DEDICATION

To my father, Dr. Sarkis Kalfayan, who was a true scientist,

and to my mother, Irene Kalfayan, who always encourages me.
 ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
2–1. Acid flowing through a sandstone matrix pore system . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
2–2. Acid-induced wormholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
2–3. Two halves of a long core sample showing acid dissolution . . . . . . . . .18
3–1. Photomicrograph of sandstone formation pore space showing pore-
lining smectite clay covering large quartz grain surfaces (SEM) . . .26
3–2. Calcium carbonate scale from well tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3–3. Iron scale from well tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3–4. Paraffin (wax) buildup on pump rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
3–5. Asphaltene deposit recovered from well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3–6. Clean proppant pack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3–7. Proppant pack with fines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
6–1. Inside of coiled tubing showing significant surface erosion due
to insufficient corrosion inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
6–2. Proprietary HF treatments for fines damage removal in a Bolivian
well—with and without FSA (12-meter interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
6–3. Treatment of a limited interval with coiled tubing through a packer
setting in a horizontal well section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
10–1. Created fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
10–2. Partially acid-etched fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
11–1. Viscosity profile of 28% HCl containing a viscoelastic
surfactant gelling agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
18–1. Scale removal treatments by an Indonesian oil producer . . . . . . . . . .221
18–2. Comparative derusting performance: HCl vs.
RustBuster solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
18–3. Pipe dope removal comparison: HCl vs.
Envirosol RustBuster solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
18–4. Divert S Acid viscosity profiles with acid spending—at ambient
temperature and 150°F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
18–5. Parallel core injection faces—after Divert S Acid and
after nonviscous HCl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
18–6. Acid-etched sandstone fracture surfaces—with BJ SSA system
and longer residence time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
18–7. Acid-etched sandstone fracture surfaces—with BJ SSA system
and shorter residence time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
XIV PRODUCTION ENHANCMENT WITH ACID STIMULATION

18–8. Differential acid etching around pedestals created by partial

monolayer of deformable beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
D–1. Schematic depiction of a surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
D–2. Cationic surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
D–3. Anionic surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
D–4. Amphoteric surfactant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Tables
3–1. Damaging HF reactions in sandstones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
4–1. Effect of formation damage on production (radial flow) . . . . . . . . . . . .51
4–2. Effect of matrix acidizing on radial-flow potential in undamaged
sandstone (40-acre spacing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
6–1. Acid-removable formation damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
6–2. Maximum-step conventional HF treatment design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
6–3. Minimum-step conventional HF treatment design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
6–4. Recommended fluid volumes for basic treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
6–5. McLeod sandstone acid-use guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
6–6. Conventional sandstone acid-use guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78–79
6–7. Corrosion inhibition—acceptable 24-hour limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
6–8. Properties of common iron-control agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
6–9. Preferred diverter guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
7–1. Example procedure for CO2-enhanced HF treatment . . . . . . . . . . . .120
7–2. Generalized treatment procedure for a geothermal well
(completed open-hole or with a liner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
7–3. Organophosphonic-HF treatment design for a geothermal well . . . .127
7–4. Simplified modern procedure utilizing organophosphonic-HF
treatment design for a geothermal well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
8–1. High-rate, high-pressure treatment design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
10–1. Dissolving power of mixtures used in carbonate acidizing . . . . . . . . .149
11–1. Carbonate matrix acid-use guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
12–1. Basic treatment design using viscous fingering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
13–1. Treatment design with gel diverter pills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
14–1. Acid and salt forms of EDTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
14–2. Scale removal treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
18–1. Generalized high-temperature DeepSpot Acid procedure . . . . . . . . .229
 ILLUSTRATIONS XV

18–2. Maximum-step conventional HF treatment design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

18–3. Offshore Indonesia horizontal oil well stimulation results using
BJ SSA placed through coiled tubing and Roto-Jet . . . . . . . . . . . .237
18–4. Multistep/multi-damage-removal acid treatment procedure
in the Gulf of Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
A–1. Common Gulf Coast moderate-temperature oil well treatment . . . .247
A–2. Gulf Coast acid/fines-fixing treatment in gravel-packed wells . . . . . .248
A–3. Basis perforation damage removal (used in the Gulf Coast) . . . . . . . .248
A–4. Common Gulf Coast gravel-pack acidizing procedure . . . . . . . . . . . .249
A–5. Common Gulf Coast two-stage acid/gravel pack procedure. . . . . . . .249
A–6. Treatment for water-sensitive short zones
(not gravel packed; <50 ft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
A–7. Conventional treatment for sandstones with high-chlorite clay . . . . .250
A–8. Treatment for very water-sensitive gravel-packed wells
(used in Indonesia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
A–9. Wellbore cleanup/damage removal for oil wells: Low reservoir
pressure, water-sensitive sand (used in the Netherlands). . . . . . . .251
A–10. Foamed acid for gas wells (used in Northern California
and other locations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
A–11. Bullheaded mud damage removal in naturally fractured formations
(e.g., Monterey shale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
A–12. Mud damage removal in naturally fractured clastics or shales
(with diverter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
A–13. High-rate damage removal technique (AGIP MAPDIR method):
Low-carbonate sands (also used in horizontal wells with large
section). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
A–14. CO2-enhanced acidizing for wells producing heavier crudes
(<20–25°API; developed by Amoco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
A–15. Stimulation of a deep, hot (>300°F) gas well through coiled tubing
(used in the Gulf of Thailand; 50 ft zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
A–16. Stimulation of a deep, hot (270°F) gas well (used in onshore
southern U.S. dirty sandstone for water block/clay
damage removal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
A–17. Stimulation of a very deep, hot (425°F) gas well (used in
Mobile Bay, Norphlet sandstone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
A–18. Bullheaded HF treatment addressing multiple damage
mechanisms and high bottom-water-zone production
(used in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
B–1. Perforation breakdown treatment (used in the United States,
Midcontinent region and elsewhere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
XVI PRODUCTION ENHANCMENT WITH ACID STIMULATION

B–2. Matrix acid treatment in a moderate-temperature (150°F)

formation (Austin chalk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
B–3. Matrix acid treatment in a very high-temperature
(>300°F) carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
B–4. Damage removal/bypass in an older well (limestone or dolomite;
well stopped flowing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
B–5. Cleanup treatment for short zones (<50 ft): New well, high-
temperature dolomite (Smackover Formation; 300–325°F) . . . . .257
B–6. Multistage retarded acid treatment in a high-temperature
well (300°F) with a long zone (300 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
B–7. Retarded acid treatment for a short zone (50 ft) in a high-
temperature (250–300°F or higher) well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
B–8. Matrix acid treatment for a 500 ft section in a naturally fractured
limestone (bullheaded at maximum matrix injection rate). . . . . . .258
B–9. Retarded HCl treatment of a high-temperature (>300°F)
dolomite gas well (22 ft perforated zone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
C–1. Basic treatment used in low-temperature (110–120°F) San Andres
dolomite (varying zone heights) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
C–2. Generic acid fracturing treatment for a tight limestone
(viscous fingering procedure closed-fracture acidizing
[CFA] method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
C–3. Large-volume treatment used in moderate-temperature
(150–200°F) Mississippi chalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
C–4. Viscous fingering/CFA used in Prudhoe Bay
(zone heights ~70–100 ft; ~200°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
C–5. Acid fracturing procedure used in Prudhoe Bay
(shorter zone heights [≤50 ft]; ~200°F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
C–6. Common method of viscous fingering using foamed acid . . . . . . . . .264
C–7. Acid fracturing treatment design for Gulf Coast dolomites
(250–300°F; 12,000–14,000 ft deep; long intervals
[300–400 ft]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
C–8. High-temperature organic acid fracturing: Arun Field . . . . . . . . . . . .265
C–9. Massive acid frac (MAF): Tommeliten Field, Norway
(300 ft or greater zones; 10,000 ft depth; 265°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266