54

fo/u fopkjr Hkh# tu] ugha vkjEHks dke] foifr ns[k NksM+s rqjra e/;e eu dj ';keA

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 1 of

iq#"k flag ladYi dj] lgrs foifr vusd] ^cuk^ u NksM+s /;s; dks] j?kqcj jk[ks VsdAA
jfpr% ekuo /keZ iz.ksrk
ln~xq# Jh j.kNksM+nklth egkjkt

STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 to 10)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 34 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE
7. 10 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE

Student’s Name :______________________

Class :______________________
RAHUL
Roll No. :______________________
ADDRESS: R-1, Opp. Raiway Track,
New Corner Glass Building, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal

: (0755) 32 00 000, 98930 58881, www.tekoclasses.com
 Determinant

54
DET. & MATRICES/Page : 2 of
1. Definition:
Let us consider the equations a1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0
a y a2 a1 a2
⇒ – 1 = =– ⇒ = ⇒ a1b2 – a2b1 = 0
b1 x b2 b1 b2
a1 b1
we express this eliminant as =0
a2 b2
a1 b1
The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by: D = a1 b2 − a2 b1

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

2. E x p a n s io n of D et er m i n a n t :
a1 b1 c 1
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order three.

a3 b3 c 3
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2 b1 c1 b1 c1
D = a1 − a2 + a3 OR
b3 c 3 b3 c3 b2 c2
b2 c 2 a2 c 2 a2 b2
D = a1 − b1 + c1 ... & so on.
b3 c 3 a3 c 3 a3 b3

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ; R1, R2, R3 or C1, C2, C3.
3. Minors:
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a1 in
a1 b1 c 1
b2 c 2 a1 c 1
a 2 b 2 c 2 is & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c 3 a3 c 3
a3 b3 c 3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.
4. Cofactor:
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (−1) i+j. Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as:
D = a11M11 − a12M12 + a13M13
OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.
5. Tran s pose of a D et erm in an t :
The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.
a1 b1 c 1 a1 a 2 a 3
D = a2 b2 c 2 ⇒ DT = b1 b 2 b 3
a3 b 3 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3
6. Sy m m et ri c , S kew -S y m m e t r ic , A sy m m et ri c D et er m i n a nt s:
(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its i th row is identical to its i th
column i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = – aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements
zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
7. Prop ert ies of D et erm in a n t s:
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c 1 a1 a 2 a 3
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 = b1 b 2 b 3 = D′
a3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c 1 a2 b2 c 2
Let D = a 2 b 2 c 2 & D′ = a1 b1 c 1 Then D′ = − D.
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3
NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.
 (iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,

54
0 0 0

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 3 of

i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant
is multiplied by that number, i.e.
a1 b1 c 1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc 1
D = a2 b2 c 2 and D′ = a 2 b 2 c2 Then D′= KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1+x b1+y c 1+z a1 b1 c 1 x y z
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

a2 b2 c 2 = a2 b2 c 2 + a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3
(vii) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c 1 a1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c 1 + mc 2
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 and D′ = a2 b2 c2 . Then D′ = D.
a3 b3 c 3 a 3 + na1 b 3 + nb1 c 3 + nc 1

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
a b c
Example : Simplify b c a
c a b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
Solution. Let R1 → R 1 + R 2 + R 3 ⇒ b c a
c a b

1 1 1
= (a + b + c) b c a
c a b
Apply C1→ C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b − c c − a a
c −a a−b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
a b c
Example : Simplify a2 b2 c 2
bc ca ab
a2 b2 c2
1
Solution. Given detereminant is equal to = a3 b3 c3
abc
abc abc abc

a2 b2 c2
abc
= a3 b3 c 3
abc
1 1 1
Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C 3
a 2 − b2 b2 − c 2 c2
= a 3 − b3 b3 − c 3 c3
0 0 1
 c2

54
a+b b+c
2 2 23 2
= (a – b) (b – c) a + ab + b b + bc + c c

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 4 of

0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) Use of factor theorem.
USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT
If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x − a) is a factor of the determinant.
a b c
2 2 2
Example : Prove that a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab
Solution. Let a = b
a b c

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

2 2 2
⇒ D= a b c =0 Hence (a – b) is a factor of determinant
bc ac ab
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

Similarly, let b = c, D = 0
c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is of fifth
order so
a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( λ (a2 + b2 + c2) + µ (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab
Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of λ and µ. Let
a = 0, b = 1, c = – 1

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
– 2 = (2) (2λ – µ)
(2λ – µ) = – 1. ........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
1 2 0
1 4 0 = (–1) 2 (– 1) (5λ + 2µ)
0 0 2
⇒ 5λ + 2µ = 2 .......(ii)
from (i) and (ii) λ = 0 and µ = 1
a b c
Hence a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
Self Practice Problems
0 b−a c −a
1. Find the value of ∆ = a − b 0 c −b . Ans. 0
a−c b−c 0
b 2 − ab b − c bc − ac skew symmetric
2 2
2. Simplify ab − a a − b b − ab . Ans. 0
bc − ac c − a ab − a 2
a−b−c 2a 2a
2b b−c −a 2b
3. Prove that = (a + b + c)3.
2c 2c c −a−b
1 a bc
4. Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
8. M u l t i p li c a t io n O f T wo D e t e r m i n a n t s :

a1 b1
1 m1 a
+b
a1m1+b1m 2
× = 1 1 1 2
a2 b2
2 m2 a 2
1+b 2
2 a 2 m1+b 2 m 2
a1 b1 c1
1 m1 n1 a1
1 + b1
2 + c 1
3 a1m1 + b1m 2 + c 1m3 a1n1 + b1n2 + c 1n3
a2 b2 c2 ×
2 m2 n2 = a 2
1 + b 2
2 + c 2
3 a 2m1 + b 2m 2 + c 2m 3 a 2n1 + b 2n2 + c 2n3
a3 b3 c3
3 m3 n3 a3
1 + b 3
2 + c 3
3 a 3m1 + b3m 2 + c 3m 3 a3 n1 + b3 n2 + c 3n3
 We have multiplied here rows by rows but we can also multiply rows by columns, columns by rows and

54
columns by columns.
If ∆ = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |Aij | = ∆ n – 1. This is also known

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 5 of

as power cofactor formula.
1 2 3 0 1 8
Example : Find the value of × and prove that it is equal to .
−1 3 −1 4 − 6 12
1 2 3 0
Solution. ×
−1 3 −1 4
1× 3 − 2 × 1 1× 0 + 2 × 4
=
− 1× 3 + 3 × ( −1) − 1× 0 + 3 × 4
1 8
= = 60
− 6 12
a1x1 + b1y1 a1x 2 + b1y 2 a1x 3 + b1y 3

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

Example : Prove that a 2 x1 + b 2 y1 a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3 + b 2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x1 + b 3 y1 a 3 x 2 + b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3 + b 3 y 3
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

Solution. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants

a1x1 + b1y1 a1x 2 + b1y 2 a1x 3 + b1y 3 a1 b1 c 1 x1 x 2 x3
i.e. a 2 x 1 + b 2 y 1 a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3 + b 2 y 3 = a 2 b 2 c 2 × y1 y 2 y3 = 0
a 3 x1 + b 3 y1 a 3 x 2 + b 3 y 2 a3 x 3 + b3 y 3 a3 b3 c3 0 0 0
2 2 2
(a1 − b1 ) (a1 − b 2 ) ( a1 − b 3 )
Example : Prove that (a 2 − b1 )2 (a 2 − b 2 )2 (a 2 − b 3 )2
( a 3 − b1 ) 2 ( a 3 − b 2 ) 2 ( a 3 − b 3 ) 2

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1).
(a1 − b1 )2 ( a1 − b 2 ) 2 (a1 − b 3 )2
Solution. (a 2 − b1 )2 (a 2 − b 2 ) 2 (a 2 − b 3 )2
(a 3 − b1 )2 (a 3 − b 2 ) 2 (a 3 − b 3 )2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1 + b1 − 2a1b1 a1 + b 2 − 2a1b 2 a1 + b 3 − 2a1b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a 2 + b1 − 2a 2b1 a 2 + b 2 − 2a 2b 2 a 2 + b 3 − 2a 2b 3
a 3 2 + b12 − 2a 3b1 a 3 2 + b 2 2 − 2a 3b 2 a 3 2 + b 3 2 − 2a 3b 3
2
a1 1 − 2a1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
= a 2 1 − 2a 2 × b1 b 2 b3
2
a3 1 − 2a 3 b1 b 2 b3

1 a12 a1 1 b12 b1
2 2
= 2 1 a2 a2 × 1 b2 b2
2 2
1 a3 a3 1 b3 b3
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1)
cos( A − P) cos( A − Q) cos( A − R)
Example : Prove that cos(B − P) cos(B − Q) cos(B − R) = 0
cos(C − P) cos(C − Q) cos(C − R)
cos( A − P) cos( A − Q) cos( A − R)
Solution. cos(B − P) cos(B − Q) cos(B − R)
cos(C − P) cos(C − Q) cos(C − R)
cos A cos P + sin A sin P cos A cos Q + sin A sin Q cos A cos R + sin A sinR
= cos B cos P + sinB sinP cos B cos Q + sinB sin Q cos B cos R + sinB sinR
cos C cos P + sin C sinP cos C cos Q + sin C sin Q cos C cos R + sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R
cos B sinB 0 sinP sin Q sinR
= × = 0 × 0 = 0.
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0
 Self Practice Problems

54
1. Find the value of ∆

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 6 of

2bc − a 2 c2 b2
c2 2ca − b 2 a2
Ans. (3abc – a3 – b3 – c3)2
b2 a2 2ab − c 2
1 cos(B − A ) cos(C − A )
2. If A, B, C are real numbers then find the value of ∆ = cos( A − B ) 1 cos(C − B) . Ans.0
cos( A − C) cos(B − C) 1
9. Su m m a t i on o f D et erm in a n ts
f(r) g(r ) h(r )
Let ∆ (r) = a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b 3

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then
n n n

∑ f (r ) ∑ g(r ) ∑ h(r )
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

n r =1 r =1 r =1

∑ ∆(r ) =
r =1
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then that
row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent on
r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.
2r − 1 nCr 2r

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
n

Example : Evaluate ∑ x cos 2 θ y

r =1 n2 2n − 1 2n +1 − 2
n n n
n ∑ (2r − 1) ∑ n Cr ∑2 r

Solution : ∑D
r =1
r = r =1
x
r =1
cos 2 θ
r =1
y
n2 2n − 1 2n+1 − 2

n2 2n − 1 2n+1 − 2
= x cos2 θ y =0
n2 2n − 1 2n+1 − 2

n− 2 n−2 n−2
Cr −2 Cr −1 Cr
Example : Dr = 3 1 1
2 1 0
n

evaluate ∑D
r =2
r

n− 2 n−2 n− 2
n n Cr −2 Cr −1 Cr
Solution : ∑D r = ∑
r =2
3 1 1
r=2 2 1 0
n− 2
C 0 + n− 2C1 + .... + n− 2Cn−2 n− 2
C1 + n− 2C 2 + .... + n− 2Cn−2 n− 2
C 2 + n−2C 3 + .... + n− 2Cn−2
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

2n − 2 2 n− 2 − 1 2 n− 2 − 1 − n
= 3 1 1
2 1 0

2n−2 − 2n−1 + 2 2n−2 − 1 2n− 2 − 1 − n

C1 → C1 – 2 × C 2 = 1 1 1
0 1 0
 54
2n− 2 − 2n−1 + 2 2n−2 − 1 − n
= (–1)
1 1

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 7 of

= 2n – 1 – n – 3
r −1 1 0 n
Example : If ∆ r = 3 + r , find
2 r
r = 1
∆r ∑
r +1 −1 − 2
Solution. On expansion of determinent, we get
n
Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r2 + 4r = 8r + 4 ⇒ ∑∆
r =1
r = 4n (n + 2)

Self Practice Problem

n r −1 x 6
1. Evaluate ∑ Dr (r − 1) 2
y 4n − 2 Ans. 0

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

r =1 3 2
(r − 1) z 3n − 3n
10. I n teg ra t ion of a d et erm in an t
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
a1 b1 c1
Let ∆(x) =
a2 b2 c2
where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c 2 are constants independent of x. Hence
b b b

b
∫
a
f ( x ) dx ∫
a
g( x ) dx ∫ h( x) dx
a

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
∆( x ) dx = a1 b1 c1
a a2 b2 c2

Note : If more than one row or one column are function of x then first expand the determinant and then
integrate it.
cos x 1 0 π/2

Example : If f(x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then find f ( x ) dx ∫

0
0 1 2 cos x
Solution. Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x – 1) –2 cos x
= 4 cos3x – 3 cos x = cos 3x
π/2 π/2
sin 3 x  1
so ∫
0
cos 3 x dx =
3  0
=–
3

α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3 1
Example : If ∆ = 6
x
4
x2
3
x3
, then find ∫ ∆(x) dx
0

1 α2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ2 − 3
Solution. ∫ ∆( x) dx =
1
6
1
4
1
3

∫ ∫ ∫x
0
x dx x 2 dx 3
dx
0 0 0

α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3 α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
6 4 3 1 6 4 3
= 1 1 1 = =0
12 6 4 3
2 3 4
11. D i ff er en t i a t io n of D et er m i n a n t :
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
Let ∆(x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
 f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x ) f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )

54
f1′( x ) f2′ ( x ) f3′ ( x )
then ∆′(x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1′ ( x ) g′2 ( x ) g′3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 8 of

h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x ) h1′ ( x ) h′2 ( x ) h′3 ( x )
3 2 1
2
Example : If f(x) = 6 x 2x 3 x 4 , then find the value of f′′(a).
1 a a2
3 2 1
2
Solution. f′(x) = 12x 6 x 4x 3
1 a a2
3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2
f′′(x) = 12 12 x 12 x ⇒ f′′(a) = 12 1 a a = 0.

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

1 a a2 1 a a2
Example : Let α be a repeated root of quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
A( α) B(α ) C( α)
divisible by f(x).
A′(α ) B′(α ) C′( α)
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
Solution. Let g(x) = A (α ) B(α ) C(α )
A′( α) B′(α ) C′(α )
A′( x ) B′( x ) C′( x )

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
⇒ A(α ) B(α ) C(α )
g′(x) =
A′(α ) B′( α) C′(α )
Since g(α) = g′(α) = 0
⇒ g(x) = (x – α) 2 h(x) i.e. α is the repeated root of g(x) and h(x) is any polynomial
expression of degree 3. Also f(x) = 0 have repeated root α. So g(x) is divisible by f(x).
Example : Prove that F depends only on x 1, x 2 and x 3
1 1 1
F= x1 + a1 x 2 + a1 x 3 + a1
x12 + b1x1 + b 2 x 22 + b1x 2 + b 2 x 32 + b1x 3 + b 2

and simplify F.
0 0 0
dF
Solution : = x1 + a1 x 2 + a1 x 3 + a1
da1
x12 + b1x1 + b 2 x 22 + b1x 2 + b 2 x 32 + b1x 3 + b 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 1 1 1 + x1 + a1 x 2 + a1 x 3 + a1 = 0
x12 + b1x1 + b 2 x 22 + b1x 2 + b 2 x 32 + b1x 3 + b 2 0 0 0
Hence F is independent of a1.
dF dF
Similarly = = 0.
db1 db 2
Hence F is independent of b1 and b2 also.
So F is dependent only on x 1, x 2, x 3
1 1 1
Put a1 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0 ⇒ F = x1 x2 x3
x12 x 22 x 32
= (x 1 – x 2) (x 2 – x 3) (x 3 – x 1).
x
e sin x
Example : If = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x
n(1 + x )
Solution : Put x = 0 in
ex sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + .......
cos x
n(1 + x )
 1 0

54
⇒ =A A = 0.
1 0

DET. & MATRICES/Page : 9 of

Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get

ex cos x ex sin x
+ − sin x 1 = B + 2 C x + ......
cos x
n(1 + x ) 1+ x
Put x = 0, we get
1 1 1 0
+ =0
1 0 0 1
⇒ B = –1 + 1 = 0
∴ A = 0, B = 0
Self Practice Problem
x x −1 x
− 2x x + 1 1

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL

1. If = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. Find
x +1 1 x
(i) d Ans. [– 1]
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

(ii) a+b+c+d Ans. [– 5]

(iii) b Ans. [– 4]
12. Cra m er' s Ru le: Sy st em of Linea r Eq u a t ion s
(i) Two Variables
(a) Consistent Equations: Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b) Inconsistent Equation: No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c) Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 then:
a1 b c
= 1 ≠ 1 ⇒ Given equations are inconsistent &
a2 b2 c2

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
a1 b c
= 1 = 1 ⇒ Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Three Variables
Let, a1x + b1y + c 1z = d1............ (I)
a2x + b2y + c 2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c 3z = d3............ (III)
D1 D2 D3
Then, x = ,Y= ,Z= .
D D D
a1 b1 c 1 d1 b1 c 1 a1 d1 c 1 a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 c 2 d2 b 2 c 2 a 2 d2 c 2 a 2 b 2 d2
Where D = ; D1 = ; D2 = & D3 =
a3 b3 c 3 d3 b 3 c 3 a 3 d3 c 3 a 3 b 3 d3
(iii) Consistency of a system of Equations
(a) If D ≠ 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 ≠ 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
(b) If D ≠ 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.

(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
(e) If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then the given equations
are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
(iv) Three equation in two variables :
If x and y are not zero, then condition for a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &
a1 b1 c 1
a3x + b3y + c 3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
 Example: Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL DET. & MATRICES/Page : 10 of 54

x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Solution. Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5
apply C1 → C1 – C2 , C2 → C2 – C3
−1 −1 3
D = −1 −1 4 = 0 D = 0
−1 −1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5
C3 → C3 – C2
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1
R1 → R1 – R 2 , R 2 → R2 – R3
− 2 −1 0
D1 = 3 − 1 0 = 5
0 4 1
D = 0 But D1 ≠ 0 Hence no solution

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
*Example : Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4
1 1 1
Solution. ∴ D= 2 2 2 =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
∵ Let z = t
x+y=1–t
2x + 2y = 3 – 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the
given equation.
*Example : Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6
1 1 1
2 2 2
Solution. ∴ D= =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t1, y = t2 ⇒ x = 2 – t1 – t2
where t1, t2 ∈ R.
Example : Consider the following system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + λz = µ
Find values of λ and µ if such that sets of equation have
(i) unique solution (ii) infinite solution
(iii) no solution
Solution. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + λz = µ
1 1 1
1 2 3
D=
1 2 λ
Here for λ = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for λ = 3.
 6 1 1

0 98930 58881 , BHOPAL DET. & MATRICES/Page : 11 of 54

10 2 3
D1 =
µ 2 λ
1 6 1
1 10 3
D2 =
1 µ λ
1 1 6
1 2 10
D3 =
1 2 µ
If λ = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10
(i) For unique solution D ≠ 0 i.e. λ≠3
(ii) For infinite solutions
D=0 ⇒ λ=3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ µ = 10.
(iii) For no solution
D=0 ⇒ λ=3
FREE Download Study Package from website: www.tekoclasses.com

Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero ⇒ µ ≠ 10.

Self Practice Problems
*1. Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
Ans. x=1+t y = –2t z=t where t ∈ R
2. Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0

TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,
x–y–z=0 Ans. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
3. Solve: (b + c) (y + z) − ax = b − c, (c + a) (z + x) − by = c − a, (a + b) (x + y) − cz = a − b
where a + b + c ≠ 0.
c− b a−c b−a
Ans. x = ,y= ,z=
a +b+c a+b+c a +b+c
4. Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x 2 + 6xy + 5y2 + 8x + 12y + 1 + t = 0, if the system of equations
in x and y are consistent then find the value of t. Ans. t = 7
13. Ap p lic a t io n of D et erm i n an t s:
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x y 1
3 3

x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c 1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c 3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c 1
are concurrent if, a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b 3 c 3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh − af² − bg² − ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c