DELA CRUZ, Carmela Joy S.

BSGE IV

Geodetic datum or geodetic system (geodetic reference datum or geodetic reference system) is
a coordinate system, and a set of reference points, used to locate places on the Earth (or similar
objects). An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84, an ellipsoid, whereas a more
accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least 2,159 spherical
harmonics.

Philippine Reference System 1992 is a geodetic datum first defined in 1992-01-01 and is suitable for use
in Philippines - onshore and offshore. Philippine Reference System 1992 references the Clarke 1866
ellipsoid and the Greenwich prime meridian. Philippine Reference System 1992 origin is Fundamental
point: Balanacan. Latitude: 13°33'41.000"N, longitude: 121°52'03.000"E (of Greenwich), geoid-ellipsoid
separation 0.34m. Philippine Reference System 1992 is a geodetic datum for Geodetic survey, cadastre,
topographic mapping, engineering survey. It was defined by information from National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority, Coast and Geodetic Survey Department. Replaces Luzon 1911 datum
(code 6253).

Establishing Horizontal Control

1. Identify and mark a number of key fixed points that will serve as control (reference) for all
subsequent surveying. These might be points located on the boundary of the area to be
mapped, points of maximum or minimum elevation, significant features, etc.. At least 3 points
should be clearly visible from each point. Consider the visibility (e.g. background) of each control
point and its susceptibility to disturbance, since they will remain for the duration of the survey
or longer.

2. Establish the baseline, an accurately measured distance between 2 control points. The baseline
should occupy fairly level ground (< 5º). Measure the baseline distance to the nearest 10 mm
using a 50 m tape. If the distance is greater then 50 m mark the tape lengths with survey pins.
Measure the baseline length in both directions. If the 2 measurements differ by more than 50
mm repeat both measurements, otherwise use the mean of the two distances. Measure the
vertical angle between control points, so that the surface length can be reduced to a horizontal
distance.

3. Station the tripod over a control point.

4. Mount the transit (theodolite) on the tripod. Slide the transit laterally until it is positioned
directly over the control point as viewed through the optical plummet. Turn the 3 leveling
screws unit the bubbles are centered in the 2 orthogonal spirit levels.

5. Release the upper set screw. Rotate the telescope about the vertical axis until the 0 mark on the
vernier scale is aligned with the proper magnetic declination on the outer horizontal scale. Small
adjustments can be made by tightening the set screw and using the tangent screw. Tighten the
upper set screw and release the lower set screw. Release the magnetic needle and rotate the
telescope about the vertical axis until the needle is suspended in the centre of its housing.
Tighten the lower set screw. The telescope is now oriented in a magnetic north-south direction
and the reading on the horizontal scale should be the magnetic declination. Thus all readings on
the horizontal scale will now be in degrees east of true north

6. Record the horizontal angle to each of the control points visible from the instrument station.
Sight on a stadia rod or ranging pole. The focusing screw is mounted on the outside of the
standard not housing the vertical circle. The focusing ring for the cross hairs is located on the
eyepiece. Rotate the telescope clockwise and close the round of observations by repeating the
measurement on the first target. If the 1st and last readings differ by < 15 ", use the mean value.
If they differ by > 15 ", the round of measurements should be repeated.

7. Rotate the telescope about its vertical axis by 1800. The telescope set screw is adjacent to the
telescope. The tangent screw for fine adjustment of the inclination of the telescope in located
on the standard with the focusing screw. Conduct another round of angle measurements
according to instruction 6. The face-left and face-right angles can be averaged unless they differ
by > 15", in which case, all the horizontal angle observations must be repeated.
 8. Move the transit and repeat instructions 3-8 until horizontal angles have been established
between all control points.

Establishing Vertical Control

Vertical control is provided by benchmarks in or near the track to be surveyed, and it becomes
the foundation for correctly portraying relief on topographic maps.
Vertical control is usually established by running lines of differential levels starting from and
closing on established benchmarks.
Project or temporary benchmarks are established in strategic locations, normally located near
and around the project area, and their elevations are determined by including them as turning points in
differential levelling lines.
With the rapidly growing popularity of total stations, trigonometric levelling has become
practical, and is now frequently used to establish vertical control for mapping, especially in rugged areas