PHYSICS 9th

Chapter # 3

FORCE AND MOTION

Q#1 Define Force?

Ans. Force is a quantity which moves or tends to moves, stops or tends to stop a body. Force is
also changes the direction of a moving body. Force is vector quantity. Its SI unit is Newton (N).

F=ma

Example: (i) When an adult pulls or pushes a table it will move or tends to move when a small
child will try this.

(ii) When someone catches a moving ball coming towards him or when someone try to stop
moving car.

(iii) When a batsman hits a ball it will change the direction of ball.

Q#2 Define Inertia?

Ans. Inertia of a body is the property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or
motion.

Example: (i) If a fast moving car stops suddenly, the person sitting in the car will fall forward.

(ii) If a car starts moving suddenly the person sitting in the car will fall backward.

Q#3 Define the term Momentum?

Ans. Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion possessed by it. Momentum is product of
mass and velocity of a body. It is denoted by ‘P’. It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is Kg-m/sec or
N-sec.

P=mxv

Example: If a truck and a car are moving with same velocity then the truck has larger
momentum then the car. It is due to it has greater mass.

Q#4 Define Newton’s first law of motion?

Ans. A body will maintain its state of rest or motion unless some external force acts on it.

Example: (i) A book lying on a table does not change its state unless some external force acts on
it.

(ii) A moving ball continues its motion if frictional forces do not acts on the ball.
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Q#5 Newton’s first law of motion is also called Law of Inertia. Explain?

Ans. First law of motion is also called Law of Inertia because “inertia is that property of a body
due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or uniform motion”. It is same as first law of
motion.

Q#6 Define Newton’s second law of motion?

Ans. If a force is applied on a body it produces acceleration in the direction of force. This
acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.

Force (F) Acceleration (a)

Mass (m) ()

Q#7 Prove that F = m a.

Ans. According to Newton’s second law motion

aαF
1
aα
𝑚

𝑭
Combining these two we get aα𝑚

𝑭
a = constant (𝑚)

𝑭
a = K (𝑚)

Where K=1
𝑭
Then a=𝑚

F=ma

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Q#8 Define Newton?

Ans. The SI unit of force is Newton.

F=ma

1 N = 1 Kg x 1 m/sec2

One Newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 in a body of mass 1 Kg.

Q#9 Differentiate between mass and weight?

Ans.

No. Mass Weight

1 Mass is the quantity of matter in a body Weight is a force by which the Earth attracts
a body.
W=mg
2 It is a Scalar quantity. It is Vector quantity.

3 The SI unit of mass is Kg. The SI unit of weight is Newton.

4 Mass of a body remains same everywhere. The weight of a body changes with the
change in the value of g.
5 It is a base quantity. It is a derived quantity.

6 Its value can never be zero. It may be zero.

7 It is measured by beam balance. It is measured by spring balance.

Q#10 Define Newton’s third law of motion?

Ans. For every action there is a reaction, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Action and reaction do not act on the same body but they act on two different bodies.

Example: (i) A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table in the form of weight. It is called
action force direction downward. The table exerts an equal and opposite force on the book called
reaction force.

(ii) Hot gases emerge from the tail of Rocket exerts force downward. In the result Rocket moves
upward with the reaction force equal to action force.

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Q#11 Explain the tension in a string?

Ans. Consider a block of mass ‘m’ is attached to one end of a string. The other end of the string
is fixed on a stand.

The weight of the block acts downwards. This cause a tension ‘T’ in the string directed upward.
In that case as block is at rest its weight will be equal to tension in string.

T=W

T=mg

Q#12 Derive the relation of tension if “Motion of bodies connected by a string when both
bodies move vertically”?

Ans. Consider two bodies of A and B having masses ‘𝑚1 ’ and ‘𝑚2 ’ respectively are connected
to two ends of a string over a frictionless pulley.

B T
A
𝑚2 g
𝑚1 g
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Net force on body A = 𝑚1 g – T …………… (i)

From Newton’s second law of motion

F = 𝑚1 a …………. (ii)

Comparing (i) & (ii) 𝒎𝟏 g – T = 𝒎𝟏 a ………………… (1)

Net force on body B = T - 𝑚2 g …………… (iii)

F = 𝑚2 a …………. (iv)

Comparing (iii) & (iv) T - 𝒎𝟐 g = 𝒎𝟐 a …………………. (2)

By adding (1) and (2)

𝑚1 g – T = 𝑚1 a

- 𝑚2 g + T = 𝑚2 a

𝑚1 g - 𝑚2 g = 𝑚1 a + 𝑚2 a

(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) a

(𝒎𝟏 −𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒈
a= (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )𝒂

𝑚1 g – T 𝑚1 a
Dividing (1) by (2) =
T − 𝑚2 g 𝑚2 a

(𝑚1 g – T) x 𝑚2 = (T - 𝑚2 g) x 𝑚1

𝑚1 𝑚2 g - 𝑚2 T = 𝑚1 T - 𝑚1 𝑚2 g

𝑚1 𝑚2 g + 𝑚1 𝑚2 g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) T

2𝑚1 𝑚2 g = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) T

𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝐠
T=
(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )

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Q#13 Derive the relation of tension if “Motion of two bodies connected by a string when
one body moves vertically and the other move horizontally”

Ans. Two bodies ‘A’ and ‘B’ having masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively are connected to a string
which passes over a frictionless pulley as shown in fig.

R
T
B

T
𝑚2 𝑔
A

𝑚1 𝑔

Net force on body A = 𝑚1 g – T …………… (i)

From Newton’s second law of motion

F = 𝑚1 a …………. (ii)

Comparing (i) & (ii) 𝒎𝟏 g – T = 𝒎𝟏 a ………………… (1)

As the body ‘B’ is not moving vertically, therefore vertical forces cancel each other. The only
remaining force is T due to which the body ‘B’ is moving in horizontal direction. So

T = 𝒎𝟐 a …………… (2)

Put (2) in (1)

𝒎𝟏 g – 𝒎𝟐 a = 𝒎 𝟏 a

𝑚1 g = 𝑚1 a + 𝒎𝟐 a

𝑚1 g = (𝑚1 + 𝒎𝟐 )a
𝑚1 g
a=
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐

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Put the value of ‘a’ in equation (2)
𝑚1 g
T = 𝑚2 ( )
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐

𝑚1 𝑚2
T=( )g
𝑚 1 + 𝒎𝟐

Q#14 State and prove the relation between force and momentum?

Ans. “Rate of change of momentum is equal to applied force”

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ is moving with a velocity of 𝑣𝑖 , if a force ‘F’ is applied on the
body its velocity changes let’s say becomes 𝑣𝑓 .
𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓

Initial momentum of the body = 𝑃𝑖 = m 𝑣𝑖

Final momentum of the body = 𝑃𝑓 = m 𝑣𝑓

Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum = 𝑃𝑓 - 𝑃𝑖

𝑃𝑓 - 𝑃𝑖 = m 𝑣𝑓 - m 𝑣𝑖

The rate of change of momentum is given by

𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 m 𝑣 𝑓 − m 𝑣𝑖
=
𝑡 𝑡

𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 m( 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
= ………….. (i)
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
We know that a =
𝑡

𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖
Then = m a …………… (ii)
𝑡

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From Newton’s second law of motion

F=ma
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃 𝑖
Then =F
𝑡

∆𝑃
=F
𝑡

Q#15 State and explain the law of conservation on momentum?

Ans.

Statement: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more interacting bodies remains
constant.

“The isolated system is a system in which no external force acts on the system”

Explanation: Consider two bodies of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are moving with velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2

𝑢1
𝑢2

𝑚1
𝑚2

The total momentum of the system before collision = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2

They collide and after collision they move apart with velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 .

𝑣1
𝑣2
𝑚1
𝑚2

The total momentum of the system after collision = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2

According to law of conservation of momentum:

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The momentum before collision = The total momentum after collision

𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2

Example: Let a gun has mass ‘M’ and the bullet in it have mass ‘m’. Initially gun and bullet are
at rest. So

The total momentum of the system before fire = 𝑀. 0 + 𝑚. 0 = 0

When the gun is fired, bullet moves forward with a velocity v and the gun move backward with a
velocity V. Then

The total momentum of the system after fire = (M x V) + (m x v)

According to law of conservation of momentum:

The momentum before fire = The total momentum after fire

0 = (M x V) + (m x v)

-mv=MV
−𝑚𝑣
V=
𝑀

Q#16 State and explain friction?

Ans. The force which resists the motion of one surface on another surface is known s friction.

We can say that “The force that opposes the motion of an object is called friction”

Explanation: We come to experience a force of friction when we push or pull some body on the
surface of another body. In case of solid bodies force of friction is due to nature of these bodies
and pressing force between them. This can be checked if we rub our palm on different surfaces
like table, marble, carpet and brick etc. We will find that it is easier to move our palm on
smoother surface.

Q#17 Define limiting friction and the relation of limiting friction?

Ans. The maximum value of static friction 𝑓𝑠(𝑚𝑎𝑥) is known as limiting friction.

Proof: Friction is equal to that applied force that tends to move a body at rest. It increases with
applied force. Friction has maximum value. It does not increase beyond this and this maximum
value is known as limiting friction.

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The ratio between the force of limiting friction 𝐹𝑠 and normal reaction R is a constant. This
constant is called co efficient of friction and is represented by
𝐹𝑠
µ= 𝑅

𝐹𝑠 = µ R

If ‘m’ be the mass of the block, then for horizontal surface

R = mg

Hence 𝐹𝑠 = µmg

Q#18 What are the causes of friction between two surfaces?

Ans. If we observe surfaces of two contact bodies with the help of microscope, we will find that
the surface of every body is more or less rough, although it may look very smooth and polished.

When a surface tends to move against another, the ups and downs of the surfaces are interlocked
with each other. This resists the movement.

The contact points between the two surfaces form a sort of cold welds. These cold welds resist
the surfaces from sliding over each other. Adding weight over the upper block increases the force
pressing the surface together and hence increases the resistance.

Thus greater the pressing force greater will be friction between the sliding surfaces.

Q#19 What is meant by rolling friction? Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?

Ans. “The friction produced by rolling the surface of one object on the other is called rolling
friction”

Explanation: In sliding friction, the surface of a body moves by sliding against the surface of
another body while in rolling friction the surface of a body rolls against the surface of another
body.

It is experimentally observed that a body with wheels faces less friction as compared to a body of
the same size without wheels. Its reason is that rolling friction is far less than the sliding friction.

When a wheel moves over a smooth surface, it has the contact with the surface only at a single
point. As there is no relative motion between the two surfaces at this point, therefore, sliding
friction is zero. Practically, the wheel is compressed a little temporarily at the contact point of
two surfaces under stress. Because of that little sliding friction the rolling friction is produced.

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Q#20 How friction is important in braking and causes skidding in automobile?

Ans. Friction has very important role in motion of vehicles. To move a vehicle on the road as
well s to stop a moving vehicle requires friction between its tyres and the road. If the road is
slippery and tyres are not in good condition then the tyres instead of rolling slip over the road.

Thus for wheels to roll, the force of friction between the tyres and the road must be enough that
prevent them from slipping.

Similarly when we apply brakes suddenly to stop the car large force of friction between the tyres
and the road is needed. But when we exceeds the limiting friction that tyres can provide the
wheels of the car will lock up and car will skid.

Q#21 What are the advantages and disadvantages of friction?

Ans.

Advantages
Friction between paper and pencil helps us
write.
Friction enables us to walk on the ground.
It is friction that helps us to fix nail in the wall.
Friction is helpful in climbing up a hill
Disadvantages
Friction is undesirable when moving at high
speed because it opposes the motion.
Most of our useful energy is lost due to
friction.
Friction also causes wear and tear of the
moving parts.

Q#22 What methods are used to reduce friction?

Ans.

➢ The parts which slide against one another are highly polished. This reduces the friction.
➢ Friction can be reduced by using lubricants like oil and grease between the parts of the
machineries.
➢ As rolling friction is less than sliding friction, therefore sliding friction is converted into
rolling friction by the use of ball bearings.
➢ The front sides of high speed vehicles are shaped pointed so that minimum friction is
offered by air and water.

Q#23 Define circular motion?

Ans. “If a body moves in a circular path, its motion is called circular motion”

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Example: Motion of blades of fan, motion of Moon around the Earth, motion of electrons
around nucleus.

Q#24 State and explain centripetal force?

Ans. “The force which keeps the object moving in a circle and its direction is always directed
towards the centre of the circle is called centripetal force”

𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐 v
𝐹𝑐 v

v
r

Explanation: Let us consider a body having mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ in a circle of
radius ‘r’. Under the action of centripetal force, the body moving in a circle experiences
acceleration.

According to Newton’s second law of motion direction of this acceleration is along the direction
of centripetal force 𝐹𝑐 . It is perpendicular to the velocity of the body and is directed towards the
centre of the circle.

This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration𝑎𝑐 . The value of 𝑎𝑐 is

𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟

Where ‘v’ is the velocity by which the body is moving and ‘r’ is the radius of the circular path.

According to Newton’s second law of motion.

𝐹𝑐 = m 𝑎𝑐

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟

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Example: (i) The Moon revolve around the Earth. Gravitational force of the Earth provides the
necessary force.

(ii) When a satellite orbits the Earth, the necessary centripetal force is provided by the gravity of
the Earth.

Q#25 Define and explain centrifugal force?

Ans. “The reaction force which is directed outwards the centre of the circle is called centrifugal
force. It is a force which is equal and opposite of the centripetal force”

Explanation: According to Newton’s third law of motion ‘for every action there is a reaction
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction’.

The centripetal force pulls the objects towards the centre of the circle. As a reaction another
force appears at the centre, which is equal in magnitude to centripetal force but opposite in
direction. This reaction force is called centrifugal force.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑓 = - 𝑟

Application: (i) Banking of roads (ii) Dryer (iii) Cream separator

Write as given on book

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