Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bulaoen East National High School Sison, Pangasinan
Bulaoen East National High School Sison, Pangasinan
SISON, PANGASINAN
WILMER L. BIALA
GERALYN M. FREGILLANA
IAN JAMES P. LUMAGUE
APPLE S. MOLINA
GAS-12
2019
MRS. DONNA CLAIRE C. BATERINA
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Tardiness, according to Weade (2004) is “being late for any measurable length of time
Late-coming to school has become a major problem in many schools. Current research
has demonstrated that many schools are performing badly due to inefficient use of the teaching
and learning time. The impact of this great menace cannot be over emphasized, as it has
contributed immensely in a negative way to the academic achievement of learners and the
Advanced Learners Dictionary, 2010). It is designed with the purpose of bringing children from
different families together under one roof (the classroom) for the purpose of teaching and learning
One of the important traits entering into a successful person’s character is the habit of
punctuality (Phurutse, 2005). Effective teaching and learning cannot take place without the
coming together of the teacher and the learners (Oghuvbu, 2012). A learner that is not regular in
school, faces learning problems resulting from late-coming to school such as truancy and inability
Lateness is a function of time and as such time is usually used as the criteria for
determining lateness. Late coming violates the principle of punctuality and if not checked at the
onset, may become a habit with the individual involved and may have negative consequences
Lateness could result into poor academic achievement, disruption in class, difficulty in
To lessen the effects of students’ tardiness and to decrease the number of students who
come late to school, the primary goal of this study is to investigate the different causes of late-
comingtardiness among Junior and Senior High School students of Bulaoen East National High
School and to provide solutions on how to handle students who have a significant record of late-
comingtardiness.
Statement of the Problem
Specifically, this aimed to determine the effects of students’ tardiness inside the
30Thirty students will be used as sample in conducting the research. The general intent
of this study is to identify the factors affecting the time arrival of students to school.
This study considers every aspect of students’ personal information that has an impact
on their academic performances and behaviors such as their gender, age, home location and
family background. Each of the respondents is given the same questionnaire to answer. From
their answers, the researchers will be able to determine the factors affecting the teaching and
The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that hinder students from arriving early
in school.
The findings which this study will reveal, may benefit certain groups and the benefits
knowledge on how they may interrupt other students and teachers, they may lose their focus on
the point they were going to make. They will know what are the possible actions they need to do
in order to avoid coming late to school and for them to also realize how important punctuality is.
It will give them a realization that late coming is not useful to them and to the people around them.
TEACHERS. The given data will guide the teachers on what to do with students who are coming
late to class. The teachers will understand why some students arrive late. They will be informed
about the factors associated with students’ tardiness, the effects to the school performance of
PARENTS. Like the teachers, the parents will also realize their great role in molding their
children’s attitude and performance. The collected data will help them formulate solutions to guide
and advice their children on what should they do because parents may also be one factor who
SCHOOL. If late coming is not addressed in schools, students may not know the significance of
being on time for anything. The school could formulate regulations to lessen the record of students
who arrive late to school and for the teachers to realize their responsibilities when it comes to
punctuality.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The ideas presented may be used as reference data in conducting
new researches or in testing the validity of other related findings. This study will also serve as
their cross-reference that will give them a background or an overview of the consequences of
Listed below are terms taken from this research, which the researchers believe, have to
be defined. This is necessary to enable the future readers of this study to easily understand the
Absenteeism- a tendency to be away from work or school without a reason: the practice or habit
Dropout- a person who stops going to a school, collage, etc., before finishing: a person who drop
out of school
Late-Comers- someone or something that has recently arrived or become involved in something.
Punctuality- is the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or fulfil an obligation
Teacher-student relationship- the academic relation between teachers and their students.
Truancy- the action of staying away from school without good reason; absenteeism.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Coming to school late is one of the top issues and one of the major concerns that marked
the Junior and Senior High School community of Bulaoen East National High School. We cannot
avoid or foresee of being late sometimes but when students come to school late frequently is
responsible is a part of the student’s learning considering that school is also the place where a
child learns to follow rules and regulations, be on time, tracking schedules and meeting their task.
In accordance to our research to address this problem, the school must determine the
possible reasons of student’s tardiness. There are several reasons for a student to be late. First,
students commit tardy because they wake up late, this is due to the bunch of requirements, they
need more time to accomplish the tasks given to them and they spend more hours at night to
achieve the task. What challenges them more is because teachers pressured them a lot especially
the Grade 12 students, this result to the lack of sleep among students. Second, their home
location matters to them. Others live from farther places resulting to late arrival at school. Third,
not all of the entire BENHS students have their own transportation. They most probably ride on a
transportation such as motorcycle or tricycle and due to the distance of their home from the school
they encounter difficulty in arriving at school, plus students are not the only one who needs a
transportation but some teachers need it too. Lastly the weather, when typhoon or rain arrive it
also affects their arrival time to school because some students are having difficulty in getting out
of their home due to flood or heavy rain and it would be a difficult part to them to go to school.
These results mark the major problems why some of the Senior High School students come to
school late. Now the question is what could be the possible results when they still continue this
habit of being late? This type of habit may affect the student’s academic performance of the
students that may lead to low achievement, plus they might miss school works resulting to
Being always present in class and getting to school on time are two of the crucial
determining factors of a student’s success. Not just as a student but as a person who will be
managing his/her own life in the future. Given the importance of being punctual, this study aims
explore and find out the factors that affect the punctually of BENHS students. In this chapter, we
will be discussing about the background of our study. it includes facts about tardiness, the different
factors that causes it and its effects to the students as students and as bearer of their own lives
in the future. From reliable research materials like online journals and research papers, we will
provide some facts and theories from authors, teachers and notable people in order to have
First, we will give a definition of tardiness and present some theories and facts about it.
Next, we will discuss the various factors that causes the students to come to school late, the
psychological theories, the observation of the teachers and personal reasons of the students.
Lastly, the effects of tardiness to students, not just to himself/herself but also to his/her future and
organization, reports that frequent tardiness is associated with lower grades and lower scores on
test. It is also linked to low graduation rates in addition students who are routinely late are more
likely to fail in Senior High School—or even drop out. Second point is the social criticism; the
social experience has a powerful impact on a child’s feelings about school and his ability to be
According to Jumare et al. (2015), their findings revealed that study area has relation to
students late coming to school. They indicated that there are more female late comers than boys.
The percentage shows 56.7 percent against 43.3 percent. Reasons could be hypothesized as to
why female students come to school late; it may be for house work such as cooking, washing of
kitchen utensils, and giving care to the younger ones at home, also due to nature of female in
terms of security. The study also revealed that most late comers among the students in the study
area were between the ages of 16 – 20 years. The percentage indicated 58.3 percent as against
the two other age brackets. One can infer that this could be related to adolescent stage in the life
of the students. Adolescent age is always related to misbehavior and less fear of repercussion of
actions. Students at this stage feel they can have control over themselves, clever enough to
manufacture lies and decide on what their future should be with the aid of peer groups. The
findings also revealed that Senior High chool students come to school late more
than junior students. The results show that 53.3 percent of the respondents were senior students
who came to school late during the period of this study. This also could be attributed to the above
established reason for adolescent age bracket to among the senior students. In addition, the
senior students could have the feeling that when they come late to school they may not be
punished after all the perfects on duty are their friends, thus do not fear anything. It could also be
inferred and related that due to poor economic status of parents many students do take care of
themselves. In other words, many senior students do some casual jobs for living and also
schooling. Therefore this could be a cause for their late coming to school. Most of the parents of
these late coming students belong to lower level of economic status. This is evident by for
example where they work (others) which imply they do not work at all or the work they do, the
students feel shy to disclose, maybe because of it being low. Then due to this the parents could
not afford computer in their houses and lastly majority of the parents owns motorcycle.
In a study by Egan, (2014) that took place in a high school in New England that had over
2000 students enrolled, 39 were identified to be inexcusably tardy to school for at least ten times
in the quarter. The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of an incentive based
intervention. Four students, after intense screening of the data collected, were eligible to
participate in a study that took 17 weeks to complete. Egan used food as an incentive to get
involved the four students getting free breakfast when they came earlier as a form of motivation.
The results from this study were not the desired ones since students needed more than just free
According to Mukuria and Kithae (2013), material taught at the time the student was
absent may be difficult to understand later when the student studies alone and may result in the
student failing the course or test or assignment. Tardiness could affect the student performance
leading to low marks because of the missing instructions. In some cases though, lecturers have
to restructure their lesson which wastes instructional time as they have to re-teach the already
taught material. Students may have a hard time mastering the routine when they are constantly
late; they may have a hard time settling into the routine, resulting in them always being late or
they can also feel disconnected with school and may have behavior problems and end up being
school dropouts. When a student is regularly tardy, the lecturer may think of it as disrespect and
start treating the student differently or be hostile towards the student, resulting in them not feeling
In another study, Perveen and Kazmi, (2013) revealed that students come late to class
because their lecturers are tardy too. The purpose of the study was to look into the relationship
between lecturer tardiness and job satisfaction; whether lecturers show up late because they are
not satisfied with their job? This study was conducted in Pakistan, involving a sample of 400
female lecturers from both private and government sectors in the Abbottabad district. A job
description index and a punctuality scale were used as measures to gauge the relationship
between punctuality and job satisfaction. From the questionnaire handed out, the results showed
a positive correlation between job satisfaction and lecturer punctuality, indicating that lecturers
who were not happy with their work environment had punctuality problems. This can be one of
the factors that cause students to come late to class. When students observe that their lecturer is
always tardy, they can themselves resort to coming late to class since they do not see the point
As BENHS students, we are expected to perform well with excellence in everything that
we do, most especially in the academic aspect. One factor that dictates the quality of performance
of a student is his/her punctuality that is, getting to school on time or being tardy. As cited by
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), “lateness” can be defined as the “situation where an individual
arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 5 th ed.,
1995).
Synder (2011) added that, habitual lateness to class is typically a sign of devaluation and
contempt for teachers and other students who have arrived to class punctually. Even more
important, it is most likely a sign of devaluation and contempt for one’s own education, albeit
unconscious, since the student’s habitual lateness will necessarily curtail his or her time in class
Another research partly studied about tardiness but tackled a specific reason or factor. A
study by Pimentel and Quijada (2011) focused on the frequency of use by the UP Cebu freshmen
students of Facebook and a part of the study tackled about the effect of the famous social
For their study, Pimentel and Quijada collected 60 respondents and provided them with
questionnaires. The questionnaires contained questions that ask the respondents about their use
of Facebook and its effects. A certain question asked the respondents if late-night use of
Facebook has an effect on their punctuality. According to the results of the study, three out of 60
respondents are always late, 8 said they are sometimes late, 12 said they are seldom late and 37
said that they never get late due to late-night use of Facebook. Generally, the results showed that
the respondents are seldom late in class because of late-night use of the social networking site.
Ledoux, as cited by Pimentel and Quijada, said that lack of sleep causes neural malfunctions and
further affects a person’s behavior. In the study’s case, it is a student’s punctuality that is affected.
Tardiness among students has its own negative repercussions. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor
(2011) emphasize that lateness or tardiness is not just the problem of the late students but it
affects the surrounding people. A student coming late in class distract the rest of students and
disrupts the flow of the teacher discussions. It is even a burden to the students whom late students
ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects is given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about
the welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible effects of
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) stated that school administrator must lead by example.
They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think that being
late is just alright since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well teach it
and integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does not start
and end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the government must
take part as well. Transportation must be improve in order to avoid students getting stuck in traffic
Some schools have already started finding solutions that would effectively minimize
and/or eliminate tardiness among students. One of the solution made by some school is
implementing tardiness policies, where in they take steps in approaching students and parents
for them to solve the problem. CAESC has their policy work this way. Other school initiated
Cardogan said that a school in Chicago, Illinois adapted a similar curriculum and yielded
positive results. Students under the interdisciplinary program exhibited more positive behaviors
from students not from the curriculum. Interdisciplinary students showed less absences and
tardiness, as well as higher grades. Other schools made smaller academic changes such as
developing personality works and cooperatives learning actuvities, such as creation of portfolios
and tutorials to younger students. This taught the students better goal-setting, decision making
skills and time management. In return, students under this behavior modification programs yielded
less tardiness in higher grades. Breez et al. (2010) contributed by saying that, lateness is
synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not meeting
up with proper or usual timing. In most schools, a student is considered tardy when he/she is not
present when the school bell rings or when the first teachers starts to give instructional materials
According to Zeiger (2010), the most essential learning time of the day for the students
lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00 to 9:30 AM. It is because the students are most
mindful and observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most important lessons
and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when students are late or are not present
during this time of the day, they, in effect, miss out most of the important lessons to be noted and
learned.
As mentioned by Zeiger (2010), the result from the survey conducted by teachers show
that students with high tardiness rates have “higher rates of suspension and other disciplinary
measures “(National Center for Eduction Statistics Indicators of School Crime in Safety)
[NCESISCS] (2007). It also causes students to have behavioral problems and to drop out. Lastly,
Zeiger (2010) stated that “students who are frequently tardy into school are also more apt to be
Reasons for being late in class and other factors affecting the punctuality if a student vary.
There had been some theories that pointed out that tardiness is caused by the personality of a
person. Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some “personality traits,
including low self-esteem and anxiety” as triggering factors of tardiness. She also mentioned that
while some theorists considered tardiness as an “inborn quality” since our being early or late is
“partially biologically determined”, which she also agreed, other experts also believed that some
people are “chronically tardy” for the reason that they consciously and unconsciously get good
In the book cited by Santillano, “Never be late again: 7 cures for the punctually
challenged”, the author Diana DeLonzor suggested that some personality traits could most likely
lead to a person being often late. Some of the traits included were “struggling with self control”,
“feeling nervous or uncomfortable with social situations” and “getting distracted easily”. Santillano
also discussed about the study conduncted by DeLonzor at San Francisco State University in
which she surveyed 225 respondents about their habits that makes them late from their
appointments. It was also a test on the personalities of the respondents that affect their habits.
According to the results of DeLonzor’s study, those respondents that were often tardy apt to be
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or causes. Going
late to bed and waking up late next morning are the most common. The authors added film-
watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may forget that he/she needs to be
in school the next day. The distance between the student’s home and school or solely the school’s
location is also considered by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness. Not just
because it takes more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is
susceptible to more distractions and hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and
commands are also reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be
learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and
consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students to come late at school since there are
no consequences attached to lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serios
effects.
In another study by Marvul, (2010) an intervention was designed to affect minority male
attendance and truancy in a school in Florida, USA. The research was based on forty male
students who were observed through attendance registers to have many absent days from school;
the intervention included monitoring attendance and notifying parents when a student was absent,
tardy, or truant; participation in a moral character class; and participation in club sports teams.
This study proved that a program that provides support and respect significantly reduced student
absenteeism and antisocial behaviors, and increased attitudes and commitment toward school.
When a student enters a class late he/she may disrupt the flow of discussion and distract
the attention of his/her classmates. Overtime, the child may begin to be criticized, affecting his
level of interest for school. Poor social interaction may lead to low self-esteem that can affect the
child’s ability to focus on learning. Arriving on school late affects their self-discipline, as a student
it is a good start to practice arriving on school early so when a child loses track in being punctual
in school, he/she may also be less responsible in other task. Being time on school is a preparation
for the world outside the school. To address this issue, the school must determine possible
reasons of a student’s tardiness. Students must practice the habit of having time management
such as organizing events, planning ahead of time and daily routine should be scheduled. Another
possible solution regarding this issue, the school may give right discipline through improving the
executed. Due to the fact that tardiness has been giving negative effects on the students
nowadays, the most important thing to do is to develop a firm, consistent and functional policy
that addresses late students. There must be defined sanctions and penalties for late
students. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) stated that school administrators must lead by
example. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think
that being late is just alright since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well
teach it and integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does
not start and end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the
government must take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students
getting stuck in traffic or encountering other obstacles down the streets. When students come late
to class they end up disturbing those who were early, so Bataineh, (2014) attributes tardiness to
a form of disruptive behavior, since it disturbs the rhythm of the lecture in the process distracting
other students paying attention to the lecturer. Though some students can be late by mistake
others do it intentionally for various reasons. Being tardy can mean being sluggish or slow, either
intentionally or otherwise; some people are raised in relaxed environments and end up not
knowing the urgency of doing things fast or on time. Punctuality is one factor that can dictate the
quality of a student's performance; that is either being tardy or early can significantly impact the
student's performance. Moore, (2010) looked at best practices that were employed by Georgia
High Schools administrators, in USA, to reduce student tardiness. The purpose of his study was
to find out the degree of student tardiness in high schools, and to identify strategies which
addressed tardiness problems and reduced occurrences of tardiness. In this study, Moore
employed a mixed method approach for the research design; this method focuses on approaches
that cross qualitative and quantitative boundaries. This is mainly used to combine methods that
are used with quantitative and with qualitative data. During the first phase to find out information
regarding student tardiness occurrences in the district; this was a quantitative and descriptive
approach. For the second phase he used a qualitative and exploratory approach to find out
effective strategies used to reduce tardiness, by means of interviews with the stakeholders. This
research was carried over a population of ten schools within the Georgia District. Questionnaires,
interviews and observations were carried out using random sampling on administrators, lecturers
and students. Random sampling is also known as probability sampling or chance sampling, where
every item in the population has an equal chance of inclusion .School administrators, students
and lecturers who participated in semi-structured interviews outlined reasons why students are
tardy to school. They found the following factors to have an influence on student tardiness among
many others. Transportation was identified as one because they were influenced by late parents
and students who rode with them to school. Some students miss busses and trains and end up
taking a later one, others do not afford the transport and others forcing them to walk longer
distances to get to school resulting in them being late. Moore, found out from administrators and
lecturers who identified another factor that influenced student tardiness to be the layout of the
school; some lessons are allocated far apart on the timetable, in different buildings, which forced
class switching to be a time consuming activity making students to be late for the next class.
Students socialized before classes which made them tardy for the next class. Hallways will be
populated by those socializing and made it difficult for others to pass through to the lesson, making
them late for the next lesson. Lack of administration and tardy lecturers were also a factor that
caused some students to be late. When lecturers themselves come late to class students are
reluctant to attend on time, and if the students are late, the administrators fail to implement the
tardy policy, there is a lot of inconsistency following the tardy policy. But sometimes the lecturer
will release students late and cause them to be tardy for the next class. After interviewing some
students, Moore found out that others come to school late because they go to bed late and wake
up late, so they end up running late trying to prepare for school and at times they do their
Some authors (Bataineh, 2014; Marxhausen, 2010; Dafiaghor, 2011) have mentioned
several effects of student tardiness in their articles though. When a student is tardy, they can
disrupt the ongoing proceedings of the class as they walk to their seats, push chairs and tables
or even ask about what the lecturer is doing, this behavior disturbs or even annoys others. When
the lecturer is making an important point or building the foundation of the lesson, a tardy student
can disturb leading a lecturer into forgetting or losing the point they were trying to make. The
lecturer may be forced to start the lesson all over again trying to accommodate the tardy student
and keep them up to speed; but this can lead other students to think that school and learning are
not as important as they are made out to be since when students are late, the lecturer starts all
over again. More often than not at the beginning of the lesson lecturers give out valuable
information like strategies to tackle specific assignments, or tip towards an upcoming test;
students who come late are at the risk of losing out on this valuable information.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes and discusses how the researcher will gather the necessary data Formatted: Justified
and information that will be used in the entire study. This also shows the procedure of data
collection, research design, research method, and the respondents of the study.
Research Design
According to Green and Tull, a research design is the specification of methods and
procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is the overall operational pattern or framework
of the project the stipulates what information is to be collected from which source by what
procedure.
The research proposal will use a descriptive research design and questionnaire is used to
The respondents of this study will be the selected students who have shown a significant
tardiness since the start of the school year 2018-2019 .Purposive sampling (also known as
on his or her own judgement when choosing members of population to participate in the study.
They will answer the questionnaire that the researchers will give them which supplies the
The respondents were chosen using the purposive type of sampling. Purposive sampling
researcher relies on his or her own judgement when choosing members of population to
___ participants were given questionnaires in conducting the study since it aims to
acquire the causes and effects of students’ tardiness inside the classroom.
Ethical Considerations