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Mod 8 28-8-09 Extras PDF
Mod 8 28-8-09 Extras PDF
Aerodynamics
Exam Number:-1.
1. If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will
a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down
2) Angle of attack .
6. The ISA?
a) is taken from the equator
b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
c) assumes a standard day
8. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be produced by
the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight
a) upwards
b) downwards
c) sideways
9. When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft
b) 8,000 ft
c) 18,000 ft
explain[1]="Picture a side view of a swept wing aircraft. The wing tips are behind the wing root. Think, therefore, of
the lift on the wing tip holding the tail up. Lose the lift on the tips and what will happen?";
explain[2]="This question is much easier than it looks at first read. All wing types (straight, swept, delta etc.) increase
lift with an increase in angle of attack (up to the stall angle).";
explain[3]="Thickness ratio is a red herring. But you must learn the stall points for different types of wing platforms -
they differ greatly.";
explain[4]="The down-going wing has an increased lift due to an increas in angle of attack (due to the up flow of air).
This opposes the roll which is a stabilizing effect.";
explain[5]="A long slender wing (i.e. high Aspect Ratio) has a higher lift than a short stubby wing (low Aspect Ratio).
A delta wing is about as low Aspect Ratio as you can get (about 1:1 for concord for example).";
explain[6]="The properties of a standard day are related to sea level at latitude 45 degrees with absolutely dry air.";
explain[7]="Pressure decreases - sure! But the rate of decrease reduces with altitude. At 18000 ft, half the pressure is
lost already, and there is still another 40,000ft or so to go";
explain[8]="On most aircraft, the thrust-drag couple produces a nose up pitch moment (think of how low the thrust line
is on a Boeing). It is balanced by the Centre of Lift being behind the CG. So to correct a nose up moment, what force
do you need at the tail?";
explain[9]="Just one of those facts you have to learn - but it is quoted in just about every text book on the CAA reading
list.";
explain[10]="Do not get cofused between stalling angle and stalling speed. In a turn the vertical component of lift is
less, so to compensate the pilot must increase speed, but the stalling angle is a fixed quantity for any aerofoil,
regardless of any other factor.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-2.
1. If gauge pressure on a standard day at sea level is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is
a) 10.3 PSI
b) 43.8 PSI
c) 39.7 PSI
5. Pressure decreases
a) proportionally with a decreases in temperature
b) inversely proportional to temperature
c) Pressure and temperature are not related
explain[1]="Absolute pressure = gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure at seal level = 14.7
PSI.";
explain[2]="Unless the fuel tank is right on the aircraft Cof G, the consumption of fuel will always cause a shift in Cof
G.";
explain[3]="Just a definition";
explain[4]="Another definition!";
explain[5]="As temperature decreases, pressure increases - therefore they are inversely proportional.";
explain[6]="As air gets colder it gets denser. Lift increases (remember the lift equation has density) and the engines
produce more thrust - so it can climb higher.";
explain[7]="Learn the ISA sea level quantities, in all units.";
explain[8]="Sketch the drag - speed curve, with induced, profile and total drag. As aircraft weight increases, it must
produce more lift to support it. More lift = more induced drag. Now sketch the induced drag curve higher, and see
where the intersection with profile drag moves to.";
explain[9]="This may surprise you. A glider converts potential energy (ie height) into kinetic energy (ie speed) and
thus lift. More weight = more speed = more lift. The glide angles of a heavy glider is exactly the same as a light
glider. (But the increased speed means it covers the distance faster).";
explain[10]="The high pressure under the wing flows around the tip to the low pressure on top of the wing. The
resulting vortex is what causes induced drag. Since air is viscous it drags the air underneath the wing towards the tip,
and pushes the air on top of the wing towards the root.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. If you steepen the angle of a banked turn without increasing airspeed or angle of attack, what will the aircraft do?
a) It will remain at the same height
b) It will sideslip with attendant loss of height
c) It will stall
10. What control surface movements will make an aircraft fitted with ruddervators yaw to the left?
a) Left ruddervator lowered, right ruddervator raised
b) Right ruddervator lowered, left ruddervator raised
c) Both ruddervators raised
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="At stall the angle of attack is high (all along the wing) is positioned towards the lower surface of the
wing..";
explain[2]="The true airspeed at which an aircraft stalls increases with height due to a drop in density. However the
Indicated Airspeed decreases with height due to the same drop in density. Therefore there is practically no change in
stall speed with height..";
explain[3]="The angle of incidence of any surface is measured from the mean chord line.";
explain[4]="The lapse rate is approximately 2 degrees Centigrate per 1000 feet.";
explain[5]="Since the load factor increases in a turn, if you decrease the turn rate the load factor decreases.";
explain[6]="Increasing the angle of a banked turn without increasing the airspeed or angle of attack, the aircraft will
sideslip and lose height.";
explain[7]="The boundary layer separates at a lower angle of attack with a higher thickness/chord atio. Therefore it
will stall first at the root..";
explain[8]="As the aircraft sideslips, there is a greater angle of attack on the lower wing which increases lift,
straightens the aircraft and stops the sideslip.";
explain[9]="During a turn, extra speed is required to stop the aircraft sideslipping and decreasing in height.";
explain[10]="To make the aircraft yaw to the left, the left ruddervator is lowered, the right ruddervator is raised.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-4.
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1. When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) to allow it to retract back into the wing
b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
c) to keep the area of the wing the same
3. If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will
a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down
8. The ISA
a) is taken from the equator
b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
c) assumes a standard day
10. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be produced by
the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="The gap between the wing and the slat is to allow air from the lower surface through to the upper surface
to re-nergise it at high angles of attack.";
explain[2]="Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down.";
explain[3]="If the tips of a swept wing aircraft stall, the lift still acting at the roots, will pull the aircraft up..";
explain[4]="Lift (on any type of wing) increases with an increased angle of attack.";
explain[5]="Stall commences on a straight wing at the root (on any thickness ratio wing).";
explain[6]="The down going wing gains lift due to the uplflow, which stops the aircraft banking. This is the basic
mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[7]="For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing is lower than the lift on a delta wing.";
explain[8]="The ISA is taken from 45 degrees latitude as an average of the World's atmospheric data.";
explain[9]="As altitude increases, pressure decreases exponentially. Since pressure is given by density x gravity x
height, both density and height decreases (that is, height above the point you are measuring) so the decrease in pressure
is exponential";
explain[10]="Since the thrust-drag couple is usually a nose-up couple (on low engined aircraft) then if the thrust-drag
couple overcomes the lift weight couple, the aircraft will pitch nose-up. The tail of the aircraft would have to produce
an upward force to counteract this..";
=========================================
Exam Number:-5.
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1. When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft
b) 8,000 ft
c) 18,000 ft
6. Forward swept wings tend to stall at the root first so the aircraft retains lateral control, so why are they never used
on passenger aircraft?
a) Because the wing tips wash in at high wing loads
b) Because the wing tips wash out at high wing loads
c) Because at high loads their angle of incidence increases and the loads imposed on the wing can increase until
they destroy it
7. What happens to air flowing at the speed of sound when it enters a converging duct?
a) Velocity decreases, pressure and density increase
b) Velocity increases, pressure and density decreases
c) Velocity, pressure and density increase
9. An aircraft, which is longitudinally stable, will tend to return to level flight after a movement about which axis?
a) Pitch
b) Roll
c) Yaw
10. Vapour trails from the wingtips of an aircraft in flight are caused by
a) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing vortices
b) high pressure above the wing and low pressure below the wing causing vortices
c) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing a temperature rise
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
=========================================
Exam Number:-6.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Compressibility effect is
a) drag associated with the form of an aircraft
b) drag associated with the friction of the air over the surface of the aircraft
c) the increase in total drag of an airfoil in transonic flight due to the formation of shock waves
8. Stall strips
a) cause the wing root to stall
b) cause the wing tip to stall
c) cause the wings to stall symmetrically
9. Due to the interference of the airflow on a high wing aircraft between the fuselage and the wings, the lateral
stability of the aircraft in a gusty wind situation will cause
a) the upper wing to increase its lift
b) the upper wing to decrease its lift
c) the lower wing to decrease its lift
10. Slats
a) reduce the stall speed
b) reduce the tendency of the aircraft to Yaw
c) decrease the aerofoil drag at high speeds
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="Vortex generators on the wing are designed to re-energise the boundary layer at high angles of attack and
help prevent separation of the airflow";
explain[2]="The chord line is a STRAIGHT line which goes from the leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge of
the wing.";
explain[3]="The angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line and the longitudinal axis.";
explain[4]="The centre of pressure is positioned roughly 30 - 40 % of the chord line BACK from the leading edge.";
explain[5]="Compressibility effect is associated with an increase in drag during the transonic flight stage.";
explain[6]="At high angles of attack, the airflow over the ailerons can be separated from the surface. Vortex
generators, positioned just forward of the ailerons, are designed to re-energise the boundary layer and help to prevent
this separation. This makes the ailerons more effective at high angles of attack.";
explain[7]="Stall strips are fitted at the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing stalls before the
tips.";
explain[8]="Stall strips are fitted at the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing stalls before the
tips.";
explain[9]="In a gust, the aircraft may be forced to roll and sideslip away from the gust. In such a slideslip, the
fuselage shields the upper wing from some of the airflow. This reduces the lift on the upper wing which drops and
opposes the gust.";
explain[10]="Slats are designed to increase the lift at low speed, and hence decrease the stall speed.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-7.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. What is the temperature lapse rate for aircraft flying below 36,000 feet altitude?
3. An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is made to the airspeed or angle of attack. What will happen?
a) The aircraft enters a side slip and begins to lose altitude
b) The aircraft turns with no loss of height
c) The aircraft yaws and slows down
8. On a high winged aircraft, what effect will the fuselage have on the up-going wing?
a) The up-going wing will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
b) The down-going will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
c) The up-going wing will have an increase in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
9. What is the collective term for the fin and rudder and other surfaces aft of the centre of gravity that helps
directional stability?
a) Effective keel surface
b) Empennage
c) Fuselage surfaces
explain[1]="Temperature lapse rate up to 36,000 feet (the tropopause) is approximately 2 degress centigrade per 1000
feet. Above the tropopause it is constant.";
explain[2]="Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi.";
explain[3]="When an aircraft banks and turns, some of the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft, therefore the aircraft
will lose altitude.";
explain[4]="Induced drag decreases proportionally with the square of the speed.";
explain[5]="Angle of incidence is the 'wing setting angle'. That is the angle of the chord of the mainplane or tailplane
with the horizontal - or aircraft centre line when in the rigging position.";
explain[6]="The boundary layer is the layer of air immediately in contact with the aircraft skin which is slowed down
by the skin friction.";
explain[7]="All the axis of the aircraft (normal, longitudinal and lateral) pass through the centre of gravity.";
explain[8]="The up-going wing of an aircraft in a turn or bank has a down-flow of air due to its movement. It therefore
has a decrease in angle of attack and a decrease in lift. This is the basic mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[9]="All the side surfaces aft of the centre of gravity which aid the directional stability are collectively called
the EFFECTIVE KEEL SURFACE.";
explain[10]="Temperature lapse rate up to 36,000 feet (the tropopause) is approximately 2 degress centigrade per 1000
feet. Above the tropopause it is constant.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-8.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. A decrease in incidence toward the wing tip may be provided to
5. Due to the change in downwash on an untapered wing (i.e. one of constant chord length) it will
7. As a general rule, if the aerodynamic angle of incidence (angle of attack) of an aerofoil is slightly increased, the
centre of pressure will
a) never move
b) move forward towards the leading edge
c) move towards the tip
10. An aircraft is flying at 350 MPH, into a head wind of 75 MPH, what will its ground speed be?
a) 175 mph
b) 275 mph
c) 200 mph
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="A decrease in incidence towards the wingtip (known as washout) causes the wing root to stall before the
wing tip. So, even after the wing roots have stalled, the wing tips are still flying and full aileron control is provided.";
explain[2]="Since the lift formula both contain density, L/D is unaffected with a change in density.";
explain[3]="Bernoulli's principle applies.";
explain[4]="Wing loading is aircraft weight divided by wing area, therefore an aircraft with a low wing loading will
require less landing speed, less landing run and have a decreased stalling speed.";
explain[5]="The change in downwash is referring to downwash which causes the root of the wing to stall before the
tip.";
explain[6]="Since lift provided by the wing reduces with density, the stalling speed increases with altitude due to the
decrease in altitude with density.";
explain[7]="As the angle of attack increases the centre of pressure moves towards the leading edge.";
explain[8]="The wing setting angle is commonly known as the 'angle of incidence'.";
explain[9]="Since water vapour wighs less than dry air, and it displaces dry air, the density on a humid day is less, and
an aircraft requires a longer take-off run.";
explain[10]="Ground speed = IAS minus headwind.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-9.
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a) It moves forward
b) It moves rearwards
c) Centre of pressure is not affected by angle of attack decrease
3. A decrease in pressure over the upper surface of a wing or aerofoil is responsible for
5. Which of the following types of drag increases as the aircraft gains altitude?
a) Parasite drag
b) Induced drag
c) Interference drag
6. Correcting for a disturbance which has caused a rolling motion about the longitudinal axis would re-establish
which of the following?
a) Lateral stability
b) Directional stability
c) Longitudinal stability
7. The layer of air over the surface of an aerofoil which is slower moving, in relation to the rest of the airflow, is
known as
a) camber layer
b) boundary layer
c) none of the above
explain[1]="The angle of incidence is the angle at which the wing is 'set' into the fuselage. It never changes.";
explain[2]="The centre of pressure moves FORWARDS with an INCREASE in angle of attack. Therefore it moves
REARWARDS with a DECREASE in angle of attack.";
explain[3]="Look at a diagram of the lift distributions on the top and bottom surfaces of a wing. 2/3rds of the lift is
provided by the top surface.";
explain[4]="The four forces on an aircaft are lift, weight (gravity), thrust and drag.";
explain[5]="As density decreases with altitude, the lift must be compensated by increasing speed. Induced drag
increases with the square of the speed, therefore induced drag increases with altitude.";
explain[6]="The aircraft's response to rolling is lateral stability.";
explain[7]="The boundary is the layer of air in immediate contact with the skin of the aircraft which is slowed down by
skin friction.";
explain[8]="Countersunk rivets reduce skin friction and turbulence.";
explain[9]="A change in aircraft weight will require a change in lift. Increasing aircraft lift increases aircraft drag (lift
dependant drag). Total drag is induced drag plus parasite drag.";
explain[10]="With an increase in aircraft weight, the aircraft must fly with a greater angle of attack. Therefore it will
stall at a higher speed.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-10.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. In a bank and turn
2. To maintain straight and level flight on the aeroplane shown, with a decrease in tail-plane download the mainplane
lift would have to
a) remain constant
b) decrease
c) increase
a) changes in lift produce a pitching moment which acts to increase the change in lift
b) when the aircraft sideslips, the C of G causes the nose to turn into the sideslip thus applying a restoring moment
c) when the aircraft yaws the aerodynamic forces acting forward of the Centre of Pressure
a) pitch plane
b) roll plane
c) yaw plane
7. Due to the interference effects of the fuselage, when a high wing aeroplane sideslips
explain[1]="In a bank and turn, extra lift is required and this is usually provided by increasing the thrust.";
explain[2]="Total lift is mainplane lift minus tailplane download. If the tailplane download decreases, the total lift
increases. Therefore to maintain straight and level flight the mainplane lift would have to decrease.";
explain[3]="The most efficient angle of attack is when the L/D ratio is a maximum. This is usually around 4 degrees.";
explain[4]="If the C of G is aft of the centre of pressure, an increase in lift will pitch the aircraft nose-up, which will
increase the lift even further etc. etc.";
explain[5]="Porpoising is an oscillatory motion in the pitch plane.";
explain[6]="Directional stability is maintained by the keel surface and the fin and controlled by the rudder.";
explain[7]="When a high wing aircraft sideslips, the upper wing is shielded from some of the airflow by the fuselage.
The upper wing's lift reduces, it drops and the aircraft opposes the sideslip.";
explain[8]="Since some of the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft, there will be a tendancy to reduce height. To
maintain height, power must be increased to compensate.";
explain[9]="A wing mounted stall sensing device is mounted just underneath the wing leading edge.";
explain[10]="For an aircraft in a glide, weight lift and drag act. The weight produces the forward motion.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-11.
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3. QNH refers to
4. QNE refers to
a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) not change pitch without drag increasing
7. QFE is
a) sea level pressure
b) airfield pressure
c) difference between sea level and airfield pressure
explain[1]="Look at the lift distribution diagram of an aerofoil and see how approximately 2/3rds of the lift is derived
from the top surface.";
explain[2]="A forward CG would require the tail of the aircraft to exert more download to keep the nose level. This
will increase the wing loading and thus the aircraft would stall at a higher speed.";
explain[3]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'NH' stands for Nautical Height. QNH refers to the setting of
the mean sea level atmospheric pressure (i.e. 1013mb) so the altimeter indicates the altitude above mean sea level.";
explain[4]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'NE' stands for Nautical Elevation. QNE refers to the setting
of sea level atmospheric pressure so the altimeter indicates the actual altitude above sea level of the non-standard day.";
explain[5]="Aspect Ratio is the ratio of the span to the chord.";
explain[6]="Assuming that the thrust-drag couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined aircraft) then
losing engine power will lose the pitch up moment so the aircraft will pitch nose down.";
explain[7]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'FE' stands for Field Elevation. QFE refers to setting airfield
pressure so the altimeter indicates zero on the runway.";
explain[8]="At stall the lift drops drastically and drag increases. Therefore the lift/drag ratio decreases.";
explain[9]="On a straight unswept wing, the stall always occurs at the root. This is the preferred stall characteristic.";
explain[10]="Due to the speed and momentum gained during the dive, the aircraft will initially climb with less required
thrust.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-12.
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1. When power is off, the aircraft will pitch
a) nose down
b) nose up
c) trim level
3. For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft weight, the induced drag will
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same
5. Induced Drag is
a) greatest towards the wing root and downwash is greatest at the tip
b) greatest towards the wing tip and downwash is greatest towards the root
c) greatest towards the tip and downwash decreases from tip to root
6. Induced Drag is
explain[1]="Assuming that the thrust-drag couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined aircraft) then
losing engine power will lose the pitch up moment so the aircraft will pitch nose down.";
explain[2]="The downgoing wing experiences an upflow of air. This increases angle of attack and lift and thus
opposes the role. Ths is the basic mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[3]="Induced drag is 'lift dependant drag'. Less lift and there will be less induced drag. Decreasing the lift
decreases the induced drag.";
explain[4]="See a diagram of the lift distribution of the wing (viewed from the front) and you will see it is parabolic.
The wing tip vortices decrease the lift at the tips.";
explain[5]="Induced drag is associated with wintip vortices. The greater the vortices at the tip, the greater is the
induced drag.";
explain[6]="Sketch the drag curves (drag against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed. Profile
drag increases exponentially with speed. Vmd (minimum drag speed) is where they meet.";
explain[7]="Sketch the drag curves (drag against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed. Profile
drag increases exponentially with speed. The induced drag is elevated with weight (since it is lift dependant) and so
cuts the profile drag further to the right (higher Vmd)";
explain[8]="The lift required when an aircraft increases altitude is the same, so with a decrease in density the aircraft
must fly with a greater angle of attack (CL). Induced drag is dependant upon CL therefore induced drag increases with
altitude..";
explain[9]="As angle of attack increases in level flight, CofP moves forward and the Transition Point (the point at
which the laminar flow breaks away and forms into turbulent flow) also moves forward.";
explain[10]="Stall inducers (or stall strips) are placed at the root of the wing to trip up the airflow just before full stall
to ensure the wing stalls first at the root (and maintains the aileron authority even with a partially stalled wing).";
=========================================
Exam Number:-13.
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1. With increasing altitude pressure decreases and
a) will increase
b) will decrease
c) will remain the same
a) a thin layer of air over the surface where the air is stationary
b) a layer of separated flow where the air is turbulent
c) a layer of air over the surface where the airspeed is changing from free stream speed to zero speed
explain[1]="See a graph of pressure against altitude and temperature against altitude. Pressure decreases faster than
temperature therefore pressure has a greater effect upon the performance of the aircraft.";
explain[2]="The centre of Pressure is the point on the chord line at which the resultant lift force is said to act.";
explain[3]="If the angle of attack is increased the centre of pressure will move forwards.";
explain[4]="The optimum angle of attack is the angle at which the highest lift/drag ratio is produced.";
explain[5]="Induced drag decreases with increasing aspect ratio.";
explain[6]="Sketch the drag curves (drag against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed. Profile
drag increases exponentially with speed. Vmd (minimum drag speed) is where they meet.";
explain[7]="If weight is increased, for a given speed the aircraft must fly at a greater angle of attack (CL). Induced
drag increases with increased CL.";
explain[8]="The transition point is a point on the surface of the wing where the boundary layer changes from laminar to
turbulent.";
explain[9]="The boundary layer is a thin layer of stationary air in contact with the surface of the skin.";
explain[10]="Skin friction drag is greater in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar boundary layer.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-14.
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1. Longitudinal stability is given by
a) the fin
b) the wing dihedral
c) the horizontal tailplane
a) wing dihedral
b) the horizontal tailplane
c) the ailerons
5. Dutch Roll is
10. The amount of thrust produced by a jet engine or a propeller can be calculated using
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Exam Number:-15.
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a) more efficient
b) less efficient
c) speed of efflux has no affect on the engine efficiency
2. When an aircraft with a Cof G forward of the Cof P rolls, the nose of the aircraft will
a) stay level
b) raise
c) drop
a) pitch dampers
b) horn balance
c) yaw dampers
7. Induced drag is
a) increased
b) decreased
c) the same
9. L/D ratio is
explain[1]="A pure turbojet accelerates a low mass of air at a high rate and is less efficient than a turbo fan or turbo
prop.";
explain[2]="Since the weight-lift couple is a nose down moment, a reduction of the lift (when the aircraft roles some of
the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft) will cause the nose to rise.";
explain[3]="Yaw dampers increase directional stability.";
explain[4]="Lateral dihedral increases lateral stability. (BTW: Longitudinal stability is the difference between
mainplane and tailplane angles of incidence)";
explain[5]="If the CG is forward of the CP it will have a nose-down tendancy which makes the aircraft less likely to
stall and therefore it will have more longitudinal stability.";
explain[6]="Wing loading is weight divided by wing area and measured in Newtons per square metre.";
explain[7]="Induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed - i.e. it reduces with the square of the
speed.";
explain[8]="The weight is not changed unless you throw something out of the aircraft.";
explain[9]="Because drag increases in thew supersonic range the lift/drag ratio will be higher at subsonic speed.";
explain[10]="Since drag is the same at all altitudes , the power required is the same at all altitudes.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-16.
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1. If the stall speed is 75 knots what is the same stall speed in mph
a) 75 x 0.87
b) 75 / 0.87
c) 75 / 0.87 x relative density
a) compressibility effect
b) ground effect
c) longitudinal instability
a) drag
b) lift
c) Weight
a) normal axis
b) longitudinal axis
c) lateral axis
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Exam Number:-17.
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a) centre of pressure
b) centre of gravity
c) normal axis
a) horizontal stabilizer
b) vertical stabilizer
c) mainplane
a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing
7. Induced drag
a) the point on the chord line through which the total resultant lift force on the aerofoil may be said to act
b) the point of maximum pressure on the undersurface of a mainplane
c) the point at which the four forces acting on an aircraft are said to act
a) 63,000 ft.
b) 36,000 ft.
c) 57,000 ft.
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Exam Number:-18.
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2. As air flows over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil, what happens to velocity and pressure?
3. What is the force that tends to pull an aircraft down towards the earth?
a) Drag
b) Thrust
c) Weight
a) Lift
b) Gravity
c) Drag
5. The angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is presented to the airflow is known as
a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) resultant
6. The imaginary straight line which passes through an aerofoil section from leading edge to trailing edge is called
a) centre of pressure
b) the direction of relative airflow
c) the chord line
7. What is the angle between the chord line of the wing, and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, known as
a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) angle of dihedral
8. An aircraft disturbed from its normal flight path, and automatically returns to that normal flight path, without any
action on the part of the pilot is known as
a) aircraft stability
b) aircraft instability
c) aircraft stall
a) horizontal stabilizer
b) rudder
c) elevator
10. About which axis of the aircraft does a rolling motion take place?
a) Normal axis
b) Longitudinal axis
c) Lateral axis
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
=========================================
Exam Number:-19.
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a) Pitching
b) Yawing
c) Rolling
a) form drag
b) induced drag
c) profile drag
a) Sea level
b) 63,000 ft
c) 36,000 ft
5. When an aircraft is in straight and level unaccelerated flight, which of the following is correct?
a) Lift and weight are equal, and thrust and drag are equal
b) Lift greater than weight, and thrust greater than drag
c) Lift greater than weight, and thrust is less than drag
6. As the angle of attack is increased (up to the stall point), which of the following is correct?
a) Lateral axis
b) Normal axis
c) Longitudinal axis
a) Rolling movement
b) Pitching movement
c) Yawing movement
9. What type of drag, depends on the smoothness of the body, and surface area over which the air flows?
a) Parasite drag
b) Form drag
c) Skin friction drag
10. If the nose of the aircraft is rotated about its lateral axis, what is its directional movement?
=========================================
Exam Number:-20.
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1. When air flow velocity over an upper cambered surface of an aerofoil decreases, what takes place?
3. Wing loading is
a) sweep
b) dihedral
c) stagger
a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing
a) 14.7 psi
b) 100 millibar
c) 1 inch Hg.
10. With an increase in altitude under I.S.A. conditions the temperature in the troposphere
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains constant
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="When airflow velocity over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil DECREASES, the pressure
increases and thus the lift decreases.";
explain[2]="When an aircraft stalls the drag increases and the lift decreases.";
explain[3]="Wing Loading is maximum all-up-weight divided by wing area. Measured in Newtons per Square
Metre.";
explain[4]="If aspect ratio is 6:1 the wing span is 6 times the mean chord.";
explain[5]="Upward and outward inclination of a mainplane is termed dihedral.";
explain[6]="The function of the aicraft fin is to provide stability about the normal axis.";
explain[7]="'yawing' is movement of the aircraft about its normal axis.";
explain[8]="One atmosphere is 14.7 psi.";
explain[9]="Barometric pressure is measured in millibar.";
explain[10]="Temperature is constant in the troposphere.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-21.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Stability of an aircraft is
a) the tendency of the aircraft to return to its original trimmed position after having been displaced
b) the ability of the aircraft to rotate about an axis
c) the tendency of the aircraft to stall at low airspeeds
a) setting aerodrome atmospheric pressure so that an altimeter reads zero on landing and take off
b) quite fine equipment
c) the manufacturers registered name
6. Under the ICAO “Q” code there are which three settings?
7. Wing loading is
9. A barometer indicates
a) pressure
b) density
c) temperature
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Exam Number:-22.
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2. The amount of water vapour in the air (humidity holding capacity of the air) is
3. Weight is equal to
a) volume x gravity
b) mass x acceleration
c) mass x gravity
4. Induced Drag
6. With an increase in aspect ratio for a given ISA, induced drag will
a) remain constant
b) increase
c) reduce
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same
9. All the factors that affect the lift produced by an aerofoil are
=========================================
Exam Number:-23.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a) increases
b) decreases
c) decreases at first then increase
a) longitudinally unstable
b) longitudinally neutrally stable
c) laterally unstable
a) airspeed
b) angle of attack
c) transition speed
a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine
a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine
a) the engine
b) the weight
c) the drag
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "b";
=========================================
Exam Number:-24.
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a) Mean Chord
Span
b) Span2
Area
c) Span2
Mean Chord
5. Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point
c) Absolute humidity
7. The ISA
a) is taken from the equator
b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
c) assumes a standard day
10. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What force must the tail of the aircraft exert to maintain
the aircraft in a level attitude?
a) Down
b) Up
c) Sideways
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Profile consists of Form Drag, Skin Friction Drag and Interference Drag.";
explain[2]="An aircraft in straight and level flight is subject to a load factor of 1 (i.e. 1g).";
explain[3]="Aspect Ratio is span / mean chord. Multiply top and bottom by span and you get span squared / area.";
explain[4]="When an aircraft roles, the downgoing wing gains lift (due to the upflow of air causing an increased angle
of attack). This opposes the role.";
explain[5]="Absolute humidity is the 'actual' amount of water in a mixture of air and water.";
explain[6]="An Aspect Ratio of 8 means the span is 8 times the chord.";
explain[7]="The ISA is taken from 45 degrees latitude.";
explain[8]="Dry air is heavier than water vapour.";
explain[9]="A long slender wing (high aspect ratio) has less induced drag than a short stubby wing.";
explain[10]="Assuming the thrust-drag couple is a nose up couple (low engined aircraft) then if the thrust-drag couple
overcomes the lift-weight couple, the aircraft will pitch up. The tail of the aircraft needs to exert an upwards force to
maintain level flight.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-25.
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1. Induced downwash
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
3. Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if
the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity.
c) Dew point
a) 10.3 PSI
b) 43.8 PSI
c) 39.7 PSI
a) movement of passengers
b) movement of cargo
c) consumption of fuel and oils
a) 1013.2 mb
b) 1012.3 mb
c) 1032.2 mb
10. Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
=========================================
Exam Number:-26.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point
c) Absolute humidity
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains the same
4. Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if
the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity
c) Dew point
a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise towards the root
b) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the root and on top of the wing spanwise towards the tip
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not cause spanwise flow
a) The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated.
b) The actual amount of the water vapour in a mixture of air and water
c) The ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if the air
were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure
7. Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
a) Low temperature with low humidity
b) High temperature with low humidity
c) High temperature with high humidity
8. If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
a) increased lift in the area of installation on the opposite wing at high angles of attack
b) asymmetrical aileron control at low angles of attack
c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near stall angles of attack
9. When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) to allow it to retract back into the wing
b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
c) to keep the area of the wing the same
explain[1]="Absolute humidity is the 'actual' amount of water in a mixture of air and water.";
explain[2]="Vmd is where the induced drag curve intersects with the profile drag curve. Increasing the weight elevates
the induced drag (lift dependant drag) and therefore the intersection is shifted to the right (greater Vmd).";
explain[3]="Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Heat is a form of energy
exchange.";
explain[4]="Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapour actually present to the water vapour that the air would
hold if it were saturated.";
explain[5]="Induced drag causes air to flow under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise
towards the root.";
explain[6]="Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapour actually present to the water vapour that the air would
hold if it were saturated.";
explain[7]="High temperature and high humidity are the worst conditions for aircraft performance.";
explain[8]="The stall strip is to make the root of the wing stall before the tip so at the stall point, full aileron control is
maintained.";
explain[9]="The gap which opens up when the leading edge slat opens is to allow high pressure through from beneath
the wing and re-energise the boundary layer on top of the wing.";
explain[10]="The wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively positive air pressure below the wing surface
and negative air pressure above the wing surface.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-27.
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a) Lift acts at right angles to the wing chord line and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down
c) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft centre line
3. The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated is called
a) dewpoint
b) absolute humidity
c) relative humidity
a) Plain Flap
b) Fowler Flap
c) All flaps
6. If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
a) increased lift in the area of installation on the opposite wing at high angles of attack
b) asymmetrical aileron control at low angles of attack
c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near stall angles of attack
10. The angle of attack of an aerofoil section is the angle between the
explain[1]="Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the wing span to mean chord.";
explain[2]="Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down.";
explain[3]="The temperature to which humid air must be cooled to become saturated is called the 'due point'.";
explain[4]="Airflow flowing over the upper surface of an aerofoil increases in velocity and decreases in pressure.";
explain[5]="A fowler flap increases the wing area as well as increasing the wing camber.";
explain[6]="The stall strip is to make the root of the wing stall before the tip so at the stall point, full aileron control is
maintained.";
explain[7]="With increased speed in level flight, the profile drag increases and the induced drag decreases.";
explain[8]="Deployment of flaps increases camber and decreases stall angle.";
explain[9]="The wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively positive air pressure below the wing surface
and negative air pressure above the wing surface.";
explain[10]="Angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle between the chord line and the relative air flow.";
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Exam Number:-28.
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a) root
b) tip
c) centre section
a) at the root
b) at the tip
c) equally all along the wing span
6. A wing with a very high aspect ratio (in comparison with a low aspect ratio wing) will have
8. After an aircraft has been disturbed from its straight and level flight, it returns to its original attitude with a small
amount of decreasing oscillation. The aircraft is
9. An increase in the speed at which an aerofoil passes through the air increases lift because
a) the increased speed of the airflow creates a greater pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces.
b) the increased speed of the airflow creates a lesser pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces.
c) the increased velocity of the relative wind increases the angle of attack
=========================================
Exam Number:-29.
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a) of a negative value
b) low
c) high
3. The speed of air over a swept wing which contributes to the lift is
6. Induced drag
7. A delta wing aircraft flying at the same speed (subsonic) and angle of attack as a swept wing aircraft of similar
wing area will produce
9. On a swept wing aircraft, due to the adverse pressure gradient, the boundary layer on the upper surface of the wing
tends to flow
a) directly from leading edge to trailing edge
b) towards the tip
c) towards the root
explain[1]="At stall the lift drops rapidly and the drag increases rapidly. Lift/Drag ratio therefore decreases.";
explain[2]="Airflow over the upper surface of a cambered surface of the wing increases in velocity and decreases in
pressure.";
explain[3]="Airflow over the upper surface of a cambered surface of the wing has a greater velocity than the aircraft
speed.";
explain[4]="A low aspect ratio wing (short-stubby wing) has a greater induced drag.";
explain[5]="Angle of attack in straight and level flight is equal toi the angle of incidence which is more than the angle
of the aircraft (swept wing or not).";
explain[6]="Induced drag is equal to profile drag at Vmd.";
explain[7]="A delta wing aircraft at any given angle of attack and speed will produce less lift than any other type of
wing.";
explain[8]="At stagnation, the pressure is total (static plus dynamic).";
explain[9]="Due to adverse pressure gradient on a swept wing, the boundary layer slides towards the tip and thickens at
the tip.";
explain[10]="Profile drag increases with speed, induced drag decreases with speed.";
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Exam Number:-30.
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1. If a swept wing stalls at the tips first, the aircraft will
a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) roll
a) aspect ratio
b) mean chord ratio
c) fineness ratio
10. For a cambered wing section the zero lift angle of attack will be
a) zero
b) 4 degrees
c) negative
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Since the tips are behind the Centre of Gravity, losing the lift at the tips will cause the nose to rise.";
explain[2]="The thickness/chord ratio of the wing is also known as the fineness ratio.";
explain[3]="Flexure of a rearward swept wing will decrease the lift (since the wing presents its upper surface to the
airflow and the angle of attack reduces) and so the wing flexes back.";
explain[4]="Aspect ratio is the ratio of span to chord";
explain[5]="Stall commencing at the root causes turbulent air to hit the tailplane. The resulting 'buffet' warns the pilot
just before complete stall.";
explain[6]="An aircraft flying in ground effect will have more lift than an aircraft not flying in ground effect (which is
why seagulls glide close to the water surface).";
explain[7]="Increasing the angle of attack moves the CofP foreward.";
explain[8]="A forward swept wing does not suffer from the Rams Horn Vortex.";
explain[9]="A change in speed has no effect on the position of the CofP (providing angle of attack is not changed).";
explain[10]="A non symmetrical wing will produce some lift at zero degrees. Therefore it must have a negative angle
of attack to produce zero lift.";
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