INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science

MM 209: THERMODYNAMICS of MATERIALS: 2019-20: FALL
Assignment No. 2 Submission Date: 30 Aug 2019; 0830h

‘One should rid of the prejudice that an arithmetical mistake or a mistake in unit conversion is less
serious than a mistake in analysis. In engineering practice, a numerical mistake leads to consequences,
which may be as serious as those of a mistake in analysis. Furthermore, an engineer should cultivate a
critical feel for orders of magnitude’. (Adapted from Kestin:Thermodynamics).

Where data is not given, use data from : Kubaschewskii: Materials Thermochemistry, (Pergamon Press) in the
library. Cite the edition of the book and page numbers correctly.
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1. With numerical examples show that in a gravitational field, only the potential energy difference between two
states of the same body is meaningful; the absolute values and the ratios of energies are not. Can kinetic
energies defined in two separate inertial frames (with a constant relative velocity between them) be
compared ?

2. (a) Derive an expression similar to the statement dE= q -P.dV for the application of a
unidimensional elastic stress  to a metal bar of length l. How do the signs account for the two
cases of extension and compression?

(b) Evaluate the work done in the equation derived in (a) for the process in which the stress on a
wire of cross-section A is increased from 1 to 2 at constant temperature.
Young’s Modulus: = . Neglect changes in Y and A.
3. An imperfect gas obeys the equation:
(𝑝 + 𝑎/𝑉 )(𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑅𝑇

Where a = 8x10 -3 N.m 6 .mol -2 and b = 3x10 -5 m 3 .mol -1 . Calculate the work required to compress
0.3 moles of this gas isothermally from a volume of 5x10 -3 m 3 to 2x10 -3 m 3 at 300K.

4. 10 liters of a monatomic ideal gas at 25 o C and 10 atm. are expanded to a final pressure of 1 atm.
𝐶 = 𝑅 and 𝐶 = 𝑅 and are independent of pressure and temperature. Calculate final states, the
work done, the heat absorbed and the change in E and H if the processes are carried out either:
(a) reversibly and isothermally, or
(b) adiabatically and reversibly

Having determined the final state of the gas after the reversible adiabatic expansion, verify
that the change in E for the process is independent of the path taken between the initial and final
states by considering the process to be carried out by any of the following combination of
processes:

(i) isothermal process and a constant volume process

(ii) constant vol. process and an isothermal process

5. A quantity of heat Q = 57.3 kJ is transferred to a volume V = 0.04 m3 of helium at 300K and 13.5 bar
initially. Consider two processes : (a) V = constant and (b) P = constant. Calculate P2, T2 for (a) and V’2, T’2
for (b). Which energy E2 or E’2 is larger and why ? Assume ideal gas behavior.
6. Derive from the first law of thermodynamics the equation:

7. Show from the first law that :

8. A cylinder contains 0.1 kg of water at 15C. A piston increases the pressure on the water
isothermally and reversibly from 1 atm to 100 atm. Find the work done on the water by
the piston,

For water at 15C, the coefficient of thermal volume expansion α=1.5 * 10 -4 /K and the
isothermal compressibility = −(1/V)(∂V/∂P) T = 4.9 * 10 -12 /Pa. Take density of water at 1
atm and 15C to be ~1000 kg/m 3 , and C P = ~4180 J/ kg/K.

9. A mixture of steam and oxygen at 1000K and 1 atm. reacts with a column of graphite at
1000K to yield a mixture of H 2 and CO at the same temperature and pressure. Calculate
the composition of the CO/H 2 mixture, if the above isothermal process is also adiabatic
(i.e. no heat effect).
Data: Enthalpy of formation at 1000K: H 2 O: -247,857 J/mol.; CO: -111,983 J/mol.

10. 1 mole of a super-cooled material is adiabatically contained at 400 K at constant pressure.

If it spontaneously freezes, what is the final temperature? What fraction of the material
freezes?

∆𝐻 = 2000 . 𝑎𝑡 𝑇 = 600𝐾 ; 𝐶 : 𝑙𝑖𝑞: 34.7 − 9.2𝑥10 𝑇, J/mol.K; 𝐶 : 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 18.5 + 2.6𝑥10 -3 T, J/mol.K

11. Zinc is produced by the reduction of ZnO with carbon, the product Zn being distilled out
in vapour form. (You may be surprised to know that one can find thousands of retorts
which were used more than two thousand years ago in a place called Zaver in Rajasthan:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_South_Asia). If the temperature
of the reactants is 298K and the final products, Zn vapour and CO, should be at 1273K,
what is the minimum heat to be supplied to the retort? Take data from standard
references, and give proper citation.

12. RACEWAY ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE (RAFT) : The iron making furnace of the
Agariyas (problem 1 in assignment 1) consists of a shaft, 0.8 m tall, filled with charcoal and small
amount of iron ore. Room temperature air is blown through a blow pipe (tuyere) near the bottom.
Once lighted, charcoal descending from the shaft reacts with air to give CO and N2 just near the tip
of the blowpipe. This region where this intense burning takes place is called the Raceway. The hot
gases generated at the raceway rise through the shaft heating the solids resulting the reduction
reaction. We are interested in the temperature of the gas generated in the raceway. Calculate this
temperature (RAFT), assuming adiabatic conditions.

By the time that the charcoal in the furnace charge has descended to the tuyere level and enters the
raceway region, it has been heated to the temperature of the gases coming out of the raceway. On