Lecture 2

Thermodynamics – ME209
Rishi Raj
 2-1

Water – Vapor Pressure Curve

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 2-1

Constant-Pressure Phase-Change Process

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 T-V Diagram for Water

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 T-V Diagram

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 P-T Diagram for Water

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 P-T Diagram for CO2

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 Allotropic Transformation

Other triple
points

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 2-3
P-v Diagram of a Pure Substance

SUPERHEATED

v
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Steam Tables

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Steam Tables: B.1.1 and B.1.2

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P-v / T-v Diagrams

P
T
liquid
liquid T=const vapor
p=const
vapor 2 phase
2 phase

v v

v
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Assignment – 5 Marks
• Use a graph paper (linear, semi-log, log-log??), define the x-axis as v and y-axis as T
• Draw the liquid vapor dome for water (at least 20 points). Identify the coordinates of critical point (vcr and Tcr).
• Draw an isobar for 3 MPa spanning from subcooled liquid state to superheated vapor state via the two-phase
mixture state.
• On this isobar, identify the coordinates (v and T) of saturated liquid state, mixture state with quality 0.75, and
saturated vapor state.
• For the saturated vapor above, what will happen if the specific volume remains the same but the pressure is
increased to 30 MPa?

• Use a graph paper (linear, semi-log, log-log??), define the x-axis as v and y-axis as P
• Draw the liquid vapor dome for water (at least 20 points). Identify the coordinates of critical point (vcr and Tcr).
• Draw an isotherm for 234 ℃ spanning from compressed liquid state to superheated vapor state via the two-
phase mixture state.
• On this isobar, identify the coordinates (v and P) of saturated liquid state, mixture state with quality 0.75, and
saturated vapor state.
• For the saturated vapor, what will happen if the specific volume remains the same (v2) but the temperature is
decreased by 100 ℃?

• Due date: August 7, 9 AM in class

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Problem 1

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Problem 2

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Problem 3

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Problem 4

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Problem 5

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 Surface Plots
𝑧 = sin 𝑥 + cos(𝑦)

When x and y are defined, z is also defined since it is dependent variable.

If x is a constant, y is a constant, what will the plot look like?
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 Thermodynamic Surfaces

P, T, and v are plotted on mutually

perpendicular axis, and each possible
equilibrium state is thus represented
by a point on the surface. Follows
from the fact that a pure substance
has two independent properties!

Steep slopes in solid only and liquid only regions

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 Thermodynamic Surfaces

Water is a special substance (Silicon and Bismuth)

- specific volume increases during freezing
- freezing temperature decreases with pressure
- As the pressure of vapor is increased along a
constant-T line, water may first become solid
and then liquid

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 Thermodynamic
Surfaces
(not a volume)

All points along a quasi-equilibrium

process lie on the P-v-T surface.

Triple point appears as the triple

line on the P-v-T surface, since the
pressure and temperature of the
triple point are fixed, however,
specific volume may change

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRAivhX796s

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P-v 2-5Diagram of Substance that Expands on
Freezing

v
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 Thermodynamic
Surfaces

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Thermodynamic Surfaces

- specific volume decreases during

freezing
- freezing temperature increases with
pressure
- As the pressure of vapor is increased
along a constant-T line, substance first
becomes liquid and then solid

Substance in which specific volume decreases during

freezing!

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 Thermodynamic
Surfaces

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P-v 2-4Diagram of Substance that Contracts on
Freezing

v
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 2-6
P-T Diagram of Pure Substances

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Home Work

• Use a graph paper (preferably semi-log or log-log)

and draw the following for water
• T-v diagram (y-x)
• Saturated liquid (at least 10 points) and saturated vapor line (at
least 10 points) up to critical point to make the liquid vapor dome
• Identify the following zones in the map
• Compressible/subcooled liquid
• Superheated vapor
• Two-phase mixture
• Sketch two constant pressure curves
(500 kPa and 30,000 kPa) in the same
T-v diagram (at least 10 points for each)

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Problem 6

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Problem 7

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Water Vapor as Ideal Gas

From plot
𝑣 = 14.77 m3/kg

From ideal gas

𝑣 = 14.73 m3/kg

• Ideal has equation is a good approximation at low density

• But what is a low density?
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Compressibility of N2

• At all T, Z-->1 as P-->0

• For T>=300 K, Z-->1 if P<10 Mpa
• At low T and high P, Z deviates from 1
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 All pure substances show similar
characteristics as described for N2.

However, the critical properties vary

significantly and hence we cannot get
generalized chart on the same axis.

We can reduced the properties w.r.t.

critical properties to get a unified chart.

𝑃 𝑇
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟 =
𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑐

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Generalized Compressibility Chart

𝑃
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑃𝑐

𝑇
𝑇𝑟 =
𝑇𝑐

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Generalized Compressibility Chart
𝑃 𝑇
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟 =
𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑐

• For Nitrogen
• At all T, Z-->1 as P-->0
• For T>=300 K, Z-->1 if P<10 Mpa
• At low T and high P, Z deviates from 1

• Generalized
• At all Tr, Z-->1 as Pr-->0
• For Tr>=2.5, Z-->1 if Pr<3
• At low Tr and high Pr, Z deviates from 1
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Problem 8

• Generalized
• At all Tr, Z-->1 as Pr-->0
• For Tr>=2.5, Z-->1 if Pr<3
• At low Tr and high Pr, Z deviates
from 1
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Problem 9

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Problem 10

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Practice Problems

• Chapter 3: Problem no 3.27, 32, 35, 40, 52, 61, 63, 65,
66, 67, 76, 77, 99, 103, 105, 107, 109, 112

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