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600 CHAPTER 14 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS

From the continuity condition at sections KM and GN, qKM 5 qGN; that is,

dz
zk 5 1 a sin b 2 k tan b (14.38)
dx
which simplifies to

dz
z 5 a sin b tan b (14.39)
dx
We now integrate Equation (14.39) within the limits x1 5 a cos b and x2 5 b, z1 5 a sin b and
z2 5 H.
H b
3 zdz 5 a sin b tan b 3 dx
a sin b a cos b

6 H 2 2 a 2 sin2 b 5 2 a sin b tan b 1 b 2 a cos b 2

Simplification leads to

1
a5 ab 2 "b2 2 H 2 cot 2 bb (14.40)
cos b

Casagrande (1937) produced a chart relating Da/L (see Figure 14.9 for definition of Da and L) with
values of b . 30°, as shown in Figure 14.10.
The flow through the dam is obtained by substituting Equation (14.40) into Equation (14.37), giving

1
q 5 k sin b tan b c 1 b 2 "b2 2 H 2 cot2 b 2 d
cos b

5 k tan2 b 1 b 2 "b2 2 H 2 cot2 b 2 (14.41)

Because the exit hydraulic gradient is often large, drainage blankets are used at the downstream
end of dams to avoid piping. Figure 14.11 shows a horizontal drainage blanket at the toe of an earth dam.
Seepage is controlled by the gradation of the coarse-grained soils with or without filter fabric used for
the drainage blanket. The phreatic surfaces for dams with drainage blankets are forced to intersect the
drainage blankets and do not intersect the downstream faces of the dams. Therefore, no correction to the
basic parabola is required on the downstream end of the dam.

0.4

0.3

Δ__a
L 0.2

0.1

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
β (degrees)
FIGURE 14.10 Correction factor for
downstream face.