LINEAR ALGEBRA

&
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SPRING – 2013
Lecture -10
(Fifth Week)

For any clarification please contact:

Zain Ul abadin Zafar

 DETERMINANTS
DEFINITION:-
Every square matrix 'A' can be associated with a real or complex
number, which is called determinant of 'A'. It is denoted by 𝐀 or
det (A).
2 4
e.g:- A=
3 5
2 4
𝐴 =
3 5
= 10-12
𝐴 = −2
Determinant: Mn→ 𝑹 𝒐𝒓 𝑪, where Mn is the set of all square matrices of order
'n'.
EVALUATION OF A 3× 𝟑 DETERMINANT:-
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
A= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝒊+𝒋
Cofactor: 𝑨𝒊𝒋 = −𝟏 𝑴𝒊𝒋

𝟏+𝟏
a 𝟐𝟐 a 𝟐𝟑
A11 = (−1) M11 = a a 𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟐

1+2
a 21 a 23
A𝟏𝟐 = −1 M12 = − a a 33
31

1+3
a 21 a 22
A13 = −1 M13 = a a 32
31

Der(A)= 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝑨𝟏𝟑

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS:-
The effects that row or column operations have on the value of the
determinant can be summarized as follows:-
1. Interchanging two rows or columns of a matrix changes the sign of the

determinant.

2. Multiplying a single row or column of a matrix by a scalar, has the effect of

multiplying the value of the determinant of that scalar.

3. Adding a multiple of one row or column to another does not change the

value of the determinant.

4. If two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical the value of

determinant is zero.
5. If one row or one column of a determinant is zero, then the value of the

determinant is zero.

6. We can interchange two consecutive rows or columns of a determinant by

introducing a negative sign.

7. If each entry in a row or column of a determinant is the sum of two

numbers, then the determinant is equal to the sum of two determinants. e.g:-

1 2+3 4 1 2 4 1 3 4
2 5+6 9 = 2 5 9 + 2 6 9
3 4+5 2 3 4 2 3 5 2

8. Det 𝐴𝑡 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
 9. For a diagonal matrix or triangular matrix the determinant is equal to the

product of all diagonal entries.

10. Det(AB)= det(A) . det(B)

1
11. Det 𝐴−1 =
det 𝐴

12. If 'A' is a square matrix of order 'n' then the det(kA)=𝑘 𝑛 det(A), where

k is a scalar.

EXAMPLE-1Find det (A) where:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
A= 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
SOLUTION:-

1 2 3 4
Det(A)= 2 3 4 1
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3

1 2 3 4
= 0 −1 −2 −7 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 − 4𝑅1
0 −2 −8 −10
0 −7 −10 −13

Expanding by column (1).

−1 −2 −7
= −2 −8 −10
−7 −10 −13
 1 2 7
= −2 1 4 5 Taking (-1) (-2) and (-1) from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3
7 10 13

1 2 7
= (-2) 0 2 −2 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 7𝑅1
0 −4 −36

Expanding by column (1).

2 −2
= (-2) (1)
−4 −36
= (-2) (-72-8)
= 160 ANS.
 0 2 3 0
EXAMPLE-2 Evaluate 0 4 5 3
0 1 0 3
2 0 1 3

SOLUTION:-

0 2 3 0
Let ∆= 0 4 5 3
0 1 0 3
2 0 1 3

Expanding by column (1).

3 3 0
= -2 4 5 0
1 0 3
 Expanding by column (3).

2 3
= (-2) (3)
4 5
= -6(10-12)
=-6(-2)
= 12 ANS.

EXAMPLE-3
Evaluate the determinant of matrix.

𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
A= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟑
𝟕 𝟑 𝟎 𝟓
𝟎 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
SOLUTION:-
1 1 6 3
=- 4 2 5 10 𝑅 𝑅
1 2
7 3 0 5
0 2 5 8

1 1 6 3
=- 0 −2 −19 −2 𝑅 − 4𝑅 , 𝑅 − 7𝑅
0 −4 −42 −16 2 1 3 1

0 2 5 8

Evaluate from 𝐶1

−2 −19 −2
= (-1) −4 −42 −16
2 5 8
 Evaluate from 𝐶1

−42 −16 −19 −2 −19 −2

= (-1)[(-2) +4 +2 ]
5 8 5 8 −42 −16
= -1[-2(-336+80) + 4(-152+10) + 2(304-84)]
= -1[-2(-256)+4(-142)+2(212)]
= -384 ANS.
EXAMPLE-4

𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒅𝟏
Express
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐
As sum of four determinants whose entries contain no sum.
SOLUTION:-

a1 + b1 c1 + d1
L.H.S =
a 2 + b2 c2 + d2
 a1 + b1 c1 a + b1 d1
= + 1
a 2 + b2 c2 a 2 + b2 d2

a1 c1 b1 c1 a d1 b d1
= a c2 + + 1 + 1 =R.H.S
2 b2 c2 a2 d2 b2 d2
EXAMPLE-5
𝒙 𝟓 𝟕
Solve for 'x' 𝟎 𝒙+𝟏 𝟔
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏

SOLUTION:-
𝑥 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

𝑥 =0, 𝑥+1= 0, 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = −𝟏 , 𝒙= 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
𝟐