 By:

Naphis ahmad
Assistant professor
JIT, Barabanki

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 1

  Operating principles
 Vapor power plants
 The ideal Rankine vapor power cycle
 Efficiency
◦ Improved efficiency - superheat

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 2

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 3
  Assume a Carnot cycle operating between
 two fixed temperatures as shown.
T
2 3

1 4
s

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 4

 3*
3
T

1 4 4*

s
All processes are internally reversible.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 5
 Isentropic
Reversible constant 3* expansion to
3
T pressure heat addition
(2  3)
produce work
(3  4) or
(3*  4*)

Isentropic
compression
(1  2)
1 4 4*

s
Reversible constant
pressure heat rejection
(4  1)

All processes are internally reversible.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 6
 h 3
QH
WOUT
WIN 2

1
QC

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 7
 h 3
QH
WOUT
WIN 2
4
1 QC
s
s
WOUT  h3  h4
W NET
WIN  h2  h1  (3)

QH  h3  h4 QH
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 8
 FIGURE 10-6
The effect of lowering the condenser pressure on the ideal Rankine cycle.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 9
 FIGURE 10-7
The effect of superheating the steam to higher temperatures on the ideal Rankine cycle.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 10
 FIGURE 10-8
The effect of increasing the boiler pressure on the ideal Rankine cycle.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 11
 FIGURE 10-10
T-s diagrams of the three cycles discussed in Example 9–3.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 12
 T 3
TH,2
2 TH,1

1 4
s
Superheating the working fluid raises the
average temperature of heat addition.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 13
 b
T TH
a
TH
T

d c
s
Superheating the working fluid raises the average temperature with a reservoir at a
higher temperature.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 14
 p1

T b
p2
TH
d
a TC
c

f e

s
The extra expansion via reheating to state “d” allows a
greater enthalpy to be released between states “c” to
“e”.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 15
 FIGURE 10-11
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 16
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 17
 The first part of the heat-addition process in the boiler takes place at relatively low
temperatures.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 18
 The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater heater.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 19
 FIGURE 10-16
The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater heater.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 20
 FIGURE 10-17
A steam power plant with one open and three closed feedwater heaters.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 21
  Reheat (multiple stages)
 Regeneration (multiple extractions)
 Nearly ideal heat addition
◦ Constant temperature boiling for water

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 22

  Heat transfer characteristics of steam and water permit
external combustion systems
 Compression of condensed liquid produces a favorable
work ratio.

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 23

  The Rankine cycle with reheat and regeneration is
advantageous for large plants.
 Small plants do not have economies of scale
◦ Internal combustion for heat addition.
◦ A different thermodynamic cycle

12/31/2016 Jhangirabad institute of technology 24

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 25
 A simple process-heating plant.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 26
 An ideal cogeneration plant.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 27
 FIGURE 10-22
A cogeneration plant with adjustable loads.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 28
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 29
 Combined gas–steam power plant.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 30
 Mercury–water binary vapor cycle.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 31
 A steam turbine is a prime mover in which
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy
and then to Mechanical energy.

Potential Energy

Kinetic energy

Mechanical Energy

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 32
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 33
12/31/2016
34
Jhangirabad institute of technology
 Description of common types of Turbines.

1. Impulse Turbine.
2. Reaction Turbine.

The main difference between these two turbines

lies in the way of expanding the steam while it
moves through them.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 35
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 36
 In the impulse turbine, the steam expands in
the nozzles and it's pressure does not alter as it
moves over the blades.

In the reaction turbine the steam expanded

continuously as it passes over the blades and
thus there is gradually fall in the pressure
during expansion below the atmospheric
pressure.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 37
 PRESSURE

ENTRANCE EXIT
HIGH THERMAL ENERGY LOW THERMAL ENERGY
HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE
LOW VELOCITY
STEAM INLET
HIGH VELOCITY VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 38
 Simple impulse Turbine.

It the impulse turbine, the steam expanded within

the nozzle and there is no any change in the steam
pressure as it passes over the blades

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 39
 ROTOR

NOZZLE

STEAM
CHEST

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 40
 DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING
IMPULSE BLADES

PRESSURE

TURBINE
SHAFT

ENTRANCE EXIT
LOW VELOCITY
HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST
VELOCITY
STEAM INLET

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 41
 Reaction Turbine

In this type of turbine, there is a gradual pressure drop

and takes place continuously over the fixed and moving
blades. The rotation of the shaft and drum, which
carrying the blades is the result of both impulse and
reactive force in the steam. The reaction turbine consist
of a row of stationary blades and the following row of
moving blades

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 42
 The fixed blades act as a nozzle which are attached inside
the cylinder and the moving blades are fixed with the rotor
as shown in figure
When the steam expands over the blades there is
gradual increase in volume and decrease in pressure. But
the velocity decrease in the moving blades and increases in
fixed blades with change of direction.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 43
 Because of the pressure drops in each stage, the number of
stages required in a reaction turbine is much greater than in
a impulse turbine of same capacity.
It also concluded that as the volume of steam
increases at lower pressures therefore the diameter of the
turbine must increase after each group of blade rings.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 44
 ROTOR

STEAM CHEST

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 45
 DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING
REACTION BLADES

PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE
HIGH PRESSURE EXIT
HIGH VELOCITY LOW PRESSURE
STEAM INLET LOW VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST VELOCITY

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 46
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 47
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 48
 Compounding in Steam Turbine.

The compounding is the way of reducing the wheel or rotor

speed of the turbine to optimum value.

Different methods of compounding are:

1.Velocity Compounding
2.Pressure Compounding
3.Pressure Velocity Compounding.

In a Reaction turbine compounding can be achieved only by

Pressure compounding.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 49
 Velocity Compounding:
There are number of moving blades separated by rings of fixed
blades as shown in the figure. All the moving blades are keyed
on a common shaft. When the steam passed through the nozzles
where it is expanded to condenser pressure. It's Velocity
becomes very high. This high velocity steam then passes
through a series of moving and fixed blades. When the steam
passes over the moving blades it's velocity decreases. The
function of the fixed blades is to re-direct the steam flow
without altering it's velocity to the following next row moving
blades where a work is done on them and steam leaves the
turbine with allow velocity as shown in diagram.

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 50
 Velocity Compounding

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 51
 Pressure Compounding:

These are the rings of moving blades which are keyed on a

same shaft in series, are separated by the rings of fixed
nozzles.
The steam at boiler pressure enters the first set of
nozzles and expanded partially. The kinetic energy of the
steam thus obtained is absorbed by moving blades. The
steam is then expanded partially in second set of nozzles
where it's pressure again falls and the velocity increase the
kinetic energy so obtained is absorbed by second ring of
moving blades.
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 52
 Pressure Compounding

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 53
 Pressure velocity compounding:
This method of compounding is the combination of two
previously discussed methods. The total drop in steam
pressure is divided into stages and the velocity obtained in
each stage is also compounded. The rings of nozzles are fixed
at the beginning of each stage and pressure remains constant
during each stage as shown in figure. The turbine employing
this method of compounding may be said to combine many of
the advantages of both pressure and velocity staging By
allowing a bigger pressure drop in each stage, less number
stages are necessary and hence a shorter turbine will be
obtained for a given pressure drop.
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 54
12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 55
 Reaction turbine pressure compounding

12/31/2016
Jhangirabad institute of technology 56