Strength of Materials

VAN M. PASTOR, CE, RMP, ME-1

STRESS is the strength of a material per unit area or unit SHEARING DEFORMATION
strength Shearing forces cause shearing deformation.
An element subject to shear does not change in
Normal Stress Shearing Stress Bearing Stress length but undergoes a change in shape.
P V Pb
𝛔= A τ = Av 𝛔b = Ab Shear Stress Simple Shear Strain Modulus of Rigidity

V δs τ
P = normal load applied to area A τ = Av 𝜸 = G=
V = resultant shearing force which passes through L 𝜸
the centroid of the area Av being sheared
Pb = internal force which causes the pressure acting
on the contact area Ab TORSION

AXIAL STRESS AND STRAIN Torsional Shear Stress Torsional Shear Strain

Simple Strain also known as a unit deformation, is the ratio Tr rθ

of the change in length caused by an applied
τ= 𝐽
𝜸 = L
force, to the original length
Angle of Twist
Axial Stress Axial Strain Modulus of Elasticity
TL
P δ σ θ= 𝐽G
𝛔= 𝜺 = E=
A L 𝜺
T = twisting moment, N•mm
r = distance from the center of the shaft, mm
AXIAL DEFORMATION J = polar moment of inertia, mm4
L = length of bar, mm
PL σL G = shear modulus, MPa
δ = AE = E
Polar Moment of Inertia, J
δ = elongation or deformation, mm Solid Cylindrical Shaft Hollow Cylindrical Shaft
P = force applied, N
L = original length, mm 𝜋 𝜋
A = area where the load is applied, mm2
J = 32 D 4 J = 32 (D4− d4 )
E = modulus of elasticity, MPa

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS HELICAL SPRINGS

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a
pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist Maximum Shearing Stress Deflection of the Spring
bursting, developed across longitudinal and 16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
transverse sections. Ss = 𝜋𝑑 3 (1 + 4𝑅 ) δ= 𝐺𝑑 4

Cylindrical Vessel P = load on spring

Tangential Stress Longitudinal Stress R = mean radius of spring
d = diameter of wire
pD pD
n = number of turns
ST = SL = G = modulus rigidity
2𝑡 4𝑡

A.M. Wahl Formula

Spherical Pressure Vessel
Wall Stress 16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚−1 0.615
Ss = 𝜋𝑑 3 ( 4𝑚−4 + 𝑚
)
pD
S= 4𝑡 m = spring index

p = internal pressure – external pressure

FLEXURE FORMULA

Mc
fb =
I

fb = flexural stress or bending stress

M = bending moment at section
c = distance from NA to the point where fb is
being computed. For max fb, c is the distance
from NA to extreme fiber of the section
I = moment of inertia of section

SHEARING STRESS FORMULA

V VQ
fv = A′y′ =
Ib Ib

fv = shearing stress
V = shear force at section
I = moment of inertia of the gross section
b = width of the beam at the level the shearing
stress is desired
A’ = partial area of the cross section above (or
below) a line drawn through the point at
which the shearing stress is desired
Q = A’y’ is the static moment about the NA of the
area A’

SHEARING CONNECTORS IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS

RI
s=
VQ

s = pitch of shear connector in built-up beams

R = resistance of shear connector in the pitch
length s
I = moment of inertia of the gross section
V = shear force at section
Q = moment of area about the NA of the
elements whose sliding is resisted by shear
connectors