Psikologi Dasar 1

Maya Dewi Savitri, S.Psi., MSi.

Metode Penelitian dalam
Psikologi

Pertemuan 4
1. Penelitian ilmiah psikologi
 Proses penelitian ilmiah
 Reasoning: Deductive & Inductive
 Theory & Hypothesis

3
 PROSES PENELITIAN
ILMIAH
Scientific knowledge is
advanced through a process
known as the scientific
method.
Basically, ideas (in the form of
theories and hypotheses) are
tested against the real world
(in the form of empirical
observations), and those
empirical observations lead to
more ideas that are tested
against the real world, and so
on.
In this sense, the scientific
process is circular.1
Sumber: 4
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
 Reasoning: Deductive & Inductive
In deductive reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world; in
inductive reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas.
Deductive reasoning starts with a generalization that is tested against real-
world observations; however, inductive reasoning moves in the opposite
direction.
Inductive reasoning uses empirical observations to construct broad
generalizations.

Deductive
• All living things require energy to
survive (this would be your
hypothesis).
• Ducks are living things.
• Therefore, ducks require energy to
survive (logical conclusion).
Sumber:
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice
University. Texas, USA
Inductive
Conclusions drawn from inductive
reasoning may or may not be correct,
regardless of the observations on
which they are based.
For instance, you may notice that
your favorite fruits—apples, bananas,
and oranges—all grow on trees;
therefore, you assume that all fruit
must grow on trees. 5
Theory & Hypothesis
A theory is a well-developed
set of ideas that propose an
explanation for observed
phenomena. Theories are
repeatedly checked against
the world, but they tend to be
too complex to be tested all at
once; instead, researchers
create hypotheses to test
specific aspects of a theory.

A hypothesis is a testable
prediction about how the world
will behave if our idea is
correct, and it is often worded
as an if-then statement (e.g., if
I study all night, I will get a
passing grade on the test). Sumber:
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. 6
OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
7
2. Metode dalam penelitian
ilmiah
 Metode penelitian
 Jenis metode penelitian

8
METODE PENELITIAN
Scientific method:
The approach
through which
psychologists
systematically
acquire knowledge
and understanding
about behavior and
other phenomena
of interest.

Sumber:
1
Feldman, R.S. (2011). Understanding
Psychology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-
9
Hill
JENIS METODE
PENELITIAN
 Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional
 Archival
 Survey
 Naturalistic Observation
 Clinical or Case Studies
 Experiment
 Biografi dan Analisis Karya

10
 LONGITUDINAL AND
CROSS-SECTIONAL
Longitudinal research is a In cross-sectional research, a researcher
research design in which data- compares multiple segments of the
gathering is administered population at the same time.
repeatedly over an extended
Using the dietary habits example, the
period of time.
researcher might directly compare
For example, we may survey a different groups of people by age.
group of individuals about their
The researcher would study a group of
dietary habits at age 20, retest
20-year-old individuals and compare
them a decade later at age 30,
them to a group of 30-year-old
and then again at age 40.1
individuals and a group of 40-year old
individuals.1

Sumber: 11
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
 ARCHIVAL
(ARSIP/DOKUMEN)
Researchers gain access to large amounts of data without
interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they
use existing records to answer various research questions.
This type of research approach is known as archival
research. Archival research relies on looking at past records
or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
For example, a researcher might access the academic
records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the
past ten years and calculate how long it took them to
complete their degrees, as well as course loads, grades,
and extracurricular involvement.1
Research in which existing data, such as census
documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are
examined to test a hypothesis.2
Sumber:
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA 12
2
Feldman, R.S. (2011). Understanding Psychology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
 SURVEYS
Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research
participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil
questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted
verbally.
The survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the
ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data
from a large number of people.1

Sumber:
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
13
 NATURALISTIC
OBSERVATION
To understand how behavior occurs, one of
the best ways to gain information is to
simply observe the behavior in its natural
context.
This type of observational study is called
naturalistic observation: observing behavior
in its natural setting.
Problems:
1) difficult to set up and control,
2) observer bias, using compared
observations of the same event by
multiple observers, to test inter-rater
reliability: a measure of reliability that
assesses the consistency of Sumber:
observations by different observers.1 1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology.
OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
14
 CLINICAL OR CASE
STUDIES
In observational research, scientists are
conducting a clinical or case study when they
focus on one person or just a few individuals.
Some scientists spend their entire careers
studying just 10–20 individuals. When they
focus their attention on a very small number of
people, they can gain a tremendous amount of
insight into those cases.
The richness of information that is collected in https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=YWDsXa5nNbI
clinical or case studies is unmatched by any
other single research method. This allows the
researcher to have a very deep understanding of
the individuals and the particular phenomenon
being studied.1
Sumber:
1
Spielman, R.M. (2017). Psychology. OpenStax Rice University. Texas, USA
15
 EXPERIMENT
A situation in which the researcher manipulates one
variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on
another variable, while holding all other variables
constant.1

Francine Shapiro EMDR for Trauma Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWf39Pqcoqg

Sumber:
1
Bernstein, D. & Nash, P. (2008). Essentials of Psychology. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
16
 EXPERIMENT
The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by
deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing
the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.1

Sumber:
1
Feldman, R.S.
(2011).
Understanding
Psychology. 10th ed.
New York: McGraw-
Hill 17
 EKSPERIMEN
EKSPERIMEN MENGENAI MUSIK BAHAGIA DAN
Roda emosi Plutchik
VOLUME TERTENTU
Hipotesa: Terdapat perbedaan volume
musik untuk membangkitkan emosi
bahagia dan sedih dari musik.

Kesimpulan: Untuk membangkitkan emosi

bahagia dan sedih dengan musik, volume
musik bahagia tidak berbeda secara signifikan
dari volume musik sedih

Sumber:
1
Sakti, Satria. (2010). Eksperimen Mengenai Musik Bahagia Dan Volume Tertentu. 18
Yogyakarta: Prodi Psikologi Fak. Psikologi Universitas Sanata Dharma.
BIOGRAFI & ANALISIS
KARYA
Metode biografi merupakan tulisan tentang kehidupan
seseorang yang merupakan riwayat hidup. Dalam biografi,
orang menguraikan tentang keadaan, sikap-sikap ataupun
sifat-sifat lain mengenai orang yang bersangkutan.
Misalnya biografi Ibu Kartini.1
Metode analisis karya yaitu penelitian dengan
menganalisis hasil karya. Misalnya gambar-gambar,
karangan-karangan yang dibuat. Karya merupakan
pencetusan dari keadaan jiwa seseorang.1

Sumber:
1
Walgito, B. 2010. Pengantar Psikologi Umum. Ed. 5. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset
19
Sumber: 20
1
Feldman, R.S. (2011). Understanding Psychology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
21
3. Analisis data dalam psikologi
 Analisis statistik
 Analisis korelasi

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 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Psychologists use descriptive and inferential statistics to
summarize their data and interpret what they mean.
Descriptive statistics are used to describe a set of data.
Inferential statistics are mathematical procedures that
help psychologists to make inferences—that is, to draw
conclusions from their data and make assumptions
about.1

Sumber:
1
Bernstein, D. & Nash, P. (2008). Essentials of Psychology. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 23
 CORRELATIONAL
ANALYSIS
Research methods that examine relationships between
variables in order to analyze trends, test predictions,
evaluate theories, and suggest new hypotheses.
Correlation refers to both the strength and the direction
of the relationship between two variables.
A positive correlation means that the two variables
increase together or decrease together.
A negative correlation means that the variables move in
opposite directions.1

Sumber:
1
Bernstein, D. & Nash, P. (2008). Essentials of
Psychology. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 24
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4. Etika Penelitian
 Kode Etik Psikologi

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 ETIKA PENELITIAN -
KODE ETIK PSIKOLOGI

Sumber:
1
HIMPSI (2010). Kode Etik
Psikologi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Pengurus Pusat Himpunan 27
Psikologi Indonesia
 KODE ETIK PSIKOLOGI
Pasal 45
(1) Penelitian adalah suatu rangkaian proses secara
sistematis berdasar pengetahuan yang bertujuan
memperoleh fakta dan/atau me-nguji teori dan/atau
menguji intervensi yang menggunakan metode ilmiah
dengan cara mengumpulkan, mencatat dan
menganalisis data.
(2) Psikolog dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi dalam
melaksanakan penelitian diawali dengan me-nyusun
dan menuliskan rencana penelitian sedemikian rupa
dalam proposal dan protokol penelitian sehingga dapat
dipahami oleh pihak-pihak lain yang berkepentingan.
Psiko-log dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi membuat desain
Sumber:
penelitian, melaksanakan, melaporkan hasilnya yang
1
HIMPSI (2010). Kode Etik disusun sesuai dengan standar atau kompetensi ilmiah
Psikologi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Pengurus Pusat Himpunan dan etika penelitian. 28
Psikologi Indonesia
 KODE ETIK PSIKOLOGI
Pasal 46 Batasan Kewenangan dan Tanggung Jawab
(2) Tanggung jawab
a) Psikolog dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi
bertanggungjawab atas pelaksanaan dan hasil
penelitian yang dilakukan.
b) Psikolog dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi memberi
perlindungan terhadap hak dan kesejahteraan
partisipan penelitian atau pihak-pihak lain terkait,
termasuk kese-jahteraan hewan yang digunakan
dalam penelitian.

Sumber:
1
HIMPSI (2010). Kode Etik
Psikologi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Pengurus Pusat Himpunan 29
Psikologi Indonesia
 KODE ETIK PSIKOLOGI
Pasal 49 Informed Consent dalam Penelitian
Sebelum pengambilan data penelitian Psikolog dan/atau
Ilmuwan Psikologi menjelaskan pada calon partisipan
penelitian dengan menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana
dan istilah-istilah yang dipahami masyarakat umum
tentang penelitian yang akan dilakukan.
Psikolog dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi menjelaskan kepada
calon partisipan asas kesediaan sebagai partisipan
penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa keikutsertaan dalam
penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat sukarela, sehingga
memungkinkan pengunduran diri atau penolakan untuk
terlibat. Partisipan harus menyatakan kesediaannya
seperti yang dijelaskan pada pasal yang mengatur tentang
Sumber:
1
HIMPSI (2010). Kode Etik
itu.
Psikologi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Pengurus Pusat Himpunan 30
Psikologi Indonesia
 KODE ETIK PSIKOLOGI
Pasal 52 Penggunaan Hewan untuk Penelitian
Psikolog dan/atau Ilmuwan Psikologi
memperhatikan peraturan Negara dan standar
profesional apabila menggunakan hewan
sebagai objek penelitian. Standar profesional
yang dimaksud diantaranya bekerjasama atau
berkonsultasi dengan ahli yang kompeten.

Sumber:
1
HIMPSI (2010). Kode Etik
Psikologi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Pengurus Pusat Himpunan 31
Psikologi Indonesia
TERIMAKASIH
Any questions?

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