CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains obtained results and discussion acquired from

the in-vitro assay for the wound healing effects of Ironweed (Vernonia

cinerea, Asteraceae) formulated as a solution.

Table 1 Phytochemical Tests

Test for Constituents Detected Result
Detection of Alkaloids
Mayer’s Test Alkaloids +
Dragendorff’s Test Alkaloids -
Hager’s Test Alkaloids +
Wagner’s Test Alkaloids +
Detection of Carbohydrates
Molisch’s Test Carbohydrates +
Fehling’s Test Reducing Sugars +
Detection OF Glycosides
Modified Borntrager’S Test Anthraquinone glycosides -
Kedde Test Unsaturated lactones -
Detection of Saponins
Froth Test Saponins +
Foam Test Saponins +
Detection of Phytosterol
Cupric acetate test Diterpenes +
Salkowski’s test Triterpenes -
Libermann burchard’s test Phytosterols +
Detection of Phenolic Compounds
Ferric Chloride Test Phenolics -
Gelatin Test Tannins -
Detection of Flavonoids
Alkaline Reagent Test Flavonoids +
Lead Acetate Test Flavonoids +
Detection of Proteins
Xanthoproteic Test Protein -
Legend: (+) = Positive (-) = Negative
 Table 1 shows the result of the phytochemical screening of

Ironweed (Vernonia cinerea, Asteraceae). The plants samples gives a

positive results to alkaloidal tests, and detection of, Triterpenes,

phytosterols and flavonoids. The activity constituents elicits the wound

healings effect is alkaloids and flavonoids.

Table 2.a Comparison of Ironweed Solution and 10% Betadine Solution

Base on Size of Wound

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
Ironwee 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
d 5 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 5 5 5
Solution cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm

Positive 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Control 5 5 0 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 0
(Betadin cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
e
solution
10%)

Table 2.a shows the Comparison of the Ironweed Solution and 10%

Betadine Solution based on the size of wound, it was noted that the

betadine solution reduced drastically the size of the wound more than the

Ironweed solution. There was no sign of wound on day 7 trial 3 in the

animal treated with betadine solution.

Table 2.b Test of Difference on the Size of the Wound using the Betadine
(positive control) and the Ironweed

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 Mean Standard p-value

Deviation

Ironweed .68 .43

.756
Betadine .62 .46

Table 2.b the table shows that it can be gleaned that the mean size

of the wound treated using betadine is lower than the ironweed. This

implies that the betadine solution can make the size of the wound smaller

than those wounds which are treated using the ironweed. Further, it can

be gleaned that despite of such mean size, the ironweed solution shows a

more consistent results than that of the betadine. To ensure if there is a

significant difference between the two products being compare,

independent t-test was employed and it was found out that there is no

significant difference between the ironweed and betadine implying that

despite of having lower mean, the performance of the two products is the

same.

Table 3 Comparison of Ironweed Solution and 10% Betadine Solution Base

on Swelling
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

28
Ironwe
ed
Solution # # #
* * * - - - + + +

Positive
Control
(Betadi # # # #
ne * * * - - - + +
solution
10%)

Legend: Swelling is present (*) Reduce Swelling (-)

Swelling is gradually diminish (+) No Swelling (#)

Table 3 shows the Comparison of the Ironweed Solution and 10%

Betadine Solution based on the swelling it was noted that the betadine

solution, shows a gradual decrease in the swellings in both in the positive

control group, there was no sign of swelling at day 5 trial 3. Experimental

group took longer time to elicit its pharmacologic effects. Swelling

subdues at day 7 trial 1.

Table 4 Comparison of Ironweed Solution and 10% Betadine Solution Base

on Redness
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

29
Ironweed
Solution
* * * * * * * * - - - +
Positive
Control
(Betadine
solution
* * * * * - - - + + + +
10%)
Legend: Red (*) Red-Pink (-) Pink (+)

Table 4 shows the Comparison of the Ironweed Solution and 10%

Betadine Solution based on redness, Table 3, shows that there was no

redness on the positive control on day 5 trial 2 and the redness didn’t

proliferate at trial 3, the experimental control shows signs of redness until

day 7 trial 3.

Table 5 Comparison of Ironweed Solution and 10% Betadine Solution Base

on Dryness

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

30
Ironweed
Solution
* * * _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +

Positive
Control
(Betadine * * * _ _ _ _ _ + + + #
solution
10%)
Legend: Moist (*) Semi Dry (-) Dry (+) Totally Dry (#)

Table 5 shows the Comparison of the Ironweed Solution and 10%

Betadine Solution based on the dryness of wound, Table 5, shows totality in

dryness at day 7 at the first trial, the experimental group shows signs of

dryness at day 7 trial 3.

Table 6 Comparison of Ironweed Solution and 10% Betadine Solution Base

on Inflammation
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

31
 Ironwe
ed
Solution * * * * * _ _ _ _ + + +

Positive
Control
(Betadi * * * * * _ _ _ + + + +
ne
solution
10%)
Legend: Inflammation is still present (*) Reduced inflammation (-)
No Inflammation (+)

Table 6 shows that there was no inflammation at day 5 trial 3 for the

positive control group, the experimental group shows no signs of

inflammation at day 7 trial 1.

Test for Constituents Detected Result

Detection of Alkaloids
Mayer’s Test Alkaloids +
Dragendorff’s Test Alkaloids -

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Hager’s Test Alkaloids +
Wagner’s Test Alkaloids +
Detection of Carbohydrates
Molisch’s Test Carbohydrates +
Fehling’s Test Reducing Sugars +
Detection OF Glycosides
Modified Borntrager’S Test Anthraquinone glycosides -
Kedde Test Unsaturated lactones -
Detection of Saponins
Froth Test Saponins +
Foam Test Saponins +
Detection of Phytosterol
Cupric acetate test Diterpenes +
Salkowski’s test Triterpenes -
Libermann burchard’s test Phytosterols +
Detection of Phenolic Compounds
Ferric Chloride Test Phenolics -
Gelatin Test Tannins -
Detection of Flavonoids
Alkaline Reagent Test Flavonoids +
Lead Acetate Test Flavonoids +
Detection of Proteins
Xanthoproteic Test Protein -

33