What makes up matter? Is there a smallest particle?

Continuous vs Discontinuous
Aristotle vs Democritus

Example #1: Water + Sand

Volume of water Volume of sand Volume of water + sand

Qualitative observations while mixing:

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Example #2: Water + Ethanol

Volume of water Volume of ethanol Volume of water + ethanol

Qualitative observations while mixing:

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

• There is no smallest particle.

Continuous: __________________________________________________________________
• Can theoretically cut matter in half forever.
___________________________________________________________________
• Aristotle: Everything is made up of a combination of 4/5 elements
___________________________________________________________________

(Air, Earth, Fire, Water, … later added Aether).

___________________________________________________________________

• There is a smallest particle.

Discontinuous: _______________________________________________________________
• Democritus: All matter is made up of atoms and void (spaces
___________________________________________________________________
between the atoms); atoms are indivisible.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 Matter

• Mass and Volume

Pure Substances Mixtures

• Only 1 type of particle • 2 or more types of particles

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Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
• Only 1 type of atom • Atoms of 2 or more • A solution • 2 or more phases;
elements chemically • Single phase; non-uniform mixture
bonded together uniform mixture
Examples: Examples:
Examples:
➢ Carbon, C Examples: ➢ Milk
➢ Water, H2O
➢ Oxygen, O2 ➢ Salt water ➢ Pizza
➢ Glucose, C6H12O6
➢ Gold, Au ➢ Soft drinks ➢ Bacon cheeseburger
➢ Sodium chloride, NaCl
➢ Bronze … this is making me hungry
 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Label, for each of the following diagrams, which of the following is being illustrated.
E Element M E Mixture of Elements
C Compound M C Mixture of Compounds
M E C Mixture of Elements and Compounds

1. C 2. ME 3. MEC

4. MC 5. E 6. C

7. E 8. MEC 9. ME

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 Physical and Chemical Changes

• No new substance is produced.

Physical change: _______________________________________________________________
• Same characteristic properties.
_______________________________________________________________

• New substance(s) is/are produced.

Chemical change: ______________________________________________________________
• Different characteristic properties.
______________________________________________________________

Signs of a chemical change:

• Colour change
• Bubbles (gas produced)
• Formation of a precipitate
• Release (or absorption) of energy (heat, light, etc…)

Identify each of the following changes as chemical (C) or physical (P).

(i) P
Water boils: ___ (ii) C
A piece of bread is toasted: ___
(iii) C
Iron rusts: ___ (iv) P
A tree is cut down: ___
(v) P
Food is chewed: ___ (vi) C
Wood is burned: ___
(vii) C
Food is digested: ___ (viii) P
Dry ice undergoes sublimation: ___
(ix) C
Photosynthesis: ___ (x) P
A puddle evaporates: ___

(xi) C
Two liquids are mixed together and bubbles appear: ___
(xii) P
A liquid is heated to its boiling point and bubbles appear: ___
(xiii) P
Cherry Kool-Aid is dissolved in water; the resulting solution is red: ___
(xiv) C
A drop of an unknown solution turns blue litmus paper red: ___
(xv) C
A lit splint test on an unknown gas results in a popping sound: ___
(xvi) P
A purple gas appears when some iodine crystals are heated: ___
(xvii) Limewater turns cloudy when exposed to a certain gas: C
___

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 Chemical Reactions (Word Equations)

A chemical reaction can be described with a chemical word equation.

The names of all reactants (the initial substances) separated by + signs. An arrow, →, (not an equal
sign) to indicate a change and point toward the products (the new substances formed).

Example: Photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide reacts with water, a chemical
reaction that produces glucose and oxygen gas.
Word equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Describe each of the following chemical reactions with a chemical word equation.
1) Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas in a synthesis reaction that produces dihydrogen
monoxide (aka water).

Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

2) Water can be decomposed, by electrolysis, into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

Water → Hydrogen + Oxygen

3) As propane gas burns, it reacts with oxygen gas in a combustion reaction that produces carbon
dioxide gas and water vapour.

Propane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

4) During cellular respiration (the reverse reaction to photosynthesis), glucose reacts with oxygen in
a slow combustion reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water, as well as energy for the
body to use.

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

5) When sodium bicarbonate (aka baking soda) is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate
(a type of salt), carbon dioxide and water.

Sodium bicarbonate → Sodium carbonate + Carbon dioxide + Water

6) Iron (III) oxide (aka rust) is a compound that is produced during a slow combustion reaction
when the metallic element iron reacts with oxygen gas.

Iron + Oxygen → Iron (III) oxide

Sodium
7) Limewater is used to detect →
bicarbonate the Sodium
presencecarbonate + Carbon
of carbon dioxide. Thedioxide + Water
cloudy-white product is
calcium carbonate, produced when calcium hydroxide (aka limewater) reacts with the gas
carbon dioxide. The chemical reaction also produces water.
Limewater + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
Sodium bicarbonate → Sodium carbonate + Carbon dioxide + Water

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 The Law of Conservation of Mass

During the 18th century, Antoine Lavoisier conducted experiments

which demonstrated that mass is conserved during physical and
chemical changes.

It requires 85 parts by weight of oxygen and 15 parts of

hydrogen to compose 100 parts of water. Dans la nature rien ne se crée,
rien ne se perd, tout change.
The Law of Conservation of Mass:

Mass of reactants = Mass of products

_____________________________________________________________________________

For each of the following examples, (i) write the chemical word equation for the reaction
described and (ii) write the mass of each substance under its chemical name.

1) 72 g of water is decomposed into 64 g of oxygen gas and _?_ g of hydrogen gas.

word equation: Water → Oxygen + Hydrogen
Hydrogen
masses: 72 g 64 g 8g Water + Oxygen

2) 12 g of carbon reacts with 32 g of oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide.

word equation: Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

masses: Sodiumgbicarbonate →32
12 Sodiumgcarbonate + Carbon dioxide
44+ gWater
3) A 2.4 g piece of magnesium reacts with oxygen (a combustion reaction) and produces 5.6 g of
magnesium oxide.

word equation: Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide

masses: Sodium
2.4 bicarbonate
g → Sodium
3.2 gcarbonate + Carbon dioxide
5.6 g+ Water
4) 160 g of rust is produced when 112 g of iron reacts with oxygen gas.

Iron + Oxygen → Rust

112 g 48 g 160 g

5) The contents of a 500 g box of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) decompose, when heated,
into 315.4 g of sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas (the bubbles in cakes and other baked
goods), and 53.6 g of water.

Sodium bicarbonate → Sodium carbonate + Carbon dioxide + Water

500 g 315.4 g 131 g 53.6 g

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 The Law of Conservation of Mass

6) Water and 32 g of oxygen gas are produced when 68 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposes.

Hydrogen peroxide → Water + Oxygen

68 g 36 g 32 g

7) 50.0 g of methane reacts with 200.0 g of oxygen when it burns. The reaction yields 137.5 g of
carbon dioxide and an amount of water vapour.

Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

50.0 g 200.0 g 137.5 g 112.5 g

8) 50.0 g of propane reacts with oxygen gas as it burns to produce 150.0 g of carbon dioxide gas
and 81.8 g of water vapour.

Propane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

50.0 g 181.8 g 150.0 g 81.8 g

9) Pure copper is produced when 19.2 g of copper oxide reacts with 1.2 g of carbon in a chemical
reaction that also releases 7.6 g of carbon dioxide gas.

Copper oxide + Carbon → Copper + Carbon dioxide

19.2 g 1.2 g 12.8 g 7.6 g

10) In the solid rocket boosters of the now decommissioned space shuttles, every 663 g of
ammonium perchlorate reacted with 162 g of aluminum powder, producing 104 g of
aluminum oxide, 267 g of aluminum chloride, 138 g of nitrogen monoxide, an amount of
water vapour, as well as energy to power the space shuttle.

Ammonium perchlorate + Aluminium → Aluminium oxide + Aluminium chloride + Nitrogen monoxide + Water

663 g 162 g 104 g 267 g 138 g 316 g

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 LAB: The Law of Conservation of Mass

Objective: The purpose of this lab is to experimentally verify the law of conservation of mass.

Part A: Reacting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with acetic acid (HC2H3O2)

Observations:
Masses of Reactants and Containers
Mass of sodium bicarbonate and flask
Before

Mass of acetic acid and graduated cylinder

Qualitative Observations During Mixing

During

Masses of Products and Containers

Mass of sodium acetate, water and flask
After

Mass of (mostly) empty graduated cylinder

Analysis:

1) What observations indicate that a chemical reaction occurred?

2) Calculate the total mass of the reactants (with containers).

3) Calculate the total mass of the products (with containers).

4) Calculate the difference in mass (∆𝑚 = mass of products − mass of reactants).

5) Do the results of this experiment support the law of conservation of mass? Explain.

6) What addition could be made to the procedure to improve the results of this lab?

7) Write the chemical word equation for the reaction that occurred in this experiment.

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 LAB: The Law of Conservation of Mass

Part B: Reacting sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with calcium chloride (CaCl2)

Observations:
Title: ____________________________________________________

Mass of sodium carbonate and flask

Before

Mass of calcium chloride and graduated cylinder

Title: ____________________________________________________
During

Title: ____________________________________________________

Mass of calcium carbonate, sodium chloride and flask

After

Mass of (mostly) empty graduated cylinder

Analysis:
1) What observations indicate that a chemical reaction occurred?

2) Calculate the total mass of the reactants (with containers).

3) Calculate the total mass of the products (with containers).

4) Calculate the difference in mass (∆𝑚 = mass of products − mass of reactants).

5) Do the results of this experiment support the law of conservation of mass? Explain.

6) Write the chemical word equation for the reaction that occurred in this experiment.

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 LAB: The Law of Conservation of Mass

Part C: Reacting sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Observations:
Title: ____________________________________________________

Mass of sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein and beaker

Before

Mass of hydrochloric acid and flask

Title: ____________________________________________________
During

Title: ____________________________________________________

Mass of sodium chloride, water and flask

After

Mass of (mostly) empty beaker

Analysis:
1) What observations indicate that a chemical reaction occurred?

2) Calculate the total mass of the reactants (with containers).

3) Calculate the total mass of the products (with containers).

4) Calculate the difference in mass (∆𝑚 = mass of products − mass of reactants).

5) Do the results of this experiment support the law of conservation of mass? Explain.

6) Write the chemical word equation for the reaction that occurred in this experiment.

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 Molecules

Molecule: A group of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together.

1) Name each of the 12 molecules shown from the list of chemical names and formulas given
below (note: not all names from the list will be used).

(i) (ii) (iii)

O
O C C O

Carbon dioxide
___________________ Carbon monoxide
___________________ Sulphur trioxide
___________________

(iv) (v) (vi)

H
O H O
O O Ca H Ca
O H

Ozone
___________________ Calcium hydride
___________________ Calcium hydroxide
___________________

(vii) (viii) (ix)

H H H H H H H
H
H C C C H H C O H H C C C C H

H H H H H H H
H

Propane
___________________ Methanol
___________________ Butane
___________________

(x) (xi) (xii)

H
H
O
H H H O H C
C C
H C C O H H C C O H
H
H H H O H O H

Ethanol
___________________ Acetic acid
___________________ Lactic acid
___________________

carbon monoxide, CO calcium oxide, CaO hydrogen gas, H2

carbon dioxide, CO2
sulphur dioxide, SO2
sulphur trioxide, SO3
methanol, CH3OH
ethanol, C2H5OH
isopropanol, C3H7OH
calcium hydride, CaH2 nitrogen gas, N2
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 oxygen gas, O2
carbonic acid, H2CO3 ozone, O3
lactic acid, HC3H5O3 methane, CH4
citric acid, H3C6H5O7 propane, C3H8
acetic acid, CH3COOH butane, C4H10

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 Conservation of Matter

Legend (Symbols used by John Dalton circa 1800):

Carbon: Oxygen: Hydrogen:

Using the given legend (Dalton’s symbols), draw diagrams to illustrate the molecules present
before and after each of the following chemical reactions:

1) An atom of carbon, C(s), reacts with a molecule of oxygen gas, O2(g), to produce a molecule of
carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g).
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
reactants products

2) Two atoms of carbon, C(s), react with one molecule of oxygen gas, O2(g), in a chemical reaction
that produces two molecules of carbon monoxide gas, CO(g).
2 C(s) + O2(g) → 2 CO(g)
reactants products

Atoms are neither created nor

destroyed in a chemical reaction;
they are merely rearranged.

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 Conservation of Matter

Legend (Symbols used by John Dalton circa 1800):

Carbon: Oxygen: Hydrogen:

3) Two molecules of hydrogen gas, H2(g), react with one molecule of oxygen gas, O2(g), to produce
two molecules of liquid dihydrogen monoxide (water), H2O(l).

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

reactants products

4) One molecule of propane gas, C3H8(g), will react with five molecules of oxygen gas, O2(g), in a
chemical reaction that produces three molecules of carbon dioxide gas, CO2 (g) and four
molecules of water vapour, H2O(g).

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

reactants products

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 Balanced (?) Chemical Equations

(i) For each of the following chemical reactions, determine the number of atoms of each
element present in each the reactants and products.
(ii) Determine if the equation is balanced (atoms in reactants match the atoms in products).
(iii) If an equation is not balanced, write the name of each element that does not balance.

Chemical Equation Balanced? If not balanced…

( yes or no X ) which element(s)?
1) copper oxide + carbon → carbon dioxide + copper

2 CuO + C → CO2 + 2 Cu
Reactants Products

Cu = 2 Cu = 2
O= 2 O= 2
C= 1 C= 1

2) methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O Oxygen

C= 1 C= 1
H= 4 H= 4
O= 2 O= 4

3) hydrogen chloride + oxygen → chlorine + water

4 HCl + O2 → Cl2 + 2 H2O Chlorine

H= 4 H= 4
Cl = 4 Cl = 2
O= 2 O= 2

4) limewater + carbon dioxide → calcium carbonate + water

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

Ca = 1 Ca = 1
C= 1 C= 1
O= 4 O= 4
H= 2 H= 2

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 Balanced (?) Chemical Equations

Chemical Equation Balanced? If not balanced…

( yes or no X ) which element(s)?

5) 3 Mg + 2 HCl → 3 MgCl2 + H2
Chlorine
Mg = 3 Mg = 3
H= 2 H= 2
Cl = 2 Cl = 6

6) Ca + 2 H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

Ca = 1 Ca = 1
H= 4 H= 4
O= 2 O= 2

7) 2 NH3 + 3 Cl2 → 5 HCl + N2 Hydrogen

N= 2 N= 2 Chlorine
H= 6 H= 5
Cl = 6 Cl = 5

8) 4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 4 NO + 6 H2O Oxygen

N= 4 N= 4
H= 12 H= 12
O= 6 O= 10

9) Ca10F2(PO4)6 + 7 H2SO4 → 3 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 7 CaSO4 + 2 HF

Ca = 10 Ca = 10
F= 2 F= 2
P= 6 P= 6
O= 52 O= 52
H= 14 H= 14
S= 7 S= 7

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 Balancing Chemical Equations (Exercise 1)

1) Balance each of the following chemical equations.

When balancing, you may only insert numbers in front (how many particles) of each substance; you are
not allowed to change what the substances are.

(i) 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s)

(ii) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(iii) Ca(s) + 2 H2O(l) → H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

(iv) H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

(v) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)

2) Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following chemical reactions described.
(i) The element sodium, Na(s), when exposed to air, reacts with oxygen gas, O2(g), to form a
coating of sodium oxide, Na2O(s).

4 Na(s) + O2(g) → 2 Na2O(s)

(ii) Nitrogen gas, N2(g), reacts with hydrogen gas, H2(g), in a synthesis reaction that produces
the pungent ammonia gas, NH3(g).

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)

(iii) During the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), water, H2O(l), and energy
from the sun combine to produce glucose, C6H12O6(s), and oxygen gas, O2(g).

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)

(iv) Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only (not surprisingly) hydrogen and carbon
atoms. Methane, propane, butane and octane are some common examples of
hydrocarbons. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (the main constituent of natural gas),
CH4(g), which reacts with oxygen gas, O2(g), in a reaction that produces carbon dioxide,
CO2(g), and water vapour, H2O(g).
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

(v) Aluminium fluoride, AlF3(s), is produced when aluminium, Al(s), reacts with fluorine, F2(g).

2 Al(s) + 3 F2(g) → 2 AlF3(s)

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 Balancing Chemical Equations (Exercise 2)

1) Balance each of the following chemical equations.

(i) 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g)

(ii) 2 Fe2S(s) + 5 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) + 2 SO2(g)

(iii) 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

(iv) 2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

(v) 8 NH3(g) + 6 NO2(g) → 7 N2(g) + 12 H2O(l) challenge

2) Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following chemical reactions described.
(i) Allotropes are different molecules of the same element, depending on how the atoms are
arranged. For example, dioxygen O2, and ozone, O3, are both allotropes of oxygen.
Carbon, C(s), will react with ozone (trioxygen), O3(g), a reaction that yields carbon dioxide,
CO2(g), and oxygen gas (dioxygen), O2(g) ). (Challenge: Find more than one way to balance this reaction)
C(s) + 2 O3(g) → CO2(g) + 2 O2(g)
or 2 C(s) + 2 O3(g) → 2 CO2(g) + O2(g)
(ii) The most common allotrope of sulphur consists of a ring of eight sulphur atoms, S 8(s).
Sodium, Na(S), will react with sulphur, S8(s) in a chemical reaction that produces the binary
compound sodium sulphide, Na2S(s).

16 Na(s) + S8(s) → 8 Na2S(s)

(iii) White phosphorus (or tetraphosphorus), P4(s), is a molecule that reacts spontaneously with
oxygen gas, burning to produce the compound tetraphosphorus decoxide, P 4O10 (s).

P4(s) + 5 O2(g) → P4O10(s)

(iv) White phosphorus, P4(s), reacts with water. The chemical reaction produces phosphoric
acid, H3PO4(aq), and releases hydrogen gas.

P4(s) + 16 H2O(l) → 4 H3PO4(aq) + 10 H2(g)

(v) Octane, C8H18(l), is a hydrocarbon found in gasoline. When octane undergoes combustion,
it reacts with oxygen gas, producing carbon dioxide gas and water vapour.

2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

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