PREVENTION FROM RADIATION

In current practice the use of radiation (X rays, CT Scanetc.) has significantly reduced as safer ultrasonography is
more often used. If the radiation has to be used after the first trimester in low doses, the fetus should be well protected
by abdominal shielding. It is known fact that certain amounts of radiation can harm both the mother and her fetus at
the cellular level and cause mutations in the DNA which can lead to birth defects, less in height, severe mental
retardation, small head size and impaired brain development, the risk of malignancy in later life, low IQ,
microcephaly degeneration of retina, cataracts and cleft palate etc.

Reduction of risk of the radiations

1. Use of proper shielding.
2. Reducing the radiology exposure time.
3. Using the films.
4. Using the appropriate filters.
9. As far as possible any radiological exposure should be avoided in second half of menstrual cycle and during
pregnancy.

UNWED MOTHERS
Unwed mothers are common in western countries as they do not think it to be wrong. Their governments support
them and provides them all the financial support. The friends, neighbors and the peer group do not mind it and
support it. Fortunately, it is still not common in India, but will become more common in future as the social taboos
surrounding decreasing and many young couples are having live in relationships without marriage. The pregnancy
out of wedlock, relationship out of wedlock are either abandoned or taken to adoption agencies. Upbringing of child
is difficult due to only one income and only This puts stress on the parent and the child and finding suitable and
affordable home for them is a big problem. Such children suffer from emotional and behavioural problems like
feeling of loss and anger. Children growing up with only are more likely to drop out of school and are more to have a
child outside marriage. Gradually sex outside wedlock are can be due to an illicit or due to sexual abuse. Often
children born one person to manage the home. parent may not do that well in life and likely one.

SINGLE PARENT
Parenting is undoubtedly a major responsibility, especially when it comes to a single parent. A single parent has to
bear with added responsibilities, tensions and pressures. A single parent is left alone to deal with multiple tasks.
Single parenthood may occur for a variety of reasons. Such as:
Single parents by choice: There are certain people who never want to get married, but they do want to have children.
These people generally have good financial background and they adopt the children, while being single.
Single parents for part-time: In some cases there is absence of the spouse for long periods due to work, foreign
trips, people with travel related jobs, military personnels etc. In the absence of a partner for such long periods, the
children have to be brought up by the mother alone, generally.
Divorcees: Divorce is again a great emotional trauma for the partner. The one who is left with the custody of the
child gets more responsibility. Widow with children: Sometimes the death of one partner puts additional
responsibility on the partner who is left, and it is accompanied by strong emotional setback
Factors affecting development of child in single-parent families:
Age of the parent- If the parent is young in age, he/she can understand the needs of the child in a better way and can
provide effective care
Education level of the parent- A good educated parent can provide good education to the child as well. Child can
get good guidance in this case
Occupation of the parent- Upbringing of the child needs money also for fulfillment of the needs of the child. A
good occupation can provide good financial support.
Family members. If there is extended family and more members are there, the responsibility can be shared. Love and
time can be given by other family members and friends as well.
There are certain factors, which affect and play role in the single parenting.
Responsibility- Single parent has to be more responsible and take care of all the requirements of the children, such as
emotional, physical. From the simple things such as personal hygiene, diet, career, to other complex situations in the
life of a child, every single responsibility is of the single parent. In this situation, support from other family members
is very much needed.
Social pressure on the child- Sometimes in the school or other areas, child may feel, if he has no name to tell as his
other parent. These problems should be talked with the child and he should be prepared to face such situations
confidently.
Emotional and behavioral problems of children- Generally, the children of single parents do face psychological,
emotional and behavioral problems to certain extent. The single parent has to provide extra love, care and attention to
the child, to make up for the absence of the other parent. There is the need of healthy environment which can provide
love, care and protection to the child.
Economical factors- Here only one parent has to work to fulfill all the needs of the child. It has been observed in
some cases that single parent families are at a higher risk of poverty than couple families, and on average single
mothers have poorer health than couple mothers.
Feeling of loneliness- Sometimes the single parent feels all alone when there is the burden of so many
responsibilities and no one is there to share. He/she should not feel alone. Try to be frank with the child and make
him your companion
Time factor- As the parent is single, he/she has to work to have financial security midst so many responsibilities,
sometimes single parent is not able to give proper the child. As the child needs care and attention, a quality time
should be given to the child.
Strong association- Single parent develop strong association with the child. When the parent is discussing things
with the child such as financial matters and other things, there develops a strong bond between the both. Children of
single
after themselves parents are very likely to share more household responsibilities, including looking after themselves