6.1. What is non-destructive testing of insulating materials?

Give very briefly the

characteristics of these methods.
For this reason, following non-destructive testing methods that permit early detection for
insulation faults are used:

(i) Measurement of the insulation resistance under d.c. voltages.

(ii) Determination of loss factor tan δ and the capacitance C
(iii) Measurement of partial discharge

6.2. Starting from first principles, develop expression to evolve equivalent circuit of
an insulating material.

6.3. Draw a neat diagram of a high voltage schering bridge and describe various
features of the bridge.

6.4. Describe the functions of (i) Null detector (ii) Automatic guard potential
regulator used in high voltage Schering bridge.
#Null detector An oscilloscope is used as a null detector. The –plates are supplied with the bridge
voltage Vab and the x-plates with the supply voltage V. If Vab has phase difference with respect to V, an
ellipse will appear on the screen

# Automatic Guard Potential Regulator: While measuring capacitance and loss factors
using a.c. bridges, the detrimental stray capacitances between bridge junctions and the
ground adversely affect the measurements and are the source of error. This arrangement
is made to either neutralize, balance or eliminated by precise and rigorous calculations.
6.5. Draw a neat diagram of high voltage Schering bridge and analyse it for
balanced condition. Draw its phasor diagram. Assume (i) Series equivalent (ii)
Parallel equivalent representation of the insulating material.

6.6. What modifications do you suggest in the basic Schering bridge while
measuring large capacitances?
Give its analysis. How the expressions for capacitance and loss angle get modified?

6.7. What is an inverted schering bridge? Give its application.

One is the inversion of a Schering bridge shown in Fig. 6.13 with the operator, ratio arms
and null detector inside a Faraday Cage at high potential. The system requires the cage to
be insulated for the full test voltage and with suitable design may be used up to maximum
voltage available

6.8. Explain the operation of high voltage Schering bridge when the test specimen (i) is
grounded (ii) has high loss factor.

6.9. Discuss various types of transformer ratio arm bridges and give their application and
advantages.

6.10. Describe with a neat diagram the principle of the operation of transformer current
ratio arm bridge. Explain how this is used for measurement of capacitance and loss factor
of an insulating material.

6.11. What are partial discharges? Differentiate between internal and external discharges.

6.12. Develop and draw equivalent circuit of insulating material during partial discharge.

6.13. What is apparent charge in relation to partial discharges? Show that the calculation
of apparent charge as a measure of partial discharges even though is more realistic than
calculation of change in voltage across the electrode, has limited application for partial
discharge measurement.
6.14. Explain with neat diagram basic principle of pulse current measurement for
estimation of partial discharges.

6.15. Write short note on the measuring impedance circuit for estimation of partial
discharges.

6.16. Shows that the d.c. content of the frequency spectrum equals the apparent charge in
the pulse current.

6.17. Explain with neat diagrams how wide band circuit can be used for measuring partial
discharge.

6.18. “For proper measurement of partial discharge the resolution time of the circuit
should be smaller than the time-constant of the current pulse” Why? Explain.

6.19. Explain with neat diagram the Narrow-Band PD-detection circuit.

6.20. Show that the impulse response of narrow-bandpass receiver is an Oscilatory and
with main frequency fm and the amplitude is given by signum function. Discuss the
limitation of narrow bandpass detector.

6.21. Compare the performance of narrow band and wide band PD measuring circuits.

6.22. Explain with neat diagram a bridge circuit used for suppressing interference signals.

6.23. Write a short note on the use of an Oscilloscope as a PD measuring device.

6.24. Explain why the Schering bridge is particularly suitable for measurements at high
voltages and outline the precautions necessary to avoid errors.
A sample of insulation is placed in one arm CD of the Schering bridge. Under balanced
condition the other three arms are as follows: