1. Pick out a plant source to extract your dye from.

Make sure you have enough of

the plant source to cover the bottom of a saucepan.
2. If your plant source is large, you will need to finely chop it into little pieces
using your knife and cutting board. Have an adult help you with this step. If the
color is concentrated into the skin, you might want to peel the skin off and use
only the skin.
3. Add the plant material to your saucepan and add just enough water to cover the
plant source. If you selected tea or a spice, add enough water so that it is
floating or mixed into the liquid and not just absorbing the water or turning into
a paste.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer covered on the stove for approximately
10-15 minutes. The pigment from the plant material will slowly begin to color
the water in your saucepan.
a. Safety Notes: Do not leave the plant-water mixture unattended on the
stove. Remain nearby to make sure it does not burn. It is also a good idea
to do this in a well-ventilated area, or with the stove top fan running, in
case the cooking plants release bad-smelling fumes.
5. If the color of your water is too faint, you may want to concentrate the color by
removing the lid of the saucepan and continue boiling until enough liquid has
evaporated, leaving behind a darker liquid.
6. When the color of the water is rich in color, remove the saucepan from the heat
and allow the dye to cool. If there are pieces of material in your saucepan,
separate the dye into another bowl using a strainer and set the bowl of dye
aside. If your plant source dissolved, just pour the liquid into a bowl and set it
aside.
7. Now that you have your homemade dye, you will want to compare it to a dye
from a similar color of water-soluble marker.
8. Pick out a plant source to extract your dye from. Make sure you have enough of
the plant source to cover the bottom of a saucepan.
9. If your plant source is large, you will need to finely chop it into little pieces
using your knife and cutting board. Have an adult help you with this step. If the
color is concentrated into the skin, you might want to peel the skin off and use
only the skin.
10. Add the plant material to your saucepan and add just enough water to cover the
plant source. If you selected tea or a spice, add enough water so that it is
floating or mixed into the liquid and not just absorbing the water or turning into
a paste.
11. Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer covered on the stove for approximately
10-15 minutes. The pigment from the plant material will slowly begin to color
the water in your saucepan.
 a. Safety Notes: Do not leave the plant-water mixture unattended on the
stove. Remain nearby to make sure it does not burn. It is also a good idea
to do this in a well-ventilated area, or with the stove top fan running, in
case the cooking plants release bad-smelling fumes.
12. If the color of your water is too faint, you may want to concentrate the color by
removing the lid of the saucepan and continue boiling until enough liquid has
evaporated, leaving behind a darker liquid.
13. When the color of the water is rich in color, remove the saucepan from the heat
and allow the dye to cool. If there are pieces of material in your saucepan,
separate the dye into another bowl using a strainer and set the bowl of dye
aside. If your plant source dissolved, just pour the liquid into a bowl and set it
aside.
14. Now that you have your homemade dye, you will want to compare it to a dye
from a similar color of water-soluble marker.

Annatto is the name given to the crude pigment extract (containing bixin, norbixin and other
carotenoids in different proportions) obtained from achiote. While bixin is fat soluble,
norbixin is hydrosoluble. The possibility for obtaining water-soluble colorants as well as oil-
soluble colorants depending on the type of extraction as well as the solvent and temperature
used has converted achiote in one of the most interesting plant sources of vegetable colorants
(Smith 2006).

Natural and synthetic colorants

Currently, the use of artificial colorants such as tartrazine (E102), allura red (E129) or sunset
yellow FCF (E110) in food products have been severely questioned in developed countries,
since there are reports showing that indiscriminate consumption of these colorants is
associated to the development of degenerative illnesses such as some types of cancer (Salinas
et al. 2005). As a consequence, the use of some artificial food colors such as carmoisine
(E122) and Ponceau 4R (E124) have been banned in the USA and Europe and the use of
natural colorants such as the dye extracted from the surface of B. orellana L. (E 160b,
annatto extract) have been recommended (McCann 2007).
Nowadays, annatto extract has a great economic importance worldwide and it is one of the
natural colors more widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, because
it does not alter flavor and it is practically not toxic (Michelangeli et al. 2002; Smith 2006;
Lourido and Martínez 2010).
This natural dye is rich on the carotenoids bixin (dark red color) and norbixin or orelline
(yellow color) which are mainly used to develop attractive colors in dairy products (cheeses,
margarine, and butter), meats, ice creams, cosmetics, condiments, ceramic, paint, hair colors,
soaps, nail polish, varnish, lacquer, fabric colors, among others (Devia and
Saldarriaga 2003). Bixin represents approximately 80% of the total carotenoids content
present in the dye obtained from achiote (mainly in its 9-cis configuration with low amounts
of trans-bixin and cis-norbixin) (Smith 2006). Other apocarotenoids present in lower
 amounts are norbixin, bixin dimethyl ester and byproducts of lycopene degradation
(Cardarelli et al. 2008).
Bixin is the only carotenoid that presents a 9-cis configuration (structure present in an
oxygenated carotenoid, lutein, which belongs to the xanthophyll group) and 2 carboxyl
groups

Pandan leaves is some plant that mostly grow in southern Asia and usually grow wild on your garden. In some
country such Indonesia Pandan is one of the needed ingredient to make traditional or even daily food so that it
can taste more delicious. It’s fragrant also smell good and rise your appetite.

Health benefits of Pandan Leaves for some treatment is very potent. Based on many long term studies and
observations pandan leaves occur to have so many benefits for health. It can be a natural and safe traditional
cure. It also recommended by some doctors to help you boost your health.

Here are the explanations of the surprising pandan leaves benefits:

1. Lower High Blood Pressure

Pandan leaves benefits for high blood pressure is very impressive. Dizziness and tired are common symptoms
of high blood pressure and it can drive stroke. Don’t just ignore this warning if you don’t want to regret that
later. To prevent the effect people who have high blood pressure should preserve their diet of some booster
blood pressure food. Another way you can do if you find out that you blood is high is pandan leaves.

You can boil two cups of water with 10 grams of pandan leaves. Wait until the remaining water is a half of the
first amount. Then you can drink half of potion in the morning and the rest in the evening regularly to
normalize your blood pressure.

2. Eliminate Dandruff
Who doesn’t hate dandruff. It’s can cause our head itchy, scalp flaking, even hair loss. If you find out that
shampooing is not really get rid of your dandruff you may wanna try this method. Mash ten fresh pandan
leaves until it feel smooth then mix it with approximately 100 ml of water. Then apply the mixture throughout
your scalp. Let stand for about 30 minute before rinse it with water or shampooing. Do it regularly. In addition.
beside eliminate dandruff pandan leaves can also nourish you hair.

3. Blacken Hair
Do you want to make your black hair look darken? If you possibly have pandan leaves in you house you can
use it to be a treatment. Chop about 7 pieces of pandan leaves and boiled with water. Let the water condense
all night. If you have noni fruit you can mix it with the pandan water in the morning and massage to your
scalp. Do it regularly to have better effect.

4. Overcoming Weak nerves

Due to the reduction of exiting nerve stimulation people can undergo frequent cramp. That is indicating your
nerves are weaken. Pandan leaves can help overcoming your weak nerves as a herbal cure.

Chop 3 pieces of pandan leaves then boil it with three cup of water. Wait until it just remain 2 cup. Cool down
before you drink it in the morning and afternoon.

5. Rheumatism or Anti-Rheumatic and Stiff

Arthritis actually can affect not only elderly but also the young people as well. If you are too long soak in the
water or experience frequent cold you can exposed arthritis.

Cope the effect by pandan leaves! Chop 3 pieces pandan leaves. Then mix it with heated coconut oil. After it’s
cooling down, you can use it as liniment to your affected part of rheumatism.

6. Boost Appetite
Pandan leaves also can help you when you lose your appetite. Just boiled 10 grams of pandan leaves in to 3
glass of water. Wait until a cup remain. Divide it to 2 portions to drink in the morning and evening.

7. Nourish and Boost your Health

The nourishing essential oils which are contain in the pandan leaves such as glycidudes, alkaloids, traces of
tannin and isoprene esters can boost you health.

8. Pain relief
Health benefits of pandan leaves also very potent for pain relief. Pandan leaves contain laxative properties that
can act as a pain reliever from headache, ear pain, chest pain, and arthritis.

9. Reduce Cramps
If you feel cramps, you can use pandan leaves as a traditionally cure to help reduce your cramps. Pandan
leaves also can help you with gastrointestinal track cramps, especially stomach cramps. You can make pandan
leaves tea and drink it to help you reduce your cramps.

10. Anti-carcinogenic Properties

Another amazing benefits of pandan leaves is anti-cancer. It can counteract the effect of toxins and inhibits
cancer cell development. It said that pandan leaf tea can also heal some type of cancer.
11. Great for anxiety and stress
Drink 2 or 3 cups pandan tea a day will help your anxiety and stress problem.

12. Gum pain

Even if you have brushed your teeth everyday you may have gum pain or any oral discomforts. Try to chewing
fresh or dried pandan leaves. It is one of great ways to get rid your problem.

13. Natural Mosquito Repellent

One little mosquito can bring worst harm to you. Many diseases caused by mosquito happen in a year.
Especially in a rainy season. Rub your skin with extract pandan leaves for better protection against those
harmful mosquitoes. (Read : Ways to Prevent Mosquito Bites Naturally
14. After Child Birth Relaxing Energy
After child birth mothers completely lose their energy and feel tired. Pandan leaf tea can be given to them as a
relaxants.

15. Reduce Fevers

Another pandan leaf tea benefits is can help reducing fever. It can be a traditional cure to help reducing your
fever. It also often be recommended by doctors to their patients who have high fever. The effect can be
immediately lower patients temperature and make recover as fast as your temperature return to normal.

16. Eliminate Tinea Versicolor

Fungus in your skin can cause tinea versicolor. It can make your skin look awful beside make you want to
scratch over and over. For some people who have skin fungus problem pandan leaf can help get rid of it. Just
make some extract juice of pandan leaves then mix it to a cup of salt water to consume one cup a day. Do it for
at least 3 day to have the best effect.

17. Detoxing Agent

It is not a secret anymore that your body contain toxins. Even though your liver is in charge of toxins remover
but the works of liver can down if you don’t maintain your diet. You can use pandan leaf concurrently as a
detoxing agent. It can detox both your liver and your body from unhealthy substance or toxins.

18. Mild Laxative for Children

If your children have some indigestion you can give them pandan leaf tea. It is a safe and mild laxative natural
cure for your children.

19. Heal Sunburns

Here’s another method to heal your sunburn in summer. Add a lot of pandan leaf tea to your bath. You can
soak in while bathing. It can help you sooth away your sunburns.

20. Natural Cockroach Repellent

Cockroach as harmful as mosquito. Not only the shape of it which can give you a heart attack but it can bring
you a millions of bacteria and infectious agents. You have to watch your way to eliminate it. Using some
commercial bugs killer spray may cause another problem inside your house. And do not even think to step
your foot on them. It will release the bacteria in some radius.

One natural way to deal with it is using extract of pandan. You can add some water and mix it with the extract
to a spray bottle. Then spray it anywhere the cockroaches is mostly like to appear. You can get rid away those
cockroaches safely.

21. Antihyperglycemic Effect

Some study in Thailand have been published on Pharmacognosy Magazine in 2015. According to the study
pandan leaf tea or extract pandan leaf can help people to lower their sugar blood. Another good news for
diabetes patients. Although the experiment involved none of diabetes patients but it’s been proven that the
plasma glucose of those people was significantly decreasing. Therefore, further investigation is required.

22. Treat Muscle Pain

Pandan leaves also have a great effect for treat muscle pains. Drink pandan leaf tea as soon as you feel muscle
pains caused by fatigue.

23. Overcome Men Health Problem

What i mean with men health problem here is premature ejaculation or impotence. Apparently pandan leaves
also very effective to be a cure.

24. No side effect!

The last benefits of pandan leaves is “no side effect” is currently found for your health. So it is the safest,
natural, and easy way to help you boost your health.

Annatto (/əˈnætoʊ/ or /əˈnɑːtoʊ/) is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the
seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana) native to tropical regions from Mexico to Brazil.[1] It is often
used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods, but sometimes also for its flavor and aroma. Its
scent is described as "slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and
peppery".[2]
The color of annatto comes from various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the
reddish waxy coating of the seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a
 powder or paste. Similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles
from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food.[3]
Annatto and its extracts are now widely used in an artisanal or industrial scale as a coloring agent in
many processed food products, such as cheeses, dairy
spreads, butter and margarine, custards, cakes and other baked goods, potatoes, snack
foods, breakfast cereals, smoked fish, sausages, and more. In these uses, annatto is a natural
alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds, but it has been linked to rare cases of food-
related allergies.[4] Annatto is of particular commercial value in the United States because the Food
and Drug Administration considers colorants derived from it to be "exempt of certification".
Papayas grow in tropical climates and are also known as papaws or pawpaws. Their sweet taste, vibrant
color, and the wide variety of health benefits they provide make them a popular fruit.

The papaya, a previously exotic and rare fruit, is now available at most times
of the year.

The possible health benefits of consuming papaya include a reduced risk

of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, aiding in digestion, improving blood
glucose control in people with diabetes, lowering blood pressure, and
improving wound healing.

Papayas are a soft, fleshy fruit that can be used in a wide variety of culinary
ways. Here we will explore more on the health benefits, uses, how to
incorporate more of them into your diet, and what nutritional value papayas
have.

Fast facts on papaya:

 Papaya is native to Mexico. However, it grows naturally in the Caribbean
and Florida too.

 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(FAO), India produces the most papayas - over 5 million tons in 2013.

 It can be added to salads, smoothies, and other dishes.

Benefits
The nutrients found in papaya are thought to have a range of health benefits. They
may help protect against a number of health conditions.

Age-related macular degeneration

Papaya has a range of health benefits including asthma prevention and even anti-cancer properties.

Zeaxanthin, an antioxidant found in papaya, filters out harmful blue light rays.

It is thought to play a protective role in eye health, and it may ward off macular
degeneration.

However, a higher intake of all fruits has been shown to decrease the risk of and
progression of age-related macular degeneration.

Botany
Dilaw is a leafy plant, 1 to 1.5 meters tall, with 5 to 6 leaves. Rhizomes are
bright yellow inside, thick and cylindric. Leaf blade is green, oblong, 30 to 45
centimeters long and 10 to 20 centimeters wide. Petiole is as long as the
blade. Peduncle is 15 centimeters or more in length, borne within the tuft of
leaves. Spikes are 10 to 20 centimeters in length and about 5 centimeters in
diameter. Floral bracts are pale green, ovate, 3 to 4 centimeters long, the
comabracts tinged with pink. Flowers are pale yellow, as long as the bracts.
Fruits are capsules.

Distribution
- Widely distributed in the Philippines in and about towns, sometimes in open
waste places and sometimes planted.
- Native of India.
- Now pantropic.
Constituents
- Active constituents are flavonoid curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and various
volatile oils, including tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone.
- Volatile oil, 3-5% - tumerol (alcohol), d-alpha phellandrene, carvone,
camphor, curcumone; fat, 3%; starch, 30%; resin; curcumin (pigment).
- Yields three curcuminoids - curcumin (diferuloylmethane, the primary
constituent, responsible for the vibrant yellow color), demothoxycurcumin and
bisdemethoxycurcumin - plus volatile oils (tumerone, atiantone and
zingiberone), sugars, proteins, and resins.
- Yellow orange color comes from yellow pigment in the rhizomes called
curcumin.
- A good source of phosphorus and iron; but hardly a fair source of calcium.
- Tumeric yields protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), carbohydrates
(69.4%), and moisture (13.1%). Essential oil yields α-phellandrene (1%),
sabinene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and
sesquiterpenes (53%). (48)
- A hydroalcoholic extract yielded many active phytoconstituents among which
were alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, resins, sterols, saponins,
and fixed oils (see study below) (82)

Properties
- Pungent and bitter tasting, warming, carminative.
- In Chinese medicine, believed to Improve Ch'i circulation.
- Studies have demonstrated various therapeutics effects: antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral,
immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic activity.
- Antiinflammatory activity has been compared to topical hydrocortisone.
- Antiseptic, anti -contusion, antibacterial, antifungal.
- Aromatic, stimulant, tonic, cordial, emmenagogue and astringent.
- Rhizomes are used medicinally, as powder, paste, ointment, oil, lotion,
inhalant, and confection.
- Tumeric studies have shown biologic activities: wound healing, anti-
inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-tumor, antiprotozoan, antifertility,
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant,
anticoagulant, anticarcinogenic, antivenom properties. (48)

Part utilized
· Rhizome, leaves.
· Collect the whole year round.
· Rinse, removes roots, section into pieces, steam and sun-dry.

Uses
Culinary / Nutritional
• Condiment, ingredient of curry powder, and coloring for food.
• In dried or powdered form, used like ginger.
• Good source of phosphorus and iron, a fair source of calcium.
• Rhizomes commonly sold in Manila markets. dried
• In Java, flour is made from the plant is the same way as cassava and
arrowroot, used for all kinds of dainties.
Folkloric
· Decoction of rhizome, as tea, used for fevers, dysentery, abdominal pain,
flatulence, abdominal spasm, arthritis.
· In the Philippines, rhizomes with coconut oil used as stomachic and
vulnerary.
· Internally, juice of fresh rhizome used as anthelmintic.
· Used for menstrual irregularities, contusions and associated painful swelling.
· Antiseptic for wounds: Crush rhizome and apply to wounds.
· Externally, rhizomes are applied to insect bites, ringworm, bleeding.
· A 1:20 decoction used in catarrhal and purulent ophthalmia.
· In India, used as antiseptic for cuts. Used for leprosy, liver problems,
swelling, insect bites, wounds, whooping cough, pimples. Sweetened milk
boiled with tumeric is popular as a remedy for colds and cough. Juice of fresh
rhizome used externally on wounds, bruises and leech-bites.
· Tribal women of Assam, India apply the paste of fresh rhizome to the skin to
protect it against infection and to enhance the complexion. In West Bengal,
rhizome paste applied to areas of body pain. (57)
· Tumeric paste mixed with a little lime and saltpeter is applied hot to sprains
and bruises.
· For smallpox and chicken pox, coating of tumeric powder or thin paste
applied externally to facilitate scabbing.
· Paste made from flowers used for ringworm and other parasitic skin
infections.
· Ointment used in neuralgia and rheumatism.
· Rhizomes with coconut oil used as stomachic and vulnerary.
· Rhizome used for intermittent fevers, flatulence,, dyspepsia.
· In Ayurveda, use as stomach and liver tonic and blood purifier.
· Malays use it as carminative and for dispelling flatulence.
· In China used for colic, amenorrhea, congestions.
· Fumes of burning turmeric used as inhalation in catarrh and severe head
colds.
· For flatulence in children, used with garlic or onions.
· Used as carminative and antispasmodic, and in diarrhea and dysentery.
Others
• Dye: Tumeric is one of the best known of material dyes, used for dyeing silk,
wool and cotton. Rhizomes used for dyeing mats in the Philippines. (see study
below)
• Cosmetic: In Sudan, rhizome used as cosmetic.
• Veterinary: Rhizome, together with other ingredients, fed to cattle to treat
loose stools. (57)
New Age
- Improves Qi (chi) circulation. Chi is the basis of traditional Eastern
medicine. In Chinese parlance, chi means 'spirit.' In new-age speak, good
health is synonymous with free-flowing energy through meridian pathways. A
blocked Qi flow is associated with disease or ill-health.
- Approved by German health authorities for the treatment of dyspeptic
complaints.
Recent uses and preparation
- Ointment: Wash the unpeeled ginger. Chop the rhizomes to fill half a glass
of water. Sauté with one glass of coconut oil on low heat for five minutes.
Place in a clean bottle and label.
- Antiseptic for wounds: Extract juice of the fresh rhizome and apply directly
on the wound or swelling.
Gas pain in adults: Decoction from thumb-sized rhizome in a glass of water
reduced to half.
- Turmeric for cough: Link provides preparation of turmeric as home remedy
for coughs. (38)
Studies
• Biologic
Activities: An
overview of the
biologic activities
lists in vitro anti-
parasitic, anti-
spasmodic, anti-
inflammatory and
gastrointestinal
effects; also,
inhibition of
carcinogenesis
and cancer
growth. In vivo,
studies show
anti-parasitic,
anti-inflammatory
potency of
curcumin and
extracts in
animal models.
• Suppression
of Metastasis in
a Human Breast
Cancer
Xenograft
Model /
Curcumin: The dietary administration to mice of curcumin and curcumin plus
Taxol significantly decreased the incidence of breast cancer metastasis to the
lung. The results indicate that curcumin has a potential for breast cancer
therapy. (2)
• Anti-Cancer / Rhizomes:Study on the anticancer activity of the rhizomes of
tumeric in invitro tissue culture and in vivo in mice showed cytotoxicity to
lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells. The active constituent was found
to be "curcumin." Results showed the tumeric extract and curcumin reduced
the development of animal tumors. (3)
• Hepatoprotective / Paracetamol / Ethanol: The study suggests the
ethanolic extract of C. longa has potent hepatoprotective effect against
paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats and validates its use as a
hepatoprotectant agent. (1) Study evaluated an aqueous extract of C. longa
for hepatoprotective activity in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar
rats. Results showed hepatoprotectve effects as evidenced by marked
decrease in fatty degeneration and centrizonal necrosis in ethanol intoxicated
rats. (83)
• Antifungal: The study on the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa and
Alpinia galanga exhibited excellent phytotoxic activity against Lemna minor
and good antifungal activities against Trichophyton longifusus. (9)
• Antibacterial: Study showed the essential oil fraction from tumeric
possesses significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic Staph aureus
bacteria and suggests a potential for use of the essential oil as antiseptic in
prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. (9)
• Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Antioxidant: Study of Curcuma longa
and Abroma augusta found them to be efficient antioxidants and showed
significant reduction in blood glucose. Study showed the combination of
herbal extracts showed better efficacy compared to individual plant extracts.
(10)
• Antioxidant: In study investigating the mechanism of free radical-induced
tissue damage in inflammatory disease that involved pathogenic processes
similar to periodontal disease, Curcuma longa was studied for antioxidation
activity. Results showed CL to be effective protection from free radical-
induced tissue damage. (11)
• Tobacco Chewer and Chronic Smoker De-Addiction : Study showed the
control arm to continue the same addiction dependency while the 63.6% of
the study arm patients completely gave up smoking or tobacco chewing.
14.3% decreased smoking to <10 cigarettes per day and 10.6% of tobacco
chewers decreased from 10 to < 2 times per day. The difference is statistically
significant. (12)
• Curcumin / Anti-Inflammatory: Curcumin, a highly pleiotropic molecule,
acts on many targets involved with inflammation. It modulates the
inflammatory response by down-regulating the activity of COX-2,
lipoxygenase, and iNOS enzymes; inhibits the production of inflammatory
cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins 1,2,6,8 and 12, and down-
regulates mitogen-activated and Janus kinases. (13)
• Tumeric Oil / Safety Study in Healthy Human Volunteers (2003): Study in
human volunteers showed no clinical, hematological, renal or hepato-toxicity
at 1 and 3 months. Tumeric extract and tumeric oil have shown
chemoprotective effect against chemically-induced malignancies in
experimental animals. It's potential for reversing oral submucous fibrosis, a
precancerous condition for oral cancer, a Phase II trial was recommended.
(14)
• Analgesic / Non-Antipyretic: Study evaluated rhizome extracts of C. longa
for antipyretic and analgesic activity in Wistar rats. Both aqueous and
alcoholic extracts showed analgesic activity (p<0.05, 0.01). Both were
ineffective in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia. (15)
• Lipid Effects/ Anti-Atherosclerosis: Study of hydroalcoholic extract of
Curcuma longa showed significant reduction of LDL and apo B with increases
in HDL and apo A of healthy subjects. Results suggest the curcuma lipid-
lowering extract might be a specially useful anti-atherogenic agent. (19)
• Radioprotective: Study evaluated the radioprotective effect of a rhizome
extract on radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in cancer treatment.
Results showed pre-radiotherapy treatment with CL extract lead to a decrease
in all types of chromosomal aberrations, and suggests a potential application
as adjuvant to radiotherapy in cancer therapy. (18)
• Gastrointestinal Effects: C. longa exert several protective effects on the
gastrointestinal tract: (1) Sodium curcuminate inhibited intestinal spasm (2) p-
tolymethylcarbinol, a turmeric component, increase gastrin, secretin,
bicarbonate, and pancreatic enzyme secretion. (3) An antiulcer effect with
significant increase of gastric wall mucus in rats subjected to a variety of
gastrointestinal insults.
• Hepatic Regenerative Effect on Passive Smoking-Induced Liver
Damage: Study evaluated the regenerative effect of C. longa rhizome extract
on passive smoking induced liver damage in rats. Results showed a
regenerative effect on liver cell changes and also a regenerative effect on
TNF-a expression. (21)
• Antifertility Effect / Antiovulatory / Curcumin: Study evaluated ovulatory
effects of curcumin, the active principle present in turmeric, in control and
curcumin treated albino rats. Results showed curcumin has an antiovulatory
effect probably through its antiestrogenic activity through suppression of
negative feedback effect of estrogen on the pituitary. (22)
• Cardioprotective Effect Against Doxorubicin-Induced
Cardiotoxicity: Study showed CL extracts showed resiliency against
doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rats due to polyphenolic contents and suggests
a potential novel adjuvant therapy with doxorubicin. (23)
• Tumerin Effect / Anti-Snake Venom: Study evaluated tumerin, a turmeric
protein, for its ability to prevent oxidative damage against Naja naja venom
phospholipase A2 in male Swiss wistar mice. Tumerin showed to be a potent
antioxidant against NV-PLA2 induced free radical formation in plasma and
organs, preventing tissue damage and neutralizing lethality. (24)
• Freeze Dried Rhizome Power in Milk / Triple Effect: Study showed
antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of C. longa freeze
dried powder dissolved in milk. Results suggest a potential for an effective
and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement.
• Essential Oils / Antioxidant: Study of essential oil showed the major
compounds to be ar-turmerone (43.04%), humulene oxide (16.59%) and ß-
selinene (10.18%) for C. longa. In comparative antioxidant activity with C.
sichuanensis and C. aromatica, C longa showed the highest EC50 value on
antioxidant activities.
• Ileum and Colon Myorelaxant Effect / Anti-Spasmolytic: Curcuma extract
showed a direct and indirect myorelaxant effect on mouse ileum and colon.
The indirect effect is reversible and non-competitive with the cholinergic
agent. Results suggest use as an anti-spasmolytic. (27)
• Curcumin / Control of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats: Study showed
feeding of curcumin to diabetic rats controlled oxidative stress by inhibiting the
increase of TBARS and protein carbonyls and reversing altered antioxidant
systems despite unaltered hyperglycemic status.
• Hypolipdemic / Double-blind Study: In a double-blind study, an aqueous
extract of tumeric showed lipid lowering properties in overweight
hyperlipidemic patients. (28)
• Decreased Oxidative Stress in Diabetic: Study evaluated the protective
effect of C. longa on STZ-induced oxidative stress in various tissues of rats.
The elevated parameters and enzymatic activities induced by hyperglycemia
were restored to near normal levels by oral administration of oral curcumin.
The ethanol extract provided more potent protective action than the water
extract. Results suggest beneficial effects in preventing diabetes-induced
oxidative states in rats despite unaltered hyperglycemic status. (29)
• Anti-Inflammatory: Studies have identified a number of different molecules
involved in inflammation that are inhibited by curcumin, including
phospholipase, lipooxy- genase, COX-2, leukotrienes, thromboxane,
prostaglandins, nitric oxide, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, MCP-1,
interferon-inducible protein, tumor necrosis factor, and in- terleukin-12.
• Curcumin / Safety / Anti-Inflammatory: Tumeric yields three curcuminoids:
curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Studies have
shown anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of different molecules
involved in inflammation. (30)
• Safety and Toxicity Studies: A phase 1 human with 25 subjects showed no
toxicity after 3 months of 8000 mg of curcumin per day. Five other human
trials using 1125-2500 mg of curcumin per day have shown it to be safe. (30)
• Analgesic / Curcumin: Study evaluated different extracts at three different
doses for their analgesic activity using different animal models of analgesia.
The extracts showed significant reduction of the number of writhes in mice. It
is postulated curcumin exerts anti-nociceptive action through activation of both
opioid and non-opioid mediating systems. (31)
• Curcumin / Uses / Biological Basis of Medical Efficacy: Study reports on
its potential therapeutic applications, with increasing data in animal and
human models. Convergence with some mechanisms known for standard
antidepressants is recognized, together with the overlapping of its anti-
depressant pharmacology with those of other disease states. A key hurdle to
the development of curcumin for disease treatment and prevention is
overcoming its low oral bioavailability. (33)
• Antimicrobial / Rhizome / Staphylococcus aureus: Study evaluated the in
vitro antimicrobial activity of different fractions of rhizome of C. longa against
standard strain and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Results
showed inhibition in growth of the test pathogen indicating a broad spectrum
antimicrobial potential. (34)
• Antidermatophytic / Turmeric Oil / Cream Formulation: Study evaluated
tumeric creams containing 6 and 10% w/w turmeric oil against clinical strains
of dermatophytes. Minimal fungicidal concentrations were found to be 312
µg/mL. Ar-turmerone, a major compound from turmeric oil, showed more
effective antidermatophytic activity. 6% w/w turmeric oil in cream showed to
be a suitable antidermatophytic formulation. (35)
• Protective Effect on Acetaminophen Induced Nephrotoxicity: Study
showed C. longa extract may protect the kidney against acetaminophen
induced tubular necrosis in mice. (36)
• Immunomodulatory Potential: This review suggests curcumin meets the
criterion of a drug that can attack multiple pathways while being
pharmacologically safe. Curcumin suppresses the proliferation of a wide
variety of tumor cells, induces apoptosis by downregulation of antiapoptotic
protein, modulates the immune system by suppressing T-cells, proliferating B-
cells reducing proliferation of immature B-cell lymphoma cells, inhibits
production of cytokines, among others. There is renewed scientific interest in
its immunomodulatory potential to prevent and treat and wide range of
diseases. (37)
• Therapeutic Applications in Dentistry: Review suggests a promising
future for therapeutic applications of Curcuma longa in dentistry: mouth wash,
fissure sealant, dental plaque detection,anticariogenic property, prevention of
plaque and gingivitis, surgical wound healing, use in oral lichen planus and
oral submucous fibrosis, among others. (39)
• Myocardium Protective: Study showed C. longa could attenuate
myocardial infarction in isoproterenol (ISP)-treated rat model via myocardial
adaptation by maintaining cardiac function and augmenting endogenous
antioxidant enzymes. (40)
• Peptic Ulcer Healing / Phase !! Clinical Trial: Study examined 45 patients,
24 males and 21 females, aged 16-60, who had symptoms indicating peptic
ulcer. Twenty five patients, 18 males and 7 females, were endoscoped and
found to have ulcers in the duodenal bulb or gastric angulus. Four weeks after
treatment with tumeric capsules 48% or 12 cases were ulcer free; eight weeks
after treatment, 18 cases showed absence of ulcer. The report presents
possible preventive and therapeutic effects of turmeric on peptic ulcer
treatment. (41)
• Antithrombotic Activity / Curcuma Oil: Curcuma oil was evaluated on
various thrombosis models. CO mediated antithrombotic effects appear to be
due to inhibition of platelet activation. The inhibition seem to be competitive
against ADP and non-competitive against thrombin. CO seems to be a
potential candidate drug molecule for stroke and antithrombotic activity in
addition to neuroprotective action. (42)
• Antiplatelet Effects / Curcuma Oil: Study evaluated the effect of curcuma
oil against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced injury in a rat model.
Although Curcuma oil failed to confer protection against cardiac injury, there
was significant reversal of ADP induced platelet aggregation (p<0.05) was
evident in the same animals. There was collagen and thrombin induced
platelet aggregation and suppression of tyrosine phosphorylation of various
proteins in activated platelets. It showed no significant effects on coagulation
parameters. Results suggest C. oil to be an efficacious and safe anti-platelet
agent which was protective against intravascular thrombosis. (43)
• Effect on Arsenic Toxicity / Powder: Study evaluated the protective effect
of turmeric powder on arsenic toxicity in an albino mice model. Turmeric
reversed the sodium arsenite-induced elevation of BUN, glucose, triglyceride
and ALT and prevented the Sa-induced alterations of serum butyryl
cholinesterase (CChE) activity. The ameliorating effect of turmeric suggest a
potential application to reduce or prevent arsenic toxicity in human.(45)
• Renoprotective: Study investigated the effect of pre-treatment with turmeric
powder on kidney histopathology and function markers in renal ischemia /
reperfusion (IR) induced injury in rats. Results showed turmeric powder
significantly prevented renal I/R induced functional and histological
injuries. (46)
• Neuropharmacologic Activity: Study on ethanol extract of dried rhizomes
showed Curcuma longa has neuropharmacologic activity as evidenced by
significant reduction in locomotor activity and muscle contraction. Results
suggest potential use as antidepressant agent. (49)
• Toxicity Prediction of Tumeric Compounds: Study sought to find the most
efficacious molecule without toxic effects. Study showed out of 200
compounds, 184 were predicted as toxigenic, 136 were mutagenic, 153
carcinogenic and 64 were hepatotoxic. Study on curcumin showed its
derivatives may cause dose dependent hepatotoxicity. In contrast to
curcumin, few other compounds in tumeric are non-mutagenic, non-
carcinogenic, and non-hepatotoxic, and without side effects. The study
suggests a cost-effective approach to filter toxic compounds from the drug
recovery life cycle. (50)
• Antifertility Effect: Study evaluated aqueous and ethanolic extract of
rhizome of Curcuma longa and seeds of Carum carvi for effects on hormone
and reproductive parameters in female albino rats. Results showed a
significant antifertility effect, with significant decreases in FSH and LH levels,
with significant increase in the estrogen levels in both ethanolic extracts. (51)
• Oral Curcuma Gel in Gingivitis: Study evaluated the clinical efficacy of oral
curcuma gel in gingivitis. In a pilot study of 10 patients with severe gingivitis,
the gel showed efficacy in reducing gingivitis by reducing its inflammatory
components. The results were statistically significant with p<0.001. (52)
• Antioxidant / Antibacterial / Immunomodulating / Leaves: Study
evaluated a 50% methanolic extract of Curcuma leaves (C. longa, C. amada,
C. aromatica, C zeodaria, C. caesia) for antibacterial, antioxidant, and
immunomodulatory activities. All five species of Curcuma showed antioxidant
and antibacterial activity on different concentration of leave extract. All
extracts increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages against yeast cells.
Among the species of curcuma, the best activity was shown by Curcuma
longa. (53)
• Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic / Combination of Tumeric
and Garlic: Study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tumeric and garlic
extracts combination as antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive agents for
type-2 diabetes-dyslipidemia. Results showed the tumeric-garlic combination
could reduce plasma glucose and HbA1C as well as improve the lipid profile.
There were no significant side effects during the study. (54)
• Anticancer Activity Against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-
7: Study evaluated the in vitro anticancer activities of various extracts of
Curcuma longa against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Results
showed the C. longa chloroform extract exhibited anti-cancer and potent
growth suppressive activity against human breast cancer MCF-7. (55)
• Effect on Biochemical Aspect of Housefly Musca domestica: Study
screened the efficacy of Curcuma longa as a biopesticide against housefly
Musca domestica. Houseflies are notorious for their ability to develop
resistance mechanisms against chemical insecticides. Study of biochemical
aspects revealed a decrease of Amylase to 0.22 µmole/ml/min and a
decrease in Invertase to 0.30 µmole/ml/min., together with significant
decrease in carbohydrate and protein content, i.e., 9.26 and 22.01 mg/gm
body weight, respectively. Results suggest a potential for the development of
an ecofriendly insect control pesticide. (56)
• Interactions / Risk of Bleeding: Tumeric might slow blood clotting. Caution
should be taken when taking tumeric along with medications that also slow
clotting that might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. Such
medications include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren),
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Mefanamic acid), naproxen, dalteparin, enoxaparin
(Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (coumadin), and others. (also see: antithrombotic
[42] and antiplatelet [43] effect). (58)
• Potential Alternative in Pest Management in Crop Production: Tumeric
fresh juice, essential oil and aqueous extracts have been credited with
insecticidal properties against some pests of agricultural importance.
Research shows a potential for tumeric as natural pesticide for crop protection
and a cheap and ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides. (59)
• Antibacterial / Curcuminoids and Essential Oils: Study evaluated crude
extracts of curcuminoids and essential oils of C. longa varieties for
antibacterial activity against 4 bacterial strains viz., Bacillus subtilis, B.
macerans, B. licheniformis and Azotobacter. Of three varieties of C. longa, the
Kasur variety showed the most inhibitory effect on growth of all bacterial
strains tested. Of the bacterial strains, B. subtilis was the most sensitive to the
extracts of curcuminoids and oil. (60)
• Cardioprotective / Anti-Myocardial Apoptosis: Study evaluated the effect
of Curcuma longa and Ocimum sanctum on myocardial apoptosis and cardiac
function in ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) model of myocardial injury in Wistar
albino rats. Results showed significant cardioprotection and functional
recovery by Curcuma longa which may be attributed to its anti-apoptotic
property. In contrast to O. sanctum, C. longa may attenuate cell death due to
apoptosis and prevent the impairment of cardiac performance. (61)
• α-Amylase Inhibition / Antidiabetic / Rhizomes: In a study various
extracts of 7 plants for α-amylase inhibitory activity, Curcuma longa aqueous
extract of rhizome showed 90.9% inhibition against porcine pancreatic α-
amylase. Phytochemical screening of aqueous and methanol extracts yielded
alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins. (62)
• Antihyperglycemic / Analgesic / Leaves: Study evaluated the
antihyperglycemic and analgesic properties of leaves of C. longa.
Antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT) and antinociceptive activity by decrease in abdominal writhing in
intraperitoneal acetic-acid induced pain model in mice. Results showed dose-
dependent antinociceptive activity and reductions in blood glucose levels. (63)
• Lipid Effects / Increase HDL / Rhizomes: Tumeric extract of rhizomes
significantly raised HDL levels in both healthy and diabetic rats, together with
reduction in VLDL and LDL. (64)
• Antiviral Against Hepatitis B Virus Replication: Study investigated the
antiviral activity of an aqueous extract Curcuma longa against HBV replication
in HepG2,2,15 liver cells. The CLL extract repressed the secretion of HBsAg
from HepG cells and also suppressed the production of HBV particles and
level of intracellular HBV RNAs in HepG 2.2.15 cells, suggesting inhibition of
HBV replication. The repression of HBV replication may be through the
enhancement of p53 protein levels. Results suggest a potential for a safe and
specific drug for liver diseases caused by HBV infection. (65)
• Antacid Potential / Rhizomes: Study evaluated the antacid properties of
aqueous extracts of rhizomes under simulated conditions. The rhizome extract
showed significant antacid effect (p,0.05) at different doses with results
comparable to standard NaHCO3. The extract showed significant carminative
and antacid property with significant neutralization of acid and also showed
resistance against change in pH. (66)
• Antibacterial Against Bacillus Mediated Infections / Leaves: Study
evaluated the antimicrobial activity of C. longa leaves against six Bacillus
species. An ethanol extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against B.
cereus. Results suggest a potential for the ethanol extract of leaves as an
effective antimicrobial agent against tested Bacillus species. (67)
• Anti-Inflammatory, Antiproliferative, Apoptotic Effects in Colon
Cancer: Study evaluated the role of Curcuma longa methanolic extract
against colon cancer induced in rats. Rats treated with 5-fluouracil or tumeric
extract showed improvement in histological structure of colon tissue, as well
as a significant increase in expression of ß-catenin and K-ras genes. All
treated groups showed marked decrease in COX-2 and survivin expression in
colon tissue together with reduction in circulating levels of studied biomarkers.
Results suggest a promising therapeutic role for C. longa against colon cancer
induced in rats from its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptotic
effects. (68)
• Adsorbent for Aluminum Removal: Aluminum is found in water, plants and
food. It is used in industrial and pharmaceutical industries as food additive,
cosmetics and household products. In humans, the main source of uptake is
through food, drinking water, and medicine. Neurotoxicity to aluminum may
increase the risk for neurological and bone disorders (Alzheimer's diseases,
Parkinson's disease, dementia and osteomalacia). Study evaluated the use of
Curcuma longa as adsorbent for aluminum removal. Adsorption capacity
increased with increased contact time. Aluminum adsorption occurs in multi-
layer mode, and occurs chemically between phenolic functional groups in C.
longa with aluminum ion. (69)
• Effect of Tumeric on Postprandial Glucose: Crossover trial evaluated the
effect of C. longa on postprandial glucose, insulin levels and glycemic index in
14 healthy subjects. Results showed 6 g. C. longa increased postprandial
serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels in
healthy subjects. Results suggest C. longa may have an effect on insulin
secretion. (70)
• Benefits of C. longa-ghee Formulation with Hyaluronic Acid on Gingival
Healing:The wound healing effect of ghee from cow butterfat and rhizomes of
C. longa have been reported in Asian traditional medicine. Study evaluated
the mixture of ghee from sheep butterfat and powdered rhizomes of C. longa
on surgical wound healing. Results showed significant difference in the
inflammatory and repair parameters of the healing process between the new
formulation and hyaluronic application. Results suggest a positive potential
therapeutic effect on surgical wound healing particularly improvement in post-
surgical periodontal treatment. (71)
• Curcuminoids in Cosmetic Formulations: Study obtained curcuminoid-
rich extracts and evaluated stability and skin permeation for the development
of topical cosmetic formulations. Results suggest the development of topical
formulations containing curcumin or C. long is feasible with the addition of
adjuvants to improve preservation and durability. The formulation in the study
showed limited penetration of curcumin to the superficial skin layers, without
risk of systemic reactions, and potential for local use as anti-inflammatory.
(72)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Collagen-Induced Arthritis: Study evaluated the
effect of C. longa extract on inflammatory, macroscopic, and radiologic
changes in arthritic ankle joints of experimental collagen-induced arthritis in
Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment showed significant changes in ESR (p<0.01)
arthritic scoring (AS) (p<0.05) and radiologic scores (p<0.01). Results showed
the CL extract arrested degenerative changes in the bone and joints of
collagen-induced arthritic rats. (73)
• Hepatoprotective / Hepatocyte Membrane Peroxidation by
Acetaminophen: Study evaluated the effect of turmeric ingestion on lipid
peroxidation and GSH content induced by in vitro acetaminophen on
hepatocyte culture on a rat model. Turmeric ingestion decreased hepatocyte
peroxidation in both well-noursihed (42%) and malnourished rats (33%) and
protected against acetaminophen pro-oxidant effect. Results suggest potential
as functional food. (74)
• Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Redox and ER Stress /
Curcumin: Study evaluated the effects of curcumin against acute and chronic
stress, with specific attention to ROS. Results showed curcumin and C. longa
extract protected against acute and chronic stress by maintaining redox
balance through the antioxidant system and ER redox machinery. Study
provides molecular evidence for the use of C. longa extract in the
management of hepatic dyslipidemia. (75)
• Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Food Syndrome / Pilot
Study: Hand-foot syndrome is common in the first cycle of treatment in 40%
to 50% of patients who receive capecitabine. Results showed turmeric
combined with capecitabine produced a lower rate of HFS, especially grade 2
or higher. (76)
• Comparative Antimicrobial Study / Leaf and Rhizome: Study compared
the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of
Curcuma longa. Both showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml
concentration. The rhizome extract showed more potent antimicrobial effect
than the leaf extract. (77)
• Myorelaxant Effect in Intestinal Motility Disorders: Study evaluated a
curcuma extract for myorelaxant effect on mouse intestine model of motor
functional disoder of the gastrointestinal tract. Results showed a spasmolytic
effect on K+ induced contraction at the level of L type calcium channels. There
was mild cholestatic effect that warrants further evaluation together with
determination of effective dose with minimal side effects. (78)
• Antiangiogenic Effect: Angiogenesis is a normal process in the body
characterized by formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature.
Study evaluated the effect of various concentrations of CL tea powder on
angiogenesis of 10-day old duck embryos. Results showed significant anti-
angiogenic effect. Antiangiogenic activity was attributed to the synergistic
effects of curcumin phytochemicals viz., curcumin, quercetin,, vitaminn C and
vitamin E. (79)
• Yellow Pigment / Natural Food Preservative / Rhizome: Study evaluated
the extraction of yellow pigment from powdered tumeric rhizomes and the
preservative/antioxidant activity of the oil-soluble yellow pigment. S. aureus,
B. cereus, E. faecalis, and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all treated
samples. Results suggest the yellow pigment from turmeric rhizomes
exhibited strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Study recommends
the use of the yellow pigment extracts in food to suppress lipid oxidation with
a potential as natural food colorant and preservative and alternative to
synthetic dyes that may be harmful to health. (80)
• Antiobesity / Overview: Obesity is a complex disorder of chronic
inflammation, oxidative stress, and abnormal behaviors, together with
biological pathways that may contribute to the development of obesity.
Curcuma longa is effective against inflammation and oxidative stress, and
increases adinopectin concentration and maintains harmony of nutritional
substances. Overview suggest C. longa may be beneficial for the
management of obesity. (81)
• Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies: Study evaluated the active principles
and median lethal dose (LD50) of C. longa through acute and chronic toxicity
studies. Acute toxicity study showed an LD50 above 1000 mg/kg. Same dose
was used for chronic toxicity testing. Both acute and chronic toxicity testing at
1000 mg.kg elicited some gross observational effects like excitement, followed
by mild depression, dullness, decreased respiration and reduced spontaneous
motor activity. Results suggest higher doses (1000mg/kg) is slightly toxic and
use at higher dose should be avoided. (see consstituents above) (82)
• Gastroprotective / Aspirin Induced Gastric Injury: Study evaluated the
effect of C. longa on aspirin induced gastric injuries using the Ulcer Index,
gross morphology and histopathologic parameters. Pretreatment with CLE
produced highly significant (p<0.001) protection against aspirin induced
injuries and hemorrhages. (84)
• Immunomodulatory / Proliferative Effect: Depending on the type of
pathological condition and need for increasing or decreasing the extent of
proiferation for immune cels such as PBMC or monocytes, studies can be
desinged to use Aloe Vera or Turmeric extracts. Tumeric extract showed a
very high prolliferative effect as evidenced by a significant increase in cell
density and protein content compared to solvent alone control. (85)
• Analgesic / Knee Osteoarthritis: Study evaluated the efficacy and safety of
C. domestica extracts in pain reduction and functiinal improvement. Results
showed C. domestica extracts are as effective as ibuprofen for the treatment
of knee osteeoarthritis. (86)
• Anti-Arthritic Effect / Toxicity Effects / Essential Oil: Crude or refined
turmeric essential oil (TEO) extracts dramatically inhibited joint swelling (90-
100% inhibition) in female rats with streptococcal cel wall (SCW)-induced
arthritis with intraperitoneal injection of extracts.However, the anti-arthritic
effect was accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. Results do not
support the isolated use of TEO for arthritis treatment and identifies potential
safety concerns in vertebrates exposed to TEO. (88)