Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
Complex Numbers
 Complex Numbers

Given by the expression z = a + jb
where z = complex number
a = real part
jb = imaginary part
j = −1

First used by the Italian mathematician Girolamo
Cardano

The term “complex number” was first introduced
by Carl Friedrich Gauss
 Forms of Complex Numbers
A. Rectangular Form z = a + jb

B. Polar Form z = r ∠θ ° or z = r ∠θ r
z = rcisθ ° or z = rcisθ r
cisθ = cos θ + j sin θ
jθ r
C. Exponential Form z = re
b
where r = a 2 + b2 θ = tan −1

a
= modulus = argument
The Argand Diagram
 Power Series Representation of the
Complex Exponential Form
Considering Maclaurin Series of the following
functions: sin x = x − x3! + x5! − x7! + L
3 5 7

cos x = 1 − x2! + x4! − x6! + L

2 4 6

e = 1+ x +
x x2
2! + x3
3! + x4
4! + x5
5! + x6
6! + x7
7! +L
+L
( jθ )2 ( jθ )3 ( jθ )4 ( jθ )5 ( jθ )6 ( jθ )7
Hence, e = 1 + jθ +
jθ
2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! + 7! +L
e jθ = 1 + jθ − θ2! − j θ3! + θ4! + j θ5! − θ6! − j θ7! + L
2 3 4 5 6 7

jθ
e = 1− θ2
2! + θ4
4! − θ6
6! +L+ j θ − ( θ3
3! + θ5
5! − θ7
7! +L )
e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ
 Powers of j
j = −1
Consider: j 2 = −1
j 3 = − −1 = − j
j4 = 1
j5 = j
j 6 = −1
j7 = − j
j8 = 1
M
The pattern cycles by the divisibility rule for 4.
 Operations
A. Rectangular Form
z = a + jb, w = c + jd
1. Addition/Subtraction z ± w = (a ± c) + j(b ± d)
2. Multiplication zw = (ac – bd) + j(bc + ad)
3. Complex-Conjugate z* = a – jb, w* = c – jd
since zz* = a2 + b2 ww* = c2 + d2
4. Division z = a + jb • c − jd
w c + jd c − jd
 Operations
B. Polar/Exponential Form
z1 = r1∠θ1 z2 = r2 ∠θ 2
1. Multiplication z1 z2 = r1r2 ∠ (θ1 + θ 2 )
2. Division z1 r1
= ∠ (θ1 − θ 2 )
z2 r2
 De Moivre’s Theorem
Given
z = r ∠θ
Then for any positive integral number n
z = r ∠nθ
n n
 Roots of Complex Number
Given
z = r ∠θ
 θ ° + 360°k 
z = r ∠
1 1


n n
Then  n 
or
 θ r
+ 2π k 
z = r ∠
1 1


n n

 n 
for k = 0,1, 2,..., n − 1
 Euler Identities
Trigonometric Functions
e jx − e − jx e jx + e − jx
sin x = cos x =
2j 2
Hyperbolic Functions
−x −x
e −e
x
e +ex
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2
Trigonometric Functions of Complex
Numbers

sin ( a + jb ) = sin a cosh b + j cos a sinh b

cos ( a + jb ) = cos a cosh b − j sin a sinh b
Hyperbolic Functions of Complex
Numbers

sinh ( a + jb ) = sinh a cos b + j cosh a sin b

cosh ( a + jb ) = cosh a cos b + j sinh a sin b
Exponential Function of Complex
Numbers

Given: z = a + jb

Then: e z = e a + jb
e z = e a e jb
e z = e a cisb
 Natural Logarithmic Function of
Complex Numbers
Given: z = re jθ

Then: ln z = ln r + jθ
 Complex Raised To A Complex
Given: z = a + jb = re jθ , w = c + jd

( c + jd )
then z = ( a + jb )
w

(
ln re jθ )( c + jd )
z =e
w

z w = e( ln r + jθ )( c + jd )
( c ln r −θ d ) + j ( cθ + d ln r ) 
z =e
w

z =e
w ( c ln r −θ d )
cis ( cθ + d ln r )
Inverse Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers

arcsin z = − j ln  zj + 1 − z 2 
 
arccos z = − j ln  z + z 2 − 1 
 