Zbog poteškoća u uklanjanju nafte iz kaljužnih voda gravitacijskim samo OWS-om, dodatnim fazama

obrade (radom na jedinici) dodaju se separaci kaljuži da bi se dovoljno očistilo i „poliralo“ kaljužna
voda u skladu s trenutnim i očekivanim standardima pražnjenja iz brodova (Sun et al. , 2009; Caplan i
sur., 2000). Osim što omogućuje veće ukupno smanjenje koncentracije kaljužnog ulja, dodavanje faza
liječenja čini separatore kaljuža pouzdanijim pružanjem određene redundanse za izdržavanje
problema ili neuspjeha pojedinih stupnjeva. Uključivanje jednog ili više koraka poliranja dodatni je
trošak za rad broda; međutim, odvajanje kaljužnih brodskih voda obično je ekonomičnije od
zadržavanja svu masnu vodu za prijenos i

naknadno liječenje na obali (Ghidossi i sur., 2009).

Američka obalna straža certificirala je više od stotinu kaljužnih separatora za udovoljavanje standardu
za ispuštanje nafte MARPOL od 15 ppm. Svi ovi razdvajači kaljuže su sustavi za obradu koji
kombiniraju gravitacijski OWS (ili centrifugu, kao što je dolje navedeno) s jednom ili više dodatnih
operacijskih jedinica koje poliraju otpadni otpad. Većina certificiranih odvajača kaljuži kombinira
nekoliko postgravitacijskih OWS / jedinica centrifuge kao što su:

- Apsorpcija i adsorpcija

- Biološki tretman

- Membranske tehnologije (ultrafiltracija)

3.3 POLISHING TREATMENT FOR BILGE SEPARATORS

Due to the difficulty in removing oil from bilgewater by gravity OWS alone, additional

treatment stages (unit operations) are added to bilge separators in order to sufficiently clean and

“polish” bilgewater to comply with current and anticipated vessel discharge standards (Sun et al.,

2009; Caplan et al., 2000). In addition to providing greater overall reduction in bilge oil

concentrations, the addition of treatment stages makes bilge separators more reliable by

providing some redundancy to withstand problems or failure of individual stages. Including one

or more polishing steps is an added cost to the operation of a ship; however, onboard bilge

separation is typically more economical than holding all oily bilgewater for transfer and

subsequent treatment on shore (Ghidossi et al., 2009).

More than one hundred bilge separators have been certified by the U.S. Coast Guard to

meet the MARPOL 15 ppm oil discharge standard. 8

• Absorption and Adsorption

All of these bilge separators are treatment

systems that combine a gravity OWS (or centrifuge, as noted below) with one or more additional

unit operations that polish the bilgewater effluent. Most certified bilge separators combine

several post-gravity OWS/centrifuge unit operations such as:

• Biological Treatment

8 124 records were returned from a search of “Oil pollution prevention equipment – 162.050” on the
US Coast

Guard’s Maritime Information Exchange (http://cgmix.uscg.mil/Equipment/EquipmentSearch.aspx,

updated

Tuesday, August 10, 2010)

Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater

Separators

• Coagulation and Flocculation

• Flotation

• Membrane Technologies (ultrafiltration)

Descriptions of these unit operations are provided below. These technologies can all be

considered post-OWS polishers, as gravity OWS (or centrifuge) treatment is a typical first step

for bulk removal of non-aqueous phase components. Although this document focuses on the

capabilities and performance of these unit operations to remove oil, these technologies are also

capable of removing other pollutants (e.g., suspended solids, metals, organic chemicals) from

bilgewater. For example, Tomaszewska et al. (2005) found that ultrafiltration was effective in

removing turbidity and suspended solids, organic carbon, and several trace metals (Al, Fe and

Zn) from bilgewater, in addition to oil. According to a manufacturer, unit operations are

optimized for removal of oil when used in bilge separators, which may reduce their effectiveness

in treating other pollutants (see Attachment B).

3.3.1 Absorption and Adsorption

Absorption and adsorption are both physicochemical sorption processes that can be used

to separate oil from bilgewater. Absorption is the incorporation of a substance from one physical
state into another physical state (e.g., a liquid absorbed by a solid). Adsorption is the physical

adherence or bonding of molecules onto the surface of another phase (e.g., reagents adsorbed

from water only a solid surface). For both processes, bilgewater is pumped through the sorption

media in a reactor vessel or contactor, and the oil is removed from the media. Once the capacity

of the sorption media is exhausted, the reactor or contactor is removed from service, and the

media is replaced. For all sorption processes, the spent media is an oily solid waste residual.

Certain spent media can be regenerated aboard ship while others may be regenerated or disposed

of on shore.

Oil can be absorbed from bilgewater using granular substrates and absorbents or cartridge

filters with surfaces modified to have a high affinity for emulsified droplets (Alper, 2003). Two

such modified surfaces used to absorb emulsified oil are organoclay and curable polymeric

surfactant (PS). Organoclay is widely used to absorb oil from water. When bentonite or other

clays and zeolites are organically modified with quaternary amines, they become organophilic

(Alther, 1995). This property of the surface of modified clays enables them to remove oil and

other organic compounds of low polarity. When organoclays are placed into water containing

mechanically emulsified oil, greases and large chlorinated hydrocarbons, the organophilic clay

will remove these compounds by a partitioning process. Therefore, organoclay can be used to

remove emulsified oil and grease and other sparingly soluble organics. Disposal options for spent

media are cement kilns, landfills, bioremediation through land farming, cement encapsulation or

incineration. Based on personal communication with the manufacturer, the usage rate for

organoclay is typically about 10 kg/100 m3 of oily bilgewater treated (see Attachment B).

Curable PS is an oleophilic compound that is infused in standard filter materials such as

polypropylene fabric. Once cured, the properties of PS are transferred into the substrate, thereby

greatly enhancing its ability to attach organic compounds to the filter substrate (Alper, 2003). PS

technology works by chemically immobilizing the pollutants into the filter matrix. According to

personal communication with the manufacturer, usage rates for PS absorbers are based on

replacement of the filters 3-4 times per year (see Attachment B). PS absorbers have affinity for
Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater
Separators

10

organic compounds and do not develop additional differential pressure in the presence of very

thick oils or under high loading conditions. This property enables PS to capture concentrated

slugs of oil without clogging, making them useful as pre-filters for more sensitive and therefore

easily fouled filtration methods.

A number of bilge separator treatment systems use adsorption. Granular activated carbon

(GAC) is the most popular adsorption media and can effectively remove dissolved oil and

hydrophobic organic chemicals from water. Initial capital costs for GAC adsorbers are relatively

low. However, based on personal communication with a manufacturer, activated carbon has a

low capacity for emulsified oil (5–7 times less than organoclay; Alther, 1995) and becomes

saturated once it adsorbs 10-20% oil by weight (see Attachment B). GAC is vulnerable to high

suspended solids and oil loading; these can foul or bind the adsorber and require frequent

backwashing or media replacement.9

Based on personal contact with a manufacturer, sorption processes are well suited for

smaller (<400 GT) vessels because they are relatively compact, have relatively low capital cost

and cost of operation for treating modest volumes of bilgewater, and require relatively low

maintenance other than media replacement (see Attachment B). Replacement is straight forward

if the sorbent media is configured as modular cartridges, similar to under-sink water treatment

devices.

In this situation, the capacity of the activated carbon is

significantly reduced, requiring frequent replacement of the sorbent media at greatly increased

cost and liability of solid waste generation.

3.3.2 Biological Treatment

Biological treatment employs microorganisms to convert the substrate (oil and other

organic compounds) to carbon dioxide, cell components, and products typical of the usual

catabolic pathways. The microorganisms are grown as a film attached to a synthetic support
media in a bioreactor (see Attachment A). Oil and related contaminants are degraded in this biolayer

as the bacteria oxidize the hydrocarbons. Aerators, located beneath the media, provide the

oxygen required to support bacterial growth and oxidation of the targeted organic contaminants.

Nutrient addition and pH adjustment of bilgewater is also usually necessary. Biological treatment

of oily bilgewater typically consists of an OWS, the bioreactor, and a final clarifier, which

removes microorganisms (biomass).

Biological treatment can degrade organic pollutants (i.e., bilge oil) to low concentrations,

even in the presence of detergents and other bilge contaminants. Emulsified oil, which can be

difficult to treat by physical/chemical treatment processes, is readily degraded by

microorganisms in biological treatment since small oil droplets are processed quickly (Caplan et

al. 2000). Furthermore, biological treatment is effective at removing other organic pollutants that

may be of concern such as glycols, solvents, jet fuel, surfactants, detergents, nitrogen and

phosphates. Biological treatment produces essentially no waste oil, which can be a significant

advantage of this technology. Biological treatment is also mechanically simple and functions

well under conditions of moderate throughput with controlled loading. Loading spikes can

overwhelm and upset biological units, and the microorganisms upon which they rely are

9 Activated carbon is a porous material with adsorption of organic molecules occurring within
micropores. Oil

droplets larger than the micropore diameter (10-1,000 angstroms) may cover the pore, thereby
preventing any

further adsorption.

Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater

Separators

11

sensitive to temperature, pH and nutrient concentrations (Alper, 2003). Capital costs are

relatively high, although operating costs are relatively low. The degree of operator skill

necessary for the proper function of biological treatment may be higher than that required for

other polishing processes.

3.3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation and flocculation are associated processes used to aggregate particles too

small for gravitational settling into larger, more readily settlable aggregates. In the case of oil

(especially emulsified oil), the separation of the aggregated particles may also be accomplished

by flotation. In oily bilgewater treatment, coagulation and flocculation are often referred to as

“emulsion breaking”. Following the separation of free oil in an OWS, the remaining emulsified

bilgewater is directed to a circulation tank where a flocculent chemical and, in the case of

flotation, air are added to the water. Tank mixing is provided by a circulation pump or

mechanical stirrers. The aggregation of colloidal particles involves two separate and distinct

steps (Weber, 1972): particle transport to effect interparticle contact and particle destabilization

to permit attachment when contact occurs. The aggregated flocks that form with the oil are then

skimmed off, and the remaining water may undergo through a number of filtering steps.

Flocculation can also be used in conjunction with high performance gravity separation devices

(generally a centrifuge).

Coagulation and flocculation is effective if properly applied, although it can suffer from

several shortcomings (Cheryan and Rajagopalan, 1998). These include:

• High susceptibility to changes in influent quality,

• Optimization aboard each vessel to determine the type and quantity of chemicals

required, and

• Skilled operators and careful control (or sophisticated automation) to optimize

performance.

Chemical addition is a daily or hourly process and a significant operating cost.

Coagulation and flocculation can generate considerable quantities of sludge requiring disposal.

According to manufacturers, as much as 5 to 25% of the volume of oily water treated by

flocculation chemicals can become residual waste for onshore disposal (Zhu et al., 1997;

Attachment B).

3.3.4 Flotation

Air or gas flotation can be used to enhance gravity separation. Flotation uses the
differential density between the air or gas bubbles to which the oil droplets and small solid

particles become attached and the water to effect separation. Since the agglomerates have a

lower density than the medium in which they are immersed, they rise to the surface where they

are removed by skimming.

Flotation has been used to treat oil-bearing effluents from a wide variety of sources,

including bilge and ballast waste aboard vessels (Bennett and Peters, 1988). There are different

types of flotation systems classified based on their method of bubble formation. Dissolved air

flotation (DAF), for example, relies upon gas released from a supersaturated solution as a result

of pressure reduction. As mentioned above, the flotation step is often augmented by the addition

Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater

Separators

12

of flocculating agent and may be followed by additional gravity separation as a safety precaution

(Lysyj and Russell, 1979).

3.3.5 Membrane Technologies (Ultrafiltration)

Membrane technologies, in essence molecular sieves, have been used to produce purified

water in numerous municipal and industrial applications. Membrane processes have been found

to be an effective method for the treatment of oily effluents due to high efficiency in

hydrocarbon removal, relatively low energy requirements, no chemical addition and relatively

low space requirement (Cheryan and Rajagopalan, 1998). Membrane operations typically fall

into three categories: ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) with the

following particle size and molecular weight (MW) ranges resented in Table 1.

Table 1: Reverse Osmosis Particle Size and Molecular Weight Ranges

Membrane

Technology Particle Size Cutoff Molecular Weight

(MW) Ranges

Components

Retained
Ultrafiltration 0.01 to 0.1 μm 1,000 – 100,000 most organics over

1000 MW

Nanofiltration 0.001 to 0.008 μm

( 10 to 80 angstroms) 200 – 10,000

95% divalent ions,

40% monovalent

ions, organics

greater than 150-300

MW

Reverse

Osmosis

0.0005 to 0.0015 μm

(5 to 15 angstroms) 100 – 300

99% of most ions,

most organics over

150 MW

Source: (Cheryan and Rajagopalan, 1998)

Membrane processes have gained wide acceptance because they consistently produce

effluents of acceptable discharge quality, and they are perceived to be a simple process from an

operational viewpoint (Cheryan and Rajagopalan, 1998). Membranes act as positive barriers to

rejected components, so the quality of the treated water tends to be uniform regardless of influent

variations. These variations may decrease the permeate flux, but generally do not affect quality

of its output.

Ultrafiltration (UF) has been the primary membrane technology used for post OWS

bilgewater polishing. UF devices separate high molecular weight constituents and solids from

fluids by forcing the fluid through the very small pores of a polymeric or inorganic membrane.

UF membranes allow the passage of water, ions, or small molecules, but prohibit the passage of
oil and other larger molecules10

10 Based on personal communication with Coffin World Water Systems, Oil typically occurs as
macromolecules in

water, not as discrete molecules (see Attachment B).

. UF operates at relatively low pressure (0.7–7 bar) because the

osmotic pressure exerted by the high molecular weight solutes is negligible, and the membranes

are designed to separate such solutes (Bodzek and Konieczny, 1992; Karakulski et al., 1995).

Membrane systems produce two output streams: the permeate, which is the treated water, and the

concentrate, which may contain up to 50% oil. The concentrate is typically recycled back to the

bilgewater holding tank. As the oil recovered with the concentrate is usually de-emulsified, it can

be readily separated by the OWS upon its subsequent pass through the treatment system. Based

Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater

Separators

13

on personal communication with a manufacturer, experience has shown that bilge separators

incorporating UF generate waste oil at a rate of less than 15% of the treated bilgewater flow rate

(see Attachment B).

The treatment of bilgewater by UF has been demonstrated to substantially reduce the

content of oil to less than 5 ppm (Gryta et al., 2001). Ceramic module UF systems have been

tested and used on U.S. Navy ships for treatment of oily bilgewater with generally good results.

The systems are able to reduce oil concentrations from approximately 232 ppm to less than 5

ppm at flows of about 1 m3/hr.

The Discharge Assessment Report (DAR) prepared by the U.S. Department of the Navy’s

Naval Sea Systems Command and the EPA’s Office of Water (Navy and EPA, 2003) included

technical analyses of surface vessel bilgewater discharges. The DAR concluded that membrane

filtration passes as a Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) option for treating bilgewater,

and that membrane filtration is successfully used onboard Armed Forces surface vessels to treat

bilgewater. In the companion Characterization Analysis Report (ChAR) (Navy and EPA, 2002),
the Navy conducted an evaluation of a membrane filtration system to determine its ability to

consistently produce an effluent that would conform to local and worldwide environmental

standards regardless of influent concentrations. The test results indicated that membrane

filtration is capable of conforming to these standards while operating over a wide range of pH

and is resistant to chemical attack. High concentrations of inorganic and organic compounds led

to reduced membrane performance; however, most membranes recovered significantly when

flushed with water for 15 minutes.

The effectiveness of several bilge separators with UF polishers installed in U.S. Naval

vessels was studied in 1999 and 2000 (ERG, 2004). These were real-world tests conducted

onboard vessels, with bilge separators treating actual (not synthetic) bilgewater. The oil

concentrations in untreated and treated bilgewater were measured using approved analytical

methods, and the data were fully quality assured. The UF-polished effluent oil concentrations

were almost always less than or equal to the SGT-HEM 5 ppm detection limit. The average

OWS/UF effluent oil concentration was 5.5 ppm SGT-HEM 11

The inherent tendency of membranes to catch all but the smallest particle sizes renders

them susceptible to the accumulation of fouling by organic, inorganic and biological materials on

the membrane surface, referred to as membrane fouling. Fouling causes the permeate flux in UF

to decrease over time. Because of fouling, UF processes must be stopped regularly for membrane

cleaning to restore membrane permeability (Lee et al., 2002). Membrane cleaning, as well as

other measures for fouling control, increases cost and complexity of the processes significantly

and makes membrane processes less competitive in many application (Lee et al., 2002).

when the OCM set point was 15

ppm. The OWS/UF systems had a much higher percent removal of oil (80%) than the bilge

separators with only gravity OWS (9%).

The advantages of treatment using membrane technologies are consistently high

efficiency of the separation, a low rate of residual waste oil generation, and reasonably low

operating cost (Gryta et al., 2001). Disadvantages of UF include high capital and maintenance
costs, if fouling becomes a recurring problem. According to personal communication with a

11Non-detect oil concentrations were set equal to the detection limit for this analysis.

Oily Bilgewater Separators Section 3 - Treatment Technologies and components of Bilgewater

Separators

14

manufacturer and as described in system documentation, membranes m

---

OILY WATER SEPARATORS

March 31, 2012 by Stavros Kairis Leave a Comment

The story so far

Oily Water Separators (OWS) are being used onboard ships as a regulatory requirement of MARPOL
conventions. Their main use is to clear the water that has been accumulated in ship’s bilges and
produce water that its contents is within acceptable limits in order to be discharged overboard.
OWS are mainly installed and used onboard to protect the environment and consequently the public
interest. Therefore since they don’t produce any “measurable” profit for the ship owner and because
they don’t play a critical role to the ship’s structural or operational safety, they don’t get the attention
they should be given as a system.
At the beginning the OWS were required to reduce the oil in discharge water to 100 ppm. Therefore
ships could discharge waste water as long as the ship was underway, at a safe distance from shore,
and of course not in sensitive areas as defined by regulations. In 1992, the discharge standard
became more stringent requiring oil in discharge water up to 15 ppm and therefore problems became
apparent since the equipment onboard was not operating properly.
At the time the attitude was to have whatever OWS equipment was needed onboard according to
minimum regulatory requirements and “let it be”. Additionally the crew was not being motivated in
order to show any interest on the operation of such equipment and of course not to mention that the
OWS is not the only equipment that needs attention onboard.
Engineers often modified OWS systems to their “liking” in order to fit their operational needs, or
because the operational instructions of the system by the manufacturer where poorly written not giving
specific guidelines. This of course was not the right thing to do but it worth taking the risk in order to
have an engineer occupy himself with the rest of the ship’s machinery and equipment.
Such practices mentioned above, at least at the early stages of using OWS systems, were enhanced
by the fact that surveyors, often directed to evaluate the condition of OWS systems for various
stakeholders, were unable to arrive at a conclusion on the condition and functionality of an OWS by
simply looking at it and inspecting the Oil Record Book. This happened mainly due to the physical
design and purpose of the OWS systems.
Of course these days are over and nowadays it is not easy to avoid in an inspection the OWS system
being checked and a deficiency (and possible violation) be left unseen from the inspector.
Especially in the US, authorities are very much interested in pursuing ocean dumping cases, in
particular OWS (or “magic pipes”) incidents, where equipment is installed in order to by-pass
shipboard OWS, and consequently ship’s logs regarding waste discharges are being altered
containing false records. The penalties include prison sentences, non-financial penalties (e.g.
Environmental Compliance Programs) and of course exclusion from US waters for the probation
period.
OWS Treatment Technologies
Treatment technologies of the Oily Water Separators can be summarized according to the method that
is being used to separate oily mixtures. The following information has been extracted from EPA’s 2011
report on Oily Bilge Water Separators.
1. Gravity Oily Water Separators: Gravity OWS use parallel plate or filter coalescing technologies
to separate oil from water by using the different specific gravities of the two liquids and their
immiscibility with each other. Bilgewater is heated to approximately 120° F prior to OWS
treatment in order to improve the separation of oil. The OWS contains a coalescing material,
which is typically polypropylene that may be in the form of parallel plates or loose packed media.
Free and dispersed oil droplets in the bilgewater adhere to the coalescing material as it passes
through the OWS. These droplets continue to coalesce and then break free from the plates or
media and rise to the surface of the OWS tank. The OWS contains sensors that detect the
presence of oil and trigger the OWS to automatically pump the collected oil to a waste oil tank.
2. Centrifugal Separators: Centrifugal separators, like gravity OWS, employ the difference in
density between oil and water and coalescence of oil droplets to separate oil from bilgewater.
However, they do so by greatly multiplying gravity using centrifugal acceleration. In addition,
high centrifugal force can mechanically induce flocculation and coagulation to separate
emulsified oil. Compared to conventional gravity OWS, centrifugal separators are compact and
highly efficient, do not require large bilgewater holding tanks and generate minimal waste
volume.
3. Polishing Treatment For Bilge Separators: The addition of treatment stages makes bilge
separators more reliable by providing some redundancy to withstand problems or failure of
individual stages. This includes one or more polishing steps which is an added cost to the
operation of a ship. Most certified bilge separators combine several post-gravity OWS/centrifuge
unit operations such as: Biological Treatment, Coagulation and
Flocculation, Flotation, Membrane Technologies (ultrafiltration). These technologies can all be
considered post-OWS polishers, as gravity OWS (or centrifuge) treatment is a typical first step
for bulk removal of non-aqueous phase components.
Residual Generation
All bilge separator treatment systems generate oily residuals and sludge. At a minimum, the effective
treatment of 1,000 gallons of bilgewater containing 500 ppm of oil will generate 0.5 gallons of oily
waste. Actual residual generation varies based on the characteristics of the bilgewater and the specific
treatment technologies used in the bilge separator. Residuals generated by treatment technology are
summarized in the table below.
Treatment Technology Residual Generated
OWS Gravity Separator Oily Waste & Sludge

Centrifugal Separator Oily Waste &Sludge

Organoclay Absoption Oily Solid Waste

 GAC Adsorption Oily Solid Waste
Biological Treatment Sludge & Biosolids
Coagulation & Flocculation Oily Sludge
Flotation Oily Sludge
Ultrafiltration Oily Waste
Oil Content Monitor
All vessels over 400 GT are required to have an oil content monitor (OCM), including a bilge alarm,
integrated into the piping system in order to detect if the treated water that is being discharged from
the OWS is in accordance with the discharge requirements. The OCM very important to the OWS
system since it can stop the process of discharge of oil from the vessel in case of a bilge separator
failure. OCMs require continuous maintenance and cleaning to avoid malfunctions.

Oily Water Separator System Flowchart

SEPARATORI ULJNE VODE

31. ožujka 2012. Stavros Kairis Ostavite komentar

Priča za sada

Uljani separatori vode (OWS) koriste se na brodovima kao regulatorni zahtjev MARPOL konvencija.
Njihova glavna upotreba je očistiti vodu koja se nakupila u brodskim klisurama i proizvesti vodu da je
njen sadržaj u prihvatljivim granicama kako bi se mogla ispustiti u brod.
OWS se uglavnom instaliraju i koriste na brodu radi zaštite okoliša i, posljedično, javnog interesa.
Stoga, budući da ne daju nikakvu "mjerljivu" zaradu za vlasnika broda i zato što ne igraju kritičnu
ulogu za brodsku strukturnu ili operativnu sigurnost, ne dobivaju pažnju koja bi im trebala biti data u
sustavu.

Na početku su se zahtijevali OWS-om da smanji ulje u ispusnoj vodi na 100 ppm. Stoga bi brodovi
mogli ispuštati otpadnu vodu sve dok se brod nalazio, na sigurnoj udaljenosti od obale, i naravno ne u
osjetljivim područjima kako je to propisano propisima. Godine 1992. standard za ispuštanje postao je
strožiji što je zahtijevalo ulje u odvodnoj vodi do 15 ppm i zbog toga su postali očigledni problemi jer
oprema na brodu ne radi ispravno.

U to vrijeme stav je bio imati na sebi sve potrebne OWS opremu prema minimalnim regulatornim
zahtjevima i „neka to bude“. Osim toga, posada nije bila motivirana kako bi pokazivala interes za rad
takve opreme, a naravno da ne spominjemo da OWS nije jedina oprema kojoj treba pažnja na brodu.

Inženjeri su često modificirali OWS sustave po svojoj želji kako bi odgovarali njihovim operativnim
potrebama ili zbog toga što su operativne upute proizvođača od proizvođača loše napisane, a ne daju
posebne smjernice. To, naravno, nije bilo ispravno, ali vrijedi riskirati da bi se inženjer zaposlio s
ostatkom brodske mehanizacije i opreme.

Takve gore spomenute prakse, barem u ranim fazama korištenja OWS sustava, poboljšane su
činjenicom da geodeti, koji su često usmjereni za procjenu stanja OWS sustava za različite dionike,
nisu uspjeli donijeti zaključak o stanju i funkcionalnosti OWS-om jednostavnim gledanjem i uvidom u
Knjigu o uljima. To se uglavnom dogodilo zbog fizičkog dizajna i svrhe OWS sustava.

Naravno, ovih je dana gotovo i danas nije lako izbjeći da se provjerava sustav OWS-a i da inspektor ne
vidi nedostatak (i moguće kršenje).

Osobito u SAD-u, vlasti su jako zainteresirane za provođenje slučajeva odlaganja u ocean, osobito
incidenata OWS (ili "čarobnih cijevi"), gdje se oprema instalira kako bi se zaobišao brodski OWS, a
time i brodski trupci u vezi s ispuštanjem otpada. izmijenjena s lažnim zapisima. Kazne uključuju
zatvorske kazne, ne-novčane kazne (npr. Programi zaštite okoliša) i naravno isključenje iz voda SAD-a
za vrijeme provjeravanja.

OWS tehnologije liječenja

Tehnologije tretmana uljnih separatora za uljne vode mogu se sažeti prema metodi koja se koristi za
odvajanje masnih smjesa. Sljedeće informacije izvučene su iz izvještaja EPA-e za 2011. godinu o
separatorima vode za kaljužne kaljuže.

Gravitični uljni separatori vode: Gravitacijski OWS koriste paralelne tehnologije ploča ili filtra za
koaliranje da bi odvojili ulje od vode koristeći različite specifične težine dviju tekućina i njihovu
nespojivost. Plinska voda se zagrijava na oko 120 ° F prije obrade OWS-om kako bi se poboljšalo
odvajanje nafte. OWS sadrži koalesirajući materijal, koji je obično polipropilen koji može biti u obliku
paralelnih ploča ili slobodnog pakiranog medija. Slobodne i disperzirane kapljice ulja u kaljužnoj vodi
pridržavaju se materijala za objedinjavanje dok prolazi kroz OWS. Te se kapljice nastavljaju sakupljati,
a zatim se oslobađaju od ploča ili medija i dižu na površinu OWS spremnika. OWS sadrži senzore koji
otkrivaju prisustvo ulja i pokreću OWS da automatski pumpa prikupljeno ulje u spremnik za otpadna
ulja.

Centrifugalni separatori: Centrifugalni separatori, poput gravitacijskog OWS-a, koriste razliku u

gustoći između ulja i vode i koalescenciji kapljica nafte da bi odvojili ulje od kaljužne vode. Međutim,
oni to čine tako što umnožavaju gravitaciju koristeći centrifugalno ubrzanje. Pored toga, visoka
centrifugalna sila može mehanički inducirati flokulaciju i koagulaciju za odvajanje emulgiranog ulja. U
usporedbi s konvencionalnim gravitacijskim OWS, centrifugalni separatori su kompaktni i vrlo
učinkoviti, ne zahtijevaju velike spremnike kaljužnih voda i stvaraju minimalnu količinu otpada.

Tretman poliranjem kaljužnih separatora: Dodavanje faza tretmana čini separatore kaljuža
pouzdanijim pružajući nešto suvišnih oblika kako bi izdržali probleme ili neuspjehe pojedinih
stupnjeva. To uključuje jedan ili više koraka poliranja, što predstavlja dodatni trošak za rad broda.
Većina ce

Većina certificiranih odvajača kaljuži kombinira nekoliko postulatnih OWS / jedinica centrifuge kao
što su: Biološka obrada, koagulacija i flokulacija, Flotacija, Membranske tehnologije (ultrafiltracija).
Sve ove tehnologije mogu se smatrati uređajima za poliranje nakon OWS-a, budući da je gravitacijski
tretman OWS-om (ili centrifugom) tipičan prvi korak za skupno uklanjanje komponenata nevodene
faze.

Preostala generacija

Svi sustavi za obradu kaljužnih separatora stvaraju uljne ostatke i talog. U najmanju ruku, učinkovito
tretiranje 1000 litara kaljužne vode s 500 ppm ulja stvorit će 0,5 litara masnog otpada. Stvarna
preostala proizvodnja ovisi o karakteristikama kaljužne vode i specifičnim tehnologijama obrade koje
se koriste u separatu kaljuže. Ostaci dobiveni tehnologijom obrade sažeti su u donjoj tablici.

Tehnologija liječenja

Ostali generirani

OWS Gravity separator

Masni otpad i mulj

Centrifugalni separator

Masni otpad i mulj

Apsorpcija organoklaja

Masni kruti otpad

GAC adsorpcija

Masni kruti otpad

Biološki tretman

Mulj i biosolidi

Zgrušavanje i flokulacija

Uljni mulj
Flotacija

Uljni mulj

ultrafiltracija

Uljni otpad

Monitor sadržaja ulja

Sva plovila veća od 400 BT moraju imati monitor sadržaja ulja (OCM), uključujući kaljužni alarm,
integriran u cjevovodni sustav kako bi se otkrilo je li obrađena voda koja se ispušta iz OWS u skladu sa
zahtjevima za pražnjenje. OCM je vrlo važan za OWS sustav jer može zaustaviti proces ispuštanja ulja
iz posude u slučaju kvara separatora kaljuže. OCM-ovi zahtijevaju kontinuirano održavanje i čišćenje
kako bi se izbjegli kvarovi.

---

Types[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see Oil–water separator.

Gravity plate separator[edit]

Marine Oily water separator

A gravity plate separator contains a series of oleophilic plates through which the contaminated
water flows. The oil in the water coalesces on the underside of the plate eventually forming
droplets before coalescing into liquid oil which floats off the plates and accumulates at the top of
the chamber. The oil accumulating at the top is then transferred to waste oil tank on the vessel
where it is later discharged to a treatment facility shore side. This type of Oily Water Separator is
very common in ships but it has some flaws that decrease efficiency. Oil particles that are
twenty micrometers or smaller do not get separated. The variety of oily wastes in bilge water can
limit removal efficiency especially when very dense and highly viscous oils such as bunker oil are
present. Plates must be replaced when fouled, which increases the costs of operation.[15]

Electrochemical[edit]
Wastewater purification of oils and contaminants by electrochemical emulsification is actively in
research and development. Electrochemical emulsification involves the generation of electrolytic
bubbles that attract pollutants such as sludge and carry them to the top of the treatment chamber.
Once at the top of the treatment chamber the oil and other pollutants are transferred to a waste
oil tank.[16]

Bioremediation[edit]
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to treat contaminated water. A carefully managed
environment is needed for the microorganisms which includes nutrients and hydrocarbons such
as oil or other contaminants, and oxygen.
In pilot scale studies, bio-remediation was used as one stage in a multi-stage purification process
involving a plate separator to remove the majority of the contaminants and was able to treat
pollutants at very low concentrations including organic contaminants such as glycerol, solvents,
jet fuel, detergents, and phosphates. After treatment of contaminated water, carbon dioxide,
water and an organic sludge were the only residual products.[15]

Centrifugal[edit]
A centrifugal water-oil separator, centrifugal oil-water separator or centrifugal liquid-liquid
separator is a device designed to separate oil and water by centrifugation. It generally contains a
cylindrical container that rotates inside a larger stationary container. The denser liquid, usually
water, accumulates at the periphery of the rotating container and is collected from the side of the
device, whereas the less dense liquid, usually oil, accumulates at the rotation axis and is
collected from the center. Centrifugal oil-water separators are used for waste water processing
and for cleanup of oil spills on sea or on lake. Centrifugal oil-water separators are also used for
filtering diesel and lubricating oils by removing the waste particles and impurity from them.
vrste

Za cjelovitiji popis, pogledajte separator ulje i voda.

Razdjelnik gravitacijske ploče

Morski uljni separator vode

Odvajač gravitacijske ploče sadrži niz oleofilnih ploča kroz koje teče kontaminirana voda. Ulje u vodi
koalira se na donjoj strani ploče, čime se na kraju formiraju kapljice prije spajanja u tekuće ulje koje
ispliva s ploča i nakuplja se na vrhu komore. Ulje se nakuplja na vrhu, a zatim se prebacuje u
spremnik za otpadno ulje na posudi, gdje se kasnije ispušta na obalu postrojenja za obradu. Ova vrsta
razdvajača masnih voda vrlo je česta na brodovima, ali ima neke nedostatke koji smanjuju
učinkovitost. Čestice ulja veličine dvadeset mikrometra ili manje ne razdvajaju se. Raznolikost masnih
otpadaka u kaljužnoj vodi može ograničiti učinkovitost uklanjanja, posebno kada su prisutna vrlo
gusta i jako viskozna ulja poput bunker ulja. Ploče se moraju zamijeniti nakon obrade, što povećava
troškove rada. [15]
Elektrokemijski

Pročišćavanje otpadnih voda ulja i kontaminanata elektrokemijskom emulgijom aktivno je u

istraživanju i razvoju. Elektrokemijska emulzija uključuje stvaranje elektrolitičkih mjehurića koji
privlače onečišćujuće tvari poput mulja i nose ih na vrh komore za obradu. Kad se stave na vrh
komore za pročišćavanje, ulje i drugi zagađivači prebacuju se u spremnik za otpadna ulja. [16]

Bioremedijacija

Bioremedijacija je upotreba mikroorganizama za liječenje kontaminirane vode. Za mikroorganizme je

potrebno pažljivo upravljanje okolišem koji uključuje hranjive tvari i ugljikovodike, poput nafte ili
drugih onečišćenja, i kisik.

U pilot istraživanjima, bio-sanacija je korištena kao jedna faza u procesu višesatnog pročišćavanja koji
uključuje separator ploča radi uklanjanja većine kontaminanata i bio je u mogućnosti tretirati
onečišćujuće tvari u vrlo niskim koncentracijama, uključujući organska onečišćenja, poput glicerola,
otapala, mlazno gorivo, deterdženti i fosfati. Nakon obrade kontaminirane vode, ugljični dioksid,
voda i organski mulj bili su jedini zaostali proizvodi. [15]

centrifugalan

Centrifugalni separator vode i ulja, centrifugalni separator ulja i vode ili centrifugalni separator
tekućine i tekućine je uređaj dizajniran za odvajanje ulja i vode centrifugiranjem. Obično sadrži
cilindrični spremnik koji se okreće unutar većeg nepomičnog spremnika. Gusta tekućina, obično voda,
akumulira se na obodu rotirajućeg spremnika i skuplja se sa strane uređaja, dok se manje gusta
tekućina, obično ulje, nakuplja na osi rotacije i skuplja iz središta. Centrifugalni separatori ulja i vode
koriste se za obradu otpadnih voda i za čišćenje izlijevanja nafte na moru ili jezeru. Centrifugalni
separatori ulja i vode koriste se i za filtriranje dizelskih i maziva ulja uklanjanjem otpadnih čestica i
nečistoća iz njih.

---

Bilge water treatment: Centrifugal or gravity

separation?
Apr 24, 2009 12:00 AM
Centrifugal bilge-water separators can be more efficient and less sensitive to rough
sea conditions than traditional gravity-based separators. Â Alfa Laval, maker of the
PureBilge system, is a strong proponent.

From the press release: Â

Discharge of bilge water with an oil content above 15 ppm into our oceans (less in
sensitive waters) is strictly prohibited by international law and subject to heavy fines.
All ships must have systems to treat bilge water and, to eliminate inefficient solutions,
the equipment must be tested and type approved according to MEPC 107(49).
Strangely, once installed onboard ships, certain systems fail to perform as well as
they did during the certification testing. Why is this?

Another question. When there are low cost, approved bilge water treatment systems
on the market, why do some ship owners invest in higher priced technology?Â

First, it is worth looking at the whole picture.Â

What exactly is bilge water?

This is difficult to define. Fifty years ago, bilge water was mainly composed of diesel
oil and water. Now it can be a mixture of water, fuel oil, lube oil, hydraulic oil,
detergents, oil additives, chemicals, catalytic fines, soot and other solid particles
(sludge). Nowadays, bilge water is a three phase separation task with sludge as the
third component.Â

The marine sector uses large amounts of chemicals for cleaning, service and
maintenance activities in the engine room and many of these products are surfactant-
based. As such, these chemicals contribute to the formation of suspensions and
emulsions that are difficult to break in a ship's bilge water system.

An emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, where small oil droplets are dispersed in
the continuous water phase. The formation of stable emulsions can compromise
separation efficiency and this becomes a challenge when an emulsion is stabilised by
surfactants and particles.

 Bilge water legislationÂ

Current MARPOL legislation stipulates that separated bilge water containing 15 ppm
or below oil in water can be discharged into international waters.Â

Some national, regional and local authorities have more stringent regulations. In the
United States and in the Baltic and North Seas, for instance, disposal of treated bilge
water is only permitted at least 12 nautical miles from shore.Â

Future legislation is expected to be even more stringent, requiring levels of oil in

water to be reduced to 5 ppm (Great Lakes already 5 ppm) for discharge at sea and
to zero-discharge in sensitive waters.Â
Detection methods used by government agencies and other authorities are becoming
more effective and now include both aerial as well as satellite detection of oil spills in
the oceans.

Type approval for bilge water separators

Prior to January 1, 2005, International Maritime Organization (IMO) resolution

MEPC.60 (33), which specified how to type approve equipment used on board ships,
required bilge water separators to be tested with a mixture of only oil and water.Â

Today's IMO regulation, resolution MEPC.107 (49), effective from January 1, 2005,
specifies that, in addition to the removal of oil from bilge water, bilge water separators
must be tested with a stable emulsion (including fine particles and a surfactant
chemical). Also, bilge water treatment systems must include an oil-in-water monitor
with a recording function for date, time, oil ppm alarm and operating status. The
recording of the operation must be stored for 18 months.

Traditional technologies

There are a number of less effective technologies in use for treating bilge water,
including chemical treatment, absorption filtration, membrane filtration, conventional
coalescers. All are static systems originally designed for "batch" operation, i.e.
processing large volumes of bilge water during a short period of time.Â

 Large waste and back flush volumes are normally generated by these systems.
Filter elements, active carbon, and coalescence elements require replacement when
saturated. In systems using flocculation chemicals, up to 25% of the treated bilge will
become reject and must be landed at great expense to the operator. Maintenance is
man-hour intensive and operation of these systems requires frequent supervision.

Possibly the most serious drawback of all, however, is that these systems (except
membranes) lose their efficiency at sea in rough weather conditions and when
difficult emulsions are present in the bilge water. This is because they make use of
normal gravitational force, which is easily overcome by a ship's motion in rough sea,
and this adversely affects the treatment process. Oil shocks also cause problems for
these systems.

So how can such systems be type approved?

Static conventional systems originally designed for batch operation often fail to do the
job properly in real life conditions.Â

So how is it possible that such systems can be type-approved according to IMO

regulations? The answer lies in the testing process. It's hard to believe, but the tests
are not performed under real life sea-conditions during a more extended period of
time. Why is this the case? This, unfortunately, is a question we must leave
unanswered.Â

The equipment is tested using just one chemical while, as discussed earlier, bilge
water in reality is composed of a complete cocktail of oil, different chemicals and
particles in emulsified form. The duration of the emulsion test is only 2,5 hours, hardly
giving the filters time to clog up or become saturated with oil and particles as they
would in real life conditions.Â

But most surprising of all, the test is conducted ashore in stable conditions, without
the pitching and rolling that occurs much of the time when a ship is at sea.

According to an Alfa Laval spokesman: "If traditional static systems were to be tested
with a realistic bilge water 'cocktail' under conditions simulating a rough sea state
24/7 for 20 days, they would immediately be eliminated."

 Centrifugal separation most efficient

By far the most efficient technology for this application are dynamic bilge water
treatment systems, utilising high speed, disc-type centrifugal separation
technology.Â

The gravitational force of 1G utilised in static separation systems is multiplied many

thousands of times in centrifugal systems. One typical centrifugal disc-type separator
equals a conventional gravity system with a settling area of 20,000 m2.

At the same time, the gyroscopic effect of the liquid circulating at high speed inside
the separator bowl offsets the pitching and rolling motion. The result is sustained high
separation efficiency. Centrifugal disc type separators have since decades
demonstrated their undisputed performance in removing water and solids from diesel
engine fuel and lube oils in marine industry.

PureBilge from Alfa Laval

Of the centrifugal bilge water treatment systems on the market today, the most
efficient, due to its innovative technical features, is PureBilge from Alfa Laval.Â

PureBilge is the only system on the market that provides a cleaning performance in
real life conditions of 0-5 ppm oil content in the water without chemicals, adsorption
filter or membranes. This cleaning performance is unaffected by sea heave, oil
shocks or high solids loading, and no back flushing is required.Â

With PureBilge there is no reject to pump ashore, no need to land wastes such as
filter elements, coalescence elements, active carbon, or flocculation deposits, and no
man-hours required for operation or supervision. As centrifugal separators are
standard onboard vessels for fuel and lube oil cleaning the crew is already very
familiar working with this type of equipment.

PureBilge offers premium separation efficiency of large volumes of oily water with the
capacity to handle large amounts of solids through intermittent discharge at variable
intervals.

Certified according to IMO resolutions, MEPC.107 (49) and USCG, the system is
designed for unmanned 24/7 operation
An all-in-one system

PureBilge is a fully automatic, all-in-one system with a pumping stage, a preheating

stage, and a centrifugal separation stage, with full process control and monitoring. It
comprises a BWPX 307 high speed separator, a control cabinet housing an EPC 60
Bilge process controller, a valve and pipe rack and a feed pump module.Â

In the PureBilge system a gravitational force of 6,000G generated at 8,000 rpm

ensures extremely particle and oil droplet separation efficiency. Furthermore, normal
coalescence of oil droplets and flocculation of particles takes place in the separation
channels in the disc stack which also enhances the efficiency.

Unique XLrator inlet improves separation efficiency

The real key to the system's superior performance, compared to other centrifugal
separation based systems, is the XLrator laminar flow inlet device.Â

The patented Alfa Laval XLrator gently accelerates bilge water into the separator
bowl with a minimum of shearing and foaming. This greatly improves separation
efficiency by preventing the splitting of oil drops and the formation of further
emulsions.

Suitable for newbuildings or retrofitting

PureBilge is an attractive solution for newbuildings with unmanned engine rooms.

The system is easy to install and saves space and costs. Fully automatic, continuous
operation considerably reduces the need for large holding tank volumes.Â

Its compact, modular design also makes PureBilge a viable solution for existing
vessels where it can operate as a stand-alone system or as back-up for an existing
bilge water treatment system.

Rigorous testing by a customer

A major ship operator subjected the PureBilge BWPX 307 separator to accelerated
testing on board a ship. The test was much more demanding than that stipulated in
the regulations to obtain a type approval certificate. The aim was to achieve a true
picture of the system's efficiency in real life compared with conventional bilge water
treatment systems.Â

The process fluid was an impressive cocktail, simulating bilge water, comprising: 1
m3 sea water, 1 litre compressor oil, 10 litres DO, 10 litres HFO, 1 litre hydraulic oil, 1
litre corrosion inhibitor, 1 litre carbon remover, 1 litre solvent based oil cleaner, 20
litres "mud", 5 litres rust, 50 litres main engine air cooler condensate, and 5 litres
soot.Â

Instead of just 2,5 hours of testing on emulsions the operating time here was over a
period of weeks. Also, rough seas instead of onshore conditions was an important
parameter.
The cocktail was stirred by a diaphragm pump for 4 hours. The effect was to emulsify
the mixture thoroughly, compounding the separation problem. According to the ship
operator, "the PureBilge at this very extreme test proved its capability to process
bilge water down to less than 10 ppm and down to 0 ppm at normal real life operating
conditions."

Questions answered

This result effectively addresses the second question posed at the beginning of this
article: When there are low cost, IMO approved bilge water treatment systems on the
market, why do some ship owners invest in price leading technology? There are, for
instance, already more than 300 BWPX 307 Centrifugal Disc Type Bilge systems
installed and operating onboard ships throughout the world.

The answer is simple. When dealing with real life operation on the high seas,
conditions are not always as favourable as during onshore type approval testing.
Therefore some ship owners, familiar with centrifugal separators for cleaning fuel and
lubricating oil, choose to invest in centrifugal based bilge water treatment systems
knowing that they are the safest, most efficient and logical approach.

Pročišćavanje vode kaljuže: centrifugalno ili gravitacijsko odvajanje?

24. travnja 2009. 00:00

Centrifugalni separatori kaljužne vode mogu biti učinkovitiji i manje osjetljivi na teške uvjete mora
nego kod tradicionalnih gravitacijskih separatora. Alfa Laval, proizvođač PureBilge sustava, snažni je
zagovornik.

Iz priopćenja za javnost: Â

Međunarodno pravo strogo je zabranjeno ispuštanje kaljužne vode s udjelom nafte iznad 15 ppm u
naše oceane (manje u osjetljivim vodama) i podložne velikim kaznama. Svi brodovi moraju imati
sustave za obradu kaljužne vode, a za uklanjanje neučinkovitih rješenja oprema mora biti ispitana i
odobrena prema MEPC 107 (49). Čudno je da, nakon što su instalirani na brodovima, neki sustavi ne
funkcioniraju onako kako se to dogodilo tijekom testiranja certifikacije. Zašto je ovo?

Drugo pitanje. Ako na tržištu postoje niski troškovi koji su odobreni sustavi za pročišćavanje kaljužnih
voda, zašto neki vlasnici brodova ulažu u tehnologiju viših cijena?

Prvo, vrijedno je pogledati cijelu sliku

Što je točno kaljužna voda?

To je teško odrediti. Prije pedeset godina, kaljužna voda sastojala se uglavnom od dizelskog ulja i
vode. Sada to može biti mješavina vode, loživog ulja, mazivog ulja, hidrauličkog ulja, deterdženata,
aditiva za ulje, kemikalija, katalitičkih finih čađa, čađe i drugih krutih čestica (mulja). Danas, kaljužna
voda je trofazni zadatak razdvajanja mulja kao treće komponente

Morski sektor koristi velike količine kemikalija za aktivnosti čišćenja, servisa i održavanja u strojarnici,
a mnogi od tih proizvoda temelje se na površinski aktivnim sredstvima. Kao takve, ove kemikalije
doprinose stvaranju suspenzija i emulzija koje je teško razbiti u brodskom sustavu kaljužnih voda.

Emulzija je mješavina ulja i vode, gdje se male kapljice ulja raspršuju u kontinuiranoj vodenoj fazi.
Stvaranje stabilnih emulzija može ugroziti učinkovitost odvajanja i ovo postaje izazov kada se emulzija
stabilizira surfaktantima i česticama.

Zakonodavstvo o kaljužnim vodama

Trenutno MARPOL zakonodavstvo predviđa da se odvojena kaljužna voda koja sadrži 15 ppm ili ispod
ulja u vodi može ispuštati u međunarodne vode.

Neke nacionalne, regionalne i lokalne vlasti imaju strože propise. Na primjer, u Sjedinjenim
Državama, Baltičkom i Sjevernom moru, uklanjanje obrađene kaljužne vode dopušteno je samo
najmanje 12 nautičkih milja od obale.

Očekuje se da će buduće zakonodavstvo biti još strože, pa će zahtijevati da količina nafte u vodi bude
smanjena na 5 ppm (Velika jezera već 5 ppm) za ispuštanje u more i nula ispuštanja u osjetljive vode.

Metode otkrivanja koje koriste vladine agencije i druga tijela postaju učinkovitije i sada uključuju i
zračno i satelitsko otkrivanje izlijevanja nafte u oceanima.

Odobrenje tipa za separatore kaljužne vode

Prije 1. siječnja 2005., rezolucija MEPC.60 (33) Međunarodne pomorske organizacije (IMO), koja je
precizirala kako tipiti opremu koja se koristi na brodovima, zahtijevala je ispitivanje separatora
kaljužne vode mješavinom samo nafte i vode.

Današnja uredba IMO-a, rezolucija MEPC.107 (49), na snazi od 1. siječnja 2005., određuje da, osim
uklanjanja ulja iz kaljužne vode, separatori kaljužne vode moraju biti testirani i stabilnom emulzijom
(uključujući sitne čestice i površinski aktivno sredstvo kemijska). Također, sustavi za obradu kaljužne
vode moraju sadržavati monitor ulja u vodi s funkcijom bilježenja datuma, vremena, alarma u ppm-u i
radnog stanja. Evidencija operacije mora biti pohranjena 18 mjeseci.

Tradicionalne tehnologije

Za pročišćavanje kaljužne vode koriste se brojne manje učinkovite tehnologije, uključujući kemijsku
obradu, apsorpcijsku filtraciju, membransku filtraciju, konvencionalne uređaje za miješanje. Svi su
statički sustavi izvorno dizajnirani za "serijsku" operaciju, tj. Obradu velike količine kaljužne vode u
kratkom vremenu.

 Veliki količini otpada i ispiranje u tvornici obično se stvaraju ovim sustavima. Filtarski elementi,
aktivni ugljen i elementi koalescencije zahtijevaju zamjenu kada su zasićeni. U sustavima koji koriste
kemikalije flokulacije, do 25% obrađene kaljuže odbačeno je i mora se sleti s velikim troškovima za
operatera. Održavanje je intenzivno u čovjeku i rad ovih sustava zahtijeva česti nadzor.

Međutim, možda najozbiljniji nedostatak je da ovi sustavi (osim membrana) gube svoju učinkovitost
na moru u lošim vremenskim uvjetima i kada su u kaljužnoj vodi prisutne teške emulzije. To je zbog
toga što koriste normalnu gravitacijsku silu, koja se lako prevladava kretanjem broda u hrapavom
moru, a to nepovoljno utječe na postupak obrade. Naftni šokovi također uzrokuju probleme ovim
sustavima.

Pa kako se takvi sustavi mogu odobriti?

Statički konvencionalni sustavi izvorno dizajnirani za serijski rad često ne uspijevaju pravilno obaviti
posao u stvarnim životnim uvjetima
Pa kako je moguće da takvi sustavi mogu biti homologirani a

Pa kako je moguće da se takvi sustavi odobre prema propisima IMO-a? Odgovor leži u procesu
testiranja. Teško je povjerovati, ali testovi se ne izvode u stvarnim morskim uvjetima tijekom dužeg
vremenskog razdoblja. Zašto je to tako? Ovo je, nažalost, pitanje koje moramo ostaviti bez odgovora

Oprema se testira pomoću samo jedne kemikalije, dok se, kao što je ranije spomenuto, kaljužna voda
u stvarnosti sastoji od cjelovitog koktela ulja, različitih kemikalija i čestica u emulgiranom obliku.
Trajanje testa za emulziju je samo 2,5 sata, jedva dajući filtrima vremena da se začepe ili zasiće uljem
i česticama kao što bi to bili u stvarnim životnim uvjetima.

Ali što najviše iznenađuje, ispitivanje se izvodi na kopnu u stabilnim uvjetima, bez bacanja i kotrljanja
koji se događaju većim dijelom kada je brod na moru.

Prema glasnogovorniku Alfa Lavala: "Kada bi se tradicionalni statički sustavi testirali realističnim
'koktelom' od kaljužne vode u uvjetima koji simuliraju grubo stanje mora 24/7 tijekom 20 dana, oni bi
se odmah uklonili."

Centrifugalno odvajanje najučinkovitije

Daleko najučinkovitija tehnologija za ovu primjenu su dinamični sustavi za obradu kaljužnih voda, koji
koriste tehnologiju centrifugalnog odvajanja velike brzine na disku.

Gravitacijska sila 1G koja se koristi u sustavima statičkog razdvajanja množi se više tisuća puta u
centrifugalnim sustavima. Jedan tipični centrifugalni disk-separator jednak je uobičajenom
gravitacijskom sustavu s taloženom površinom od 20 000 m2.

U isto vrijeme, žiroskopski učinak tekućine koja kruži velikom brzinom unutar zdjele separatora
nadoknađuje gibanje kotača i kotrljanja. Rezultat je održiva visoka učinkovitost odvajanja.
Centrifugalni disk-separatori od desetljeća pokazuju svoje nesporne performanse u uklanjanju vode i
krutina iz dizelskih goriva i ulja za podmazivanje iz brodske industrije.

PureBilge od Alfa Lavala

Od centrifugalnih sustava za pročišćavanje vode iz kaljuže, najefikasniji je zbog svojih inovativnih
tehničkih karakteristika PureBilge tvrtke Alfa Laval.

PureBilge je jedini sustav na tržištu koji omogućuje performanse čišćenja u stvarnim životnim
uvjetima od 0-5 ppm ulja u vodi bez kemikalija, adsorpcijskog filtra ili membrana. Na ove
performanse čišćenja ne utječu morsko nebo, naftni udarci ili velike količine krutih tvari i nije
potrebno ispiranje leđa.Â

S PureBilge-om ne odbacuje crpljenje na obalu, nema potrebe za ispuštanjem otpada kao što su
elementi filtra, elementi koalescencije, aktivni ugljen ili flokulacija i nisu potrebni radni sati za rad ili
nadzor. Kako su centrifugalni separatori standardni brodski brodovi za čišćenje goriva i mazivog ulja,
posada već dobro poznaje ovaj tip opreme.

PureBilge nudi vrhunsku učinkovitost odvajanja velikih količina uljne vode s sposobnošću da podnosi
velike količine krutih tvari kroz povremeno ispuštanje u različitim intervalima.

Certificirano prema IMO rezolucijama, MEPC.107 (49) i USCG, sustav je dizajniran za bespilotnu
operaciju 24/7

Sustav „sve u jednom“

PureBilge je potpuno automatiziran, sve-u-jednom sustav sa pumpom, stupnjem predgrijavanja i

centrifugalnim odvajanjem, s potpunom kontrolom i nadziranjem procesa. Sadrži BWPX 307
separator velike brzine, upravljački orman s kućištem EPC 60 kaljužni procesor, stalak za ventil i cijev i
modul pumpe za dovod.

U PureBilge sustavu gravitacijske sile od 6.000 G generirane pri 8.000 o / min osigurava izuzetno
djelotvornu učinkovitost odvajanja čestica i kapljica ulja. Nadalje, u kanalima za odvajanje u snopu
diska odvija se normalna koalescencija kapljica nafte i flokulacija čestica, što također povećava
učinkovitost.

Jedinstveni XLrator ulaz poboljšava učinkovitost odvajanja

Stvarni ključ vrhunskih performansi sustava, u usporedbi s ostalim sustavima temeljenim na
centrifugalnom odvajanju, je uređaj za dovod laminarnog protoka XLrator.

Patentirani Alfa Laval XLrator nježno ubrzava kaljužnu vodu u zdjelu s separatorom uz minimalno
šišanje i pjenjenje. To uvelike poboljšava učinkovitost odvajanja sprečavajući cijepanje kapi ulja i
stvaranje dodatnih emulzija.

Pogodno za novogradnje ili dogradnju

PureBilge je atraktivno rješenje za novogradnje sa bespilotnim strojarnicama. Sustav se lako instalira i

štedi prostor i troškove. Potpuno automatski, kontinuirani rad znatno smanjuje potrebu za velikim
količinama spremnika

Kompaktni, modularni dizajn također čini PureBilge održivim rješenjem za postojeća plovila na kojima
može raditi kao samostalni sustav ili kao rezervni sustav za postojeći sustav za pročišćavanje kaljužne
vode.

Stroga ispitivanja kupca

Glavni brodski operater podvrgao je PureBilge BWPX 307 separator ubrzanim testiranjima na brodu.
Ispitivanje je bilo mnogo zahtjevnije od propisanog propisima za dobivanje certifikata o homologaciji.
Cilj wa

Stroga ispitivanja kupca

Glavni brodski operater podvrgao je PureBilge BWPX 307 separator ubrzanim testiranjima na brodu.
Ispitivanje je bilo mnogo zahtjevnije od propisanog propisima za dobivanje certifikata o homologaciji.
Cilj je bio postići istinsku sliku učinkovitosti sustava u stvarnom životu u usporedbi s konvencionalnim
sustavima za pročišćavanje kaljužnih voda

Procesna tekućina bila je impresivan koktel, simulirajući kaljužnu vodu, koja se sastojala od: 1 m3
morske vode, 1 litarskog kompresorskog ulja, 10 litara DO, 10 litara HFO-a, 1 litre hidrauličnog ulja, 1
litre inhibitora korozije, 1-litarskog sredstva za uklanjanje ugljika, 1 litre otapala na bazi ulja za
čišćenje, 20 litara "blata", 5 litara hrđe, 50 litara glavnog kondenzata hladnjaka zraka i 5 litara čađe.

Umjesto samo 2,5 sata ispitivanja na emulzijama, ovdje je radno vrijeme trajalo više tjedana.
Također, surova mora umjesto na kopnu bili su važan parametar.

Koktel je miješan membranskom pumpom 4 sata. Učinak je bio temeljna emulgiranje smjese, što je
složilo problem odvajanja. Prema brodskom operateru, "PureBilge je na ovom ekstremnom testu
dokazao svoju sposobnost obrade kaljužne vode do manje od 10 ppm i do 0 ppm u normalnim
stvarnim radnim uvjetima."

Odgovorili su na pitanja

Ovaj rezultat učinkovito rješava drugo pitanje koje se postavlja na početku ovog članka: Ako postoje
niski troškovi, koje je IMO odobrio sustavima za pročišćavanje vode na tržištu, zašto neki vlasnici
brodova ulažu u tehnologiju koja vodi cijene? Na primjer, već je preko 300 instaliranih i koji rade na
brodovima širom svijeta, ugrađenih i koji rade na brodu.

Odgovor je jednostavan. Kada se bave stvarnim operacijama na otvorenom moru, uvjeti nisu uvijek
tako povoljni kao tijekom testiranja odobrenja na kopnu. Stoga neki brodski vlasnici, upoznati sa
centrifugalnim separatorima za čišćenje goriva i ulja za podmazivanje, odlučuju uložiti u sustave za
pročišćavanje vode iz kaljužne vode, znajući da su najsigurniji, najučinkovitiji i najlogičniji pristup.