HVE4701/201/0/2018

Tutorial letter 201/0/2018

High Voltage Engineering IV (Theory)

HVE4701

Year Module

Department of Electrical and Mining

Engineering

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
UNISA HIGH VOLTAGE 4

MEMORANDUM ASSIGNMENT 2: 2018

QUESTION 1:

1.1
1.1.1 800 = I0 e 0.6α and 80 = I0 e 0.1α
That gives I0 = 800/e 0.6α and I0 = 80/e 0.1α

Thus is 800/80 = e 0.6α / e 0.1α

and 10 = e 0.5α gives 0.5α = ln 10 = 2.3

That gives α = 4.6 ionizing collisions.

1.1.2 Given above then I0 = 800/e 0.6α = 50.65A

(6+2=8)
1.2
1.2.1 I = (I0eαd)/(1 – v(eαd – 1))
(2)
1.2.2 The current becomes infinite if 1 – v(eαd – 1) = 0
Or v(eαd – 1) =1
Since eαd >> 1 the equation becomes veαd = 1
(4x1=4)
1.2.3 (1) The resistance of the external circuit and
(2) Partially by the voltage drop in the arc
(2x2=4)
1.2.4 Townsend criterion for spark or Townsend breakdown criterion
(2)
1.2.5 (1) veαd = 1 (1)

The number of ion pairs produced in the gap by the passage of arc electrons
avalanche is sufficiently large (1) and the resulting positive ions on bombarding
the cathode are able to release one secondary electron (1) and so cause a
repetition of the avalanche process. (1) The discharge is then said to be self-
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sustained (1) as the discharge will sustain itself even if the source producing I 0
is removed. (1)
(6)
αd
(2) ve > 1 (1)
There ionisation produced by successive avalanche is cumulated. (1). The spark
discharge grows more rapidly the more veαd exceeds unity (1)
(3)
(3) veαd < 1 (1)
here the current I is not self-sustained (1) that is on removal of the source the
current I0 ceases to flow. (1)
(3)
(24)
1.3 Breakdown Voltage:

1.3.1 Rres transformer = 2/100 x 2002/0.1 = 8kΩ

Rrec transformer = 6/100 x 2002/0.1 = 24kΩ

Rres inductor = 8 kΩ
Capacitive reactance of transformer for test specimen is:
132/1 = 132 kΩ

For resonance XL = XC

132 -24 = 108 kΩ

Inductance required = 108000/314 = 344H
(6)
1.3.2 Total resistance of the circuit = 16 kΩ
Secondary voltage = IR = 1x16 = 16kV

Vprimary = 16 x 250/200 = 20V

(4)
(10)
(Total 42)

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QUESTION 2:

2.1.1. Vdrop = I x (2/3n3 + n2/2 – n/6)/fC = 35.3kV

% = 35.3/(2x10x88) = 2%

2.1.2 (b) δV = I(n(n+1))/4fC = 1.4kV

2.1.3 (c) Vno-load = 2nVmax = 706kV

2.1.4 (d) V0max = 706 kV – 35.3kV = 670.7kV

(2x4=8)

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 2.3 Human safety:

(i) Cable under test must be carefully prepared and properly terminated to avoid
excessive leakage or end flashovers that may occur during testing which
might be a source of fatality to humans.
(ii) Since high voltage is applied on a capacitive cable, there are changes of stray
voltages. As such the system must be properly earthed such that the stray
currents are discharged to ground through impedance not reachable by
humans.
(iii) Resonance test equipment must be properly insulated.
(iv) Test equipment must properly be barricade and fenced to ensure to access
during testing. A warning light and preferable an alarm must indicate that the
testing has started and in progress.
(v) Cable must be earthed after testing before any contact is made with the cable.
(10)

Total (36)
Question 2:

2.1 Insulation co-ordination.

Is the correlation of the equipment insulation level (equipment BIL & SIL) to that of that
of the surge protection (surge arrestor) level. The number and placement of surge
arrestor is that which can be economically justified for the risk. The Volt-Time curve of
the surge arrestor must be below the volt-time curve of the equipment being protected
i.e. protective margin.

2.2 Discuss the origin of switching surges.

• Switching surge originate in the network when switching in and out of shunt
capacitor banks and large inductances like transformers, shunt reactors and long
transmission lines.
• Circuit breakers re-striking
• Switching in long transmission lines.

2.3 Disadvantages of gap type surge arrestors over gapless MOV type:

Slow and inconsistent operation. – refer to time lag and air gaps (Wadhwa pages36 and
131) i.e. A gap arrestor operation is subjected to the statistical time lag

2.4 BIL and SIL

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BIL – Basic Insulation Level – insulation ability to withstand lightning impulses.

1/50 standard waveform
SIL – Switching Insulation Level – insulation ability to withstand switching impulses.
250/2500 standard waveform

2.5 Negative impact:

• Tower & tower footage impedance to earth

• BIL (insulation length and strike length
• Shielding (Min coverage and 30 deg)
• Tower height and exposure
• Use of surge arrestor
(4+4+4+5+5=22)

TOTAL 100

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UNISA HIGH VOLTAGE 4

MEMORANDUM ASSIGNMENT 3: 2018

QUESTION 1:
Question 1.1:

Breakdown Voltage:

1.1.1. Vbreakdown = 24.22 (s) + 6.08√s

For 11mm = 1.1cm Vb = 33kV
For 70mm = 7cm Vb = 185.6kV
(6)
1.1.2. Correction factor:

b = 760 – (1700/100)(1.3/100) x 760 = 592 mmHg

δ = (293 x b)/(760(273 + 28)) = 0.76

(3)
(9)

Question 1.2:

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1.3

1 pu incident TRANS MITTED REFLEC TED

Voltage and 1
pu incident
Current Surge

VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT

Open Circuit 2.00 0.00 1.00 -1.00

R=2xZ 1.33 0.67 0.33 -.0.33

R = Z-Matched 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

R = 0.5x Z 0.67 1.33 -0.33 0.33

Short Circuit 0.00 2.00 -1.00 1.00

NOTE: The maximum transferred voltage is 2p.u. for open circuit (infinite impedance) and
the reflected voltage and current have opposite polarity.
(20)
Total (39)
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Question 2
Question 2.1

(a) Cp = Cs x R2/R1 = 0.2x10-6 x 475/28 = 0.48µF

(b) Rp = R1/ω2 x C2 x Cs x R22 = 4.46 MΩ

(c) tan ςp = 1/(ωxCpxRp) = 0.00149 rad

(d) PT = V2 ω2 Cp ς = 116W

(e) R1 = ρ lin (R/r) / 2πL = 1.38MΩ

PL = V2 / R1 = 350.7W

Thus PH = 350.7 – 116W = 234.7W

(2x4 + 5 = 13)

2.2 Loss angle = σ / ωε0εr where ε0εr = 4.2

Thus σ = 0.01 x 314 x 4.2 = 13.2.

P = σE2 Thus E2 = 2200/13.2 and E = 12.9V/cm

(6)

Question 2.3

(i) Suppose a wave has travelled, after a time t, a distance x.

Thus, a distance dx which is travelled by the wave in time dt.
The electrostatic flux which is equal to the change between the conductor of the
line up to a distance x is given by:

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 q = VCx

Thus I = dq/dt
= VC dx/dt

Let v = dx/dt

Thus I = VCv …………………. Eq 1 (4)

Similarly the electromagnetic flux linkages created around the conductors due
to the current flowing in them up to a distance x is given by:

V = ILx

The voltage is the rate at which the flux linkages link around the conductor:

Thus V = IL dx/dt

Thus V = ILv …………………. Eq 2

(4)

Multiply Eq1 with Eq2:

VI = (VCv)(ILv) = VILCv²

Thus v² = 1/LC

And v = 1/(LC)-½ …………………Eq3

(2)
Substitute the given values for L and C and you will get:
v = 3 x 108 m/s = velocity of light.
(2)

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(ii) Velocity of travelling wave normally is less than the velocity of light.
(2)
(iii) Since ε = ε0εr and for a transmission line εr =1, for a cable εr >1.
Replace ε with ε0εr in equation 1 and

v is inverse proportional to (εr)-½

(4)
(14)

Total (33)

Question 3

3.1

3.1.1 (a) Drawbacks

(i) Tests disturbs whole network

(ii) Power available depends on the location of the substation etc.

(iii) Test conditions like desired recovery voltage cannot be achieved
conventionally.
(3)
(b) Advantages:

(i) All conditions like voltage and current etc can be controlled accurately.

(ii) Several indirect testing methods can be used.

(iii) Test can be repeated without disturbing the network
(3)
3.1.2 (i) Test Voltage is applied between phases with breaker closed.

(ii) Test Voltage is applied between phases with breaker open

(iii) Test Voltage is applied across the terminals with breaker open
(3)
3.1.3 (i) Test is used for outdoor switchgear

(ii) External insulation is sprayed for two minutes while the rated service voltage is
applied.
(iii) The test overvoltage is then maintained for 30 seconds during which no flash
should occur
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 (3)
3.1.4 (i) Test is performed to check the thermal behavior of the breakers

(ii) Rated current is passed through breaker long enough to achieve steady state
conditions.
(iii) Temperature readings are obtained through thermocouples
(iv) The temperature rise above ambient of conductors must normally not exceed
400C when the rated normal current is less than 800A or 50 0C if it is rated
800A or above.
(4)

(16)

3.2 Strike distance – Air breakdown distance to the tower or between phase to phase and phase
to earth.

Insulation BIL – 1/50 puncture or flashover strength. The insulation strength for 1/50 µs
wave.

(4)

3.3 Z=(L/C)½ therefore reducing L and increasing C

Phase spacing – closer phase spacing = (<L and >C)

Bundle or conductor diameter – Larger diameter = (<L and >C)

(4)

3.4 Er = E1 (2Zr/(Zt + Z1) = 2MV (2x60)/(60+500) = 0.43MV

Ir = Er/Zt = 7.2kA

(4)

(28)

(28)

TOTAL 100

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