The Effect of Parenting Style of a Single Parent

to manage their Gen-Z Children

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Single parents' parenting of children is one of the social phenomena that occurs frequently in
society. Single parent is the state of being a parent who lives his life by playing the dual role of
mother/father without a child companion figure. Being a single parent is not easy simple because
he plays two roles simultaneously without any assistance, motivation, or assistance from a
companion in raising and caring for a child for his children. In reality, raising children on one's
own is not feasible. A single parent experiences sadness, stress, and even fatigue when it comes
to parenting. However, this does not imply. Parents should ignore their children; however,
parents continue to do so must play a significant role in providing care, properly educating and
teaching children, with care and precision thoroughly because it will have a significant impact on
their future life.
The Researchers will conduct this study to know what the different parenting style of every
parent to their Gen-Z children to know how parent do to grow their Gen-Z children. Because in
this time the parenting style of every parent is based on what they see to other parents and
especially to social media. There are four types of parenting style, and it is also known as
(Authoritative Parenting, Authoritarian Parenting, Permissive Parenting, Neglectful Parenting.
These are the different style of single parents but the very common parenting style of parents in
this time is Authoritative style, in this parenting style, The parents are nurturing, responsive and
supportive, yet set firm limits for their children. In this kind of Parenting style. They attempt to
control their children’s behavior by explaining rules, discussing and reasoning. They listen on
the child’s viewpoint or problem, but they don’t always accept it. In this parenting style the
researchers see that it is a type of parenting style that the parents did for their children. They
always supporting their children in every decision they do especially when it comes to their
study. They always correcting their children’s behavior instead of tolerating them because
parents know what’s the best for their children. Nowadays some of parents controlling their
children in a way that they always want is to obey their decisions for their children. In this time
is it a mindset of some parents so supposedly their children have no freedom of choice. It is one
of the biggest problem now for Gen- Z children, A kind of parenting style that controlling their
children and parenting style that can influence their children’s mental well – being. Kids are raise
by permissive or unevolved parents tend to experience more anxiety, depression and other
mental health problems.

In addition, every parent has different ways to raise their children. Different parenting styles
have effects on their children. They could be positive or negative effect. Some of the parents
have permissive parenting style in which the parents are very responsive to their child especially
to their child’s potential. Other parents are disciplinarian because they think that it is the best for
children but some do not appreciate it and instead of learning something from it they will just
think that their parents are just controlling and dictating their future, so the effect of this is the
child will be suffering from self-esteem, antisocial behavior etc.. and learn about the
consequences will take as a lesson. And a responsibility for the wrong actions.

Research Questions:
1. What are the challenges that the single parents face in their daily lives, and why do they
consider those challenges?
2. What are the parenting style of single parents to discipline their Gen- Z children?
3. How does it affect the relationship between parents and Gen- Z?
4. What are the positive and negative results of their parenting style towards their children?
Conceptual Framework (Paradigm)

IV. DV Model

Gen- Z Parenting
Children Style

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Presents the conceptual framework of the study. It contains of two variables, Gen- Z
children as an independent variable and Parenting Style as the dependent variable.

In Figure 1, Gen 2 children as independent variable which pertains to the children which were
born in year 1997 - 2012 Generation which lived their life and was raised through the connection
of internet. They live with almost everything they do connects to the internet, , how they
communicate and interact with other prop they uses different social media platform which is very
different from other generation
Another variable is Parenting style refers to how a parent will raise his/her child. It shows the
attitude and behavior of parent toward their child It affect the attitude of their children while
growing up because of these different parenting style.

Significance of the Study (Beneficiaries)

This study will contribute significantly to the single parents on how their parenting style to
manage their Gen – Z children and also to the Gen – Z children what are the risk of having single
parents.
Single Parents- Parents who are separated from their partner or parents who are divorced and
have a child.
Gen- Z – Children who are grew- up with technology. Internet and social media they get all they
want, and it is hard to them to live without internet.
Researchers- People who studied how is the parenting style of a single parents to manage their
Gen- Z children.

Scope and limitation

This study focused on the effects of Parenting style of single Parent on their Gen 2 children by
the students of Accountancy, Business and Management in San Fabian National High School)
The data collection will be conducted by surveying selected students and single parents. Each of
the respondents will be given same survey questionnaires to answer, which is prepared by the
researchers.

Respondents of the study- The respondents of the study is the single parents and Grn- Z
children. We will conduct this study only in San Fabian National High School. Single parents
that have children that studying in San Fabian National High School and also to a Gen- Z student
that have single parents. We will conduct this study to a single parent to know how hard to them
to raise their Gen- Z children and to Gen- Z children to know what are the challenges and life of
having a single parent.

Definition

Definition of Solo Parent

Solo parents are individuals in either one of these categories:
"Parent left alone with parenthood liability for at least one (1) year due to legal separation or de
facto separation from spouse, as long as he/she is entrusting with the custody of the children"
(paragraph5 (a) Section3, RA 8972).
"The court or the church's decree on the declaration of nullity or annulment of marriage, he/she is
responsible for the custody of the children, the parent left alone or alone with the burden of
parenthood" (paragraph6 (a) Section3, RA 8972),
"A parent left alone with the responsibility of parenthood due to death of a spouse" (paragraph2
(a) Section3, RA 8972), and; "Parent left solo with the obligation of parenthood for at least one
year due to the abandonment of spouse " (paragraph 7 (a) Section 3, RA 8972).
Parenting style of Solo Parent
Nevertheless, some studies are linked to different parenting styles that appear in solo parents.
Some parenting styles usually followed by single parents can be defined considering the various
characteristics presented by these studies.

Parenting Styles apply to the way parents raise their children. It can be applied to the levels of
standards, performance criteria, compliance with guidelines, etc., of the parents and the type of
discipline used to fulfill their expectations. (Parenting Styles, 2017).

The authoritative parenting style is where parents are caring, sensitive, and compassionate in this
parenting style but set firm boundaries for their children. By explaining laws, debating, and
reasoning, they seek to regulate the actions of children. They listen to the perspective of a child
but do not always support it. (Parenting Styles, 2017). Permissive parents are warm but lax in
this parenting style. They fail to set firm boundaries, closely monitor children's behavior, or
require their children to be appropriately mature. (Parenting Styles, 2017). Uninvolved parenting
style is referred to as irresponsible parenting. It is a parenting style where parents do not respond
to their child's needs or wishes beyond the necessities of food, clothes, and shelter. (Uninvolved
Parenting, 2020).

The authoritarian parenting style is about being stern and strict. It insists on unquestioning
obedience and intimidation, shaming, and other punishments to enforce good conduct. (Dewar,
G., 2010-2017).
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Supporting Theories
Early childhood and early school years have long been recognized as crucial to adult well-
being and success (Diniz et al., 2021). Education that is developmentally appropriate from an
early age leads to better educational outcomes later in life (Ma et al., 2016). Despite the large
quantity of studies done in this area, there are major discrepancies in how parents are
conceptualized and measured (Tazouti and Jarlégan, 2019). Some academics define parental
involvement as involvement in school activities; others define it as parental ambitions for their
children; and yet others define it as involvement in their children’s home learning activities.
Researchers have recently acknowledged that the concept of parental participation is
multidimensional (Dewi and Indrasa, 2017), encompassing a wide range of parental behaviors
related to their children’s education. Epstein (1992) defined parental involvement as (1) parent
practices that create a positive learning environment at home; (2) parent-school communications
about school programs and student progress

Children’s relationships with their families are critical to their growth (Popa, 2022). Parental
child care attitudes are defined by the parents’ warm and caring approach to the child;
expectations of the child; communication with the child; and disciplinary attitudes toward them.
In family attitudes theory, Diana Baumrind identified three categories of parental attitudes:
families that are permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian (Baumrind, 1968). Permissive
parents take the strategy of tolerating and endorsing behavior based on the wishes of their
children without looking into the causes or grounds of the behavior (Liu and Guo, 2010).
Although the child’s behavior is harmful to the environment, it is tolerated, and the parents are
powerless to encourage the child to follow the rules. While such parents have greater talents in
terms of child care, they have less ability to control their children’s conduct. They give their
children too much freedom, lack discipline, and have low expectations of their children
(Verrocchio et al., 2015). Furthermore, authoritarian parents use strict rules and constraints
formed by an excessive level of authority to control their children’s behavior. For those parents,
what matters is that their children follow the rules without questioning them, and that their
parents interfere and regulate their children’s behavior without hesitation for the sake of the
child. Despite their failures in child care, these parents have the mindset of having the most
parental control. They use both verbal and non-verbal (physical) sanctions to penalize the child’s
unwanted behavior while failing to appreciate positive behavior (Song et al., 2022).

Moreover, in this parenting style parents place unrealistic expectations on their children (Ren and
Zhu, 2022). These are the parents who are the most resistant to change and also make swift
decisions. Lastly, with verbal and physical emotions authoritative parents assist their children.
They have compassionated and close ties with their children. Those parents approach their
children in a more cooperative manner. Their expectations are based on the abilities of their
children. Those parents are attempting to mold their children’s cooperative and sensitive
behavior. They are aware of their children’s thoughts, feelings, and attitudes, and they treat them
with respect (Liu et al., 2022). The norms of authoritative parenting, which are widely regarded
as the most ideal kind of parental care and attitudes, are open, obvious, and debatable. Because
of its adaptable structure, it can be reconfigured.

The role of these parental attitudes and actions can have an impact on their children’s
personality traits and adaption to their surroundings. Growing up in a family with permissive
parents might make children selfish. These children are uninterested in other people’s feelings
and thoughts. They may be lacking in selfcontrol and have low self-esteem. They could be
lacking in social skills. Anxiety, sadness, and uneasiness may be experienced by children of
authoritarian parents. When they are furious, they may resort to more physical aggression.
Furthermore, they are unable to communicate effectively. They may exhibit a lack of self-
assurance. In social situations, they are introverted people who can be confrontational. Children
raised by authoritative parents are more capable socially and accept responsibility; they are self-
assured, cooperative, pleasant, cheerful, autonomous, socially skillful, and independent (Önder
and Gülay, 2009).
With the growing emphasis on early childhood education and school success, it’s more important
than ever to understand the development of skills, abilities, knowledge, and behaviors that are
particularly important to children. When it comes to defining learning outcomes, there are two
ways that are commonly used. One method is to identify and describe desirable learning
outcomes for children at various developmental stages using crucial domains of child
development.
The five domains of learning and development for children in early childhood education and
early primary education have been highlighted by the National Education Goals Panel as vital to
enhancing human development. Physical well-being and motor development, social and
emotional development, and learning approaches (learning styles) that include cultural
components of learning, language development, and cognition and general knowledge are among
these categories (Ma et al., 2016). The way parents raise their children has a big impact on their
development and learning. In western societies, research has consistently proven that parenting
style has a direct relationship with children’s academic achievement (Luo et al., 2021). In
general, research shows that children raised by authoritative parents have the best outcomes,
whereas children raised by authoritarian or permissive parents have the worst outcomes
. A study found that parenting style had a significant impact on children’s self-concept
development. The reported level of warmth demonstrated by both their fathers and mothers had a
direct relationship with the children’s self-concepts but not with parental permissiveness.
Moreover, another previous study discovered that the family style affects the process of
acquiring self-efficacy as outlined by Bandura (1986). According to previous studies focused on
western cultures, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles have a negative impact on
children’s academic achievement (Huang and Prochner, 2003). Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is
constructed as shown below:
Journals Research
The Parent Style of a Single Parent
The parenting of children by single parents is one of the social phenomena that often occurs in
society. Single parent is the condition of a parent who lives his life by playing a dual role as a
mother/father without a companion figure. Being a single parent is certainly not easy because he
plays two roles at once without any help, motivation or support from a companion to raise and
care for his children. In reality, raising children alone is not easy, a single parent feels sadness,
stress and even fatigue in parenting [9]. However, that does not mean that parents should ignore
their children, instead parents still have to play an important role in providing care, educating
and teaching children properly, carefully and thoroughly because it will be very influential with
their life in the future.

Parenting is the best way that every parent should do in caring for a child as a manifestation of
their responsibility as a parent to their child. The role of parents and family becomes more
important in educating children because the family is the basis for the formation of a child's
personality. Parenting can be interpreted as a method or method used by parents in dealing with
their children which aims to be able to shape the character, attitude and personality of the child
better so that they are able to adapt to the community [10]. Each parent in applying the style of
parenting to children, of course, varies depending on the child and the parents' background as
well as the single parent. Thus, it can produce a variety of different temperature patterns.
According to Baumrind cited in Ningsih [11], parenting style is a series of attitudes that parents
show to their children in order to create an emotional climate that surrounds parent-child
interactions. There are three aspects that include parenting styles including: authoritarian,
authoritative, and permissive. These three aspects have their own characteristics and each of
them can have a different effect on children [12].

First, Authoritarian parenting style is a parenting style that is restrictive and punitive and requires
children to follow all the rules and orders given and always respect what parents do.
Authoritarian parents limit and sometimes assertive and do not provide opportunities for children
to communicate verbally, so that everything must be with their will without thinking about the
wishes of their children [13]. Authoritarian parents according to Baumrind have a low but high
accepting attitude in terms of controlling, punishing, commanding who must require children to
do something without cooperation, be tough, and tend to be emotional and resist [14].
Authoritarian parents always feel that they are the most correct in behaving and speaking without
self-reflection. Even though what he instils in children that they think is good is not necessarily
good for children. Encourage children to always submit and obey their parents without thinking
about the wishes of their children. In the end it results in the child sacrificing their will. Second,
authoritative parents support children to be independent but providing limits, and controlling
actions and opportunities for children to communicate verbally.

Authoritative parents are open, flexible and provide opportunities for children to grow in rational
rules [13]. Meanwhile, according to Baumrind, authoritative parents have an accepting attitude
and are able to control their children's needs. In addition, it supports children to argue and ask
questions and provide direction/advice to children regarding the impact of good and bad deeds
[14]. This is what can cause parents to have a good and close relationship with their children,
because they always encourage children to be involved in carrying out disciplines with full
awareness.
Third, permissive, is a parenting style given by parents who always give freedom and accept all
forms of children's behaviour, even when the child has a mistake, they are never punished and
tend to ignore it. Meanwhile, according to Baumrind, permissive parents have a high acceptance
attitude, but low in controlling because they always give freedom to their child's wishes, without
thinking about the good or bad consequences for the child [14].