso de conexão com a Internet, temos ainda duas
qualquer um se comunica de qualquer lugar para qualquer opções principais a saber:
lugar. Pouquíssimas empresas conseguiram implementar 1. conexão direta à espinha dorsal (backbone) da In-
um sistema eletrônico de comunicações com seus parceiros,
ternet via Embratel, RNP,..., com alta performance,
justamente pela diversidade de ambientes computacionais
porém com custo elevado;
e protocolos de comunicação. Hoje, a empresa A para falar
com a B, via computador, ainda precisa primeiro negociar 2. ou conexão via Provedor de Acesso Internet (ISP).
a “língua” que vão usar, (a Internet não é uma Torre de No primeiro caso, a conexão ao backbone se faz atra-
Babel, é mais fácil se comunicar através dela). Os canais vés de um roteador conectado a um canal dedicado.
de comunicação também variam, um canal dedicado de
alta velocidade atende a um tipo de demanda (atualização
constante de dados entre fábricas e depósitos, p. ex.), canais No segundo caso, utilizaremos um microcomputador,
de acesso compartilhado (vendedores espalhados pelo país, dedicado ou não, como ponte (gateway proxy), que ligado à
consultando a nova lista de preços) caracterizam um acesso rede local, também se conecta à Internet com linha dedicada
não tão constante, mas geograficamente disperso e variado. ou telefônica comum via provedor de acesso.
A Intranet vai usufruir dos dois canais, sem problemas, e os Extranet
usuários não vão ter problema de usar a Intranet ou a Inter-
net, porque são dois nomes para a mesma coisa, ninguém É uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como
percebe se o canal de comunicação é público ou privado navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicação. O acesso
(a não ser pela velocidade). Um diretor vai olhar o mesmo é privativo às pessoas vinculadas à organização e a outras
gráfico de vendas, ou consultar uma promessa de entrega, pessoas externas, tais como fornecedores, clientes e outros
no computador da sua mesa, no meio da fábrica, de casa, da de interesse da organização.
Disneylândia, dá no mesmo, ele vai entrar na sua Intranet a
partir de qualquer lugar, via Internet. Site (ou sítio)
Segundo, e também importantíssimo pela inovação concei- Um site, website, é um conjunto de páginas de Internet,
tual: a informação não é mais enviada, é buscada sob demanda. interligadas, cujo conteúdo é específico de uma organização.
Não se enviam mais catálogos, listas de preços, promoções, A página principal é conhecida como homepage, ou simples-
mensagens, todos passam, a saber, onde estas informações estão mente home. Na home, há link para todas as demais páginas
disponíveis e as buscam sempre que precisam. Isto simplifica do site e, todas as páginas do site, permitem retornar à página
radicalmente muitas coisas, principalmente no que tange aos principal (a home). O protocolo que permite visualizar o site
procedimentos de atualização e geração de informações, não se é o HTTP.
imprime coisas a mais nem a menos, simplesmente porque não A homepage de qualquer site é acessível na rede mundial
se imprime mais nada. de computadores (Internet) por meio do domínio e, a partir
Terceiro, a interface com o usuário é agradável, fácil de deste endereço, todas as páginas são acessíveis.
usar, é a mesma que ele, a mulher e os filhos usam em casa.
Uma página é ligada a outra e esta ligação é, popularmen-
Quarto, a tecnologia é estável, acreditem se quiser, a te, chamada de link. Os links são âncoras que permitem o
Internet (em termos de informática) é uma senhora mais usuário acessar, rapidamente, o conteúdo associado. Uma
velha que o PC (Personal Computer), primeiro era exclusiva página pode ter dezenas ou centenas de links e links podem
do Pentágono, depois ampliou-se para as universidades de ser textos, imagens ou combinação dos dois.
Quando o mouse é posicionado sobre o link, o ponteiro IP é acrônomo do termo Protocolo de Internet, (do inglês,
muda para o formato de uma mão e o endereço do link apa- Internet Protocol). TCP é acrônomo do termo Protocolo
rece na barra de status. de Controle de Transmissão (do inglês, Transfer Control
Protocol). TCP/IP define um conjunto de regras, padrões e
Download convenções para computadores se comunicarem na Internet,
O termo download é usado quando um arquivo é além de gerenciar o envio e recebimento de pacotes de men-
transferido da Internet para o computador. Os downloads sagens de dados enviadas via protocolo IP.
mais comuns são realizados quando acessamos conteúdos
de arquivos anexados a e-mails, aceitamos atualizações de
Protocolo HTTP
software ou gravamos arquivos de conteúdos específicos, tais http:// advém do termo Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
como músicas, jogos, vídeos ou documentos. e significa Protocolo de Transferência de Hipertexto. Um
site acessível por http:// indica que o conteúdo trafegado será
Ao transferir o arquivo da Internet para o computador páginas de hipertexto. É o protocolo padrão.
(fazer um download), o usuário aceita o risco de gravar em
sua máquina um arquivo que contém vírus, ou um programa Protocolo HTTPS
que pode danificar as informações do computador. Para Uma conexão é segura se as informações trocadas entre
evitar o risco, os cuidados abaixo devem ser observados: o site visitado e o navegador que são codificadas, de modo
a impossibilitar a leitura por softwares diversos. Neste caso,
instalar software de antivirus; o navegador e o site visitado conhecem o certificado digital
fazer download de sites seguros; para decodificar as informações. Este processo de codificação
confira o tipo de arquivo que será transferido para é denominado criptografia e a navegação tende a ser segura
o computador. Arquivos executáveis, com extensões quando a informação é enviada.
.exe, .scr, .bat, .com ou outros, poderão ser executados É possível que mensagens criptografadas tenham seus
e danificar as informações contidas no computador. certificados descobertos, dependendo do algoritmo usado
para criptografar. Portanto não há garantia de segurança que
Upload o site é fidedigno e a privacidade do usuário poderá estar
O termo upload é usado quando um arquivo é transferido comprometida, pelo modo como o site utiliza ou distribui as
do computador para a Internet. Os uploads mais comuns são informações do usuário.
realizados quando publicamos um site, enviamos arquivos
para diretórios virtuais, fotos em sites de relacionamento, No navegador, conexões seguras utilizam o protocolo
dentre outros. HTTPs e exibem um cadeado na barra de status. O certificado
que é usado para criptografar a conexão também contém in-
Domínio formações sobre a identidade do dono do site ou organização.
O domínio do site é o endereço. No Brasil, a organização Você pode clicar no cadeado para ver a identidade do site.
responsável pelo registro dos domínios na Internet é a FA- O protocolo HTTPS é usado para compras online, acesso a
PESP e operacionaliza os registros e consulta de domínios serviços bancários e transações que requer níveis de segurança.
por meio do site www.registro.br.
Protocolo FTP
Os domínios são organizados em 4 partes:
ftp:// advém do termo File Transfer Protocol, e significa
{protocolo} {ponto} {nome do domínio} {ponto} {tipo Protocolo de Transferência de Arquivos. É um protoclo usa-
de domínio} {ponto} {sigla do país} do para transferir arquivos pela Internet. O acesso a arquivos
A sigla do país é opcional, mas todos os outros são pelo protocol FTP torna o download de múltiplos arquivos
obrigatórios. Como exemplo de domínio, veja o da Apostilas mais rápido. Este protocolo é usado para disponibilizar
Sintética. arquivos para que outros façam download.
www.sinteticaapostilas.com.br Para iniciar uma transferência de arquivos no navegador,
digite o endereço de FTP na barra de endereços do navegador.
Para que o conteúdo seja trafegado na rede, é importante
O endereço de FTP inicia com "ftp://" em vez de "http://."
estabelecer uma linguagem para comunicação entre emissor
e receptor de mensagens. Esta linguagem é o protocolo. O Por exemplo, para ir para o site de FTP da Microsoft,
protocolo indica o que será trafegado na rede. Os protocolos digite ftp://ftp.microsoft.com, e então, pressione a tecla
são HTTP e FTP. ENTER.
Protocolos Telnet
Antes de conhecer os tipos de protocolos, vamos enten- Telnet é um programa capaz de conectar outros com-
der o significado do termo Protocolo. Esta palavra é bastante putadores usando a Internet. Este programa permite que,
usada nas configurações da Internet e pode ser entendida remotamente, você execute programas e serviços que estão
como uma linguagem. Para que haja comunicação entre no computador remoto. Seu uso é útil para acessar arquivos
duas pessoas, é importante que o idioma falado seja conhe- em máquinas remotas.
cido pelas duas partes: a pessoa que pergunta e a outra que Wireless
escutará, entenderá a pergunta para poder responder. Em uma rede sem fio, os computadores são conectados
por sinais de rádio, no lugar de fios ou cabos. A vantagem
TCP/IP das redes sem fio inclui a mobilidade e a ausência de fios.
A Internet estabeleceu um protocolo para que todos os Como desvantagens, podemos citar uma conexão mais lenta,
computadores pudessem enviar e receber informações e, as- se comparada a uma rede cabeada e interferência de outras
sim, interconectá-los. Este protocolo de Internet é o TCP/IP. redes sem fio, tais como telefones sem fio. A ajuda do MS-
-Windows® ilustra a rede sem fio com a Figura abaixo.
Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Internet Explorer
Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Mozilla Firefox
Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Google Crome
Quadro Ferramentas do Internet Explorer
Rede sem fio Ferramenta Função
Ethernet A possibilidade de visitar páginas

Uma página é ligada a outra e esta ligação é, popularmen- e páginas na Internet, o botão
te, chamada de link. Os links são âncoras que permitem o Voltar permite visualizar a(s)
usuário acessar, rapidamente, o conteúdo associado. última(s) página(s) visitada(s). Se
clicar no botão Voltar várias vezes,
Voltar
VoIP retrocederá às páginas visitadas
Uma forma de comunicação utilizando recursos de in- na mesma seqüência que foram
ternet, ou seja, um recurso a um melhor custo de estabelecer acessadas. Utilize a seta para
ligações a longa distância. baixo para escolher a página es-
SHFt¿FDTXHGHVHMDYROWDU
Vírus e Antivírus
Antivirus são programas que lêem arquivos antes de Se a ferramenta Voltar foi acionada,
abri-los e notifica se está ou não contaminado por vírus. habilitará a ferramenta Avançar.
Quando o antivírus detecta algo suspeito no arquivo, mas Observe que na Barra de Ferra-
não é capaz de identificar o vírus, ele denuncia como um mentas padrão do Internet Explorer
Avançar
arquivo potencialmente inseguro. esta ferramenta está inativa (cinza).
O conceito é similar ao botão
Voltar, porém, avançará as páginas
Firewall até a última visitada.
O termo inglês significa corta-fogo. Este conceito, advindo
das portas corta-fogo, as quais evitam que um incêndio se alas- Quando o navegador está baixan-
tre por outros andares de um edifício, assim é o objetivo dos Parar
do uma página da Internet, se esta
programas de firewall, impedir a transmissão e/ou recepção de IHUUDPHQWDIRUDFLRQDGDRGRZQOR-
acessos não autorizados de uma rede para outra. ad da página será cancelado.
Os programas de Firewall aplicam políticas de segurança

a um determinado ponto de controle da rede e definem os Atualizar Recarrega a página atual
níveis de acesso aos usuários.
Navegadores ou Browsers Home Carrega a página inicial do navegador

Um navegador é um software preparado para acessar
o conteúdo disponível na Internet. Leva o nome de nave- Assistente de pesquisa da Internet. Aju-
Pesquisar
gador porque o conteúdo da Internet é associado a outros GDDORFDOL]DUFRQWH~GRVHVSHFt¿FRV
conteúdos que, por meio de links, são conectados e o usuário
vai de um conteúdo a outro, por meio de cliques a palavras Favoritos Exibe o menu favoritos
ancoradas a outros conteúdos.
Os navegadores mais usados atualmente são: o Internet Exibe o histórico dos últimos sites
Explorer, Natscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox e Google Histórico
visitados.
Crome. Apresentaremos nesta seção, as principais funciona-
lidades, comuns a todos os navegadores. Esta ferramenta é dis-
ponível do Internet Ex-
Funcionalidades comuns a todos os Opções plorer e permite acessar
navegadores de E-mail R VRIWZDUH GH FRUUHLR
eletrônico (e-mail) rapidamente, já
As principais funcionalidades estão, normalmente, na função
disponíveis na barra de ferramentas padrão do navegador.
As Figuras ilustram as barras de ferramentas padrão, dos
Imprimir Imprime o conteúdo visitado.
navegadores Internet Explorer, Mozzila Firefox e Google
Crome, respectivamente.
Adicionar uma página ao Menu Favo-
No Internet Explorer No Mozilla Firefox
ritos 1) acesse o site desejado e 1) acesse o site desejado e
O menu Favoritos tem por função adicionar sites, a fim siga os procedimentos a siga os procedimentos a
de visualizá-los rapidamente, sem a necessidade de lembrar seguir; seguir;
o endereço e digitá-lo. Quando um site é adicionado ao menu 2) No menu Ferramentas, clique 2) No menu Ferramentas,
favoritos, o título do site é exibido no menu. Na próxima vez em Opções da Internet clique em Opções
que o usuário desejar acessá-lo, basta localizar a opção do 3) Clique na Guia Geral 3) Clique na guia Geral
site no menu. 4) Em Home Page, clique em 4) Em Iniciar, clique em Usar
Usar atual página aberta.
(a)
(b)
Menu Favoritos. (a) do navegador Internet Explorer.
(b) do navegador Mozilla Firefox
As duas funções básicas deste menu são: i) Adicionar
página a Favoritos; e ii) Organizar Favoritos. A organização
de Favoritos corresponde à criação de pastas e agrupamento
de links dentro destas pastas. A funcionalidade básica é igual
Janela Opções da Internet do navegador Internet Explorer
em todos os navegadores.
O processo para salvar um site no menu Favoritos é:
1. Abra o site que deseja salvar no menu Favoritos;
2. No menu Ferramentas, clique em Adicionar a Fa-
voritos (no Internet Explorer) ou Adicionar Páginas
(no Mozilla Firefox)
3. Abrirá uma caixa para digitar o nome, digite um
nome para a página de Internet e, então, clique no
botão Adicionar.
Se há muitas páginas neste menu, é possível organizá-los

em pastas.
Janela Opções do navegador Mozilla Firefox
O processo para abrir um site do menu Favoritos é:
4. Abra o menu Favoritos; Cookies
Cookies são arquivos de textos gravados no computador
5. Na lista de sites favoritos, clique sobre o nome do por sites visitados. Estes arquivos contém informações
site que deseja abrir. dos sites visitados ou de formulários preenchidos pelo
usuário. Exemplos de informações gravadas são nome,
'HÀQLUDSiJLQDLQLFLDOGR1DYHJDGRU email e preferências. Outro exemplo corresponde a infor-
mações sobre os sites visitados. Com base neste histórico,
Quando um navegador é aberto, uma página da Inter- é possível identificar o interesse do internauta e saber
net é aberta ou uma página em branco é apresentada. O quais os sites de seu interesse.
fato é que o usuário poderá definir qual a primeira página
O usuário poderá permitir ou não, a gravação de cookies
que deseja visualizar, quando entrar na Internet ou quan- em seu computador, por sites que ele visita, porém, alguns
do clicar na ferramenta . sites não funcionam se a gravação de cookies estiver desabi-
litada. Arquivos de cookies deveriam ser acessíveis apenas
Para definir a página inicial do Navegador, siga os pro- pelo site que os criou. Mas há casos de cookies contendo
cedimentos a seguir, dependendo do navegador. O procedi- informações pessoais, onde outros sites o acessam para obter
mento é parecido para os demais navegadores: informações sem o consentimento do usuário.
As páginas visitadas na Internet são armazenadas em
Quadro Procedimento para definir a página Inicial, para uma pasta especial para exibição rápida em outra hora. A
os navegadores Internet Explorer e Mozilla Firefox janela Opções da Internet da Figura abaixo apresenta uma
forma de excluir os cookies armazenados no computador.
Configurações de privacidade no navegador Mozilla Firefox
Procedimento para exclusão de cookies gravados no computador.

Sistemas de busca e pesquisa na Internet
Os navegadores permitem que o usuário defina o nível de Há diversos sites projetados para buscar conteúdos
privacidade que terá ao visitar sites na Internet. O nível de disponíveis na Internet e pesquisa por assunto/área. Chama-
privacidade está relacionado a permissão dos sites em gravar remos estes sites de buscadores, dentre os mais conhecidos
cookies e ler os cookies já gravados no mercado, citaremos o Google, Yahoo e o Bing.
www.google.com.br
www.yahoo.com.br
www.bing.com
Os sistemas de busca e pesquisa permitem uma busca na
Web por assunto, textos nos sites, imagens, vídeos, mapas,
notícias, artigos disponíveis em revistas científicas, livros,
etc. Os melhores sistemas de busca e pesquisa trazem seg-
mentado as categorias de pesquisa para trazer resultados
relevantes ao pesquisador.
Níveis de privacidade para gravação e acesso aos cookies

no navegador Internet Explorer Site de um sistema de busca e pesquisa
É importante saber buscar para que o resultado da busca

seja relevante.
GRUPOS DE DISCUSSÃO
A Internet nos dias de hoje é uma grande forma de co-
municação mundial e além disso ela diponibiliza diversas ANOTAÇÕES
formas de interatividade entre seus adeptos. Uma das formas
de discussão bastante válidas são através do Fórum, pois os
fóruns estão nos principais sites de conteúdo independente
do site e seu segmento.
Uma outra forma de discussão também utilizada são
os chats (bate papos) que também dominam sites diversos
promovendo uma interatividade entre seus visitantes.
REDES SOCIAIS
As redes sociais dominam o mundo da internet pro-
movendo uma interatividade bastante presente no mundo
digital, podemos citar como grandes destaques o FaceBook,
Orkut, Youtube, Tuitter. Esses ferramentas de Interação
presentes na internet nos faz cada vez mais estarmos ligados
a uma nova subdivisão de sociedade: a sociedade digital.
VHXFyGLJRTXH³FKDPD´HFDUUHJDRVPRGHORVGHWtWXORVWH[WRV
formulários e página de fundo. Quando for necessário criar uma
NAVEGADORES nova página é só chamar novamente o layout de título, texto,
formulário e página de fundo.
2VQDYHJDGRUHVUHDOL]DPDFRPXQLFDomRHQWUHVHXFRPSXWD-
dor e os servidores onde o site que você procura está hospedado.
(OHV VmR FDSD]HV GH LQWHUSUHWDU DV OLQJXDJHQV +70/ &66
Javascript, entre outros, estas linguagens e recursos permitem
a estes programas interpretar corretamente os elementos que
formam uma página WEB.
A funcionalidade principal de um navegador é apresentar o
recurso da web escolhido por você por meio de uma solicitação
&RQFHLWR 1DYHJDGRUHV VmR SURJUDPDV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV HP ao servidor e exibição na janela do navegador. O recurso geral-
YLVXDOL]DUSiJLQDV:(%RX,QWHUQHWRXVHMDVmRRVSURJUDPDV mente é um documento HTML, mas também pode ser um PDF,
TXH XWLOL]DPRV SDUD YLVLWDU VLWHV GH QRWtFLDV FRPSUDV EORJV uma imagem ou outro tipo de arquivo como Download. O local
fotolog, redes sociais, e-mail, etc. GHVVHVUHFXUVRVpHVSHFL¿FDGRSHORXVXiULRSRUPHLRGHXPURI
,GHQWL¿FDGRU8QLIRUPHGH5HFXUVRV±%DUUDGH(QGHUHoR
Os navegadores também são conhecidos pelo seu termo
em inglês WEB Browser, ou simplesmente Browser (bastante 2VSURJUDPDGRUHVGDZHEXWLOL]DPFRPIUHTXrQFLDHVVDSRWHQ-
cobrado em provas). te combinação de JavaScript, XHR, CSS e outras tecnologias da
web, como AJAX (AssynchronousJavaScript e XML). O HTML
As páginas da web são escritas em basicamente em HTML, também continuou evoluindo, conforme mais recursos e aperfei-
a linguagem de marcação que informa aos navegadores como çoamentos eram incorporados a novas versões do HTML padrão.
estruturar e apresentar conteúdo em uma página. Em outras pa-
lavras, HTML fornece os blocos básicos de construção de uma A evolução da web se dá graças aos esforços contínuos de
página web, como se fossem painéis empilhados e posicionados WRGRVRVSUR¿VVLRQDLVGHWHFQRORJLDHPSUHVDVTXHHYROXtUDPH
lado-a-lado, e neste painéis são exibidos todo conteúdo de uma desenvolveram essas tecnologias e garantiram que elas fossem
SiJLQD 2 WtWXOR R WH[WR ¿JXUDV ¿OPHV HWF WRGR FRQWH~GR reconhecidas pelos principais navegadores do mercado. Essa
é inserido nestes painéis. Uma página WEB é bem parecida a interação entre tecnologias e navegadores transformou a web
XPDWDEHOD3HJXHXPDIROKD$VXO¿WHHGHVHQKHXPDWDEHOD em uma plataforma de construção aberta e amigável para desen-
FRPTXDQWDVOLQKDVHFROXQDTXLVHUHGH¿QDRWDPDQKRGHFDGD YROYHGRUHVTXHGHUDPjOX]YiULRVDSOLFDWLYRV~WHLVHGLYHUWLGRV
FpOXODeDVVLPTXHVH³PRQWD´XPDSiJLQD:(%'XUDQWHPXL- que usamos diariamente.
to tempo, esses blocos de construção eram simples e estáticos: HTML5
linhas de texto, links e imagens que duraram bastante tempo. A evolução da última versão do HTML, conhecido como
+RMH HP GLD HVSHUDPRV UHDOL]DU GLYHUVDV WDUHIDV FRPR +70/pXPFRQMXQWRGHUHFXUVRVTXHSHUPLWHDRV:(%'H-
jogar on-line ou analisar um mapa de nossa região sem ter que signers e aos desenvolvedores a capacidade de criar a próxima
esperar que a página seja carregada a cada movimento de peças geração de incríveis aplicativos on-line.
ou mudança de mapa. 1RFRPHoRRVYtGHRVQmRID]LDPSDUWHGDZHE2VXVXiULRV
A ideia dessas páginas dinâmicas teve início com a invenção da Internet precisavam instalar softwares adicionais, chamados
da linguagem de script JavaScript. O suporte a JavaScript pelos plug-ins, para assistir a vídeos em seus navegadores. Em pouco
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exemplo, se você preencheu um formulário on-line e pressionou SHUPLWHTXHYtGHRVVHMDPIDFLOPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGRVHUHSURGX]LGRV
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suas inserções em tempo real e alertá-lo quase que instantanea- 2XWURVH[FHOHQWHVUHFXUVRVGH+70/LQFOXHPRSo}HVRII-
mente, caso você tenha preenchido algum campo do formulário -line que permitem aos usuários interagir com aplicativos da
LQFRUUHWDPHQWH 2 -DYD6FULSW SRGH YHUL¿FDU VH VHX &3) HVWi web mesmo quando não tiverem conexão com a Internet, além
preenchido corretamente, se o CEP da sua rua confere e seu GHUHFXUVRVGRWLSR³DUUDVWDUHVROWDU´1R*PDLOSRUH[HPSOR
número de telefone não está faltando algum número. os recursos de arrastar e soltar permitem que os usuários ane-
Entretanto, a web dinâmica, na forma como a conhecemos [HPFRPIDFLOLGDGHHUDSLGH]XPDUTXLYRDXPDPHQVDJHPGH
hoje, ganhou vida quando XHR (XMLHttpRequest) foi introdu- e-mail. Basta arrastar o arquivo da área de trabalho do computa-
]LGRHP-DYD6FULSWHXVDGRSHODSULPHLUDYH]HPDSOLFDWLYRVGD dor do usuário para a janela do navegador esta foi uma melhoria
web, como o Microsoft Outlook para a web, Gmail e Google TXHSRUPXLWDVYH]HVQmRREVHUYDPRV
Maps. O XHR permitiu que partes distintas de uma página, &RPR WRGD D ,QWHUQHW D WHFQRORJLD +70/ HVWi HP FRQV-
como um jogo, um mapa, um vídeo ou uma pesquisa, fossem tante evolução, com base nas necessidades e imaginação dos
alteradas sem a necessidade de carregar novamente toda a GHVHQYROYHGRUHV6HQGRXPSDGUmRDEHUWRR+70/LQFRUSRUD
página. Como resultado, os aplicativos da web são mais rápidos alguns dos melhores aspectos da web: funciona em qualquer lu-
e mais ágeis. gar e em qualquer dispositivo com um navegador moderno. Mas
As páginas da web também se tornaram mais interessantes DVVLPFRPRYRFrVySRGHDVVLVWLUDWUDQVPLVV}HVHPDOWDGH¿QLomR
HH¿FD]HVFRPDLQWURGXomRGH&66CascadingStyleSheets). A XVDQGRWHOHYLV}HVFRPSDWtYHLVFRPDOWDGH¿QLomRYRFrSUHFLVDUi
tecnologia CSS garante aos Web Designers uma maneira fácil XVDU XP QDYHJDGRU DWXDOL]DGR H FRPSDWtYHO FRP +70/ SDUD
HH¿FLHQWHGHHODERUDUXPOD\RXWHHPEHOH]DUXPDSiJLQDFRP SRGHUGHVIUXWDUGHVLWHVHDSOLFDWLYRVTXHXWLOL]DPRVUHFXUVRVGR
HOHPHQWRVJUi¿FRV$SULQFLSDOIXQomRGR&66pDSRVVLELOLGDGH +70/$LQGDEHPTXHFRPRXVXiULRGD,QWHUQHWYRFrGLVS}H
de replicar o layout da página para outras páginas do seu site de diversas opções de navegadores e, ao contrário das TVs, os
sem ter que reprogramar toda a página. Toda página contém navegadores da web podem ser baixados gratuitamente.
Atualize seu navegador (VVDLQGHSHQGrQFLDVLJQL¿FDTXHXPSOXJLQHPSDUWLFXODU
Navegadores antigos e novos NÃO DEVEM continuar pode trabalhar em diversos navegadores. No entanto, essa oni-
instalados: os navegadores modernos são mais rápidos, repletos presença também torna os plug-ins alvos principais de ataques
de recursos e mais seguros, os navegadores antigos são lentos de segurança contra navegadores deixando-os vulneráveis. Seu
e, em último caso, um temido perigo pois em caso de ataques computador estará ainda mais vulnerável a ataques de segu-
maliciosos eles não conseguem eliminar. Eis um perigo para rança se você estiver executando plug-ins que não estiverem
quem continua usando o Windows XP, ele suporta até o Internet DWXDOL]DGRVMiTXHRVSOXJLQVGHVDWXDOL]DGRVQmRDSUHVHQWDP
([SORUHU6HYRFrXVDR;3GHYHXWLOL]DUXPRXWURQDYHJDGRU as correções de segurança.
DWXDOL]DGRHQXQFDXVDUR,( Alguns fornecedores de navegadores e de plug-ins estão
A maioria das pessoas não percebe o quanto um navegador trabalhando em conjunto para proteger os usuários contra riscos
DQWLJR H GHVDWXDOL]DGR SRGH LQÀXHQFLDU QHJDWLYDPHQWH QRVVDV de segurança. Por exemplo, as equipes do Google Chrome e do
vidas on-line, em especial nossa segurança on-line. Você não Adobe Flash Player vêm unindo esforços para integrar o Flash
dirigiria um carro antigo com pneus carecas, freios desgastados 3OD\HUQRQDYHJDGRU2PHFDQLVPRGHDWXDOL]DomRDXWRPiWLFD
e motor corroído por muitos anos. É uma péssima ideia arriscar- do Chrome ajuda a garantir que o plug-in do Flash Player nunca
-se da mesma forma com o navegador que você usa para navegar HVWHMDGHVDWXDOL]DGRHVHPSUHUHFHEDDVFRUUHo}HVHDWXDOL]Do}HV
por todas as páginas e todos os aplicativos na WEB. GHVHJXUDQoDPDLVUHFHQWHVVHYRFrWHPR&KURPHDWXDOL]DGR
FRPFHUWH]DWHPRÀDVKDWXDOL]DGRWDPEpP
$ DWXDOL]DomR GH XP QDYHJDGRU PRGHUQR FRPR D YHUVmR
PDLVUHFHQWHGR0R]LOOD)LUHIR[GR$SSOH6DIDULGR0LFURVRIW Extensões do navegador
Internet Explorer, do Opera ou do Google Chrome, é importante As extensões para navegadores acrescentam recursos
por três motivos: DGLFLRQDLV DR VHX QDYHJDGRU ZHE PRGL¿FDQGR SiJLQDV H
Em primeiro lugar, os navegadores antigos são vulneráveis LQWHJUDQGRRFRPRXWURVVHUYLoRVTXHYRFrXWLOL]H,VVRVLJQL¿FD
D DWDTXHV SRUTXH QRUPDOPHQWH QmR VmR DWXDOL]DGRV FRP DV TXHYRFrSRGHSHUVRQDOL]DUVHXQDYHJDGRUFRPRVUHFXUVRVTXH
últimas correções e os últimos recursos de segurança. As vul- são mais importantes para você. Considere as extensões como
nerabilidades de um navegador podem levar a senhas roubadas, formas de adicionar superpoderes ao navegador.
softwares maliciosos penetrando secretamente em seu compu- Se você quiser integrar o seu navegador a algum serviço ou
WDGRURXSLRU8PQDYHJDGRUDWXDOL]DGRDMXGDDHYLWDUDPHDoDV DGLFLRQDUDOJXPUHFXUVRH[WUDYRFrSRGHID]HULVVRFRPXPD
de segurança como phishing e malware. extensão que já exista ou instalar uma nova.
Em segundo lugar, a web evolui rapidamente. Muitos dos Esses recursos extra podem ser simples ou complexos
recursos mais recentes em sites e aplicativos atuais não fun- dependendo de suas necessidades. Por exemplo, você pode ins-
cionarão em navegadores antigos. Somente navegadores atua- talar uma extensão de conversão de moeda que aparecerá como
OL]DGRV DSUHVHQWDP DV PHOKRULDV GH YHORFLGDGH TXH SHUPLWHP um novo botão ao lado da barra de endereços do navegador, um
a execução de páginas e aplicativos rapidamente, em conjunto ERWmRSDUDID]HUGRZQORDGGHYtGHREORTXHLRGHSURSDJDQGDV
FRPRVXSRUWHSDUDWHFQRORJLDVGHSRQWDFRPR+70/&66 etc. Cada navegador terá seus complementos que foram desen-
H-DYD6FULSWYHOR] volvidos para ele.
Por último, os navegadores antigos atrasam a inovação da As extensões dos navegadores também podem agir por
web. Se muitos usuários da Internet seguirem usando esses conta própria, fora das páginas da web. Uma extensão de
navegadores antigos, os desenvolvedores serão forçados a criar QRWL¿FDomR GH HPDLOV SRGH HVWDU LQVHULGD QD EDUUD GH IHUUD-
sites que funcionem com tecnologias antigas e atuais. Diante de PHQWDVGHVHXQDYHJDGRUGLVFUHWDPHQWHYHUL¿FDQGRDFKHJDGD
tempo e recursos limitados, eles acabarão desenvolvendo tecno- de novas mensagens em sua conta de e-mail e informando
logias que sejam compatíveis com todos os navegadores e não você quando houver um novo e-mail. Nesse caso, a extensão
poderão construir a próxima geração de aplicativos úteis e ino- estará sempre trabalhando, independentemente da página que
vadores. Imagine se os engenheiros de tráfego de hoje tivessem YRFrHVWLYHUDFHVVDQGR$OpPGLVVRYRFrQmRSUHFLVDUiID]HU
que elaborar autoestradas de alta velocidade que fossem seguras ORJLQHPVHXHPDLOHPRXWUDMDQHODSDUDYHUL¿FDUVHKiQRYDV
SDUDDXWRPyYHLVGDGpFDGDGH3RUHVVHPRWLYRQDYHJDGRUHV mensagens.
GHVDWXDOL]DGRVVmRSUHMXGLFLDLVSDUDRVXVXiULRVHPJHUDOHSDUD
a inovação da web. Você precisa ser muito cuidadoso com extensões. Elas estão
atuando no seu navegador, então uma extensão ruim pode uti-
Plug-in OL]DURVHXDFHVVRSDUDYLVXDOL]DURKLVWyULFRGDVXDQDYHJDomR
No início da Internet, as primeiras versões de HTML não podendo capturar as suas informações bancárias. É aconselhá-
podiam fornecer conteúdo versátil como vídeos, apenas texto, YHO XWLOL]DU DSHQDV H[WHQV}HV GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQKHFLGRV
imagens e links eram possíveis. bem avaliadas e com muitos usuários — é o mínimo a se pedir
de uma extensão.
Os plug-ins foram inventados para compensar as limitações
da tecnologia inicial de HTML e fornecer mais conteúdo inte- 3DUDFRQKHFHUQRYDVH[WHQV}HVYHUL¿TXHDJDOHULDGHH[WHQ-
rativo. Um plug-in é uma parte adicional de software, especiali- sões de seu navegador. Você verá muitas extensões que podem
]DGDHPSURFHVVDUWLSRVHVSHFt¿FRVGHFRQWH~GR3RUH[HPSOR DMXGiORDQDYHJDUGHIRUPDPDLVH¿FLHQWHIXQFLRQDORXPDLV
RVXVXiULRVSRGHPID]HUGRZQORDGHLQVWDODUXPSOXJLQFRPR divertida.
R$GREH)ODVK3OD\HUSDUDYLVXDOL]DUXPDSiJLQDTXHFRQWHQKD Diferentes navegadores têm sistemas diferentes de exten-
um vídeo ou um jogo interativo. sões. O Firefox possui o mais poderoso deles. Muitas pessoas
O nível de interação entre um plug-in e um navegador ID]HPXVRGR)LUHIR[SRUFDXVDGLVVR²HOHWRUQDPXLWDVH[WHQ-
FXULRVDPHQWHpTXDVHQHQKXP2QDYHJDGRUGH¿QHXPHVSDoR sões avançadas possíveis, e que não seriam compatíveis com
HVSHFt¿FRQDSiJLQDSDUDRSOXJLQHGHL[DRWUDEDOKDU2SOXJLQ outros navegadores. Devido à sua história, muitas extensões
é livre para operar naquele espaço, independentemente do que seriam impossíveis em outros navegadores podem estar
navegador. disponíveis apenas no Firefox.
O Chrome também tem um reservatório de extensões bem rações favoritas do navegador estão prontas para serem usadas
sucedido, e muito provavelmente há uma extensão do Chrome no novo computador. Independentemente de quantos compu-
SDUDTXDOTXHUFRLVDTXHYRFrTXLVHUID]HU2&KURPHFRORFDDO- tadores você precisa usar, desde que haja conexão à Internet e
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não sejam tão poderosas quanto às do Firefox, mas estes limites você está pronto.
permitem que o Chrome mantenha o seu sistema de permissões Cookies do navegador
e restrinja alguns detalhes para uma navegação mais segura.
Cookie HP LQJOrV VLJQL¿FD ³ELVFRLWR´ PDV RV FRRNLHV
O Internet Explorer tem um reservatório de extensões bem desempenham uma função importante no fornecimento da
pequeno. Poucas estão disponíveis, e a maioria das atualmente funcionalidade que os usuários de Internet desejam de sites
em uso no Internet Explorer são provavelmente as barras da web: uma memória de visitas, já ocorridas ou em anda-
de ferramentas como Ask toolbar, que não é bem vista pelos mento.
XWLOL]DGRUHVHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVGHQDYHJDGRUHVHTXHWHYHVXD
XWLOL]DomRIRUoDGDDRVXVXiULRVHPFRQMXQWRFRPRXWURVSURJUD- Basicamente, um Cookie é um arquivo de texto muito
PDV6HYRFrTXHURVUHFXUVRVH[WUDVGDVH[WHQV}HVXWLOL]HRXWUR simples, cuja composição depende diretamente do conteúdo do
navegador além do Internet Explorer. endereço Web visitado. Por exemplo, a maioria dos sites arma-
]HQDP LQIRUPDo}HV EiVLFD FRPR HQGHUHoRV ,3 H SUHIHUrQFLDV
O Safari e o Opera também tem extensões disponíveis, mas sobre idiomas, cores, etc. Contudo, em portais como o Gmail e
seus recursos são bem menores que os do Firefox e do Chrome. R+RWPDLOQRPHVGHXVXiULRVHVHQKDVGHHPDLOWDPEpPID]HP
As extensões, ou add-ons, não são a mesma coisa que os parte dos Cookies.
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Adobe Flash, Oracle Java ou Microsoft Silverlight. Elas permi- comédias, por exemplo, os cookies enviados pelo site poderão
tem que as páginas incorporem e transmitam conteúdos como OHPEUDULVVR'HVVDIRUPDYRFrSRGHUiYLVXDOL]DUFRPpGLDVQR
¿OPHVHP)ODVK3')V RXDSOLFDWLYRVHP-DYDSRUH[HPSOR começo de seu próximo acesso ao site.
que sem o plug-in não seriam mostrados no navegador. Os plug-
-ins são alvo comum de ataques porque páginas podem carregá- Carrinhos de compras on-line também usam cookies.
-los e explorar seus erros, enquanto extensões são diferentes. (QTXDQWRQDYHJDSRU'9'VQHVVHVLWHGHFRPSUDVGH¿OPHV
$VSiJLQDVTXHYRFrYLVLWDQmRSRGHPID]HUQDGDFRPDVVXDV você observará que poderá adicioná-los ao carrinho sem
extensões. Essencialmente, as extensões adicionam recursos a SUHFLVDUID]HUORJLQWRGDYH]TXHDGLFLRQDUXPQRYRSURGXWR
mais para você, enquanto os plug-ins adicionam recursos para 6HXFDUULQKRGHFRPSUDVQmR³VHHVTXHFH´GRV'9'VPHVPR
VHUHPXWLOL]DGDVSHODVSiJLQDVTXHYRFrYLVLWD que você visite outras páginas do site, porque eles estarão
preservados pelos cookies do navegador. Os cookies também
Sincronizando o navegador podem ser usados em publicidade on-line, lembrando seus
9RFr XWLOL]D DSOLFDWLYRV GD ZHE SDUD DFHVVDU HPDLOV P~- interesses e mostrando a você anúncios relacionados enquanto
sicas e outras atividades. Você salva documentos importantes, você navega pela web.
fotos e arquivos on-line e os acessa de qualquer computador Algumas pessoas preferem não permitir cookies. Por isso,
conectado à Internet, de qualquer lugar no mundo. Se houver os navegadores mais modernos possibilitam o gerenciamento
algum acidente com seu computador ou se ele for roubado, nem de cookies para se enquadrar às suas preferências. É possível
tudo estará perdido. Basta encontrar outro dispositivo conectado FRQ¿JXUDUUHJUDVGHJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHFRRNLHVSDUDFDGDVLWH
à Internet e voltar a trabalhar com todas as informações vitais permitindo um maior controle de sua própria privacidade.
que você inteligentemente salvou on-line. Mas, e o que aconte- 2 TXH LVVR VLJQL¿FD p TXH YRFr SRGH HVFROKHU HP TXDLV VLWHV
ce com as marcações de favoritos, as extensões e preferências FRQ¿D H SHUPLWLU FRRNLHV VRPHQWH SDUD HVVHV VLWHV EORTXHDQ-
de navegadores que você usa diariamente? Eles foram perdidos do cookies de outras fontes. Como existem muitos tipos de
junto com seu computador? FRRNLHV LQFOXLQGR ³FRRNLHV GH VHVVmR ~QLFD´ TXH IXQFLRQDP
$ UHVSRVWD FRVWXPDYD VHU ³VLP´ 9RFr SUHFLVDULD SURFXUDU apenas durante a sessão de navegação, ou cookies permanentes,
novamente por suas extensões favoritas e reunir todos os sites que existem durante diversas sessões, os navegadores modernos
que havia marcado como favoritos com tanto esforço. Mas QRUPDOPHQWHRIHUHFHPFRQWUROHVGHVLQWRQLD¿QDSDUDTXHYRFr
agora não! Muitos dos navegadores atuais, como o Firefox e SRVVDHVSHFL¿FDUVXDVSUHIHUrQFLDVFRPUHODomRDGLIHUHQWHVWL-
o Chrome, começaram a construir um recurso conhecido como pos de cookies, como aceitar cookies permanentes como sendo
VLQFURQL]DomR$VLQFURQL]DomRSHUPLWHVDOYDUVXDVFRQ¿JXUD- de sessão.
ções do navegador on-line, na nuvem, para que elas não sejam No navegador Google Chrome, é possível observar algo
SHUGLGDVPHVPRTXHVHXFRPSXWDGRUVHSHUFDGH¿QLWLYDPHQWH extra nos menus de opções: um link direto para o gerenciador de
$ IXQFLRQDOLGDGH GD VLQFURQL]DomR WDPEpP VLPSOL¿FD VXD FRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGR$GREH)ODVK3OD\HU(VVH
vida se você usar diversos computadores, como um laptop no OLQNIDFLOLWDRFRQWUROHGHGDGRVORFDLVDUPD]HQDGRVSHOR$GREH
trabalho e um computador desktop em casa. Não será necessário )ODVK3OD\HUWDPEpPFRQKHFLGRVFRPR³FRRNLHV)ODVK´TXH
UHFULDUPDQXDOPHQWHDPDUFDomRGHVLWHVIDYRULWRVRXUHFRQ¿- poderão conter informações sobre sites e aplicativos baseados
JXUDUDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGRQDYHJDGRUHPFDGDFRPSXWDGRUTXH em Flash que você acessa. Junto com o gerenciamento de
YRFr SRVVXLU $V PXGDQoDV TXH YRFr ¿]HU DR VHX QDYHJDGRU cookies dos navegadores, você também pode controlar facil-
VLQFURQL]DGR HP XP FRPSXWDGRU DSDUHFHUmR DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH PHQWHDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV)ODVK
HPWRGRVRVRXWURVFRPSXWDGRUHVVLQFURQL]DGRVHPTXHVWmRGH Cookies devem ser usados com cautela em computadores
segundos. de uso compartilhado, como Lan House, principalmente caso
1R &KURPH SRU H[HPSOR D VLQFURQL]DomR VDOYD WRGRV RV contas de e-mails sejam acessadas. Uma pessoa que usar o PC
favoritos, as extensões, as preferências e os temas em sua Conta depois que você, poderá ter acesso aos seus e-mails simples-
GR*RRJOH8WLOL]HRXWURFRPSXWDGRUFRQHFWDGRj,QWHUQHWDEUD mente por entrar no mesmo site que você entrou. Logo, nesse
o Chrome e faça o login em sua Conta do Google por meio do tipo de máquina, é fortemente recomendado que os cookies
UHFXUVRGHVLQFURQL]DomRGRQDYHJDGRUHWRGDVDVVXDVFRQ¿JX- sejam apagados após o uso.
Navegadores e privacidade primeiramente se não se trata de um caixa falso. Quando você
Segurança e privacidade estão intimamente ligadas, mas não QDYHJD SHOD ZHE H UHDOL]D WUDQVDo}HV RQOLQH GRLV ULVFRV GH
são idênticas. segurança que devem ser observados: malware e phishing.
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Considere a segurança e a privacidade de sua casa: trancas e que buscam roubar suas informações pessoais ou invadir seu
alarmes ajudam a protegê-lo de ladrões, mas janelas e cortinas computador. Estes indivíduos são rotineiramente chamados
mantêm sua intimidade privada de pessoas que passam perto de GH +DFNHU SRUpP D FODVVL¿FDomR FRUUHWD GH SHVVRDV TXH
sua janela. possuem um farto conhecimento de informática e telefonia e
Enquanto navega pela web, você gera um diário onde são XWLOL]DPHVWHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVQDWHQWDWLYDGHURXEDUVHXVGDGRV
DUPD]HQDGRVORFDOPHQWHHPVHXFRPSXWDGRUXPKLVWyULFRGH importantes implantando arquivos em seu computador ou ainda
sites visitados, os cookies enviados ao navegador e os arquivos GHVHQYROYHQGR IRUPDV GH DWDTXH SDUD HVWH ¿P R FKDPDPRV
de download. Se você solicitou ao seu navegador para lembrar GH ³FUDFNHU´ +DFNHU p XPD SHVVRD TXH SRVVXL JUDQGHV FR-
suas senhas ou dados de formulários, essas informações também QKHFLPHQWRVPDVQmRXWLOL]DHVWHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVSDUDHIHWXDU
HVWDUmRDUPD]HQDGDVHPVHXFRPSXWDGRU crimes, eles trabalham com o desenvolvimento de vacinas para

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3ROtFLD

A solidão do jovem é, apesar do que se pensa em contrá-

Compreender um texto é levar em conta os vários aspec-

Muitas vezes, a técnica usada é a de explanação de idei- A oposição básica do texto é:

TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL É a narrativa propriamente dita, que pode ser linear ou

Leia este trecho de um texto narrativo: 3) NARRADOR (PONTO DE VISTA)

A escrava pegou a filhinha Geralmente, classifica-se em:

Nesse texto, o importante é o fato, a ação, o acontecimen- 4) AMBIENTE

Há três tipos de discurso: Chega a polícia.

Observe o exemplo: 1) O narrador antecipa o final da narrativa:

No primeiro parágrafo, o narrador já conta o que aconte-

2) O narrador faz referência a um fato anterior, que o leitor

Há duas maneiras básicas de descrever: objetiva ou sub-

“O apartamento que comprei tem três dormitórios – sendo

a) Do particular para o geral O texto expõe um ponto de vista (a finalidade da vida

b) Do geral para o particular À defesa do ponto de vista, à organização dos motivos

Não se trata de entender o conteúdo, mas reconhecer a

EXERCÍCIOS d) “– Que é que tem trazer uma flor para casa?

O Campos, segundo o costume, acabava de descer do 5) O texto a seguir apresenta:

“Depois que terminei um curso de técnicas de emergência

c) “Sempre fomos explorados. Somos oprimidos, mas não

d) “Na baixada, mato e campo eram concolores. No alto da

1 – Qual linguagem foi utilizada na figura abaixo?

LINGUAGEM VERBAL E LINGUAGEM NÃO-VERBAL

Linguagem é a representação do pensamento por meio

absolver - perdoar Temos a polissemia quando uma palavra apresenta signi-

SENTIDO PRÓPRIO E FIGURADO DAS PALAVRAS CLASSES DE PALAVRAS: SUBSTANTIVO, ADJETIVO,

Ele é um homem frio. PALAVRAS VARIÁVEIS

LINGUAGEM CONOTATIVA x Substantivos - classe de palavras variáveis com que se

x Artigos - classe de palavras que acompanham os subs-

a) Papai é um bom garfo. x Pronomes - classe de palavras com função de substituir

1) Epicenos: designam o sexo de certos animais com o auxí-

2) Sobrecomuns: designam pessoas com uma forma única

o clã a aluvião 3) Comuns de dois gêneros: sob uma só forma designam

1ª) Pelo acréscimo no plural de "s", o que se dá se o subs-

1ª) Pluralizam-se os dois elementos formados por: florzinha / flore(s) / florezinhas;

3ª) Apenas o primeiro elemento varia:

a) o lojista, o herege, o mártir, o intérprete Locução adjetiva Adjetivo

FLEXÃO DO ADJETIVO 2º) Relativo:

O adjetivo varia em gênero, número e grau. a) De Superioridade:

GÊNERO DO ADJETIVO – Analítico:

a) azul-claro a) moças surdas-mudas

5) Assinale a única alternativa em que se encontram as for-

Artigo é uma palavra que antepomos aos substantivos Exemplos:

definidos: o, a, os, as Exemplo: Vou a Paris.

FLEXÃO DO ARTIGO “Todo o”, “toda a” designam totalidade, inteireza.

artigo preposições 4ª) Tua decisão / a tua decisão.

o pobre (adjetivo = pobre) Exemplo: Aplaudiram a tua decisão e não a minha.

EMPREGO DO ARTIGO 6ª) Faz uns dez anos.

1ª) Ambas as mãos. O artigo indefinido, posto antes de um numeral, designa

Alguns numerais admitem formas variantes como catorze RESPOSTAS

a) tônicos: mim, ti, si

a) pronome substantivo: Mandaram prendê-lo.

As duas funções podem ocorrer ao mesmo tempo. Trazem-no.

CLASSIFICAÇÃO E EMPREGO DOS PRONOMES PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS

PRONOMES PESSOAIS Os pronomes possessivos referem-se às pessoas do

x Os pronomes pessoais se dividem em retos e oblí- Quadro dos pronomes possessivos

Quadro dos pronomes pessoais – singular e plural Emprego

O nosso homem não se deu por vencido.

x No plural se usam os possessivos substantivados no

É assim que um moço deve zelar o nome dos seus?

Situação no espaço 2 – Usa-se nisto adverbialmente, como sinônimo de nesse

PRONOMES RELATIVOS 3 – O relativo quem é sempre regido de preposição e, na

Ao encontro malsoante sem quem deve-se preferir sem o