GROUP 1

NORMALITY

Canta, Edgar Manuelle

Frias, Tiffany Kyla

Villena, Keycelyn

Normality is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of
solution. Gram equivalent weight is the measure of the reactive capacity of a molecule. The
solute's role in the reaction determines the solution's normality. Normality is also known as the
equivalent concentration of a solution.

Normality Equation

Normality (N) is the molar concentration ci divided by an equivalence factor feq:

N = ci / feq

Another common equation is normality (N) equal to the gram equivalent weight divided by liters
of solution:

N = gram equivalent weight / liters of solution (often expressed in g/L)

or it may be the molarity multiplied by the number of equivalents:

N = molarity x equivalents

Units of Normality

The capital letter N is used to indicate concentration in terms of normality. It may also be
expressed as eq/L (equivalent per liter) or meq/L (milliequivalent per liter of 0.001 N, typically
reserved for medical reporting).

Examples of Normality

For acid reactions, a 1 M H2SO4 solution will have a normality (N) of 2 N because 2 moles of
H+ ions are present per liter of solution.
For sulfide precipitation reactions, where the SO4- ion is the important part, the same 1 M
H2SO4 solution will have a normality of 1 N.
Example Problem

Find the normality of 0.1 M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) for the reaction:

H2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

According to the equation, 2 moles of H+ ions (2 equivalents) from sulfuric acid react with
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and water. Using the equation:

N = molarity x equivalents
N = 0.1 x 2
N = 0.2 N

Don't be confused by the number of moles of sodium hydroxide and water in the equation. Since
you've been given the molarity of the acid, you don't need the additional information. All you
need to figure out are how many moles of hydrogen ions are participating in the reaction. Since
sulfuric acid is a strong acid, you know it completely dissociates into its ions.