THE FABRICATION OF A SANDBONI: A COASTAL CLEANING SYSTEM

Proponents:

Alferez, Vern Jasmine M.

Bailon, Jennica Anne A.

Doria, Anfernee John M.

Torres, Ma. Coleen V.

Visorro, Alyssa Jean R.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering and Design

Silliman University

Dumaguete City

March 8, 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sincere and heart-felt gratitude is hereby extended to the following people who never

ceased in offering their valuable aid during the completion of the project:

First and for most, to God the Father Almighty for the divine intervention and for always

being with us from the beginning until the end;

To Engr. Rufwin A. Pabuaya for his mentorship and guidance that truly helped us in the

designing and fabricating of design in the development of the Sandboni;

To Engr. Masangkay of Kwikway Engineering Works for the services and advices in the

actual fabrication and developing of the machine;

To our co-researchers for putting up all efforts in finishing this project.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Pollution is not uncommon in the Philippine shores. The splendor of our coasts is tarnished

with the prevalence of trashes, but not only do they destroy the aesthetics, but they also cause harm

to the environment and in the context of coastal pollution, the marine life. As future innovators in

the field of technology, this research project has aimed to provide an active contribution to

protecting Philippine shores and marine life by a design of a coastal cleaning system, known as a

Sandboni. This machine is utilized by three segments of fabrication. First is the frame attached

with the four removable wheels for ease of maintenance. Second is the conveyor attached with the

mesh and tines which are responsible for the main mechanism of picking up the trash. To make

the machine run, a chain drive mechanism was attached to lead the motion of the conveyor through

the shafts. The last segment is the detachable hopper with a mesh at the bottom to sift the sands

included. To test the efficiency and operational capability of the Sandboni, two tests were done.

One is to determine the ratio of collected trash to total trash in a 10-meter area. From this test, the

Sandboni exceeded the hypothesized machine efficiency of 80% by its obtained rate of 82.86%.

The second test is done to know the operational capability of the machine on two environmental

conditions by getting the rate of trash collection on wet sand and another on dry sand. From ten

trials on each, it was able to obtain a rate of 1.40 g/s on dry sand and 1.50 g/s on wet sand which

were subjected to statistical t-test and have shown a no significant difference. This means that the

performance of the machine is not greatly affected when placed on either of the two different

environmental conditions.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ........................................................................................................................................ i

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... ii

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii

I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1

Background of the Study ..............................................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................1

Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................................2

Research Questions ......................................................................................................................2

Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................3

Significance of the Study .............................................................................................................3

Scope and Limitations ..................................................................................................................4

Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................................5

II. Review of Related Literature, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ............................6

Related Works ..............................................................................................................................6

Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................7

Conceptual Framework ..............................................................................................................15

III. Methodology ..........................................................................................................................17

Procedures and Methods ............................................................................................................17

Ethical Consideration .................................................................................................................32

iv
IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Results ........................................................33

Results from Experiment ............................................................................................................33

Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................................................35

Economic Analysis .....................................................................................................................38

V. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation .............................................................................40

Summary ....................................................................................................................................40

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................41

Recommendation ........................................................................................................................41

Bibliography .................................................................................................................................43
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................44

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Zamboni and Sandboni .................................................................................................7

Figure 2.2. Tines ..............................................................................................................................8

Figure 2.3. Chain and sprocket mechanism .....................................................................................8

Figure 2.4. Roller chain assembly....................................................................................................9

Figure 2.5. Pitch of the chain .........................................................................................................10

Figure 2.6. Sprocket (no hubs) ......................................................................................................11

Figure 2.7. Chain rolling and material carried on an incline .........................................................12

Figure 2.8. Drive ratio ....................................................................................................................14

Figure 2.9. The Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................15

Figure 3.1. An isometric view of the proponents’ design of the Sandboni. ..................................17

Figure 3.2. The Sandboni design from four different perspectives ...............................................18

Figure 3.3. Frame dimensions……………………………………………………………………19

Figure 3.4. The chain-drive mechanism………………………………………………………….20

Figure 3.5. A close-up view of the conveyor…………………………………………………….20

Figure 3.6. Tine design…………………………………………………………………………. .21

Figure 3.7. Hopper design and dimensions………………………………………………………22

Figure 3.8. The additional structure as attached to the front of the frame…………………………22

Figure 3.9. Placement of individual parts of the frame before welding…………………………..23

Figure 3.10. The trash hopper that will be located at the back of the frame……………………..24

Figure 3.11. 3mm rounded tines………………………………………………………………….25

Figure 3.12. The rows of tines……………………………………………………………………26

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Figure 3.13. An image of the sprockets welded onto the shaft…………………………………....27

Figure 3.14. The chain drive mechanism as installed to the frame………………………………28

Figure 3.15. The DC motor as installed in the chain drive set-up…………………………………29

Figure 3.16. Testing the Sandboni on a pre-determined number of trash in an area………………31

Figure 3.17. Testing the Sandboni on wet (L) and dry (R) sand………………………………….32

Figure 4.1. Ratio of collected trash (blue) to uncollected trash (red)…………………………….34

Figure 4.2. Efficiency of the ten trials ……………………………………………………………36

Figure 4.3. The collection rate of trash in grams per second (g/s)……………………………….37

Figure 7.1. CAD of the isometric view of the proponents’ design of the Sandboni……………..46

Figure 7.2. CAD of first Sandboni design variant……………………………………………...…47

Figure 7.3. Adjustable pillow block to adjust the tines in respect to the ground………………….48

Figure 7.4. Random Testing of the Sandboni…………………………………………………….48

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. American National Standard Institute-Standard Chains ..............................................10

Table 4.1. Data gathered in testing procedure A………………………………………………….35

Table 4.2. Trash collection rate on dry sand………………………………………………………36

Table 4.3. Trash collection rate on wet sand……………………………………………………...36

Table 4.4. t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances…………………………………..38

Table 4.5. Budget Table for the materials of the Sandboni………………………………………39

Table 7.1. Materials and Specifications………………………………………………………….44

Table 7.2. Timetable……………………………………………………………………………...45

viii
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Today, population growth is becoming a global crisis. With the advancements in

technology, the rising number of people lead to a non-stop increase of demand. However, the

resources of such demand are slow in replenishing. With the way things are in the present,

population may continue to grow every single day, affecting our natural resources as an increasing

number of people results in more consumption of food, water, land and other resources. This may

badly damage our environment and one consequence of such is the pollution in our oceans. Major

causes of marine pollution involve non-point pollutants, marine garbage, toxic ocean pollutants

and sewage disposal in oceans, in short, human’s daily activities are the great threat to nature.

As future innovators, these environmental problems belong in the scope of things that must

address so to prevent the worst consequences of human negligence. In this project, the proponents

will fabricate a sandboni, a coastal cleaning system. This machine will be able to clean the coastal

areas from garbage by incorporating a chain sprocket mechanism.

B. Statement of the Problem

As the Philippine economy slowly rises, the human population in the different areas of the

archipelago also continues to rise. Due to this, tons of trashes get washed ashore every day and

caused this wide- scale pollution that turn these beautiful beaches into trash heaps. Over 80% of

marine pollution come from land-based activities, which does not only pollute the ocean but also

causes harm to marine life. The damage in the splendor of our marine environment may in turn

affect our food supply, economy and tourism. Local authorities and industries have been spending

1
for beach clean-ups every year to protect our seas and efforts of environmentalism are now

increasing in numbers however, there has been a lack of active participation from modern

technology. It is a high time for future innovations to center on the saving and protection of the

environment.

C. Hypotheses

 The efficiency of the fabricated Sandboni in collecting trash from the coasts will not fall

below 80%.

 There is no significant difference in the performance of the Sandboni on the dry sand and

wet sand.

D. Research Questions

 What is the average ratio of collected trash by the Sandboni as compared to total trash

present in the area?

 Will the performance of the Sandboni differ on wet sand as compared to dry sand?

 What is the average trash collection rate of the fabricated Sandboni on both dry and wet

sand?

2
E. Objectives of the Study

General Objectives:

 To design and fabricate a working Sandboni capable of having a high efficiency in respect

of performing its purpose as a coastal cleaning system

Specific Objectives:

 To be able to design and fabricate a frame that is ideal for comfortable usage of the

Sandboni

 To be able to design and fabricate a hopper for the trash temporary storage

 To be able to design and fabricate the tines used for sifting the sand

 To be able to design and fabricate a chain drive mechanism and conveyor system to

provide the tine motion of the Sandboni

F. Significance of the Study

The Philippine archipelago is comprised of 7, 641 beautiful islands and of majestic bodies

of water that surrounds the entire country and a coastline which stretches 10,850 miles. For many

years now, businesses have been prospering in different parts of the islands. One of the most

common trends nowadays are the establishments built near beaches for businesses like hotels, bars,

camp festival areas and others.

Here in Dumaguete, our coastlines are famous for the relaxation and for gathering areas

for families and friends in which many shops and small businesses are taking advantage of.

Moreover, our coastlines are the gate way to famous diving sites like the municipality of Dauin.

3
This is the first successful marine sanctuary in Negros Oriental famous for their stunning coral

reefs with a huge variety of fish life and turtles. For many years now, these beaches have become

one of the compelling reasons to visit Dumaguete City. Even the city alone has become a

worldwide tourist attraction and was even recognized as the best place for retirement.

With the rapid increase in population, the economic, social and environmental aspects have

been affected. The continuous rise in population is beyond the earth’s capability to sustain.

Moreover, situation worsens with the irresponsibility of human in handling the advancements. To

help protect marine life, this study will focus on designing and fabricating a Sandboni that will

offer a great contribution in cleaning up the Negros shores.

G. Scope and Limitations

The project is only limited to the fabrication and testing of the sandboni. The testing of the

machine with regards to its purpose was limited only to two experiments: determining the

efficiency by obtaining the ratio of collected trash to total trash present in a dry sand area; and

comparing the rate of trash collection on dry sand and wet sand. No other parameters were

measured in conducting the experiment. The research would not dwell into the specifics of the

quality of the wet sand; the wet sand mentioned in the testing procedures only pertains to the sand

in the shoreline. Furthermore, the fabricated machine will not be self-moving and will require

direct external force for it to be maneuvered. In the experiments conducted, the Sandboni was

pushed across the constant experiment-required distance of 10 m. Whatever effect this action may

cause on the results would be neglected. Moreover, the variety of trashes to be used in the

experiment did not include items smaller than 1-inch cigarette butts and items larger than 500 mL

4
mineral water bottles. The Two-Tailed Independent t-Test would be the only statistical test

employed in the research process.

H. Definition of Terms

 Sandboni - a vehicle that drags a raking or sifting device over beach sand to remove rubbish

and other foreign matter

 Tines - parallel prongs or teeth or branching spikes forming parts of a tool or natural object

that are used to spear, hook, move or otherwise act on other objects.

 Rotor - a rotary assembly of a machine

 Sprocket - or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a chain,

track or other perforated or indented material.

 Roller chain - type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical

power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including

conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines

 Roller chain pitch - center-to-center distance of the link pins

 Conveyor - carrying medium of a belt conveyor system.

 Chain loading - carrying medium of a belt conveyor system.

 Chain speed- the distance travelled by the chain in a given unit of time, is a fundamental

factor in determining the conveyor capacity.

5
 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

A. Related Works

“Sand cleaning vehicle and a method of cleaning sand” by Clifford Pickover, September 22,

2016

A sand cleaning vehicle including a debris collection mechanism that collects debris from

sand, a storage compartment that stores the collected debris, a capture device that captures at

least one image of the collected debris, a memory storing a computer program, and a processor

that executes the computer program. The computer program categorizes the collected debris

into a plurality of different debris types using at least one image of the collected debris.

“Beach Cleaner” by Takashi Ohzeki, November 4, 2003

A beach cleaner for recovering waste while traveling in a towed State by a traction vehicle.

A grating-like portion scoop up waste present in front of the beach cleaner as the beach cleaner

is moved. A rotor is disposed on an upper Side of the grating-like portion and is adapted to

rotate So that a lower portion thereof moves rearwardly. The rotor is mounted on a rotary shaft

extending in the transverse direction of the beach cleaner. Waste is delivered rearwardly

between the rotor and the grating-like portion. With travel of the beach cleaner, waste present

in front of the beach cleaner is Scooped up onto the grating-like portion and Sand which is

Scooped up together with the waste is allowed to drop through gaps in the grating-like portion.

6
B. Theoretical Framework

Sandboni

A sand cleaning machine vehicle that drags a raking or sifting device over beach sand

to remove rubbish and other foreign matter. "Sandboni" is a back-formation referencing and

using some concept of the ice-surfacing machine Zamboni (Figure 2.1.).

Figure 2.1. Zamboni and Sandboni on the left and right, respectively.

Above shows the ice-surfacing machine, Zamboni, having four operations (shaving,

collecting, washing and resurfacing) which was the reference for some operations of the sand-

cleaning machine, “Sandboni”.

Tines

Tines (Figure 2.2.) or prongs or teeth are parallel or branching spikes forming parts of

a tool or natural object. They are used to spear, hook, move or otherwise act on other objects.

7
 Figure 2.2. Tines.

Tines as shown above are tooth bars mostly made from hard and strong metals. It is widely

used component in many tools available in market like pitchfork, garden fork or rakes. Mainly,

its function is primarily for cleaning.

Chain and Sprocket Mechanism

Chain and sprocket mechanisms (Figure 2.3.) perform the same task as a belt and pulley

system, which transfers motion and force from one shaft to another. A chain and sprocket are

used wherever a positive, non-slip drive is required.

Figure 2.3. Chain and sprocket mechanism.

8
 A sprocket is a wheel which motions like gears. It has a driver and a follower. The tracks

of the sprocket serve as guide for the chains. The chains pass over the sprocket gear to lift or

drag. The chain and sprocket make up a mechanism to transmit mechanical power.

Roller Chain Assembly

Roller chains assembly (Figure 2.4.) are composed of link plates, pins and rollers and

connecting them in an endless chain using a connecting link, a special purpose pink link

assembly designed for easy and rapid replacement.

Figure 2.4. Roller Chain assembly.

The roller chain assembly consisting of plates, rollers, pins and links is made from alloy

steel to prevent rust. Also, it is used in low-to-medium speed drives.

9
Roller Chain Pitch

The center-to-center distances of the link pins determine pitch (Figure 2.5.). American

standard chains are covered by ISO 606, ANSI B29.1 and DIN 8188 and eight versions are

covered where the pitch sizes covered by this standard are 1/4 to 3-inch pitch.

Figure 2.5. Pitch of the chain.

According to American National Standard Institution, Chains center to center distance

also known as pitch are between the range of ¼ to 3 in.

Table 2.1. American National Standard Institute- Standard Chains.

The table below shows the standard pitch size and standard chain number needed to

determine the width size to be used in the design. The standard chain sizes need to coincide

with the standard sprocket size.

Pitch expressed ANSI standard

Pitch (inches) Width (inches)
in eighths chain number
1
⁄4 2⁄
8 25 1
⁄8
3
⁄8 3⁄
8 35 3
⁄16
1
⁄2 4⁄
8 41 1
⁄4

10
 1
⁄2 4⁄
8 40 5
⁄16
5
⁄8 5⁄
8 50 3
⁄8
3
⁄4 6⁄
8 60 1
⁄2
1 8⁄ 80 5
⁄8
8

Sprocket

Sprockets (Figure 2.6.) are rotating parts with teeth that are used in conjunction with a

chain and, almost always, at least one other sprocket to transmit torque. Sprockets and chain

can be used to change the speed, torque, or original direction of a motor.

Figure 2.6. Sprocket.

The sprocket above has a hub on one side, allowing sprocket to be fitted closely to the

machinery on which it is mounted. The hub eliminates a large overhung load on the bearings of

the equipment.

11
Conveyor Configuration

Chain rolling and material carried on an incline (Figure 2.7.) is one of the 9 conveyor

configuration according to John King Chain.

Figure 2.7. Chain rolling and material carried on an incline.

A basic conveyor arrangement is one with chain rolling and materials are carried on the

incline. The arrangement has a corresponding angle to support the materials carried.

Chain Loading

Chain loading is the total weight of the product/material to be carried on/in the conveyor.

Additional consideration should include in the chain weight, including attachments and

conveying elements, including slats, pans, buckets cross bars and fixings.

It is essential that the load distribution is considered since the calculation factors for

varying material delivery will be different to those where a uniform load applies.

12
Chain Speed

Chain speed, normally calculated in feet or metres per minute, is a critical consideration

in determining the conveyor capacity. It is from this parameter that conveyor chain pitch and

the diameter of the driven wheels is derived. Typically, the chain speed must not be too high to

avoid variations in friction factor and pulsing.

P = chain pitch [mm]

T = number of teeth

n = revolution per minute of the wheel [rpm]

Substituting to this formula the values from the sprocket and motor specifications to be

utilized,

12.7 𝑚𝑚∗16∗300𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑉= = 60.96 m/min
1000

a chain speed of 60.96 m/min. However, the weight of the conveyor will greatly affect the

speed and this value may still decrease.

Drive Ratio

The drive ratio (Figure 2.8.) between two sprockets is specified by the relationship

between the number of teeth of the Driven Sprocket to the number of teeth of the Drive

Sprocket.

13
 Figure 2.8. Drive Ratio.

Drive ratio is the ratio of driven sprocket over driver sprocket. The smaller driver

produces more torque and larger driver produces more speed respectively.

Independent T-test

The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups, or conditions, are statistically

different from one other. They are reasonably powerful tests used on data that is parametric and

normally distributed.

The independent t-test is used when you have two separate groups of individuals or cases

in a between-participants design.

14
C. Conceptual Framework

Data Analysis and

Interpretation

Testing Procedure and

Data Gathering

Installation of Motor
and Battery

Fabrication of Tines
and Installation of
Chain Drive
Mechanism

Construction of Frame

Canvassing of
Machine Shops and
Gathering of Materials

Making of Design

Figure 2.9. The Conceptual Framework.

15
 In doing this project, the first thing that was done was to agree upon a design for the

Sandboni. Considering all the necessary design specifications was very crucial for the success of

the fabrication of the system. After the design was finalized, the group then proceeded to canvass

for possible machine shops that would accept and fabricate the supposed design. After careful

deliberation, the group then opted for Kwikway Engineering Works in Sibulan. With guidance

from some professionals, the group then started to gather materials that would meet the mechanical

requirements of the design. The fabrication officially begun with the construction of the frame.

Afterwards, the tines were fabricated and the chain drive mechanism was then installed to the

frame. The motor and battery were installed next. The difficult steel works in the fabrication

procedures were left to the professionals in machine shops to ensure a stable, consistent output.

The testing procedures then proceeded and along with it was the data gathering. Data analysis

immediately followed, and the data were compared and interpreted into useful conclusions based

on the hypotheses and research questions. The data were then presented into graphs and charts to

show the results in an easily understandable manner.

16
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Procedures and Methods

1. Design

Figure 3.1. An isometric view of the design of the Sandboni.

17
Figure 3.2. The Sandboni design from four different perspectives: front (upper left);

back (upper right); side (lower left); and top (lower right).

18
 As exhibited in Figures 3.1 and 3.2, the Sandboni design has employed a chain drive

mechanism that is mainly responsible for the motion of the conveyor. But supporting the

whole assembly is the frame. The frame dimensions are as shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3. Frame dimensions.

Consisting the chain drive are 2 pairs of sprockets, 2 precision shafts and 2 chain lengths.

Providing torque to the chain drive mechanism is a 12 V wiper motor connected to the upper right

sprocket. With the motor providing the force essential for the rotation of the sprockets; the sprocket

19
rotation, in turn, translates a linear motion to the chain and the conveyor. The chain-drive

mechanism is as shown in the figure below.

Figure 3.4. The chain-drive mechanism.

Figure 3.5. A close-up view of the conveyor.

The conveyor is made of a stainless-steel mesh material with tines or prongs that will

serve as the raking or sifting device (see Figure 3.5.). As the chain and sprocket mechanism

20
drives the motion of the conveyor, the tines sift through the sand and collects the littered trash

in its prongs. The tines are made of a round bar, 3mm in diameter and 4 inch in length that

carry the collected trash along its upward motion (see Figure 3.6) and the trash will then be

deposited into the hopper located at the rear part of the Sandboni (see Figure 3.7). The bottom

of the hopper is made of a mesh wire material to ensure that whatever sand collected along

with the trash will be sieved and deposited back to the shore. The design of the frame is derived

from a typical four-wheeled cart. The conveyor mechanism is placed at an angle of 45o along

the horizontal.

Figure 3.6. Tine design.

21
 Figure 3.7. Hopper design and dimensions.

The final design variant includes an additional structure that helps in the feeding of trash

into the Sandboni. The inclusion of such structure was later then realized after the first testing.

Figure 3.8 shows the structure as attached to the front of the frame. For reference, the first

design variant can be found in the Appendix.

Figure 3.8. The additional structure as attached to the front of the frame.

22
2. Fabrication Procedure

a. Construction of the Frame, Handles, Trash Hopper and Installment of Wheels

The frame was constructed from square pipes to ensure a lightweight machine. The

structure was then welded and brazed together. Figure 3.3 shows the dimensions for the

structure of the entire frame. In Figure 3.9. shows the actual pre-welding of individual parts

of the frame.

Figure 3.9. Placement of individual parts of the frame before welding.

A hopper (see Figure 3.10) is located at the back of the conveyor system. It is made out

of GI steel sheets and is detachable from the frame. The bottom of the hopper was made of a

mesh wire material to permit the sand collected to be sieved and deposited back to the beach.

23
 Figure 3.10. The trash hopper that will be located at the back of the frame.

After the frame was welded together and the hopper already prepared, the whole frame

has been painted to improve exterior and provide protection against corrosion. The wheels are

then installed after the paint has finally dried.

b. Fabrication of the Tines

The main conveyor material is a row of 3mm round bar tines welded onto an angle bar

(see Figure 3.11) having a one-inch interval between tines/ prongs. The tines (or prongs) will

be responsible for the collection of trash.

24
 Figure 3.11. 3mm rounded tines.

The round shafts were bended and deformed according to the dimensions of the designs.

The tines have a length of 4 inches. They were then welded onto angle bars (see Figure 3.12)

to support the tines and to prevent the rows of tines from bending and deforming.

25
 Figure 3.12. The rows of tines.

The rows of the tines after welded to the angle bar in equal distance alignments.

c. Assembly of Chain Drive Mechanism

After the frame paint has dried, the installment of the chain drive mechanism is next. The

chain drive mechanism mainly consists of the sprockets, chains, and motor engine. A pair of

sprockets were then attached to their precision shafts (see Figure 3.13).

26
 Figure 3.13. An image of the sprockets welded onto the shaft.

The precision shafts are held by a pillow block to ensure an almost frictionless rotation,

and the bearings is secured with nuts and bolts screwed onto the frame. Similar steps are done

to the other set of sprockets. After the sprockets are totally secured in their positions, the chain

is then installed.

27
 Figure 3.14. The chain drive mechanism as installed to the frame.

. In Figure 3.14, the circled sprockets are the driving sprockets and are directly connected

to the motor engine.

28
 Figure 3.15. The DC motor as installed in the chain drive set-up.

The motor engine (see Figure 3.15) is supported by a structure inside the frame on the

left side of the sandboni right below the switch house.

d. Joining of Tines to Chain

The final part in the fabrication process is the joining of the tines to the chain. The angle

bar holding the tines are attached to the chain by spot welding. They are welded to the outside

29
link plate of the chain located in the inside part of the frame so as not to affect the motion of

the sprockets. Each row of tines was on the chain with distances of 1.8 in. between them.

3. Testing Procedure

a. Determining the Ratio of Collected Trash to Total Trash in an Area

To determine the ratio of collected trash to total trash in an area, the researchers had made

a set-up area having a sweep length of 10 m where the total mass of the collected trash is

divided by the total mass trash in the area. For each trial, the mass has already been weighed

by the researchers. A total of 10 trials were made (see Fig. 3.16). The mass of the trash

collected was compared to the pre-determined mass of trash and the average ratio from the 10

trials. This tests the efficiency of the machine in the actual collection of the trash.

30
 Figure 3.16. Testing the Sandboni on a pre-determined number of trash in an area.

b. Determining the Rate of Trash Collection on Dry and Wet Sand

Similar to the first experiment, the researchers simulated a controlled environment in

which a prerecorded mass of trash has been scattered within a length of 10 meters across a

shoreline. A total of 10 trials were made on dry sand and another set of 10 trials were made

on wet sand (see Figure 3.17 below). This is where the machine attempts to collect all the

trash in a given area. After which, the average rate of trash collection for both dry and wet

sand is then calculated and compared. The significant difference between the two average

rates of trash collection will be observed through data analysis with a Two-tailed Independent

31
 T-Test. The obtained result will prove the effectiveness of the fabricated machine in working

in coastal environments.

Figure 3.17. Testing the Sandboni on wet (L) and dry (R) sand.

B. Ethical Considerations

The project on Sandboni, both its fabrication and testing methods, did not involve any

procedures that may violate International Standards. No human beings and animals were harmed

in the research process. The research conducted was only concerned on the efficiency of the

Sandboni as a machine and as a coastal cleaning system and did not cause any harm, destruction

or disturbance to the environment.

32
 IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

A. Results from Experiment

Testing Procedure A: Determining the Ratio of Collected Trash to Total Trash in an Area

In a coastal length of 10 m, the Sandboni obtained an average efficiency of 82.86% in

collecting the trash spread along the beach. Table 4.1 shows the data gathered in the ten trials the

proponents conducted. The efficiency was calculated by obtaining the percentage of collected mass

to the total mass of trash in the area.

Table 4.1. Data gathered in testing procedure A and corresponding ratio of collected trash to
total trash in the area.
Total Mass of
Collected Mass Uncollected
Trials Trash in the Efficiency, ƞ
of Trash, g Mass of Trash, g
Area, g
Trial 1 116.8 21.6 138.4 84.39306
Trial 2 99.7 18.2 117.9 84.56319
Trial 3 86.8 28.7 115.5 75.15152
Trial 4 109.7 29.6 139.3 78.7509
Trial 5 114.6 23.1 137.7 83.2244
Trial 6 105.1 13.2 118.3 88.84193
Trial 7 110.7 15.7 126.4 87.57911
Trial 8 90.5 27.6 118.1 76.62997
Trial 9 102.8 21.1 123.9 82.97014
Trial 10 118.4 18.5 136.9 86.48649
Average 82.85907

Testing Procedure B: Determining the Rate of Trash Collection on Dry and Wet Sand

The Sandboni was tested on both dry and wet sand to know if it was operational in different

coastal conditions. Table 4.2 and 4.3 shows the data obtained in the experiment and the

corresponding rate of trash collection in dry and wet sand respectively.

33
 Table 4.2. Trash collection rate on dry sand.
Collected Mass of
Trials Collection Time, s Collection Rate, g/s
Trash, g
Trial 1 102 139.5 1.367647
Trial 2 111 128.4 1.156757
Trial 3 76 120.3 1.582895
Trial 4 84 122.8 1.461905
Trial 5 74 148.6 2.008108
Trial 6 96 125.1 1.303125
Trial 7 125 135.8 1.0864
Trial 8 92 120.5 1.309783
Trial 9 106 124.1 1.170755
Trial 10 88 135.7 1.542045
Average 1.398942

Table 4.3. Trash collection rate on wet sand.

Collected Mass of
Trials Collection Time, s Collection Rate, g/s
Trash, g
Trial 1 74 130.4 1.762162
Trial 2 123 125.3 1.018699
Trial 3 87 146.7 1.686207
Trial 4 76 131 1.723684
Trial 5 109 151.6 1.595789
Trial 6 82 127.28 1.552195
Trial 7 76 129.3 1.701316
Trial 8 114 140.1 1.228947
Trial 9 115 134.5 1.169565
Trial 10 78 121.9 1.562821
Average 1.500139

Trash collection rate on dry sand resulted to an average value of 1.40 g/s while the trash

collection rate on wet sand resulted to 1.50 g/s. The two values would then be subjected to an

independent T-test in the following section to know if there is a statistically significant difference

between the Sandboni’s performance in two different coastal conditions.

34
B. Statistical Analysis

The first testing procedure was to determine the ratio of collected trash to total trash present

in an area. As reflected in Table 4.1, the ten trials of testing A resulted to a mean value of 82.86%.

This is higher than the hypothesized efficiency of 80%. Figure 4.1 evidently shows the efficiency

of the Sandboni according to the 10 trials conducted. The blue area signifies the percentage of

collected trash while the red area signifies the uncollected trash.

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 4.1. Ratio of collected trash (blue) to uncollected trash (red).

In Figure 4.2, only 3 out of the 10 trials resulted to an efficiency lower than the

hypothesized efficiency. This goes to show that the Sandboni exceeded the expected efficiency,

resulting in an average percentage of 82.6%.

35
 90

85

80

75

70

65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Efficiency per Trial Hypothesized Efficiency

Figure 4.2. Efficiency of the ten trials of Testing Procedure A as compared to hypothesized

efficiency.

The second testing procedure was to determine whether the Sandboni would operate with

a consistent performance regardless of sand condition. The sandboni was tested on dry and wet

sand and the rates of trash collection were obtained. Figure 4.3. are line graphs depicting the rates

of trash collection on dry and wet sand respectively.

36
 2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 4.3. The collection rate of trash in grams per second (g/s) between the trials performed on

wet sand (green) and dry sand (orange).

To verify that the sand condition would not affect the performance of the Sandboni, the

data gathered from testing the Sandboni on dry and wet sand were subjected to an Independent

Two-Tailed T-Test. If the tStat value falls within the boundaries of -2.100922 and 2.100922, it

attests that these is no significant difference between the results of wet sand and dry sand. Table

4.4 presents a tStat value of -0.84856 with the t critical value for two-tailed tests of 2.100922. The

tStat is greater than -2.100922 and less than 2.100922, therefore it verifies that there is no

significant difference between the Sandboni’s performance on dry and wet sand.

37
 Table 4.4.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 1.398942 1.500139
Variance 0.072876 0.069346
Observations 10 10
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 18
t Stat -0.84856
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.203635
t Critical one-tail 1.734064
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.407269
t Critical two-tail 2.100922

The only values necessary for testing are the tStat and the t Critical two tail (as highlighted

in the table above), as the other values are not necessary for the type of data the researchers are

gathering.

C. Economic Analysis

Budget Table

The economic feasibility of the project has been justified (see Table 4.5 below) as the Sandboni

has no point of comparison in terms of machines made for its purpose. The manner of pushing the

Sandboni is more work-efficient and less laborious for the average beach cleaner. Each material

accounted for was economical in terms of cost without compromising efficacy and quality. The

38
results and statistical data alone prove that the Sandboni is economical as a machine and as a

beneficial tool for the environment.

Table 4.5. Budget Table for the materials of the Sandboni

Material Unit Cost Quantity Cost

Square tube 889 (2) 20 ft. tubes 1,779
Uymatiao Delivery 250 1 250
for Square Tube
Precision Shaft 450 1 shaft 450
Pillow blocks 575 4 pillow blocks 2300
Bolts, nuts, and 580 1 set 580
washers
Sprockets and chain 1010 1 set 1010
Wheels 400 4 wheels 1600
Bicycle forks 175 4 forks 700
Angle Bars 228 (1) 20 ft. bar 228
Round Bars 183 (5) 20 ft. bars 915
Fork lock nut 48 1 set 48
Hollow shaft 50 1 shaft 50
Wiper motor 2600 1 motor 2600
Additional 395 1 set 395
sprockets and chain
for the wiper motor
Motorcycle Battery 500 1 battery 500
Wirings and 34 1 set 34
switches for the
motor
TOTAL Php 13,439

39
 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Summary

This idea of a beach cleaner came into mind coming from an inspiration of the Sandboni

available in the states. It has shown effectiveness in cleaning beaches which pushed the researchers

to make a cost-effective design made of local materials serving same purpose and effectiveness

here in the Philippines. The design of the Sandboni was put into construction starting from welding

of the frames made of square metal tubes and the attachment of the wheels which were made

removable for ease of maintenance. Following this is the fabrication of the conveyor system

composed of the tines, metal bars and the mesh. Included in this system is the attachment of the

mechanism which will run the conveyor through shafts, sprockets and chains connected to a wiper

motor supplied by a 12 volts battery. A bonus for this design are the adjustable pillow blocks which

could slide the shafts up and down making the tines adapt to the depth and kind of sand. The last

segment in this fabrication is the making of the hopper with mesh at the bottom which is as well

made removable making the system user-friendly.

Two tests were made to check the efficiency and performance of the beach cleaning system.

The first test involves determining the ratio of collected trash to total trash in a 10-meter area. For

10 trials made, the Sandboni was able to obtain an average efficiency of 82.86%. This is a result

showing better performance of the Sandboni compared to the 80% hypothesized efficiency of a

machine. The second test takes into account the rate of trash collection of the beach cleaner on

both wet and dry sand. Still, ten trials were made obtaining an average collection rate of 1.40 g/s

on dry sand and 1.50 g/s on wet sand. The two values were then subjected to a t-test acquiring

values of -0.85 t-stat versus 2.1 t-critical implying a no significant difference on both conditions.

40
This simply shows that the performance of the machine is not greatly affected when it is placed on

either of the two environmental conditions.

B. Conclusion

With all the gathered data and their corresponding analysis, it is safe to conclude that the

fabricated Sandboni is an effective coastal cleaning system as it had exceeded the hypothesized

80% efficiency of a machine with its average rate of 82.86%. Also, based on the trash collection

rate of 1.40 g/s on dry sand and 1.50 g/s on wet sand, the Sandboni have met the statistical values

implying a no significant difference on the operational capability of the beach cleaner on both wet

sand and dry sand. This goes to show that the performance of the machine is not affected when

placed on either of the two different environmental conditions.

C. Recommendations

After the fabrication and testing of the machine, the researchers have observed changes

which could be done to further improve this study most particularly in the design of this Sandboni.

One of which is the additional structure at the front part of the Sandboni. It would make the

machine more efficient if it were to be adjustable so as it could pick up more trashes of different

sizes. Another is the material chosen for the tines. The future researchers of this study should

consider replacing the tines made of stainless round bars into spring wires to help the Sandboni

easily pick up trashes and retract fast to its original shape without deforming the tines no matter

the type of sand. The last of the few changes the researches have observed are the small tines which

should have been attached to the hopper. These would help in counter-reacting to the trashes picked

41
up by the conveyor so as they would be dropped immediately into the hopper instead of turning

with the tines on the conveyor.

42
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Conveyor Chain Design and Selection” Retrieved from

http://www.johnkingchains.com/technical-data/conveyor-chain-design-and-selection/.

“Beach Cleaner.” retrieved from Google, patents.google.com/patent/US6640906B2.

“Chain Drive System” Retrieved from

http://gearseds.com/documentation/deb%20holmes/2.5_Chain_drive_systems.pdf?fbclid=I

wAR2m7pKwcSRCo84lK1odiJfIRW9okV5CDKeaQXgGbqERPEemKwMihJeiCss.

“Sprocket” retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprocket.

“Tines” retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine_(structural).

“Roller Chain” retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_chain.

“Sand Cleaning Machine” retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cleaning_machine.

“Wire mesh glossary” retrieved from https://www.darbywiremesh.com/wire-mesh-glossary/.

43
 APPENDIX

A. Materials Used

Table 7.1. Materials and Specifications.

Item Purpose Specifications
Conveyor Materials

Wire diameter: 0.7

To serve as the
Woven Mesh mm
main conveyor
Wire Mesh size: 0.5 x 0.5
material
cm

To make the tines

Material: Steel
Stainless Steel that are mainly
Thickness: 3 mm
Round Bar responsible for
Length: 30 m
trash collection

Chain Drive Materials

Chain no.: 41
To follow the Pitch: ½”
rotation of Roller diameter:
Chain sprocket and 0.306”
carry motion of Roller Width: ¼”
conveyor Working Load: 500
lbs
To lead the Pitch: ½”
Sprocket motion of the Sprocket
conveyor Thickness: 0.227”

To serve as a Material: Steel

Precision Shaft shaft for the Dimensions: 24”
sprockets Diameter: 1 in

44
 To provide less
friction in the Inner diameter: 1
Bearing
turning of the inch
shafts

To provide power
to the driving
Capacity: 12V
Wiper Motor sprockets to lead
Speed: 300 rpm
motion of
conveyor

Structure, Hopper & Wheel Materials

Material:
Aluminium
To construct the Dimensions:
Square bar
frame 30mmx 30mm
Total length
needed: 597.5”
Gauge: 1mm
Material for the
Steel Sheets Area: 3ft x 3
hopper
meters/ sheet

To provide Wheel Diameter:

convenient 8.5 inch
Bicycle Wheel movement of the Pressure Range:
entire machine on Low Pressure 2–4
sand psi (0.14-0.28 bar)

45
B. First Variant Design of Sandboni

Figure 7.1. CAD of the isometric view of the proponents’ design of the Sandboni.

46
 FRONT SIDE

BACK TOP

Figure 7.2. CAD of the Sandboni design from four different perspectives: front; side; back; and

top.

47
C. Documentation during Testing

Figure 7.3. Adjustable pillow block to adjust the tines in respect to the ground.

Figure 7.4. Random Testing of the Sandboni

48
C. Timetable

Table 7.2. Timetable.

49