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1-Concrete - UAP-Dubai - FLEA 2013 PDF
1-Concrete - UAP-Dubai - FLEA 2013 PDF
Cement -
• Portland Cement – made from materials which must contain the proper
CONCRETE & CONCRETE WOKS
• Portland Cement – made from materials which must contain the proper
proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron components
• White Portland cement – same materials as normal Portland except in
color
• Masonry Cement – designed to produce better mortar than that made with
normal Portland cement or with a lime-cement combination
• Air-entraining Portland Cement – small amounts of this is added to the
clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining cements, effective use
for resistance to severe frost
• Oil Well Cement – special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells.
• Waterproofed Portland Cement – normally produced by adding a small
amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to the cement clinker
during the final grinding
• Pozzolan Cement- naturally occuring material that can be mixed with
cement as an “extender”
Types of Aggregates Used in Concrete:
Aggregate – sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, burned
clay, expanded vermaculite, and perlite.
Sand – found in riverbends, free of salt and must be washed.
Fine aggregate – smaller than ¼” diameter stones.
Course aggregate – bigger than ¼” diameter stones.
Concrete Mixes:
Strength of Mixture
a. Class AA - 4000 PSI
b. Class A - 3500 PSI
c. Class B - 3000 PSI
d. Class C - 2500 PSI
Sample Problem:
1.A Estimate the Concrete needed considering the maximum height allowable
for this retaining wall 200mm thick x 6000mm wide with a footing of 300mm
thick x 6400mm long x 1200mm wide.
Slump Test – when freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the
specified slump is being attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12
inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20) in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches
(0.10) on top which is open on both ends.
Concrete Block:
Hollow load-bearing concrete block – an 8” x 8” x 16” will approximately
weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with heavyweight aggregate and 25 to 35 lb. when
made with lightweight aggregate.
Solid load bearing block – defines as one having a core area of not more than
25 percent of the gross cross-sectional area.
Hollow; non-load bearing concrete block – one in which the core area
exceeds 25 percent of the cross-sectional area.
Common Sizes:
4” x 8” x 16” – for non-load bearing partitions
6” x 8” x 16” – for load bearing walls
Quality:
Hand made – backyard industry
Machine made – commonly sold
Steam cured – manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load
bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multi-storey buildings.
PILE FOUNDATIONS
WOOD-PILE FOUNDATIONS. When it is
required to build upon a compressible soil
saturated with water and of considerable
depth, the most practicable method of
obtaining a solid and enduring foundation
for
buildings of moderate height is by driving
wooden piles
CONCRETE PILES Concrete piles, either plain or reinforced, possess many
advantages over wooden piles and, in general, can be used in all places
where wooden piles can be driven.
Composite Piles
Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by
boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a
suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.
FOUNDATION WALLS, BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION, CISTERNS
Tied Columns. These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties. The
ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement to the
gross column area should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%, and should
consist of at least 4 bars of a minimum size of #5. Lateral tiles shall be at
least 3/8” (10 mm) diameter and shall be spaced apart not over than 16 bar
diameters, 48 tie diameters, or the least dimension of the column.
Spiral Columns. These are columns with
longitudinal bars and closely spaced
continuous spiral hooping. For spiral
columns, the ratio of the area of the
vertical reinforcement to the gross
column area shall not less than 1% nor
more than 8%. The minimum number of
bars shall 6, and the minimum bar size
shall #5.
DOWEL BARS Dowel bars are short bars used to
transfer the stress at the bottom
of the columns to the footings.
When dowel bars are used, there
should be at least one dowel bar
for each column bar. The total
cross-sectional area of dowels
should not be less than the cross-
sectional area of longitudinal
reinforcement in the column.
The dowels shall extend into the
column and into the pedestal or
footing not less than 50 bars
diameter for plain bars or 40
diameters for deformed
bars.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
SUSPENDED SLABS
In general, there are four types of
reinforced-concrete floors systems:
1. One way solid slab and beam
2. One way joist slab or Ribbed slab
3. Two way solid slab and beam
4. Two way waffle slab
5. Two way flat plate
6. Two way flat slab
ONE-WAY SLABS
Probably the most commonly used type or reinforced concrete construction
consists of a solid slab supported by two parallel beams, the beams framing
into girders, and the girders in turn framing into columns. The reinforcement
slabs runs in one direction only, from beam to beam,hence the slab is known
as one-way slab.
Minimum protective covering for slab reinforcement is 20mm (¾”).
TWO-WAY SLABS
When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on four sides, it
is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars placed at right angles
to each other. These bars in two directions transfer the loads to the four
supporting beams or walls. Slabs thus reinforced are known as two way slabs or
slabs supported on four sides.
BEAMS
A beam may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports usually
at its ends, which supports transverse loads. The loads that act on the
beam, as well as the weight of the beam itself, tend to bend rather than
lengthen or shorten it. A girder is a term applied to a beam that
supports one or more smaller beams, as concentrated loads.
Beams may be classified as:
a. Simple beams. These are beams having a single span with a support at each
end, there being no restraint at the supports.
b. Cantilever beams. These are beams that are supported at one end only, or
they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its supports.
c. Continuous beams. These are beams resting on more than two supports.
The term “semi-continuous” is also frequently used in reinforced-concrete. It
refers to a beam having two spans with little or no restraint at the two
extreme ends of the beam. The end span of a continuous beam, where little
or restraint is provided at the end support, is referred to as a semi-continuous
beam.