Antennas and Photovoltaic Panels: Toward a Green communication

microwave station

Abstract —

The perspective of a wide use of green power motivates the scientific

community to study the possibility of fabricating integrated stand-alone devices. In
particular, solar energy is one of the most promising renewable powers, and it is
widely used in autonomous wireless communication systems. Specifically,
integration of sensors and antennas in a solar panel represents a challenge for
future technology. In this paper, the feasibility of a single integrated autonomous
device equipped with wifi capability is analyzed, discussing its potentiality in the
framework

Index Terms—
Integration, slot antennas, PV panel, solar cells, stand-alone systems, Wireless
Sensor Networks.

INTRODUCTION

The increasing demand of energy and the growing sensitivity to environmental

issues are leading research to study and improve the renewable energy sources as
well as optimizing the energy consumption In particular, photovoltaic (PV) energy
is widely used in autonomous communication system due to its eco-friendliness
and reliability. In 2009 it was estimated that at the end of this
century the solar power generation will account for more than 60% of world’s
totally . To date, solar panels are used in some stand-alone wireless communication
systems, especially in isolated environments. However, PV panel, sensors and
antenna are separate elements of the same system, causing relatively great space
employment, engineering and design problems. Therefore a compromise in the
utilization of the limited available space is needed and sensor and antennas
integration in PV panel is desirable. In the last decades, antennas have been
integrated in solar cells and photovoltaic panels. Most common technologies of PV
panels integrated radiating elements are the innovative transparent, Several
researchers are interested in innovative transparent antenna, made by TCOs
(Transparent Conductor Oxides) . These antennas may represent a good integrated
solution because they are easily integrable on after-market solar cell. Nevertheless
these TCOs are relatively expensive and with the existing technological
capabilities is not easy to obtain a 90% sunlight transparency, needed for the
proper functioning of the solar cell . Solar cells may be used as a radiating patch or

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 Antennas and Photovoltaic Panels: Toward a Green communication
microwave station

as a coupled patch . In these cases the cell dimensions are strictly related to the
operating frequency, restricting the possible applications. Solar cells may be used
also as a ground plane for an upper patch element , but with a reduction of the PV
solar efficiency. Slot antennas may be realized between solar cells or obtained by
properly etching of them , but affecting the solar efficiency. Nevertheless, for high
frequency applications the antenna PV panel integration is simpler. Small
photovoltaic panels are used also in consumer products such as battery recharger,
access points or other personal devices . panels could be integrated in a unique
device. In some of these systems, sensors are used to get information on humidity,
temperature, geographical position, etc. It is clear that all the information can be
transmitted to a base station and collected to remote monitor both the single
devices and the overall network. In this paper, the integration of sensor and
antennas in photovoltaic panels is investigated, highlighting the potentiality of a
Wireless Sensor Network composed by autonomous nodes equipped with
integrated sensors and antennas. As a proof-of concept , a panel-to-panel link has
been analyzed to assess the feasibility of a wireless sensor network
.

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..
REMOTE STATION

Lcd 16 x 2
SOLAR PANEL

CHARGER LEADACID
BATTERY

wifi Atmega lm
328
RF RECEIVER ANTENNA

gsm INTERFACE STEPPER

FOR MOTOR
STEPPERMOT
OR

Power supply

BASE STATION

CELL PHONE

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STATION “ A”
RF STATION

47 MHZ TRANSMITTER

Advantages

1 . we can monitor the RF power of remote station from base station

2. we can control the antenna to get maximum power from the receiver from base
station
3. we can monitor the solar power of remote station from base station
4. we can control the solar panel to get maximum power from the receiver from
base station
5. the antenna will move automatically towards where it get more power
6.Reduces Pollution
7.produces constant solar power to battery and RF power to the RF receiver as it
self automated
8. all the data will be stored in cloud computing

Dis advantages

1. We are getting power from the solar energy ,it requires sun light everyday
during winder session the sun light is not sufficient

APPLICATION

1 It can be used in telecom MICROVAVE station

2. It can be used in Air Force .Army and Navy for war tanker

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Methodology

It consists of ARM CORTEX ,wifi esp8266,RF transmitter and receiver,

rode ( ground plain ) antenna ,solar panel and stepper motor .the solar panel two
wireless tower aer used The solar panel is convert the solar energy into electric
energy which is stored in lead acid battery. This power is used for our circuit . ,the
stepper motor is controlling the antenna position automatically for get maximum
power from the RF signals. The wifi send all the data to the .The Program In “C”
embedded system

The processor will send sms when the battery voltage is comes less than 10 volt to
the base station. when the RF receiver in put voltage goes less than 200 milli volt
the stepper motor will turn the receiver antenna for get maximum out put

Components requirement

SRL NO ITEMS QTY AMT

1 Atmega lm 328 1 1500,00
2 WIFI ESP 8266 1 900.00
3 ANT MODEL 1 900.00
4 LCD 16 X 2 1 150.00
5 MAX 232 1 15.00
6 RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 1 480.00
420 MHZ
7 STEPPER MOTOR 1 250.00
8 GROUND PLAIN ANTENNA 2 500.00
9 SOLAR PANEL 12 VOLT 5 WATTS 1 800.00
10 12 VOLT 4..5 AHC LEAD ACID 1 1000.00
BATTERY
11 BATTERY CHARGER 1 450.00
12 INTERFACE FOR STEPPER MOTOR 1 150.00
13 VOLTAGE SENSOR 1 150.00
14 RF POWER SENSOR 1 150.00
15 STAND FOR RF TRANSMITTER AND 2 1000.00
RECEIVER

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16 MISC ITEMS CONNECTING WIRES 1 1000.00

.PINS BOXES, NUT, BOLT ETC

CONCLUSION

Solar panels allow communication system to be stand alone, without the need of
wired-feeding networks .that is they can be installed and used in wild and rural
environment. Arranging small devices equipped with green power sources. in
outdoor scenarios could represent a valuable solution for remote control and
management of isolated areas. Moreover, Wireless Sensor Networks can be
constructed to collect and share data. Integrated sensors and antenna in the same
autonomous device represent a challenge for the future internet of Things. In this
paper, the feasibility of an arrays of antennas integrated in a single photovoltaic
panel has been investigated. Preliminary numerical results have been also
presented confirming that beam forming techniques can be implemented to orient
the integrated array maximum gain direction towards a wireless network node,
improving the overall network performance.

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REFERENCES
[1] J. Serra, D. Pubill, A. Antonopoulos, and C. Verikoukis, “Smart HVAC control in IoT:
energy consumption minimization with user comfort constraints”, The Scientific World Journal,
vol. 2014 4, Article ID 161874, 2104
[2] H. Yan, Z. Zhou, and H. Lu, "Photovoltaic i industry and market investigation," International
Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, ( SUPERGEN '09), pp.1,4, 6 6-7 April
2009
[3] M.J. Roo Ons, S.V. Shynu, M.J. Ammann, S. McCormack, and B. Norton, "Transparent
patch antenna on a-Si t hin-film glass solar module," Electronics Letters , vol.47, no.2, pp.85-86
Jan 2011.

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